AWS D1.6D1.6M:2017 contains welding requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of welded structures and weldments subject to design stress where at least one of the materials being joined is stainless steel. The code is intended to be used for base metals with a minimum thickness of 116 in 1.5 mm or 16 gage. It shall be used in conjunction with any complementary code or specification for the design or construction of stainless steel structures and weldments. When this code is stipulated in contract documents, conformance with all provisions of the code shall be required, except for those provisions that the Engineer (see 1.5.1) or contract documents specifically modify or exempt.
AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 An American National Standard Approved by the American National Standards Institute January 9, 2017 Structural Welding Code— Stainless Steel 3rd Edition Supersedes AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007 Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) D1 Committee on Structural Welding Under the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities Committee Approved by the AWS Board of Directors Abstract This code covers the requirements for welding stainless steel structural assemblies AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 ISBN: 978-0-87171-906-5 © 2017 by American Welding Society All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Photocopy Rights No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: ii AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus While AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel This standard may be superseded by new editions This standard may also be corrected through publication of amendments or errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda Information on the latest editions of AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org) Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to so Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex K) With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they not constitute professional advice Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them These individuals not speak on behalf of AWS, nor these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation iii AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 This page is intentionally blank iv AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Personnel AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding CALTROP Corporation Minnesota Department of Transportation High Steel Structures, Incorporated American Welding Society The Lincoln Electric Company Subsea Global Solutions Acute Technological Services Airgas Pazuzu Engineering Bechtel CB & I Massachusetts Department of Transportation Shell International E & P Conoco Phillips Company (Retired) High Steel Structures, Incorporated Genesis Quality Systems American Engineering and Manufacturing Vigor Canadian Welding Bureau MHP Systems Engineering Terracon Consultants D L McQuaid & Associates, Incorporated CALTROP Corporation The Lincoln Electric Company LTK Engineering Services Rager Consulting, Incorporated American Institute of Steel Construction Steel Structures Tech Center, Incorporated Parsons Corporation Pennoni Associates, Incorporated Williams Enterprises of GA, Incorporated Canadian Welding Bureau A W Sindel, Chair T L Niemann, 1st Vice Chair R D Medlock, 2nd Vice Chair J A Molin, Secretary F G Armao U W Aschemeier E L Bickford T W Burns H H Campbell III R D Campbell R B Corbit M A Grieco J J Kenney J H Kiefer S W Kopp V Kuruvilla J Lawmon N S Lindell D R Luciani P W Marshall M J Mayes D L McQuaid J Merrill D K Miller J B Pearson Jr D D Rager T J Schlafly R E Shaw Jr R W Stieve M M Tayarani P Torchio III D G Yantz Advisors to the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding WGAPE STV, Incorporated AMEC Walt Disney World Company Consultant HRV Conformance Verification Associates, Inc G J Hill & Associates Consultant Modjeski & Masters, Incorporated GE—Power & Water Hobart Brothers Company (Retired) W G Alexander N J Altebrando E M Beck B M Butler G L Fox H E Gilmer G J Hill M L Hoitmont C W Holmes G S Martin D C Phillips v AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 J W Post & Associates, Incorporated Consultant Advantage Aviation Technologies J W Post K K Verma B D Wright AWS D1K Subcommittee on Stainless Steel Bechtel CB & I American Welding Society Subsea Global Solutions Brigham Young University—Idaho Atlantic Testing Laboratories Inspection Specialists, Incorporated Sandvik Materials Technology Westinghouse Electric Company Idaho National Laboratory Proweld-Stud Welding Associates Bombardier Transporation Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing Corporation, USA LTK Engineering Services Airgas an Air Liquide Company Bechtel International Training Institute Consultant Westinghouse Electric Company Canadian Welding Bureau R D Campbell, Chair R B Corbit, Vice Chair S N Borrero, Secretary U W Aschemeier D K Baird W J Bell B M Connelly M Denault S J Findlan M J Harker W S Houston W Jaxa-Rozen J D Niemann J B Pearson Jr B E Riendeau M Saenz M S Sloan P L Sturgill B M Toth D G Yantz Advisors to the AWS D1K Subcommittee on Stainless Steel Nickel Institute Walt Disney World Company Walt Disney World Company SNH Market Consultants Damian Kotecki Welding Consultants Canadian Welding Bureau CALTROP Corporation Rager Consulting, Incorporated CALTROP Corporation Cameron International R E Avery B M Butler W P Capers H A Chambers D J Kotecki D R Luciani J Merrill D D Rager A W Sindel O Zollinger vi AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Foreword This foreword is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only This is the third edition of the AWS D1.6, Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steel; the first edition was published in 1999 This code is the product of a pool of experts arriving at a consensus position, in keeping with the American National Standard Institute’s requirements This code covers the requirements for welding stainless steel components other than pressure vessels or pressure piping For many years, fabrications involving structural stainless steel welding used AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code—Steel, to provide the requirements for quality construction However, as the AWS D1.1 document is written for the carbon and low-alloy steels commonly encountered in structural fabrication, it does not explicitly address the unique requirements of stainless steels The AWS Structural Welding Committee thus