Hydro power - the design, use, and function of hydromechanical, hydraulic, and electrical еquipment . pdf

HYDRO PO The Design, Use, and Function of Hydromechanical, Hydraulic, and Electrical Equipment Professor Dr.-Ing Joachim Raabe VDI-cVerlag GmbH Mrlag desvereins Deulsd~crIrlgenieure - Dlijseldorf Raal~c,.Joachir~~: klydro poacr: tllc dcsign usc arid ftrnction of hy~lromcch;ln.,Iiydraul., ;111dclcctr cqttipn~ctlt/ Joacl~iniRaabc - Diisscldorf: VDI-Vcrlag, 1985 VDI-Verlag GmbH, Diisseldorf 1985 All rights rescrvcd including the rights of reprinting extracts, partial or cvrnpletc photorne~hanical reprodvction (photocopying, microfilming) and the translation into foreign languages Printed in Germany Typ~sctting:Dnten- und Lichtsatz-Service, Wiirzburg Printing and binding: Graphischer Betrieb, Konrad Triltsch, Wiirzburg ISEN 3-18-400616-6 I I I For Bert1 All my thoughts that have they are with you (Old German folk-song) Prefatory Note T h e appearance of this new book is doubly welcome, firstly because, beins in English it is available to a very large number of readers and, secondly, because i t is nn u p to dale and largely rewritten account of the subject on which the author has a l r e a d ~macie ;ill international reputation Professor Rntrbe's fcur previous books on liydraulic machinery and installations published by the VDI-Verlag were available to readers of ihs German language but are now out of print Althouzh there has also been a translated Russirin version his valuable account of hydroelectric practice have not therefore been easil!accessible to the vast number of potential readers familiar lvith Enzlish This has bcen particularly unfortunate recently because of the world-wide resurgence of the long estnblished hydro power industry Because of economic problems caused by risinz fuel cosrs and expendable fossil fuels the interest in hydro power has greatl! increased in most countries, not only for large schemes but also for mini and micro instilllntions where power can be used locally for agricultural and industrial use This new definiri\e ivork b! Professor Ratrbe will therefore meet with even ~vidcrrlcclrlin~internat:onall! than hij pseviocs publicatio~s The author is a distinguished hydraulic expert who has travelled widel! and lccturcd in many countries on hydraulic machines and hydro poiver equipment He hi:> hat1 cxtengive industrial research and academic experience and is wzll kno11.n c n intrtrnat~or,;ii technical committees for his valued contributions This monograpl; rcprzsenis h ~ rtccus rnulated wisdom over many years together w ~ t haccounts of recent recearchcs ant1 advanccd course lecture material The result is a valuable trcailse \\~Ii~ch \\.111 help cnginrers teachcrs, advanced students, and many ot heis concerned wi th the creaLlon a n d mallagement of hydroelectric installations am most grateful for the opportunity to introduce this co~nprel-)ensilenen book and wish both it and its reciders all success in helping to make the world a better place by the skilf~ilapplication of hydro power Preface Water is one of nature's gifts The mere chance of creation has made water vapour lighter than the surrounding atmosphere so that sunshine can raise it from the ocean, while sun-born winds carry it to those regions where it condenses again and then kills down to the earth, from which gravity makes it flow downhill back towards the ocean, thus closing its earthly cycle Ancient civilizations were fluvial and their members already managed to lift water for irrigation by machines equipped with pails and driven by water mills of the undershot t Y Pee In 1831 