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VIETNAM ACEDAMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VU VAN KHUONG CATHOLIC WORDS IN PRAYER BOOKS OF DOMINICAN ORDER DIOCESES IN VIET NAM Major: Vietnamese Language Code: 9.22.01.02 ABSTRACT OF LINGUSTICS DORTORAL THESIS Ha Noi, 2020 The work was completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIETNAM ACEDAMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisor: Assoc Prof., Dr Nguyen Cong Duc Reviewer 1: Prof., Dr Nguyen Thien Giap Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof., Dr Pham Hung Viet Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof., Dr Le Thi Lan Anh The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Judging Council met at: ……………………………………………….…………………………………………… at ………., dated The thesis can be found at the library: ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… OPENING Urgency of the thesis topic Catholicism is one of the major religions in Vietnam, making significant contributions to Vietnamese language, especially the achievements of the Quoc ngu characters However, there are just few studies on Catholic words in Vietnamese language Because many of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam carry doctrinal and theology concepts…like terms, many of them are daily words in Catholic community; while many others carry traces of history of early days of the Quoc ngu characters, many are modern words, etc., it can be said that those Catholic words in the prayer books show typical features of Catholic words in the Vietnamese language As such, selecting those words to clarify the Catholic words in Viet Nam is very reasonable The thesis makes contributions to achievements of studies on Vietnamese language, and Catholic words in Vietnamese The thesis findings facilitate understanding and use of the Catholic prayers; gradually building the Catholic vocabulary, contributing to standardizing the Catholic words in Vietnamese… These are the reasons for us to choose the topic Study purpose and missions This thesis is aimed to identify and clarify the Catholic vocabulary in prayer books To realize this goal, the thesis shall: Give an overview of the situation and establish the theoretical basis for study; Classify and describe the linguistic characteristics of the lexical units; Learn about the activities of Catholic words in Vietnamese language through a number of Vietnamese literatures Subjects, scope and references of the study 3.1 Subject: Catholic words in prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam 3.2 Scope: The study is mainly carried out in Vocabulary, in particular, under the main aspects such as the formation, structural and semantic features, and activities of the words 3.3 References: The references are prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam, including: Hai Phong, Bui Chu, Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Lang Son The earliest prayer was printed in 1865, the latest was in 2010, and the prayer book of Lang Son diocese has no printing year Methodology In order to solve study tasks, the thesis mainly uses text survey method to collect Catholic words used in references, as the object of study; and also the linguistic description method to learn, classify and describe Catholic words in prayer books New scientific contributions of the thesis  Finding out the ways of formation, showing the mechanism of reproduction, clarifying the origin and Vietnamese characteristics of Catholic loan words  By studying the activities of the Catholic words in daily Vietnamese language, the thesis assesses the organic correlation between Catholicism and culture - society in Viet Nam expressed by language Theoretical and practical significance of the theses 6.1 Theoretical significance: adding the theoretical matters of Linguistics through a specific corpus; contributing to clarifying the linguistic characteristics of Catholic words in the prayer books 6.2 Practical significance: The thesis contributes a specific study of jargon for Vietnamese linguistics The thesis findings can serve for Catholic language study Thesis structure: In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, the thesis consists of chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of studies and theoretical basis related to the study topic Chapter 2: Ways of forming Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam Chapter 3: Structural and semantic characteristics of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam Chapter 4: Catholic words in daily Vietnamese language Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF STUDIES AND THEORETICAL BASIS RELATED TO THE STUDY TOPIC 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Study history overview 1.2.1 Studies concerning Catholic words in the world At the beginning of BC, documents explaining the concept of Catholicism appeared [63] But in the 20th century, the study of Catholic words was carried out only in the academic aspect of Linguistics [138] Initially, the works were mainly made on the viewpoint of Vocabulary, learning the origin and explaining meaning of the words, such as O Jesperson [139], Donald M Ayers [135], etc While seeing religion as human nature, some linguists like Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf, etc pioneered the study of linguistic and religious categories from the viewpoint of Anthropological linguistics [36] The authors focused on analyzing and proving the intrinsic relationship between the basic meaning of words and politics, religion, etc of the ancient culture which still affects the today culture