recognized the industry need for an AWS D1.1 analogue designed for the welding of stainless steel wrought and cast shapes and plates Changes in Code Requirements Underlined text in the clauses, subclauses, tables, figures, or forms indicates a change from the 2007 edition A vertical line in the margin of a table or figure also indicates a change from the 2007 edition The following is a list of the most significant revisions in the 2017 edition: Summary of Changes Clause/Table/Figure/Annex Modification Clause Restructured to identify a summary of the code clauses, new safety and health information, and code limitations Clause This is a new clause listing normative references It replaces subclause 1.9 and Annex G from the previous edition Clause This is a new clause that provides terms and definitions specific to this standard It replaces subclause 1.3 and Annex G from the previous edition Clause Clause was presented as Clause in the previous edition Reorganized and updated to better parallel AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code—Steel, where appropriate, and now also references AISC/SCI Design Guide 27: Structural Stainless Steel Clauses and Clause was presented as Clause in the previous edition Clause was presented as Clause in the previous edition Both clauses had many misplaced subclauses and requirements (some fabrication requirements were in the prequalification clause and vice versa); content has been placed in the appropriate clause Flare-V and flare-bevel-groove welded prequalified joint details have been included to address a need for these and some interpretations, and to parallel AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code—Steel These clauses are now restructured to follow the standard D1 code format and provide a more logical flow Clause Clause was presented as Clause in the previous edition This clause has been rewritten and now allows qualification directly to AWS B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, without approval from the Engineer, all while retaining D1.6 code qualification requirements if the Contractor decides to utlize these Clause Clause was presented as Clause in the previous edition Revisions include placing all visual Inspector and NDE personnel qualification requirements together for ease of use Visual inspection acceptance criteria were removed from the text and placed in a new Table 8.1, similar to AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code—Steel Several errata items were incorporated and new commentary words were inserted that were taken directly from D1.1 (Continued) vii AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Summary of Changes (Continued) Clause/Table/Figure/Annex Modification Annex E from the previous edition was deleted as most of its content was moved to Clause Some content from Annexes H and O of the previous edition was moved into Clause Clause Clause was presented as Clause in the previous edition Revised to identify numerous improvements already addressed by AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code—Steel and AASHTO/ AWS D1.5M/D1.5, Bridge Welding Code The manufacturers’ stud base qualification testing in Annex D from the previous edition was moved into Clause 9, similar to D1.1 Annexes A and B Revised to parallel AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code—Steel, and to correct terms of fillet weld size to align with the correct usage in AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Terms and Definitions, and A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination Annex E This is a new annex listing informative references Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, #130, Doral, FL 33166 viii AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Table of Contents Page No Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Welding Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design of Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part A—General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Contract Plans and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Eccentricity of Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.3 Allowable Stresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Part B—Weld Lengths and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.4 Effective Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.5 Plug and Slot Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Part C—Miscellaneous Structural Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.6 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.7 Filler Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.8 Lap Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.9 Transitions of Butt Joints in Nontubular Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.10 Transitions in Tubular Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.11 Joint Configurations and Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.12 Built-Up Members in Statically Loaded Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.13 Noncontinuous Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.14 Specific Requirements for Cyclically Loaded Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.15 Combinations of Different Types of Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.16 Skewed T-Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Prequalification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.2 Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.3 Base Metal/Filler Metal Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.4 Engineer’s Approval for Auxiliary Attachments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ix AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 COMMENTARY “A.1” “A” “B” “RB” “B.1” (A) BUTT JOINTS “A.1” “B” (B) T-JOINTS Source: Reproduced from AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural Welding Code—Steel, Figure C-6.5, Miami, American Welding Society Figure C-8.5—Scanning with Seal-Welded Steel Backing [see C-8.34.12(3)] 305 COMMENTARY AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 (A) BUTT JOINTS (B) T-JOINTS Source: Reproduced from AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural Welding Code—Steel, Figure C-6.6, Miami, American Welding Society Figure C-8.6—Resolutions for Scanning with Seal-Welded Steel Backing [see C-8.34.12(3)] 306 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 C-9 Stud Welding C-9.1 Scope Stud welding includes welding of stainless steel studs to stainless steel, carbon steel, or low-alloy steel base metals It also includes welding of carbon steel studs