when the French engineer B Fourneyron had already built the first reliable water turbine, the famous German poet Goethe finished the second part o i his tragedy Fatrsr At death's door Faust wins his wager with the devil (to be redeemed if there came a moment of which he could say, "linger you now you are that fair"), when he has the following vision of the harnessing of the tidal powers of the ocean "A paradise our closed-in land provides, Though to its margin rage the blustering tides; When they eat through, in fierce devouring flood, All swiftly join to make the dammage good Ay, in this thought I pledge my faith unswerving Here wisdom speaks its final word and true, None is of freedom or of life deserving, Unless he daily conquers it anew With dangers thus begirt, defying fears, Childhood, youth, age shall strive through strenuous years Such busy, teeming throngs I long to see, Standing on freedom's soil, a people free Then t o the moment could I say: Linger you now, you are that fair!" The hard Stachar~ovitehand labour of Goethe's vision of liberty would today be thought of as an unbelievable slavery in the face of a graceless nature to which men were delivered up when they had not the powerful tools of today's electrotechnology The inventions of engineers in the last century and a half since the death of our famous Goethe are the main factors which have relieved the average man from laborious slavelike work This has been done by harnessing the energy resources offered by nature in the form of fuel and, last but not least, in the form of hydro power Even if hydro power covers at present in West Germany only a modest portion of the electric energy demand, hydroelectricity has made in our country, and especially in its more waterpower blessed southern part, a decisive contributiorl to the momentum that electrification brought into our daily economical life during the last century 2-0 ur~clcl-standthis nianifcstation, a glntlcc it tlic historicill tlcvclopnicnt of clcctrification should bc niadc 7'wo kcy events have stin1ul;lted the consumption and pratll~ctionof elcctrici ty One was the invcti~ionof the self-exciting dynatno (1869) by IV: \*oti Sicittors in Bcrlin and thc induction motor by h.1 rlo:l Dolivo Dohrol~olskyin IS90 also in Rcrlin 'Tlic other was thc inven tiori of the light bulb by the Gertiir~n-AmericanG6hcl 1859 in Ncw York Erfisotl made the vital contribution of reinventing this 25 years later and illumitlating a quartcr of New York by these means with the aid of the first thcrmo-clcctric power plant erccted 1882 in New York With the invention of electric illuminatiori a large consumer market was stimulated to install electricity in homes These consumers were concentrated in big towns whereas the usable waterpower was in far remote areas Therefore power transmission of hydro power from sites io the consumer became an urgent need In 1891 the crucial step forward was made by the Germans votr ,%filler,the promoter, and 1Vl yon Dolivo Dobro)lolsky, the construcior, by the transmission of 300 hp over 175 km betv:een Heilbronn and Frankfurt using a 15 000 Volt three phase AC power line Aftcr this breakthrough experiment, which was successful, the USA started with the erection of the first huge power station on the Niagara Falls with 10 5000 hp in 1892 Anothcr advance for harnessing waterpower was achieved by the German professor Fiitk in Berlin, who obtained a patent on adjustable wicket gates I n 1873 the German manufacturer K~itltequipped for the first time a Francis turbine with these gatcs O ~ i l ythis combination made the Francis turbine an effective tool