The third trend, such as David Crystal [134], William Samarin [144], etc., following the Social linguistics studied the religious factors interfering transformation or stability of a linguistic community Of them, those focusing on functional study of religious factors in languages were: W Stewart [145], John F Swayer and JMY Simpson, etc.; and those focusing on studying the linguistic policy matters were B Spolsky [143], etc 1.2.2 Studies concerning Catholic words in Viet Nam There were just few studies of Catholic words in Viet Nam, mainly from the perspective of Vocabulary Those words are much appeared in dictionaries of different types, including: bilingual, multilingual: [23], [31] etc.; unilingual professional dictionaries: [45], [80], etc The articles explaining the meaning of Catholic words, emphasizing old Catholic words, are now rarely used: [154], [155], etc The articles explaining words emphasized the theology meanings, religious concepts: [157], [148], [149], etc.; Another trend was to study Catholic words in Viet Nam as an indirect object of studies on history of Nom script, Quoc ngu characters, Vietnamese language based on Catholic documents: [66], [34], [108], [74], etc Many authors studying the correlation of Catholics with culture and society in Viet Nam has, recently, indirectly mentioned the Catholic words under the viewpoint of the Anthropological Linguistics and Social Linguistics [17], [99], etc The above overview shows that there has been no study on the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam 1.3 Theoretical basis 1.3.1 Organic relationship between language and religion The language and religion have a close organic relationship with each other The religion must rely on the language to convey its messages and meanings, and the religion, vice versa, enriches, promotes and preserves the language 1.3.2 Position of Catholic vocabulary in Vietnamese vocabulary The Catholic words studied are “jargon” located next to other Vietnamese word classes such as terminology, occupation words, local words, etc.; and also different from jargons of other religions, such as Buddhism, Caodaism, etc 1.3.3 Concept of ways of formation and development of Vietnamese vocabulary According to Nguyen Thien Giap (2002), Vietnamese vocabulary can be enriched in ways [28] Mai Ngoc Chu (1997) believed that there are ways to form new words: use factors available in the language to form new words; and borrow words [18] 1.3.4 Concept of language exposure and linguistic borrowing The language exposure means an intersection of two or more languages, giving rise to linguistic changes; The linguistic borrowing means a phenomenon in which one element of one language enters another language, becomes used and assimilated by that language 1.3.5 Conception of words and phrase In Vietnamese, some authors identify words as “sounds”, others base on the meaning and function of syllables similar to phonemes Some authors agree upon single words, compound words, repeated words, etc but others recognize Vietnamese with single words only Phrase, combination, construction, group of words “means a combination of words into group of words, that are related in terms of vocabulary and grammar.” [124] 1.3.6 Concept of meaning of words and meaning development of words  The meaning of the word “means whole spiritual content appeared in thought of a native speaker when he/she is exposed to a certain form of language sound” [49]  The development of the meaning of words covers expanded sense, narrowed sense, metaphorical transfer and metonymical transfer 1.3.7 Denomination theory Identity means assigning a linguistic notation with a concept - symbolic meaning which reflects certain characteristics of a symbol - attributes, qualities and relationships of objects and processes within the physical and spiritual aspects, so that linguistic units form the content elements of verbal communication.” [98] 1.3.8 Overview of Catholicism and Catholicism in Viet Nam Catholics was born in Asia Minor region, but thrived in Europe after 313 [57] In early 16th century, the Catholicism entered Viet Nam and established the first two dioceses in 1659 In 1693, Dong Dang Ngoai Diocese was given to the Dominican order, so called the Dominican order Diocese or briefly “Order Diocese”, which now consists of dioceses of Hai Phong, Bui Chu, Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Lang Son 1.3.9 Catholicism with Vietnamese culture Catholicism in Viet Nam, in its own way, has made certain contributions to the Vietnamese culture, especially related to the invention of the Quoc ngu characters 1.4 Sub-conclusion The thesis presents an overview of studies and theoretical matters serving as the basis for this thesis, such as: Analyzing the organic relationship between the language and the religion; positioning the Catholic words in Vietnamese vocabulary system in general; Presenting concepts about the ways of formation and development of Vietnamese vocabulary, language exposure, viewpoints about words, etc Finally, the thesis gives an overview of the Catholicism in general and Catholicism in Viet Nam in particular, the relationship between the Catholicism and the Vietnamese culture-literature as context of the study object Chapter 2: WAYS OF FORMING CATHOLIC WORDS IN THE PRAYER BOOKS OF THE DOMINICAN ORDER DIOCESES IN VIET NAM 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The ways of borrowing foreign Catholic words 2.2.1 Reason for borrowing the foreign Catholic words The Catholicism officially entered Viet Nam around 1533 In Viet Nam, before this time, had no vocabulary units that