to stainless steel base metals But, only the austenitic stainless steel studs listed in 9.2.2.1 welded to the austenitic stainless steel base metals listed in Table 5.2 are prequalified C-9.2 General Requirements C-9.2.2.3 Stud Finish Heads of shear connectors or anchor studs are subject to cracks or bursts, which are names for the same thing Cracks or bursts designate an abrupt interruption of the periphery of the stud head by radial separation of the metal Such interruptions not adversely affect the structural strength, corrosion resistance, or other functional requirements of headed studs A typical example of calculating the crack length or burst is as follows (see Figure C-9.1): 0.5 in [13 mm] headed anchor H- Head Diameter = 1.0 in [25 mm] C- Shank Diameter = 0.5 in [13 mm] CL- Crack Length CL ≤ (H – C)/4 CL ≤ (1.0 – 0.5)/4 CL ≤ 0.125 in [3.2 mm] C-9.4.2.5(2) Torque Test The torque test for procedure qualification is a test to destruction, and is often performed with an impact wrench As such, the term ‘torque test’ is not the same as used in 9.5, 9.6.1, or 9.7 In these cases it could more appropriately be called a tightening test C-9.5.4(1) Bend Testing At temperatures below 50°F [10°C], bending is recommended to be done by continuous slow application of load, especially if the studs are made of carbon steel C-9.6.1.4(1) Bend Testing At temperatures below 50°F [10°C], bending is recommended to be done by continuous slow application of load, especially if the studs are made of carbon steel C-9.6.4.1 Cleanliness For quality welds, base metal cleanliness is important However, it is neither required nor necessary for base metal to be perfectly clean before welds are made It is difficult both to establish quantifiable limits of cleanliness and to measure to those limits; therefore, this provision uses the practical standard of assessing the resultant weld quality If the base metal is sufficiently clean so as to allow a weld to be made that meets the requirements of this code, it is clean enough If the resultant welds not meet the quality requirements of this code, cleaner base metal may be required C-9.6.7.3 Stud Fit For fillet welds, the stud base flux tip should be removed or flattened to allow the stud base to fit in close contact with the base metal 307 COMMENTARY AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 H CL (CRACK LENGTH) C Source: Reproduced from AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural Welding Code—Steel, Figure C-7.1, American Welding Society Figure C-9.1—Allowable Defects in the Heads of Headed Studs (see 9.2.2.3 and C-9.2.2.3) 308 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Index A Acceptable linearity (UT), 8.30.2.1(18) macroetch test, 6.9.3.4, Fig.7.2 ultrasonic testing, 8.13 Acceptance criteria bend tests, 6.9.3.2(4) cladding qualification, 6.12.3.1, 6.16.5 cyclically loaded nontubular connections, 8.12.2 engineer’s approval, 8.8 fillet welds, 6.9.2.2, 6.10.3.1 guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2(4) incomplete fusion, 6.9.3.1 macroetch test, 6.9.3.4, 6.15.7, 6.15.7.2, Fig 6.23 nondestructive testing, 8.11, 8.14 penetrant and magnetic particle testing, 8.10, 8.14.4, 8.14.5 qualification testing, 6.9.3 radiation imaging, 8.14.2 radiographic testing, 6.15.6, 8.12, 8.14.1 scope, 8.7 statically loaded nontubular connections, 8.12.1, Fig 8.1 stud welds, 9.6.4.6, 9.8.9 tension test, 6.9.3.3 tubular connections, 8.11.1 ultrasonic testing, 8.13 undermatched strength weld metal, 6.9.3.3(2) visual inspection, 8.9 Acceptance-rejection criteria, ultrasonic testing, 8.13.1, 8.13.2, 8.31.1, 8.32, 8.34.8, Table 8.2 Allowable stresses, 4.3.2, Table 4.1 connections design, 4.3, C–4.3 increased stresses, 4.3.2.5 testing, 4.3.2.6 Alloys, base metals, 1.4.2 American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), stainless steel identification, 1.4.4 Amplitude levels acceptance-rejection criteria, 8.32.1 discontinuities, ultrasonic testing, 8.31.2 Angle-beam search units, ultrasonic testing, 8.22.8, 8.24.4 A-number, Tables 6.1; 6.4; 6.6 Arc shielding, stud welds, 9.2.2.5, 9.6.4.5 Arc strikes, 7.19 Assembly requirements, 7.7 Assistant Inspector, 8.1.4.4 ASTM A370, 6.5.2, 9.3.2 ASTM E23, 6.5.2 ASTM E94, 8.16.1 ASTM E165, 6.12.3.1, 8.14.4 ASTM E747, 8.16.1 ASTM E1025, 8.16.1 ASTM E1032, 8.16.1 ASTM informative references, Annex E ASTM International specifications, stainless steel, 1.4.4 Austenitic stainless steels duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steels, Annex G5 macroetch testing, Annex I nonprequalified steels, guidelines for, Annex G stud welding, 9.2.2.1 AWS A5.12M/A5.12, 7.3.3.3 AWS A2.4, 1.7 AWS A2.4M, 7.3.1.3 AWS A3.0M/A3.0, AWS A5.4/A5.4M, 7.3.1.1 AWS A5.9/A5.9M, 7.3.2.1, 7.3.3.1, 7.3.3.2 AWS A5.22/A5.22M, 7.3.3.1, 7.3.3.2 AWS A5.30/A5.30/M, 7.3.3.1, 7.3.3.2 AWS A5.32M/A5.32, 7.3.3.4 AWS B2.1/B2.1M, 6.3.2, 6.5.1, 6.13.3.1 AWS B2.1-X-XXX series, 5.1, 6.3.2 AWS B4.0, 6.9.1 AWS C5.4, 9.6.2.1 AWS Certified Welding Inspector (CWI), 8.1.4.1 AWS D1.1, 9.2.1, 9.3.1 AWS QC1, 8.1.4.1 AWS standards informative references, Annex E official interpretation requests, Annex K 309 B Backing base metals, 7.2.3 commentary on fabrication, C–7.9 fabrication, 7.9 required minimum thickness, 7.9.3, Table 7.1 stainless steel, inspection, C–8.34.12 stainless steel, UT testing, 8.34.12 terminations, 7.17.2 Base metals allowable stresses, 4.3.1 alloys, 1.4.2 backing/weld tab compatibility, 7.17.2 code limitations, 1.4.1 commentary on preparation of, C–7.4 fabrication requirements, 7.2, 7.4 performance qualifications, 6.13.5 prequalification, 5.3.1 product forms, 1.4.3 for PWPSs, 5.3.1, Table 5.2 qualification, 6.5, Annex D, Table 5.2 repairs by welding, 7.5 specification, 1.4.5 stud welding, 9.2.1, 9.5.2, 9.6.4, Fig 9.3, Tables 3.1; 5.2 ultrasonic testing, 8.20.3 unlisted metals, 1.4.8 weldability tests, 1.4.8.2 Base plates, connections and splices, 4.11.2.2, 4.11.2.3 Beam copes, 7.4.7 Bending stresses allowable stresses, 4.3.2.4 connection eccentricity, 4.2.2 Bevel groove weld flare with reinforcing fillet weld, 4.4.2.2, Fig A.6 reinforcing fillet weld 4.4.2.2, Figs A.3; A.4; A.6 unreinforced, 4.4.1.2, Fig A.2 unreinforced flare, 4.4.1.2, Fig A.5 Boxing, fillet welds, 4.4.4.2 Break test, fillet weld, 6.8.1.2, 6.10, 6.10.3, 6.15.8 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Built-up members component connections, 4.14.1 statically loaded structures, 4.12 Butt joints alignment, 7.8.3 circumferential groove welds, 8.18.1 commentary on inspection, C–8.34.12, Fig C–8.3 nontubular connections, 4.9, Fig 4.5 prohibited welds, 4.14.2.1 ultrasonic testing, 8.34.6.2, Fig 8.24 C