for harnessing waterpower Thc way was shcwn for the development of low head river power plants by the patent of the Germ:~n-Atlstrian 1/: Knplan in 1913 for axial turbines with adjustable runner vanes To harness river poivet of the lowest head, the Gernian A Fischer together with the Escher Wyss firm have built, since 1936, tubular turbines with rim generators after Harza's patent from 1919, and the tirst bulb turbine In the compact design of a rim generator plant, all the ccimponents have to be adapted to each other with respect to their purpose and the small space available In this context the pioneer work of the German H FerttzloJ must be mentioned Pumped storage plants have been developed by the Slviss firm Sulzer and Escher Wyss and the German firm Voith since the turn of the century, culminating in 1928 in the Herdecke plant with - 27 M W tandem sets In 1932 and 1936 Escher Wyss and Voith built the first axial and radial pump turbines in the German Baldeney plant and the Brazilian Pedreira plant G Recent corner stones in 'the West German development of hydro power are as follows Firstly the African plant Cabora Bassa in hqozambiq:ie: There 415 h4W \yere installed for power transmission over 1400 km by million volt DC using dry thyristor technique; the turbines were manufac:ured by a consortium of the West German firm Voith and the French firm Neyrpic Both firms are now erecting the turbines for the 715 M W Francis turbine sets of Itaipu in Bra~il,at the moment the hydro power station with the largcst i~lstalled capacity In this context it may also be mentioned, that the West German firm Ossberger has logicaily developed from the Michell type turbine the most reliable and simple small turbine of the Ossberger type, especially for developing countries Crintera., the founder of the author's institute, fonilulated in 1905 the specific speed as the generally adopted most important criterion to distinguish typcs of hydroturbines In 1922 my predccessor Tltonrtr introduced the now interfiationally used cavitation index a In the past decade I have had the privilege of holdins lecture courses on hydro power for advanced post-graduate students in the following centres of reccnt water power development: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India; The University of Siio Paulo Brazil; The Laval University, Quebec and Hydro Quebec, Montreal, Canada: The Central University Caracas, Venezuela; The Polytechnic Institute Timisoara, Rumania; The Huazhong Institute of Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China This has stimulated me to publish this book, which can be considered as the outcome of these lectures, some rewritten chapters of a former book of mine in German, and the many papers and findings made over the past 15 years in the Teaching Chair and Laboratory headed by me at The Technical University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany In this context the names of Dr.-Ing W Kiihnel, Dr.-Ing D Castorph, Dr.-Ing E Bar, Dr.-Ing M V-dtter, Dr.-Ing G Schlemmer, Dr.-Ing G Mollenkoyj; Dr.-Ing R Gerich, Dr.-Ing M Lotz (deceased), Dr.-Ing R Kirmse, Dr.-Ing J Korcian, Dr.-Ing N Fttrtner, Prof Dr.-Ing R Jahn, Dr.-Ing E Hartrter, Dip].-Ing H Pfoertner, Dr.-Ing E Walter Dr.-Ing J Klein, Prof Dr.