conveyed the concepts of the Catholics Therefore, the missionaries had to borrow Catholic concepts in their native language and in Latin as the Church’s official language 2.2.2 Origin of the Catholic loan words 2.2.2.1 Jewish origin: Jewish originated words were often borrowed through an intermediate language such as Latin, Portuguese or Spanish, such as: Tội Adam (sin of Adam), Amen, and Alleluia 2.2.2.2 Greek origin: The Bible is written in Hebrew and Greek This is why many of the later Bible words widely used in the communion were of Greek origin, for example: ẩn tu (hermit), cánh chung (eschatology), etc 2.2.2.3 Latin origin: Latin is the official language of the Catholic Church, as such, most of the concepts in the Catholicism are officially expressed in this language, for example: Ảnh thánh (holy image), Bí tích (Sacrament), etc 2.2.2.4 The Catholic loan words in Vietnamese language with traces of Portuguese: for example: Sang-ta (holy), Cau-rut (Cross), etc 2.2.2.5 The Catholic loan words in Vietnamese language with traces of Spanish: for example: Thánh A-phô-tô-li (Apostle), A-r-ca-khê-lô (Archalgel)… 2.2.2.6 Sino-Vietnamese Catholic words: There are 257/1132 units (23%) but there are only 59 Sino-Vietnamese Catholic “jargons” equivalent to the Catholic “jargons” included in Chinese (compared based on Sino-Vietnamese reading sounds) 2.2.3 Method of receiving Catholic loan words 2.2.3.1 Keep word form in the source language: There is a very low number of words received, only 40/1132 Catholic words 2.2.3.2 Phonetic transcription in source language: There are 103/1132 words (9.09%) Most of the Indo-European words expressing the polymorphism 2.2.3.3 Calque (loan translation and loan shift) in source language: there are 689/1132 words, accounting for more than 60.86%, as shown in the table below: Table 2.1: Ratio of translation equivalence of Latin-Vietnamese Catholic words Ratio of equivalence Number of Latin Catholic words Number of Vietnamese Catholic words Percentage Latin 1: Vietnamese 345 345 50% Latin 1: Vietnamese 79 158 23% Latin 1: Vietnamese 28 84 12% Latin 1: Vietnamese 10 40 5.9% Latin 1: Vietnamese 25 3.6% Latin 1: Vietnamese 30 4.4% Latin 1: Vietnamese 1.1% 473 689 100% Total The table shows that, the more words of translation equivalence the units have, the lower their percentage is, indicating that the objects tends to self-normalize during their use 2.3 The ways of creating new words 2.3.1 Use new form to express a new meaning The words of this nature were mainly formed by the following methods: creating a new sound shell a shell named a newly formed concept; shortening combining and shortening 2.3.2 Use available form to express a new meaning This is the way to form new words though adding a certain Catholic content to an available Vietnamese word, similar to the expanding the word sense For example, prayer hands pose Face or hold your hands together (Normal sense) Hands facing each other, the right thumb presses on the left thumb in the shape of the Cross and put in front of the chest (Catholic meaning) 2.4 Sub-conclusion The thesis has mentioned the ways of forming the Catholic words in the corpuses The borrowing is the important way and makes up the majority of vocabulary units With a comparison, we have found that the borrowed Buddhist “jargons” mainly came from Asian languages, while the Catholic “jargons” were mainly borrowed from the Western languages The ways to creating new words in different methods can be divided into two types of structures: the one that uses the new forms to express new contents and the one that uses available forms and materials to express new contents, or also known as creating new words with meaning development Chapter 3: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CATHOLIC WORDS IN THE PRAYER BOOKS OF THE DOMINICAN ORDER DIOCESES IN VIET NAM 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structural characteristics of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam 3.2.1 Characteristics of Catholic single words 3.2.1.1 Overview: (8.39%) This ratio is The thesis much has lower classified 95/1132 from than the 15.05% the of application single word in Vietnamese Buddhist vocabulary [60] 3.2.1.2 Catholic single words considered in terms of the number of syllables: According to the statistics, the number of polymorphic single words (62.1%) is almost as twice as the number of monosyllabic single words (37.9%) This is explained by the large number of the Catholic words borrowed from the Indo-European family origin 3.2.1.3 Catholic single words considered in terms of part of speech: Based on the traditional grammatical concept of part of speech, we have identified the types of the single words as follows: nouns accounted for 67.36%, verbs accounted for 27.36%, 10 3.2.2.2 Characteristics of relationship of Catholic compound words: The thesis has identified 163 independent compound words (23.21%), 569 mainsecondary ones (77.79 %) 3.2.2.3 Characteristics of types of Catholic compound words: Among the Catholic compound words, there are 33 adjectives (4.46%), 154 verbs (21.93%), 515 nouns (73.40%) 3.2.2.4 Characteristics of origin of constituents of Catholic compound words: The compound words with native Vietnamese constituents have a remarkable proportion with 337/702 units (accounting for 48.01%) Sino-Vietnamese originated compound words: 119/702 (16.9%), Hybrid compound words: 246702 words (35.04%) 3.2.3 Characteristics of Catholic denomination combinations 3.2.3.1 Reason of forming the Catholic denomination combinations: When words are not enough to denotes the concepts, the new