Calibration, ultrasonic testing, 8.23, 8.25, Fig 8.17 Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 8.1.4.1 Canadian Welding Bureau (CWB), 8.1.4.1 Carbon steels stainless steel welding to, Annex G7 stud welding, 9.2.2.1, 9.3.1 Center of gravity, connection eccentricity, 4.2.3 Chemical analysis, cladding qualification, 6.12.3, Fig 6.19 Circumferential groove welds, butt joints, 8.18.1 Cladding acceptance criteria, 6.16.5 essential variables, procedure qualification, 6.4.1.1, 6.12.1, Table 6.4 qualification requirements, 6.12, Fig 6.18, Table 6.7(A) thickness limitations, 6.12.2, 6.16.3, Table 6.7 welder and welding operator requirements, 6.16, Fig 6.18, Table 6.7(B) WPS and performance qualification, 6.12.2, 6.12.3.1(2), 6.16.2, Fig 6.18 Class R indications, ultrasonic testing, 8.32.1, Fig 8.34, Table 8.2 Class X indications, ultrasonic testing, 8.32.1, Fig 8.35, Table 8.2 Cleanliness stud welding, 9.6.4.1 ultrasonic testing, 8.34.3 weld fabrication, 7.20 Common plane, fillet weld termination, 4.4.4.3, Figure 4.2 Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) groove welds backing, UT testing, 8.34.12 effective size, 4.4.1.2(1) mechanical testing, 6.9.2.1, 6.9.3.2(2) prequalification requirements, 5.10.2, 5.11, 5.13.4, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.4 qualifications, 6.7.1, 6.9.3, Table 6.3(A) tubular connections, 5.13.4, Fig Compression member connections and splices, joint configurations, 4.11 Compression wave, ultrasonic testing, 8.25.2, Figs 8.21; 8.22) Connections design allowable stresses, 4.3 built-up members, statically loaded structures, 4.12 butt joints, nontubular connections, 4.9.2 combination welds, 4.15 commentary on, C–4 contract plans and specifications, 4.1 cyclically loaded structures, 4.14 eccentricity, 4.2 effective areas, 4.4 filler plates, 4.7 general requirements, 4.0 joint configuration, 4.11 lap joints, 4.8 noncontinuous beams, 4.13 PJP welds, 5.13.3, Figs 5.3; 5.5, Table 4.2 plug and slot welds, 4.5 skewed T-joints, 4.16, Annex B, Figure B.1 tubular connections, 4.10 Consumables (GMAW, GTAW, FCAW), fabrication requirements, 7.3.3 Contractor Inspection, Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel, 1.5.3.1 Contractor’s Inspector, 8.1.2.1, 8.1.3.1 material inspection, 8.2 Contractor’s responsibilities, 1.5.2 assembly, 7.7.1 fabrication, 7.1.1, 7.12 inspection, 8.6 performance qualification, 6.13.2 qualification requirements, 6.3.1 radiographic equipment, 8.19.1 stud welding, 9.4.2.1 Contract plans and specifications, 4.1 inspection and, 8.1.2 Cooper backing, 7.9.1 Corner joint preparation commentary on inspection, C–8.34.12, Figs C–8.1; C–8.2 prequalification, 5.10.6, 5.11.7 ultrasonic testing, 8.34.6.2, Fig 8.24 Corner reflectors, 8.23.1 Couplant materials, ultrasonic testing, 8.34.4 Curved welds, effective length, 4.4.2.3(2) Cutting requirements, 7.4.5 310 CVN testing base metal qualification, 6.5.2, Table 6.2 essential variables, 6.4.1, 6.5.2, Table 6.2 Cyclically loaded structures acceptance criteria, 8.12.1, 8.13.1, Figs 8.1; 8.2; 8.3, Table 8.2 connection requirements, 4.14 nontubular connections, discontinuity acceptance criteria, 8.12.2, Fig 8.2–8.3 Cylindrical discontinuities, ultrasonic testing, 8.27.2.2, Fig 8.27 D Decibel (dB) accuracy Annex J nomogram, 8.30.2.3 equation, 8.30.2.2 evaluation, Annex J examples, 8.35, Annex J ultrasonic testing, 8.30.2, Figs 8.31; 8.32 Defect excavation, 7.4.5.4 Delta ferrite content, 5.1, 5.3.5 7.3.1.3, 7.3.3.2, Fig 5.1 Density limitations, radiographic testing, 8.17.10 Depth location of discontinuities, ultrasonic testing, 8.28.4 Depth of filling, plug and slot welds, 4.5.6 Diameter limitations, performance qualification, 6.13.4, Tables 6.9; 6.10 Discontinuities acceptance criteria, 8.12.1, 8.12.2, Figs 8.1; 8.2 amplitude levels, 8.31.2, 8.32.2 cutting requirements, 7.4.5.3 general classifications, 8.29.2 interpretation problems, 8.29 location, 8.29.5 orientation, 8.29.4 size, 8.29.3 types of, 8.29.1 ultrasonic testing, 8.26.1, 8.26.2, 8.27, 8.28, 8.34.7, Figs 8.26–8.30 weld joint and groove design, 8.29.6 Distance amplitude correction, ultrasonic testing, 8.25.1 Distortion commentary on, C–7.14 fabrication requirements, 7.14 Double fillet weld, lap joints, 4.8.2, Fig 4.4 Double plug or slot welds, lap joints, 4.8.3 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 Double-wall exposure/double-wall view, radiographic testing, 8.18.1.3, Figs 8.13–8.14 Double-wall exposure/single-wall view, radiographic testing, 8.18.1.2, Fig 8.12 Duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steels, Annex G5 E Edge blocks, radiographic testing, 8.17.12, Fig 8.10 Edge distance, ultrasonic testing, 8.22.8.5 Effective areas See also Weld lengths and areas; Weld size fillet, PJP and skewed joint welds, 4.4.2.1 groove welds, 4.4.1 plug and slot welds, 4.5.5 Effective throat, Annex A fillet welds, 4.4.2.2 PJP welds, 4.4.2.2 skewed T-joints, 4.4.2.2, Annex B, Fig B.1, Table B.1 Electrode-flux combination, prequalification, 5.3.3 Electrodes fabrication requirements, 7.3 F-numbers, Table 6.5 GTAW tungsten electrodes, 7.3.3.3 manufacturer’s certification, 7.3.1.3, 7.3.2.2, 7.3.3.2, Fig 5.1 prequalification, 5.3.3 purchasing requirements, 7.3.1.1, 7.3.2.1 shielded metal arc welding, 7.3.1 storage and drying conditions, 7.3.1.2, 7.3.2.3 stud welding, 9.6.7.4 Engineer’s responsibilities alternative acceptance criteria, approval for, 8.8 assembly, 7.7.1 auxiliary attachments approval, 5.4.1, Table 5.2 inspection and judgment of, 8.6.3 Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel, 1.5.1 stud welding, 9.3.3, 9.3.5, 9.7.4 Environment, fabrication, 7.11 Essential variables cladding, 6.4.1.1, 6.12.1, Table 6.4 CVN testing, 6.4.1, 6.5.2, Table 6.2 performance qualifications, 6.14 requalification requirements, 6.14, Table 6.11 ultrasonic testing, 8.20.2 welding procedures, 6.4.1, Table 6.1 Eye examination, NDT personnel, 8.1.4.5 F Fabrication requirements arc strikes, 7.19 backing, 7.9 base metals, 7.2, 7.4 cleaning, 7.20 commentary on, C–7 distortion, 7.14 electrodes and consumables, 7.3 environment, 7.11 metal removal and repair, 7.21 peening, 7.18 postweld heat treatment, 7.22 preheat and interpass temperatures, 7.10.1 scope, 7.1 tack and temporary welding, 7.13 terminations, 7.17 weld size, length and location, 7.15 Face bends guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2(1), Figs 6.5; 6.6; 6.7; 6.8 longitudinal specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.9 transverse face bend test specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.7; 6.8 Failure analysis, stud welding, 9.6.1.5 Fatigue provisions