-Ing F El Refiie, Professor Dr Engng Ravinn'rall, a n d Mr D Lauria may be mentioned for their valuable help, their suggestions, and contributions in connection with scientific papers presented at international or national congresses, or in connection with work for theses made at the Lehrstuhl und Laborato~iumfur Hydraulische Maschinen und Anlagen der Technischen Hochschule Miinchen F o r many neatly drawn figures my thanks are due to Mr M Ring In connection with the erection of reliable test stands but mainly for his valuable contribution of building quick response vector probes, the name of Mr H Kriegl, head of our lab's workshop should be mentioned Many firms have supported the publication of this book monetarily in a liberal manner They are Allis Chalmers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 1ng.-Buro Freisl, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, F R Germany Hydroart, Milano, Italy KaMeWa, Kristineham, Sweden Kvaerner Brugg, A S., Oslo, Norway Neyrpic, Grenoble, France Ossberger, Weissenburg, F R Germany Sulzer Escher Wyss, Ziirich, Switzerland Tampella, Tampere, Finland Vevey-Charmilles Engineering Works, Vevey, Switzerland Voest Alpine, Linz, Austria Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, F R Germany The library of the Technical University Munich an organization of the Bavarian State Ministry of Education and Kultus headed by Dr Schweigler contributed in a similar manner Moreover thanks should be given to the VDI-Verlag as the publisher, who undertook the venture of publishing a book directed to all the specialists and students in the world engaged in the development of hydro power The work would not have been succeeded if Mr T B Ferguson, Senior Lecturer at the' Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Sheffield a well-known author of a book on turbomachinery, versed in treating technical terms and also versed in colloqitinl E:~glisl~, had not revicwed thc wholc manuscript twicc very carcfi~lly.For [hat I ill11 gre;~llyir~clcbtcdto hirn I n this contcsi also two Inclinn hydro turbine speci;tlists Professor Dr Rlltrrltr Kr.islrtrtr, head of the t1ydro-turbomachines labor;ltory, 11T Matlras, and l'rofessor Dr.-Ing K Vtr.scu~cltrtli,hcad of Dep;irtmcnt at Punjitb Collcgc of Engineering, may bc grc;itfully mentioned Thc same holds also for Professor 111Kr11 Alei, Departlnent of IlyJraulic Engineering at Quinghua University Beijing (Peking), China For advice and help in their special fields, I am also indcbted to Prof Dr Erhtrrtl F Joerrs Uni\.crsity of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; em.@.Professor Dr., Dr., Dr., Dr h.c., Dr.-Ing E.h E ,\losotlj.i, University of Karlsruhe, F R Gcrniriny, o Prof Dr.-Ing G Sclt~l~iclt, Professor Dr.-Ing If Stei~thic~gler, both at the Technical University Munich, and Mr K !L bl4lli deputy director of Siemens, El-langcn, F R Germany Although care has been taken to make the E ~ ~ g l i srendering h as clear as possible, it is hoped that any reader who may detect Faults would kinclly bring them to my attention My thanks are also due to Mr Braitsclr and Mr Olbricl~fos carefully reading the manuscript and the proofs7 and for making valuable suggestions Last but not least my thanks are due to my secretary Mrs A Fltllr- for having typed parts of the final copy of the manuscript This book may show how scientific work can bridge the frontiers between countries of different cultures May Hydro Power, which to date is used only by about ten percent of its potential, flourish also in future under the motto: vivat, floreat, crescat! Munich, autumn 1954 Joncllitn Ratrhe Tidal power projects, Annapolis -, I.'rcnch Rance, 30 -, Indian, 30 Tilled pad, 520 -, elevation of thrust bearing, 520 -, fastcning of thrust collar, 520 -, hydrostatically loaded piston, 520 -, oil injection 520 -, oil volume, 520 -, pressurized oil from balancing chamber, 520 -, support, 520 -, toroidal axially flexible vessel, 520 -, T ~ c u r i 520 , Time-averaged, 390 Tocantins, 10, 1l Tonstad, 585 -, exciter current, 585 -, exciter voltage, 585 -, fly-wheel moment, 585 -, rateci current, 585 -, relative losses, 585 -, terminal voltage, 585 -, total weight, 585 water-cooled alternator, 585 Topography, 13 Torque, 33 -, centrifugal turbine regime, 332 -, dissipating regime, 332 -, double regulated turbines, 333 ,four quadrant characteristics, 332 -, maximum efficiency, 333 -, pump regime, 332 -, reversed pumping regime, 332 -, runaway, 332 -, single regulated turbine, 333 -, vanishing, 332 Torque converter, 36 -, H Fcttinger, 36 -, turbine, 36 Torque measurement, 357 -, analysis of results, 372 -, axial thrust, 358 -, by strain gauges, 357 -, by weighing machine, 372 -, calculation of torque, 372 -, cradled dynamometer, 359 -, c!ccrric;illy via bcnding, 357 -, eliminating bearing friction, 357 -, eliminating friction torquc, 359 -, hydrostatic bearing, 357 -, load ccll measurement, 359 -, measured by weight, 357 -, oil-lubricated hydrostatic bearings, 358 -, reaction torque, 357 -, reaction torque optically indicated, 358 Torque of turbine, 564 -, deviation from steady state, 564 -, equation of motion of set, 564 -, moment of interia of set, 564 -, self control parameter, 64 Torsional vibrations, 513 -, at start, 513 -, at stoppage, 51 -, circular shaft vibration by shaft deflection, 514 -, dynamic response, 515 -,exciting torque, 514 -, forces on foundations, 51 -, limiting shaft vibration, 51 -, load amplitudes, 514 -, natural frequencies, 513 -, precessing draft tube vortex, 513 -, short circuit, 51 4, 51 -, tubular turbine with planetary gear, 513 Total pressure, 394 Towers ac transmission, 167 -, admissible cable stress, 167 -, breaking length, cable, 166 -, cable shrinkage, 167 -, climatic conditions, 167 -, conductor from aluminum, 166 -, cost, 167 -, crest star voltage, 167 -, dead end towers, 167 -, delta voltage, 167 -, distance, 166, 167 -, example, 167, 168 -, first cost, 167 -, height, 166 -, Icngth of insulators, 166, 167 -, lighlnilig protection, 167 -, low Icmpcrature, 167 -, minimizing the first cost, 168 -, minimum distance of conductor from ground, 166 - opti~numdistance, 168 -, sagging of cable, 167 -, vcrtical distance of supsension points, 166 Transitional operating conditions, 503 -, brake, 504 -, characteristics, 504 -, flow regime, 504 -, owing to inertia, 504 -, reversed pumping, 503, 504 -, turbine brake operation, 503 -, water hammer, 504 Transmission, high voltage, 15, 24 Transport, filcilities, 43 Triangular relation, 239 Tubular turbine, 413 -, bevel gear, 413 -, conical or axial gates, 413 -, direct coupling, 413 -, fly-wheel mass, 413 -, gatc ring, 413 -,limited bulb, 413 -, planetary gear, 413 -, requirements of stable regulation, 41 -, s-turbine, 413 -, spherical joints, 41 -, straflo turbine, 413 -, tendendy, 41 -, TT generation of moment of momentum, 413 -, TT generator outside water duct, 413 Turbulent flow, apparent shear stress, 193 -, fluctuations, 193 -, instability, 194 -, mass conservation, 193 -, mixing length, 194 -, resulting shear stress, 194 -, small perturbations, 194 -, test of Reichhardt, 194 -, time-averaged velocity, 193, 194 -, turbulence, 194 -, velocity distribution, 194 -, wall she;tr stress, 194 Typical feature of hydrogcnerator, 577 -, dominating niass 577 -, fly-wheel cffccts, 577 -, limitation of overspeed, 577 -, rotor mass, 577 -, stable speed control, 577 -, torsional vibration, 577 -, mcasurernents, 363 - and rncasurcmcnts bclwecn gate runncr, 361 -, meridional vclocity 363 -, niicro prcssurc-transducers type kulite, 361 -, past runner 363 -, pressure