linguistic units should be formed based on the available words to name them Based on the structural characteristics, we call them denomination combinations 3.2.3.2 Characteristics of word types and structural models of the Catholic denomination combinations: There are 302/358 noun-centered denomination combinations (84.35%); 37 verbcentered ones (10.33%) indicating ritual actions; 19 adjective-centered ones (5.30%) showing nuances or properties which were typical in the Catholic community activities 3.2.3.3 Characteristics of origin of constituents of the Catholic denomination combinations: Of 302 noun-centered denomination combinations, 103 ones are made up of pure Vietnamese constituents, accounting for 34.10%; 29 ones had Sino-Vietnamese constituents, accounting for nearly 9.61%; 169 ones are composed of composite constituents, accounting for 55.96% There are no constituents of the denomination combinations whose central component is an Indo-European originated verb and adjective This ratio shows a high trend of use of pure Vietnamese words of the Catholic community when they are not under the pressure of borrowing religious concepts 11 3.3 Semantic characteristics of the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam 3.3.1 Fundamental characteristics as a basis for denomination of the Catholic words 3.3.1.1 Characteristics of content and meaning of holding the religious ceremony: Including names of sacraments, prayers, rites in the liturgy and practice of popular morality, methods of praying, etc 3.3.1.2 Characteristics of holder of the religious ceremony: The holder of the religious ceremony means the chair person, identical with the celebrant, for example: Cha giải tội (Confessor), Thày (Priest), etc 3.3.1.3 Characteristics of action or gesture in the religious ceremony: In the Catholic ceremony, there are gestures accompanied by words and symbolic gestures, e.g.: Ăn năn đền tội (contrition and penitence), ăn năn tội (contrition)… 3.3.1.4 Characteristics of target audience of the religious ceremony: The supreme object of Catholic ceremony is the God Besides, Blessed Virgin Mary and saints are also sometimes targeted, e.g.: Chúa Dêu Cha (God the Father), Đức Mẹ (Blessed Virgin Mary), etc 3.3.1.5 Characteristics of places where religious ceremony is held: Places of worship, training establishments, residence places, etc of each religion have different characteristics, e.g: nhà thờ (church), nhà chung (common house), etc 3.3.1.6 Characteristics of material elements in the religious ceremony: The material elements in the Catholic ceremonies are always symbolic, for example: Scent of fire symbolizes the prayer that radiates in front of the face of God, etc 3.3.1.7 Characteristic of time of the religious ceremony: The Catholic worship of is arranged to be spread out to the rhythm of time, called the liturgical time, e.g.: kinh sáng (morning prayer hour), Tuần Thánh (Holy week) mùa Chay (Lent), Năm thánh (Holy year), etc 3.3.1.8 Characteristic of spiritual level in the religious ceremony: 12 We have identified the Catholic denomination words on the basis of the characteristics of the spiritual level in the religious ceremonies, such as: sốt mến (lovely), sốt sắng (eager), sảng sót (fail) 3.3.2 Characteristics of classification based on semantics of Catholic words Based on the semantic content of lexical units, we have classified semantic categories as shown in Table 3.6 below: Catholic words by semantic categories Group of Liturgy and ideological of God and words Quantity Ratio Philosophical Designations Organizational Normal structure, Total concepts saints dignitaries 460 280 146 169 77 1132 40.64% 24.73% 12.90% 14.93% 6.80% 100% 3.3.2.1 Liturgical and popular ethics words: occupy the highest proportion with 460/1132 units (40.64%), e.g.: Alleluia, Amen, ăn năn cách trọn (contrition), etc 3.3.2.2 Words referring to the Catholic philosophical and ideological concepts: 169/1132 units (14.93%), such as: Anh sáng (light), Ba thù (Three enemies), Bảy mối tội đầu (Seven capital sins), etc 3.3.2.3 Designations of God and saints: 146/1132 words, accounting for 12.90% of the total number of studied words, e.g.: Ba Ngôi (Trinity) Chúa Dêu Cha (God the Father), Tổng lãnh thiên thần (Archangel), etc 3.3.2.4 Words indicating organizational structure and positions in the Catholic Church: 280/1132 words, accounting for 24.73%, e.g.: Y-ghê (The Church), Địa phận (Diocese), Giáo xứ (Parish), etc 3.3.2.5 Common words used in the Catholic communion: 77/1132 words, (accounting for 6.80%), for example: Ăn lễ (Enjoy the feast), Ăn năn trở lại (Contrition and return), etc 3.4 Sub-conclusion In terms of structure, the Catholic words in the prayer books are structured according to the Vietnamese word construction methods, including single words, 13 compound words and denomination combinations The compound words accounting for the highest proportion (77.74%) The compounding method helps to borrow and create words to meet the needs of the Catholic communion in Viet Nam The thesis has found that: the Indo-European originated single words accounts for the highest proportion (50.52%) These are original single words, denoting magnitude of direct borrowing from these languages In contrast, compound words and denomination combinations of Native Vietnamese and hybrid compounds which account for a high rate (more than 48%) are created by the method of constructing Vietnamese words to create derivative words In terms of semantics, the thesis has found fundamental characteristics as the basis for denomination and semantic categories of the Catholic words in the studied