allowable stresses, 4.3.3 commentary on, 4.3, C–4.3.3 Ferrite number, 5.1, Fig 5.1 filler metals, 5.3.4, Fig 5.1, Table 5.3 Ferritic stainless steels, Annex G4, Annex G5 Ferrous metals chemical compositions, Table D.2 filler metals, Annex D, Table D.1 Filler metals certifications, 5.3.4 fabrication requirements, 7.3 Ferrite number, 5.3.4, Fig 5.1, Table 5.3 prequalification, 5.2.3, Tables 5.2; 5.3 suggested metals, Annex D, Table D.1 Filler plates, 4.7 Fillet welds acceptance criteria, 6.9.2.2, 6.10.3.1 allowable stresses, 4.3.2.1 alternate WPS qualification, 6.10, Fig 6.4 assembly, 7.8.1, Figs 5.2–5.4 bevel groove weld with, 4.4.2.2, Figs A.3; A.4; A.6 break test, 6.8.1.2, 6.10, 6.10.3, 6.15.8 combination plane, 4.4.2.4, Fig 4.1 311 effective area and throat, 4.4.2.2, Fig A.1 effective length, 4.4.2.3, 4.4.2.4 holes or slots, 4.4.5.1 lap joints, 4.4.2.4, Figs 4.1; 4.3 macroetch test, 6.8.1.1, 6.9.2.2, 6.15.7, Fig 6.23 mechanical testing, 6.7.1.1, 6.7.2.1, 6.8.1, 6.9.2, 6.9.3, Figs 6.4; 6.5, Table 6.3 performance qualification test specimens, 6.15.6.2, 6.15.7, 6.15.8, Fig 6.23 positions, 6.2.3, Fig 6.3 prequalification requirements, 5.8.1 prequalified joints, 5.13.2, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.2 procedure qualification test coupons, 6.8.1, 6.9.2(3), 6.10.1, Fig 6.4 qualification, 6.8, 6.8.1 root bend test specimen, 6.15.4, Fig 6.23(A) root openings, 7.8.1 shop drawing requirements, 4.1.5.2 sizes, 7.15.2.1 stud welds, 9.6.7, Table 9.4 terminations, 4.4.4 test positions, 6.13.10, Table 6.9 tubular connections, 4.8.1, 5.13.2, Fig 4.3, Fig 5.2 visual examination, 6.9.2.2, 6.10.2 Finish, stud welding, 9.2.2.3 Flare bevel groove welds effective size, Table 4.2 effective throat, 4.4.2.2(3) prequalification, 5.12, Fig 5.5, Table 4.2 reinforcing fillet welds, 4.4.2.2, Fig A.6 unreinforced, 4.4.1.2, Fig A.5 Flare-V groove welds, prequalification, 5.12, Fig 5.5, Table 4.2 Flat position, 6.2.3, Figs 6.1; 6.2; 6.3; 6.4 plug and slot welds, 7.16.1 Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), consumables requirements, 6.3.3 Flux properties, stud welds, 9.2.2.5 Flux reclamation, 7.3.2.4 F-numbers, electrode and welding rod qualification, 7.3.1.3, Fig 5.1, Table 6.5 Foreign materials, fabrication requirements, 7.4.4 Fused metal backing, 7.9.2, 8.17.2.2 G Gain control, ultrasonic testing, 8.24.2 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), consumables, 7.3.3 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 consumables requirements, 6.3.3 tungsten electrodes, 7.3.3.3 Geometric unsharpness, 8.17.4.1 Groove weld backing, 7.9.3 circumferential groove welds, 8.18.1 effective area, 4.4.1.1 fillet weld connections, 4.12.4 length and area, 4.4.1.3 macroetch test, 6.9.2.1 mechanical testing, 6.7.1.1, 6.7.2.1, 6.8.1, 6.9.2, 6.9.2.1, 6.9.3, Figs 6.4; 6.5, Table 6.3 positions, 6.2.3, Figs 6.1–6.3 prequalification, 5.10.5, 5.11.5 qualification, 6.7 reinforcement requirements, 7.15.2.2, Fig 7.2(D) root openings and joint alignment, 7.8.3, Figs 5.2–5.4 size, 4.4.1.2 test positions, 6.13.10, Table 6.9 ultrasonic testing, 8.20 Guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2 acceptance criteria, 6.9.3.2(4) bottom ejecting test jig, 6.9.3.2(3), Fig 6.10 cladding qualification, 6.9.3.2(3), 6.12.3, Fig 6.18 performance qualification, 6.13.9.1, 6.15.4, Fig 6.21 radiographic testing in place of, 6.15.3 stud welding, 9.4.2.5, 9.5.4, 9.6.1.4, 9.7.2.1, 9.8.7.1, 9.8.7.2, Figs 9.4; 9.6 type and number, 6.15.2 H Heat affected zones (HAZs) guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2(3), Figs 6.10–6.13 stud welding, 9.6.1.5, 9.8.8 ultrasonic testing, 8.20.1 Heat straightening temperatures, 7.14 Height discontinuities, ultrasonic testing, 8.28.2, Fig 8.29 Holes access holes, 7.4.7 fillet welds, 4.4.5 mislocation, 7.6 Hole-type image quality indicators (IQIs), 8.17.2, Figs 8.5–8.9, Table 8.3 Horizontal linearity, ultrasonic testing, 8.22.2, 8.24.1, 8.30.1 Horizontal position, 6.2.3, Figs 6.1; 6.2; 6.3; 6.4 I Identification marks, radiographic testing, 8.17.11 Image enhancement, nondestructive testing, 8.39.3 Image quality indicators (IQIs) hole-type, 8.17.1, Figs.8.4–8.9, Table 8.3 real-time radiation imaging, 8.37.2 selection and placement, 8.17.6, Table 8.5 single-wall exposure/single-wall view, 8.18.1.2, Fig 8.11 wire-type, 8.17.2, Figs 8.5–8.9, Table 8.4 Index point, ultrasonic testing, 8.22.8.6 Inspection requirements acceptance criteria, 8.7–8.13 bidders information, 8.1 commentary on, C–8 contractor’s responsibilities, 8.6 identification of inspections performed, 8.5.5 materials, 8.2 radiographic testing (RT), 8.12 recommended inspection practices, Annex F scope, 8.1, 8.5.2, 8.5.3 shop drawings, 4.1.5.6 stud welding, 9.7 visual inspection, 8.9, Table 8.1 weld classifications, Table F.1 work and records, 8.5 Inspector’s responsibilities categories of inspectors, 8.1.3 documentation, 8.1.5 identification of inspections, 8.5.4 notification, 8.1.6 qualification requirements, 8.1.4.1 Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel, 1.5.3 Intermittent fillet welds allowable stresses, 4.3.2.2 maximum longitudinal spacing, 4.12.2 prohibition, 4.14.2.3 Intermittent groove welds, prohibition, 4.14.2.2 Intermittent partial length groove welds, 4.12.3 Interpass temperature requirements, 5.5.2 fabrication, 7.10.1 Intersecting parts, connection eccentricity, 4.2.1 J Jigs bottom ejecting test jig, 6.9.3.2(3), Figs 6.10–6.12 312 guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2(3), Figs 6.10–6.13 Joint configuration, 4.11 discontinuities, 8.29.6 fillet welds, 5.13.2, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.2 performance qualification, 6.13.6 prohibited joints, cyclically loaded structures, 4.14.2 tolerances, 7.8 Joint root openings, CJP groove welds, 5.11.6 L Lap joints fillet welds, 4.4.2.4, 4.8.2, Fig 4.4 structural details, 4.8 Length discontinuities, ultrasonic testing, 8.28.3, 8.28.5, 8.34.7, Fig 8.30 Longitudinal fillet welds face bend and root bend test specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.9 length and spacing, 4.4.3 Longitudinal test specimens guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2(2), Figs 6.5; 6.9 pipe size, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.16 tension tests, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.15 Low-alloy steels, Annex G7.3; G.7.4; G.7.5 M Macroetch test acceptance criteria, 6.9.3.4, 6.15.7, 6.15.7.2, Fig 6.23, Fig.7.2 austenitic stainless steels, Annex I fillet weld, 6.8.1.1, 6.15.7, Fig 6.23 PJP groove weld, 6.7.2, 6.9.2.1 safety procedures, Annex I3 Magnetic particle testing, 8.14.5 acceptance criteria, 8.10, 