record 363 -, pressure transducers 363, 365 -, relative velocity, 365 u -, unsteady flow, 3.01 Unstcady flow probe, 352 -, whirl vclocity, 363 -, dynamic nicasurement, 353 Velocity 234, 382 -, elastic effect, 353 Velocity direction probe, 348 -, flow pendulum, 354 -, boundary layer probe 349 -, hot film probc, 353 -, characteristic, 348, 350 -, hot wire probc, 353 -, chisel probe, 349 -, laser problclns, 353, 354 -, conical probc, 339 -, optical effcct, 353 -, Conrad probe, 339 -, pressure and velocity, 353 - cylindrical probc, 349 -, probe using el;isticeffcct, 353 -, directional crror, 350 -, velocity Ineasurement 353 -, gradient sensitivity, 350 Uprating existing generator -, hemispherical probe, 349 -, probc with u-t~lrn,351 575 -, increasing thermal -, spherical probc, 349 conductivity, 575 -, stem, 349 -, replacing thc existing , timc-avcragcd crror, 351 winding, 575 -, two-(three)-finger 348, 349 USA, 18 -, van der Hcggc Zijncn Useful life, 42 probe, 349 -, velocity direction 339 v -, vclocity magnitudc, 349 Valves, adjustmcnt force, 94 -, wedgc probc, 350 -, biplane disk design, 93 Vclocity fluctuation> -, butterfly valve, 93, 94 measured in r*.runcis -, cavitation, 93 turbines, 391 -, conical valvc, 93 -, cork screw vortcs 393 -, control-induced forccs, 93 -, dy~iamicmcasurclncnt of -, filling device, 93 total prcssurc 394 -, locking apparatus for -, efficiency hill diagram of revision, 93 turbine, 392 -, loss, 93 -, clcctrical sign;tl transmitted -, part load operation, 93 by mercury chanlbcr, 392 -, purposes, 92 -, holding the instrumcnt 391 -, ring (nccdlc) valve, 92 - hot film method, 391 -, spherical valve, 93 -, irregular ampl~ludcs,393 -, under pcnstuck failurc, 94 -, levcl turbulcncc 392 -, vibrations, 93 -, periodical fluctu;ttions, 392 -, wedge valves, 92 -, relative vclocily, 393 Variastage, pump-turbine, 4S5 -, semi-conductor probc 391 Various machines and ,surgc-frce opce ;ttton, 392 deviccs, 71 -, turhulcncc past tllc runncr Vector probc of quick Icvel, 393 rcsponsc, 361 Vclocity mcasurcnlcnt, -, fluctuating pressure, 365 defonnation, 347 .directional sensitivity, 347, 338 -, drag, 347 - influcncc of sllcar flow, 348 -, of magnitudc, 347 -, Pitot tube 348 -, Prandtl probe 347 -, probc 347 -, Reynolds influcncc, 348 -, shaft, 347 -, streamlined 347 with conical head, 347 -, with ellipsoidal hcad, 347 Velocity triangles, 498 - cy1indric;ll secrion, 431 -, deflection 431 -, Euler's equation, 498 -, from Euler's relation, 431 -, peripheral efficiency, 431 -: relationships, 498 -, slip factor 398 undisturbed throughflow vclocity, 431 -, vclocity coefficients, 431 Vertical shaft terIl;lry set, 34 Vianden 34 Victoria-Falls, 12 Visu:tlization of flow 359 - illu~n~nation window, 359 -, mctullic fl;\gs, 360 -, obscrvzt~onby high s p e d carncra 359 -, observation window, 359 -, rclutivc flon, 360 - tcst flu~ds,360 -, trmsparcnt shroud, 359 Volga, 10, 1 12 -, fish passes, 59 -, Kouibishev 59 -, rcrcrvoirs 59 -, runner, 59 Volga sturgeon, 59 Voltage drops 576 -, due the armature reaction, 576 -, due to ohmic rusistance, 576 -, duc to stray field of stator, 576 -, internal voltage, 576 -, phasc shift, 576 -, synchronous rcautancc, 576 Vortcx line, 249 Vortcx passing a semi-axial rotor, 248 -, cllanncl, 248 - - Vortex passing a semi-:ixinl rotor, -, componcrit normal to flow plane, 248 -, dislocation, 248 ,growth rate, 248 -, in rotating frame of reference, 248 -, meridional component, 248 -, relative eddy, 248 -, rotating, 248 -, streamwise vorticity, 248 -, vorticity, 248 Vortex tube passing a bend, 247 -, Beinoulli faces, 247 -, growth rate, 247 -, Rossby