prayers Chapter 4: CATHOLIC WORDS IN DAILY VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Impacts of Vietnamization of the Catholic loan words 4.2.1 Influence of Vietnamese structure on Catholic loan words in terms of phonetics and writing: These impacts include monosyllabicization, e.g.: Deus (God) – Dêu, etc ; adding tones, e.g.: Cruz – Câu rút (the Cross), etc.; Vietnamizing consonant combinations, e.g.: Bispo - Vítvồ; Vietnamizing vowel components: nasal vowel is processed into ụng or ong, e.g.: Atriỗóo /atrisừ/ - n nn ti a-tri-song; Bờnỗóo - Phộp Biờn-song 4.2.2 Influence of Vietnamese structure on Catholic loan words in terms of semantics We have realized that there are words whose religious meaning remains unchanged, for example: Cha xứ (Pastor), đất thánh (holy land), Thiên Chúa (God), Dòng (Order), etc.; but there are also ones whose religious meaning is changed, for example: Xưng tội (Confession), which is a Catholic jargon, meaning “an act with which a layman confesses to a priest in a religious ceremony to have his/her sins forgiven” has 14 been transformed into “self-confessing to others (not in a religious ceremony and not for being forgiven” 4.3 Involvement of the Catholic words in national language of Viet Nam through Vietnamese literatures 4.3.1 Involvement of the Catholic words in national language of Viet Nam through Vietnamese folk verses and proverb 4.3.1.1 Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb describing working and production activities: Sentences with Catholic characteristics can be easily recognized Lễ Rosa tra hạt bí Lễ Các thánh đánh bí (Apply the squash seeds in Rosa ceremony Dig the squash plants for growing in All Saints Day) 4.3.1.2 Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb concerning love, marriage, family Amen, lạy Đức Chúa Trời Xin cho bên Đạo, bên Đời lấy (Amen, Oh my God Please let the christian and the gentile get married.) 4.3.1.3 Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb concerning religious living Có thực vực Đạo (Fine words butter no parsnip.) Đi Đạo lấy gạo mà ăn (Follow Catholics to get rice.) 4.3.1.4 Involvement of the Catholic words in folk verses and proverb concerning the living, society and how to treat others Em đóa hoa đào Mẹ cha muốn phước bắt vào nhà tu Trăm nghìn lạy Chúa Giêsu Nhà tu đừng hóa nhà tù giam em 15 (You look like a bunch of peach blossom Forced to stay at monastery by your father with the hope of all the best for you.But, God Jesus! Please don’t turn the monastery to a prison) We can see that the words that are Catholic jargons in the above fork verses have transcended the boundary of the liturgical language and entered the language of everyday life at a pretty high level of “non- jargonization” of folk verses - proverbs 4.3.2 Involvement of the Catholic words in national language of Viet Nam through written literatures Through studying a number of selected works, we have found that the Catholic jargons enters the national language of Viet Nam in various aspects: Words referring to hierarchy, titles in the Catholics; words referring to the system of administrative and corporate levels in the Catholics; words referring to the system of the Catholic rituals and liturgies; Words referring to the system of religious facilities of the Catholic communion; Catholic words referring to Catholic objects; Catholic words referring to the system of Catholic philosophical and ideological concepts in daily Vietnamese language; words referring to the common activities of the Catholic communion 4.4 Sub-conclusion Based on the organic relationship between language and religion, we have mentioned the activities of the Catholic words in daily Vietnamese language, in the following aspects: The impact of structure of Vietnamese on the Catholic loan words is called the process of Vietnamization of Indo-European originated Catholic words These words are affected on all three aspects: phonetics, semantics and writing The active participation of the Catholic words in the daily Vietnamese language is the process of “non-jargonizing” the Catholic words The Catholic words that are considered jargons, were used only in a communion of special communication, has transcended their own boundary and transformed into the national language of Viet Nam, contributing to fulfilling the communication mission of the national language of Viet Nam, because they are all part of the Vietnamese language in general This trend 16 indicates that the Catholic community in Vietnam is not a closed community but an open one like its Catholic (universal) nature CONCLUSION There are few studies on the Catholic words in Vietnamese language currently This thesis is in such a general context, so there are definitely many limitations Targeted at the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam, we firstly wish to provide an overview of this group of words, then reflect partial characteristics of the Catholic words in Viet Nam which have not been included in many studies For that purpose and with specialized methodologies, including surveying text, and linguistic description, and with the tactics such as: functional analysis, structure analysis, the semantic constituent analysis, reference analysis, statistics and classification, etc., we have surveyed and identified lexical units of the Catholic words in distinction with other classes of words; classified and described the linguistic characteristics of the Catholic lexical units; studied developments of these Catholic words in the daily Vietnamese language in general Specifically, the thesis has reached the following findings: On the