8.14.5, Table 8.1 Manufacturer’s certification electrodes, 7.3.1.3, 7.3.2.2, 7.3.3.2 stud welding, 9.2.2.2, 9.8, Fig 9.1 Martensitic stainless steels, Annex G3; G7.3 Materials inspection of, 8.2 stud welds, 9.2.2.1 Measurement units, Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel, 1.2 Mechanical testing guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 qualification requirements, 6.9 stud welds, 9.3, Table 9.1 Mechanized stud welding, 9.6.2.1 Melted flux (crushed slag) reclamation, 7.3.2.4(2) SAW prequalification, 5.2.2.2 Metal removal and repair, 7.21 Mill-induced discontinuities, base metals, 7.4.2, 7.4.6.1 Minimum bend radius nomogram, 6.9.3.2(3), Fig 6.13 Minimum overlap, lap joints, 4.8.1 Minimum welding requirements, statically loaded structures, 4.12 Moisture control, stud welding, 9.6.4.3 Multiple welding processes essential variables, 6.4.1.2, Table 6.3 stud welding, 9.6.2.2 N Nomograms dB accuracy, 8.30.2.3 minimum bend radius, 6.9.3.2(3), Fig 6.13 Noncontinuous beams, 4.13 Nondestructive testing (NDT) acceptance criteria, 8.11, 8.14 discontinuities, 8.28 extent of, 8.15 general requirements, 8.36 inspector qualifications, 8.1.4 methods, Table F.2 personnel qualifications, 8.39.2 procedures, 8.14, 8.39.1 specified nonvisual, 8.6.4 unspecified nonvisual, 8.6.5 verification of, 8.5.5 visual inspection, 8.10, 8.14.4, 8.14.5, Table 8.1 Nonfused metallic backing, 7.9.4 Nonmetallic backing, 7.9.4 Nontubular connections acceptance criteria, 8.12.2, Fig 8.2; 8.3 butt joints, 4.9.1, Fig 4.5 CJP prequalified joints, 5.10.2, 5.11, 5.13.4, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.4 cyclically loaded structures, 8.12.2, Fig 8.2–8.3 PJP groove welded joints, 4.4.2.2(2), 5.10, 5.13.3, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.3 statically loaded structures, acceptance criteria, 8.12.1, Fig 8.1 Notch toughness requirements, 7.4.5.1, 7.4.5.2 base metal qualification, 6.5.2, Table 6.2 connection design, 4.1.2 O Overhead position, 6.2.3, Figs 6.1; 6.2; 6.3; 6.4 plug and slot welds, 7.16.3 P Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) groove welds connection requirements, 5.13.3, Figs 5.3; 5.5, Table 4.2 effective size, 4.4.1.2(2), 4.4.1.2(4), 5.10, 5.13, 6.7.2.2 mechanical testing, 6.9.2.1, 6.9.3.2(2) nontubular connections, prequalification requirements, 4.4.2.2(2), 5.10, 5.13.3, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.3 qualification, 6.7.2, 6.9.3.4(1), Table 6.3(A) reinforcing fillet welds, 4.4.1.2, 4.4.2.2(2), 4.4.2.2.(3) shop drawing requirements, 4.1.5.1 tubular connections, prequalification requirements, 5.10.3, 5.12, 5.13.3, 7.8.2, 7.8.4 Fig 5.5 Partial sampling, inspection using, Annex F Peening, 7.18 Penetrant testing, 8.10, 8.14.4 cladding qualification, 6.12.3 Performance qualification base metals, 6.13.5 bend tests, 6.13.9.1, 6.15.4, Fig 6.21 cladding, 6.12.2, 6.12.3.1(2), 6.16.2, Fig 6.18 fillet welds, 6.15.7, 6.15.8, Fig 6.23 general requirements, 6.13 joint details, 6.13.6 limitation of variables, 6.14 period of effectiveness, 6.13.8 pipe assembly, 6.13.9.1, 6.15.4, Fig 6.20 requalification requirements, essential variables, 6.14, Table 6.11 retesting for, 6.13.7 stud welding operators, 9.5 tack welding, 6.13.11 test specimens, 6.13.4, 6.13.9, Fig 6.22, Table 6.8 thickness limits, 6.13.4, Table 6.8 visual examination, 6.15.1 welders and welding operators, 6.13.3.1, 6.13.8.1, 6.13.9.1, 8.4, Figs 6.20–6.22, Tables 6.8; 6.9 welding and welding operators, 6.13.3.1, 6.13.8.1, 6.13.9.1, Figs 6.20–6.22, Tables 6.8; 6.9 313 welding procedures, 6.13.4 weld position and diameter, 6.13.4, Table 6.9 Period of effectiveness, performance qualification, 6.13.8 Personnel qualifications, nondestructive testing, 8.1.4.2, 8.39.2 Pipe/tubing welds, 6.2.3, Fig 6.3 assembly for performance qualification, 6.13.9.1, 6.15.4, Fig 6.20 procedure qualification test specimens, 6.9.2(3), 6.9.3.2(1), Fig 6.5 tension specimens, size requirements, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.16 Plan and drawing information, connection design, 4.1.1 Planar discontinuities, ultrasonic testing, 8.27.2.3, Fig 8.28 Plasma arc welding (PAW), prequalification, 5.2.3 Plate welds, 6.2.3, Fig 6.3 procedure qualification test specimens, 6.9.2(3), 6.9.3.2(1), Fig 6.5 transverse face bend test specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.7 transverse side bend test specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.6 Plug and slot welds allowable stresses, 4.3.2.3 fabrication, 7.16 flat position, 7.16.1 overhead position, 7.16.3 prequalification requirements, 5.9.1 prohibition, 4.14.2.4 sizes, 4.5.3 spacing, 4.5.1, 4.5.2 vertical position, 7.16.2 Positions of welds fabrication, 7.15 groove welds, 6.2.3, Figs 6.1–6.3 inspection, 8.5.1 qualifications, 6.2.3, 6.13.4, Figs 6.1; 6.2; 6.3; 6.4, Table 6.9 stud welds, 9.4.1, 9.4.2.2, 9.5.2, 9.6.1.1, Fig 9.3 Postweld heat treatment (PWHT), 7.22, Annex G7.7 Precipitation hardening, Annex G6; G7.6 Preheat temperatures fabrication, 7.10.1 prequalification, 5.5.1 Prequalification base metals, 1.4.7, 5.3.1, Table 5.2; 5.3 CJP groove welds, 5.10.2, 5.11, 5.13.4, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.4 detail dimensions, shop drawing requirements, 4.1.5.4 Engineer’s approval auxiliary attachments, 5.4.1, Table 5.2 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 filler metals, 5.2.3, Tables 5.2; 5.3 fillet welds, 5.8.1 flare bevel groove welds, 5.12, Fig 5.5, Table 4.2 Flare-V groove welds, 5.12, Fig 5.5, Table 4.2 groove preparation, 5.10.5 interpass temperature requirements, 5.5.2 joints, fillet welds, 5.13.2, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.2 PJP groove welds, nontubular, 4.4.2.2(2), 5.10, 5.13.3, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.3 PJP groove welds, tubular, 5.10.3, 5.12, 5.13.3, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.5 plug and slot welds, 5.9.1 preheat minimum, 5.5.1 scope, 5.1, Annex H, Tables 5.2; 5.3 tubular connection, 5.13 welding processes, 5.2 weld metal removal and repair, 7.21 Prequalified Welding Procedure Specifications (PWPSs), 5.1, 5.7.1, Table 5.4 base metals, 5.3.1, Table 5.2 fabrication, 7.12 filler metals, 5.3.2, Table 5.2 limitations of variables, 5.6, Table 5.1 sample forms, Annex H2 stud welding, 9.4.1, Fig 9.3 Procedures Qualification Record (PQR) cladding, 6.4.1.1, 6.12.1, Table 6.4 defined, 6.3.3 fillet weld test coupons, 6.8.1, 6.9.2(3), 6.10.1, Fig 6.4 plate or pipe procedure qualification, 6.9.2(3), 6.9.3.2(1), Fig 6.5 test specimens and thickness ranges, 6.4.1, 6.6.1, 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1, Table 6.3 Production control, stud welding, 9.6 Purchasing requirements electrodes, 7.3.1.1, 7.3.2.1 GMAW, GTAW, FCAW consumables, 7.3.3.1 Q Qualification requirements base metals, 6.5, Table 5.2 cladding, 6.12 commentary on, C–6 earlier editions, 6.2.1 essential variables, 6.4, Table 6.1 fillet weld, 6.8, 6.8.1 fillet weld, alternate qualifications, 6.10, Fig 6.4 general requirements, 6.2 groove weld, 6.7 guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2 mechanical testing, 6.9 records, 6.2.2 retests, 6.11 scope, 6.1 stud welding, manufacturer’s requirements, 9.2.2.2, 9.8, Fig 9.1 thickness limitations, 6.6, Tables 6.3(A) and (B) ultrasonic testing, 8.21, 8.24, 8.30.2.1, Fig 8.32 visual examination, 6.9.3.1 welding procedures, 6.3 weld metal removal and repair, 7.21 Quality control testing, stud welding, 9.3.4 R Radiation imaging enhancement, 8.39.3 personnel qualification, 8.39.2 procedures, 8.14.2, 8.39.1 real-time imaging, 8.37 records management, 8.39.4 Radiographic film, 8.17.3 edge blocks, 8.17.12, Fig 8.10 Radiographic testing (RT) acceptance criteria, 6.15.6, 8.12, 8.14.1 density limitations, 8.17.10 equipment, 8.19.1 hole- and wire-type image quality indicators, 8.17.2, Fig 8.5; 8.6; 8.7, Table 8.3; 8.4 in lieu of guided bend tests, 6.15.3 procedures, 8.14.1, 8.16.1, 8.17 sources, 8.17.4 standards, 8.16.1 tubular connections, 8.18 welds, 8.16 Real-time radiation imaging, 8.37 Recalibration, ultrasonic testing, 8.25.4 Records requirements inspection, 8.5.5 radiation imaging, 8.39.4 radiographic testing, 8.19.3 Reduced-section tension test, 6.9.3.3, Figs 6.14–6.17 Reference standards, ultrasonic testing, 8.23, Figs 8.16–8.18 Reflectors, ultrasonic testing, 8.22.8.5, 8.23, 8.24.3, 8.30.3, 8.34.5.1, Fig 8.16; 8.18 Reinforcement radiographic testing, 8.17.2.3 removal, 8.17.2 Repair of welds, 8.34.10 Reporting requirements 314 radiographic testing, 8.19.2 retesting, 8.34.11 ultrasonic testing, 8.33, Fig 8.36 Requalification requirements, essential variables, 6.14, Table 6.11 Resolution requirements, ultrasonic testing, 8.23.2, Fig 8.19 Retesting, 6.11 performance qualification, 6.13.7 reporting requirements, 8.34.11 stud welds, 9.8.8 for welders and welding operators, 8.4.2, 8.4.3 Root bends fillet weld test specimen, 6.15.4, Fig 6.23(A) guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2(1), Figs 6.5; 6.6; 6.7; 6.8 longitudinal specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.9 transverse test specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.8; 6.9 Root openings butt joints, steel backing, C–8.34.12, Fig C–8.4 tolerances, 7.8.1, Figs 5.2–5.5 Root pass welding, Annex G.7.2, Fig G.1 S Safety macroetch testing, Annex I3 Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel, 1.3 Scale, rust and surface oxides, base metals, 7.4.3 Scanning sensitivity, ultrasonic testing, 8.25.1.1, 8.26, 8.34.6.1, Figs 8.24; 8.25 Screen marking, ultrasonic testing, 8.31.2, Fig 8.33, Table 8.2 Seal-welded stainless steel backing, C–8.34.12, Figs C–8.5; C–8.6 Sensitivity, ultrasonic testing, 8.25.1, 8.25.3.2, Figs 8.21; 8.22 Service temperature limits, 1.4.6 Shear wave, ultrasonic testing, 8.25.3, Fig 8.23 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) electrode requirements, 7.3.1 stud welding, 9.6.7.4 Shielding gas fabrication environment, 7.11.1 GMAW, GTAW and FCAW, 7.3.3.4 Shop drawing requirements, connection design, 4.1.5 Side bends guided bend tests, 6.9.3.2(1), Figs 6.5; 6.6; 6.7; 6.8 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 transverse test specimens, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.6 Single-wall exposure/single-wall view, radiographic testing, 8.18.1.2, Fig 8.11 Skewed T-Joints allowable stresses, 4.3.2.1 connections, 4.16, Annex B, Figure B.1 effective area and throat, 4.4.2.2.(4) shop drawing requirements, 4.1.5.2 Slot ends, fillet welds, 4.4.5 Slots, fillet welds, 4.4.5 Slot welds See Plug and slot welds Source-to-subject distance, 8.17.4.2 Spherical discontinuities, ultrasonic testing, 8.27.2.1, Fig 8.26 Spot sampling, inspection using, Annex F Stainless steels carbon steel welding to, Annex G7 chemical compositions, Table D.2 distortion, 7.14 identifications, 1.4.4 nonprequalified steels, guidelines for, Annex G precipitation hardening, Annex G6 stud welds, 9.3.1, Table 9.1 Standards ultrasonic testing, 8.20.1, 8.23, Figs 8.16–8.18 welding qualifications in accordance with, 6.3.2 Statically loaded structures acceptance criteria, 8.12.1, 8.13.1, Fig 8.1, Table 8.2 built-up members, 4.12 Straight-beam (longitudinal wave) search units, ultrasonic testing, 8.22.7 Straight welds, effective length, 4.4.2.3(1) Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel approval, 1.6 Contractor’s responsibilities, 1.5.2 Engineer’s responsibilities, 1.5.1 Inspector’s responsibilities, 1.5.3 limitations, 1.4 measurement units, 1.2 safety, 1.3 scope, 1.1 welding symbols, 1.7 Stud welding bases, 9.2.2.4 commentary on, C–9, Fig C–9.1 design, 9.2.2.2, Fig 9.1 finish, 9.2.2.3 general requirements, 9.2 inspection and testing, 9.7 manufacturer’s qualification requirements, 9.2.2.2, 9.8 materials, 9.2.2.1 mechanical requirements, 9.3, Table 9.1 operator performance qualification, 9.5 procedure qualification, 9.4, Annex H production control, 9.6 removal or repair, 9.6.5, 9.6.6 scope, 9.1 Submerged arc welding (SAW) electrode and electrode-fluxes, 5.3.3, 7.3.2 flux reclamation, 7.3.2.4 prequalification, 5.2.2 Surface preparation, base metals, 7.4.3.1 Symmetry, connection eccentricity, 4.2.3 T Tack welding fabrication requirements, 7.13 performance qualifications, 6.13.11 Temperature requirements, stud welding, 9.6.2.2 Temporary welding, fabrication requirements, 7.13 Tensile tests, stud welds, 9.3.2, 9.8.7.1, 9.8.7.2, Fig 9.2 Tension tests longitudinal specimens, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.15 pipe size, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.16 rectangular specimen, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.14 reduced-section tension test, 6.9.3.3, Figs 6.14–6.17 stud welding, 9.4.2.5, 9.8.7.1, 9.8.7.2, Figs 9.2; 9.6 Terminations, 7.17 Term of effectiveness, Inspector’s qualifications, 8.1.4.3 Terms and definitions, Testing See also Ultrasonic testing (UT) allowable stresses, 4.3.2.6, (Annex G; G2.2) cladding requirements, 6.12.3 full testing, 8.15.1 partial testing, 8.15.2 sample forms, Annex H3 spot testing, 8.15.3 stud welds, 9.3.2, 9.4.2, 9.7.2, 9.8 of welds, 8.34.6 Testing angles, UT, 8.34.5.2, 8.34.6, 8.34.6.1, Table 8.6 Test specimens fillet welds, 6.15.4, 6.15.6.2, 6.15.7, 6.15.8, Fig 6.23(A), Fig 6.23(B–D) location, performance qualification, 6.13.9.1, Fig 6.22 