theoretical basis of semantic vocabulary in general and semantic vocabulary in relation to religion, the thesis has located the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Diocese in particular, Catholic words in Viet Nam in general in the Vietnamese system This positioning is important because it shows the position and presence of a particular class of religious words in Vietnamese language that no one has done before This positioning initially shapes or identifies characteristics and criteria for the study object not to be confused with the words of other classes and scopes Under the diachronic perspective, the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order dioceses in Viet Nam in particular, the general Vietnamese Catholic words have undergone a process of formation and development associated with the process of introduction and development of the Catholic communion in Viet Nam The thesis has studied and identified two ways to form this group of words: borrowing and creating new words 17 The borrowing is an important way, accounting for the highest proportion (about 78%) of lexical units, due to the need to spread the religious messages which requires introduction of Catholic concepts into Viet Nam which were not available in Viet Nam before that The borrowing takes place in two aspects: Borrowing both form and content or borrowing content only The first borrowing results in words that are received in their original and phonetical transcription modes The second borrowing results in words that are received through calque The majority of Catholic words borrowed in Vietnamese can be traced to deep roots because the Catholic vocabulary system in general is based on the three languages associated with the formation of this religion, the Hebrew, Greek and Latin, of which, Hebrew and Greek are the languages of the Bibles, Greek and Latin are the languages of the Catholic theology, philosophy and liturgy In particular, Latin is the canonical language of the Catholic Communion In addition, the thesis has also identified the direct origin of Vietnamese Catholic words that are intermediate languages of missionaries such as Portuguese and Spanish based on similar readings of their lexical units Because of the importance of Sino-Vietnamese reading in the Vietnamese, the thesis has also discussed this type of units We have also compared the Catholic words with a Sino-Vietnamese reading to Chinese Catholic words to see their connections The comparison findings are surprising, this word class of two neighboring languages has almost no relation to each other This is consistent with the independence in the history of Catholic evangelization into China and into Viet Nam Appearance of the way of creating new words to form a class of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominnican order Dioceses in Viet Nam partly shows the autonomy, maturity and depth of the Catholic integration in Viet Nam During the development process, the Catholic community in Viet Nam has created new entities and concepts, which results in failure to satisfy by borrowing, and causes the indigenous community to create new names to identify them The ways to creating new words can be divided into two types of structures: The one that uses new forms to express new content, including creating a new sound shell to name a newly formed concept, compounding to create new words, shortening to create new words, both shortening and compounding to create new words, etc.; And, the one that uses existing forms 18 and materials to express new content, and known as the method of creating new words by meaning development For the Catholic words in the studied prayers, the thesis has shown that creation of new words in this way is mainly to add new meaning to an existing word in Vietnamese, which can be a common term, but also a jargon of a certain religion or belief used in the Vietnamese language Put the study findings concerning the ways of formation of the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam in comparison with the Buddhist jargon system in Viet Nam in particular and Vietnamese language in general, we have found that in addition to the similarities in the ways of formation, methods of borrowing if borrowing, methods of construction if creating new words, there is a major difference in the origin of the lending languages and usage level of words with SinoVietnamese reading For example, for origins of the lending languages, the borrowed Buddhist jargons primarily originated from Asian languages, the borrowed Catholic jargons, in contrast, mainly originated from Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European languages, such as Jewish, Greek, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, etc There have been few studies so far concerning the Vietnamese loan words, of course including words borrowed from Buddhism and Catholicism, in terms of borrowing between Vietnamese language and Sanskrit through the Buddhist vocabulary system, between Vietnamese language and Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, etc through the Catholic vocabulary system; Regarding the level of using words with a Sino-Vietnamese reading: while the general assumption believes that the Sino-Vietnamese words account for 60-80% of the Vietnamese words, in Buddhism, according to Le Thi Lam, Sino-Vietnamese words dominate 98.8% [60, p.142], the survey findings show that these words only account for 23% of the Catholic words in the studied documents This difference is due to: The Vietnamese language system in general is heavily influenced by Sino language over