performance qualification, 6.13.9 pipe size, tension tests, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.16 plate or pipe procedure qualification, 6.9.2(3), 6.9.3.2(1), Fig 6.5 315 plate welds, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Figs 6.6; 6.7 PQR type and number, 6.4.1, 6.6.1, 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1, Table 6.3 reduced-section tension test, 6.9.3.3, Figs 6.14–6.17 stud welding, 9.4.2.2, 9.8.5, 9.8.6 Thickness ranges backing minimum thickness, 7.9.3, Table 7.1 butt joints, 4.9.1, Figs 4.5; 4.6 cladding, 6.12.2, 6.16.3, Table 6.7 filler plates, 4.7.2, 4.7.3, 4.7.4 performance qualification, 6.13.4, Table 6.8 qualification limitations, 6.4.1, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8.1, Tables 6.3(A) and (B) tubular connections, 4.10.2, Fig 4.6 T-joint welds commentary on inspection, C–8.34.12, Figs C–8.1; C–8.2 ultrasonic testing, 8.34.6.2, Fig 8.24 Tolerances, fillet weld assembly, 7.8.1 Torque testing, stud welding, 9.4.2.5, 9.5.4, 9.6.1.4, 9.7.2.1, Fig 9.5, Tables 9.2; 9.3 Transducer specifications, ultrasonic testing, 8.22.6, 8.22.8.1, 8.30.1, 8.30.2, Figs 8.15; 8.31 Transfer correction, ultrasonic testing, 8.25.1, Fig 8.20 Transition thickness, radiographic testing, 8.16.10.2 Transverse test specimens face bend test, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.7; 6.8 rectangular tension test, 6.9.3.3, Fig 6.14 side bend test, 6.9.3.2(1), 6.15.4, Fig 6.6 Tubular connections acceptance criteria, 8.12.1, 8.13.3, Fig 8.1 butt joints, 4.10.2, Figs 4.5; 4.6 CJP groove welds, 5.13.4, Fig fillet welds, 4.8.1, 5.13.2, Fig 4.3, Fig 5.2 nondestructive testing, 8.11.1 PJP groove welds, 5.10.3, 5.12, 5.13.3, 7.8.2, 7.8.4, Fig 5.5 prequalification, 5.13 radiographic testing, 8.18 transitions, 4.10 U Ultrasonic testing (UT) acceptance criteria, 8.13, 8.14.3 acceptance-rejection criteria, 8.13.1, 8.13.2, 8.31.1, 8.32, 8.34.8, Table 8.2 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 advanced systems, 8.38 base metals, 8.20.3 calibration, 8.23, 8.25, Fig 8.17 discontinuities, 8.26.1, 8.26.2, 8.27, 8.28 display range, 8.22.5 equipment, 8.22, 8.24, 8.30 extent of, 8.34.5 groove welds, 8.20 instrument requirements, 8.22.3, 8.22.4 procedures, 8.14.3, 8.20.1, 8.34, 8.39.1 qualification requirements, 8.24, 8.30.2.1, Fig 8.32 reporting requirements, 8.33, Fig 8.36 resolution requirements, 8.23.2, Fig 8.19 scanning patterns and methods, 8.26, Figs 8.24–8.25 standards, 8.20.1 transducer specifications, 8.22.6, 8.22.8.1, 8.30.2.1, Fig 8.15 unit certification, Annex J variations, 8.20.2 weld classes, 8.31.1 Unacceptable welds, inaccessibility, 7.21.5 Undermatched strength weld metal, acceptance criteria, 6.9.3.3(2) Unified Numbering System (UNS), stainless steel identification, 1.4.4 Unmelted flux, reclamation, 7.3.2.4(1) V Verification Inspection, 8.1.2.2, 8.1.3.2, 8.5.6 authority, 8.1.4.6 radiographic testing, 8.19.2 Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel, 1.5.3.2 stud welding, 9.7.3 Vertical position, 6.2.3, Figs 6.1; 6.2; 6.3; 6.4 plug and slot welds, 7.16.2 Visual examination cladding requirements, 6.16.5 fillet weld, 6.10.2 inspection, 8.9, Table 8.1 performance qualification, 6.15.1 qualification requirements, 6.9.3.1 stud welding, 9.5.3, 9.6.1.3 W Weld access holes, 7.4.7 geometries, 7.4.7.1, Fig 7.1 Welders and welding operators cladding requirements, 6.12.2, 6.16, Fig 6.18, Table 6.7(B) fabrication requirements, 7.12 inspection of performance qualifications, 8.4 performance qualifications, 6.13.3.1, 6.13.8.1, 6.13.9.1, 8.4, Figs 6.20–6.22, Tables 6.8; 6.9 qualification test record, Annex H stud welding, performance qualification, 9.5, Annex H Welding guns, stud welding, 9.6.2.2 Welding procedures allowable stresses, 4.3.2, Table 4.1 base metal repairs, 7.5 combination welds, 4.15 connection design, 4.1.3 essential variables, 6.4, Tables 6.1; 6.2; 6.3 metal removal and repair, 7.21 performance qualifications, 6.13.4, Tables 6.8–6.10 prequalification, 5.2 prohibited welds, cyclically loaded structures, 4.14.2 qualification, 6.3 Welding Procedures Specifications (WPSs), 8.3 A-numbers, stainless steel weld metal analysis, Table 6.6 base metal prequalification, 1.4.7 cladding, 6.12.2, 6.12.3.1(2), 6.16.2, Fig 6.18 316 fabrication requirements, 7.12 prequalification, 5.6.2, Tables 5.1; 5.4 prequalified requirements, 5.7.1, Table 5.4 sample forms, Annex H1 stud welding, 9.4.2 Welding rods, F-numbers, Table 6.5 Welding symbols, 1.7 shop drawing requirements, 4.1.5.3 Weld lengths and areas fillet welds, 4.4.2.3 groove welds, 4.4.1.3 inspection, 8.5.1 PJP and skewed joint welds, 4.4.2 Weld profiles, 6.9.3.4(1)(d)(3), 7.15.2, 7.15.2.2, 9.6.4.6, Fig 7.2 Weld size CJP groove welds, 4.4.1.2(1), 5.11.3 connection design, 4.1.4 fabrication, 7.15 flare-groove welds, 4.4.1.2, 4.4.2.2, Table 4.2 groove welds, 4.4.1.2 inspection, 8.5.1 PJP groove welds, 5.10.3, 5.10.4, Fig 5.3 plug and slot welds, 4.5.3 tubular connections, 4.10.1 Weld tabs base metals, 7.2.3 radiographic testing, 8.17.2.1 terminations, 7.17.2 Width transitions, butt joints, 4.9.2 Wire-type image quality indicators (IQIs), 8.17.2, Figs 8.5–8.9, Table 8.4 X “X” line, ultrasonic testing, 8.34.1 Y “Y” line, ultrasonic testing, 8.34.2 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 List of AWS Documents on Structural Welding Designation A2.4 A3.0M/A3.0 D1.1/D1.1M D1.2/D1.2M D1.3/D1.3M D1.4/D1.4M D1.5/D1.5M D1.6/D1.6M D1.7/D1.7M D1.8/D1.8M D1.9/D1.9M Title Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Structural Welding Code—Steel Structural Welding Code—Aluminum Structural Welding Code—Sheet Steel Structural Welding Code—Steel Reinforcing Bars Bridge Welding Code Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steel Guide for Strengthening and Repairing Existing Structures Structural Welding Code—Seismic Supplement Structural Welding Code—Titanium 317 AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017 This page is intentionally blank 318 ... substitute for an official interpretation iii AWS D1.6/ D1.6M :2017 This page is intentionally blank iv AWS D1.6/ D1.6M :2017 Personnel AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding CALTROP Corporation... 74 75 75 75 AWS D1.6/ D1.6M :2017 This page is intentionally blank xx AWS D1.6/ D1.6M :2017 Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steel 1. General Requirements 1.1 Scope This code contains welding requirements... substitute for an official interpretation iii AWS D1.6/ D1.6M :2017 This page is intentionally blank iv AWS D1.6/ D1.6M :2017 Personnel AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding CALTROP Corporation