thousands of years of Northern domination with linguistic and cultural assimilation; For Buddhism, most of the Buddhist Sutras are translated from Sino language into Vietnamese and one of the ways to Viet Nam of Buddhism is from China Meanwhile, Catholics entered Viet Nam directly by European missionaries, bringing with them the Indo-European Catholic vocabulary system The history of mission in Viet Nam is also 19 completely independent, with almost no relation to the history of mission in China Moreover, the missionaries who entered Viet Nam often studied Vietnamese with ordinary people, and the subjects who received the early teachings were mainly the ordinary people, so the Sino-Vietnamese words were considered ambiguous and complicated, etc Those are the reasons why Sino-Vietnamese words appear very little compared to other groups of words in the studied documents The third study aspect of the thesis is the structural and semantic characteristics of the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam In terms of morphological structure, the Catholic words in the prayers are formed based on the Vietnamese word structure, including single words, compound words and denomination combinations There are no Catholic words in the prayer books in repetition form, and there are also no semantics identified as idioms The compound words account for the highest proportion of 77.74% of the total number of lexical units, the single words account for 8.39% and the denomination combinations account for 13.87% of the Catholic words in the studied documents This is consistent with the construction of the Vietnamese vocabulary in general with most of the compound words It is thanks to the method of compounding that the range of Catholic words can easily be borrowed (through calque and hybrid compounding) and creating new words to meet the needs of the community In terms of categories, the words being nouns account for the highest proportion of the total number of both single words (67.36%) and compound words (73.40%) This finding reflects the current state of the religious content conveyed in Catholicism is largely concepts If studied in terms, most of these concepts are Catholic terms In terms the origin of the Catholic word constituents: single words with IndoEuropean constituents occupy the highest proportion of single words, with 48/95 units (50.52%); In contrast, compound words with pure Vietnamese constituents have a superior rate with 425/880 units (more than 48%) The findings show that: Indigenous European-originated single words represent a high proportion, showing the magnitude of direct borrowing from these languages In contrast, native Vietnamese compound words 20 occupying a high rate shows that is a method of Vietnamese word formation, creating a higher volume of secondary words, a more creative product of Vietnamese people The proportion of Catholic single words, compound words and denomination combinations with Sino-Vietnamese elements is always low, 21.05%, 16.90%, and 9.61% respectively The findings showed a non-significant influence of Sino-Vietnamese reading on this word class The reasons for origins of forming the Sino-Vietnamese reading for the Catholic words have been presented in studies on the ways of formation of Catholic words In terms of semantics, the thesis mainly describes two characteristics related to denomination characteristics and characteristics of classifying words in terms of semantics The thesis has found fundamental characteristics as a basis for denomination: Characteristics of content and meaning of holding the religious ceremony, Characteristics of holder of the religious ceremony, Characteristics of action or gesture in the religious ceremony, Characteristics of target audience of the religious ceremony, Characteristics of places where religious ceremony is held, Characteristics of material elements in the religious ceremonies, Characteristic of time of the religious ceremony, Characteristic of spiritual level in the religious ceremonies These denomination characteristics constitute the peculiarity of Catholic words Catholic words were jargons, in other words they belonged to a certain social dialect, so it was difficult to reach out to people outside the Catholic community The thesis initially solves this problem by classifying the Catholic words in the studied documents based on the semantic categories, to explain them in the system This enables the readers to both grasp content that explains each word briefly, and also receive it in comparison with other concepts in the system or in a semantic category By classifying words according to the semantic categories, we have found that the liturgical and rituals words account for the largest number, with 460/1132 units (40.64%) Common words account for the lowest rate of only 6.80%, with 77/1132 units It is because that the former group accounts for the highest proportion as the studied documents are all prayers Moreover, religious words or jargons are mainly different from nationwide words in the technical or terminological conceptual system and 21 this group of vocabulary belongs to the that of high professionalism A little rate of common words shows that, apart from the religious activities serving the religious needs, the common activities and languages of the Catholic community are not different, but belong to the common community nationwide Under the concept of the close organic relationship between the language and the religion, the thesis studies the activities of Catholic words in the daily Vietnamese language in two aspects: Influence of Vietnamese language on the Catholic vocabulary class, and vice versa through involvement of these words in the daily Vietnamese language The Catholic words are those - concepts formed by borrowing or self-creating In addition to the new words directly born by the native community, the Indo-European Catholic words when coming to Viet Nam were influenced by many factors of the Vietnamese language to actually become a product of this language This is the process of Vietnamizing the borrowed words The study findings show that the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam are subject to changes in both phonetics and semantics The loan words of Indo-European origin that have phonetic characteristics different from Vietnamese are independent languages, undergoing changes to adapt with the systematic phonetic characteristics of the Vietnamese language, such as: monosyllabicizing, adding tones, changing double consonant, etc In terms of semantics, besides most of the Catholic words which retain their original meaning, the thesis has recorded 38/1132 lexical units with a change in meaning, mainly with broader sense, for example: Ba thù (Three enemies), which meant in Catholics as “The three enemies that cause sins to human beings are: Devil, world, flesh”, has its sense expanded to mean “Enemy in general” in the daily Vietnamese language; Bảy mối tội đầu (Seven origin sins), meant in Catholics as “the seven causes of sins, consisting of: pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth”, has its sense expanded to mean “Sources of sin conviction in general” in the daily Vietnamese language; Pharisiêu (Pharisaicist), which meant in Catholics as “A group of Jewish believers strictly following the rules, living separately from ordinary people”, has its 22 sense expanded to mean “people living in hypocrisy and having extreme spirit” the daily Vietnamese language, etc In terms of life of the Catholic word class in Vietnamese language, in addition to understanding the effects of rules of Vietnamese language on the borrowed Catholic words, the thesis has presented the trend of transforming into the nationwide Vietnamese language through folklore and writing literature The study has demonstrated the participation of Catholic words on many topics in the Vietnamese folklore and in literature This shows that although Catholic words were jargons traditionally, they tend to involve in the nationwide Vietnamese language, collaborating in fulfilling the general communication mission of the Vietnamese language, because they are all part of the Vietnamese language in general Studying this transformation trend may be of significance for assessing the presence of the Catholic community, Catholic culture in the Vietnam society and culture With the study, the thesis tries to present an overview of the characteristics of the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam Thereby, it contributes to drawing a picture of the Catholic words in Viet Nam in general, bringing more or less useful things to learn and study Catholic prayer words and Catholic words in Viet Nam With current studies on the Catholic words in Viet Nam, we have realized that there should be works on standardization of Vietnamese Catholic words, and codification of the Catholic words with significant involvement in the daily Vietnamese language in Vietnamese dictionary, etc to facilitate correct and consistent use of these words In the context of a few studies on the Catholic words in Viet Nam, the thesis remains still sketchy with some shortcomings The object of the thesis is only included in a small scope which is the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam, while we don’t have much data for immediate comparing with the Catholic words in the prayer books of dioceses in other regions; comparing with the Catholic words in other areas of activity of the Catholic communion; or comparing the characteristics of Catholic words with the words of other religions in Vietnam, etc except for some cases of comparison with the Buddhist words in Viet Nam, because this religion 23 has been much studied and seems to be the single one with in-depth study in Viet Nam The missing points of our thesis as mentioned above are those we are expected to carry out in our further studies We are looking forward to all your constructive feedbacks to further realized our plans, to make our these more complete and equip ourselves with more useful insights, helping our studies to make more effective contributions 24 REFERENCES 1) Language and religion – Study orientations, Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, No - 2015 [pp.84 - 93] 2) Borrowing characteristics of Catholic words in Vietnam (through a survey of prayers of the Dominican order Dioceses of Vietnam), Language & Life magazine, No - 2017 [pp.36 - 41] 3) Catholic words in some Vietnamese proverbs, folk verses, Language & Life magazine, No - 2018 [pp.41 - 46] 4) Transformation of Catholic words into Vietnamese language, Language Magazine, No 10 - 2018 [pp.52 - 60] ... 1: Vietnamese 79 158 23% Latin 1: Vietnamese 28 84 12% Latin 1: Vietnamese 10 40 5.9% Latin 1: Vietnamese 25 3.6% Latin 1: Vietnamese 30 4.4% Latin 1: Vietnamese 1.1% 473 689 100% Total The table... of Latin-Vietnamese Catholic words Ratio of equivalence Number of Latin Catholic words Number of Vietnamese Catholic words Percentage Latin 1: Vietnamese 345 345 50% Latin 1: Vietnamese 79 158... words in national language of Viet Nam through Vietnamese literatures 4.3.1 Involvement of the Catholic words in national language of Viet Nam through Vietnamese folk verses and proverb 4.3.1.1