number, 247 -, streamwise vorticity, 247 W Wake, 245, 260 -, breadth, 260 -, dependence on thickness of trailing edge, 261 -, distribution of velocity, 261 drag coefficient, 261, 262 -, kinetic energy, 261 -, mixing length, 260 -, model, 261 -, momentum theorem, 260 -, origin, 261 -, past a rotor, 261 -, past straight cascade, 260 -, problems, 261 -, Reynolds shear stress, 261 -,secondary flow, 261 -, similarity considerations 260 -, undisturbed velocity, 261 Wakes behind impeller vanes, 502 Wakes on impeller, 502 Waldeck, 34 Water collection, 13 Water cooling 573 direct-water-cooled, 573 -,extra cost, 573 -, offset by capitalization of reduction i n loss, 573 -,output limit, 573 - - Water cooling the rotor, 584 -, insulating hoscs, 584 -, manifolds niountcd on rotor, 584 -, stainless stecl tubes, 584 -, transfer unit, 584 Water hammer, 565 -, at uppcr pipc end, 565 -, boundary conditions, 565 -, circular frcqucncy, 567 -, damping factor, 567 -, destabilizing effect, 561 -, double staged penstock, 568 -, example, 568 -, governing with water hammer, 568 -, linear system, 567 -, n a t u r ~ loscillation, 567 -, rate time, 567 -, reset time, 567 -, start up time, 567 -, summaly and returns, 271, 272 -, surge of pressure on turbine end, 566 Water hammer disturbances, 306 -, pressure pulse, 306 Water hammer-induced pressure, 304 Water hammer limitation, 320 -, by-pass, 320 -,cam, 320 -,control scheme, 320 -, dash-pot operated by-pass outlet, 321 -, energy dissipator, 320 -,jet deflector, 320 -, Pelton turbines, 320 -, safety device, 320 -, safety valve, 321 Water power, 25 -, advantages, 25 -, disavantages, 25 -, ecology 25 -, economy 25 -, sociology, 25 -, technology, 25 Water reservoirs, 25 W;~vecncrgy, cnpil;~lcost, 27 countries involved 28 dcviccs p;~tcntcd,28 -, opcmting cost, 27 -, power to bc ;lshorc, 28 -, projects, 28 -, Saltcr's d ~ c k28 , -, ~ c i ~ - q ~ ; ~ k ~ - i n 29 tlu~cd - , steady power gcncration, 29 -, Swedcn, 27 -, tide-induced, 29 -, wind-induced, 29 Wedge-formcd clearance, 517 Wehr, 32, 462 Weir gatcs, adjustment, 88 -, autoniatic control, 91 -,bear trap dam, 89 -, control float-actuated, 91 -, countcrweights, 58 -, double hook gate, 88 -, drum barrage, 90 -, feedback, 88 -, fishbelly !lap, 139 -, iloating, type, 89 -, fulcrums, 30 -, guide rollers, 88 -, hydraulic thrust, 85 -, indentation, 89 -, Kuibishev, 89 -, operation by oilhydraulic scrvomotors, 89 -, regulation by float on the head water, 89 -, roller weir, 91 -, rotary gates, 88, 89 -, scour, 89 -, segmental barrage of the tainter type, 89, 90 -, spillage betwccn the upper and lower sluice, 88 -, stilling basin, 83 -, subdividsion, 88 -, submersible tainter, 90 -, submersible tainter gate dam, 89 -, swivelling servomotor, 90 -, tainter gate with fishbelly flap, 90 -, underneath spillage gate, 88 -, with translational motion, 88 - - Nest Germany 158 flhirl in draft tube 397 Nindage loss, 207 -,Ekman layer, 207 -,Pelton turbine, 207 -,time scale, 207 X Xaigu, 1 Y Yangtse, 10, 1 Yenisey Bratsk, 58 z Zambcsi, 59 -, Cabora Bassa, 59 -, Kariba, 59 115 Author index A Aalto, A 18, 593 Abdel-Gaffar, A M 75, 598 Abraham, K H 405, 484, 621, 624 Acosta, A 270, 284, 610 Ackeret, J 341, 61 Adler, D 226, 243, 535, 606, 607, 625 Agerwal, P K 201, 605 Agnew, P W 541 557 627 Akamatsu, T A 270, 609 Akhtar, A 52, 596 Alba de, P 75, 598 Albring, W 171, 603 Alievi, L 31 6, 61 P-llmcn von, W 122, 601 Alming, K 336, 617 Alticri, D 138, 601 Amblard, C; 534, 61 5, 622, 624 Ambiihl, 11 323, 61 Amyot, P 14, 593 Ancona, 404, 619 Anderson, A 72, 597 Ando, J 405, 622 Angchrn, R 405, 469, 620 621, 623 Angelin, S 18, 322, 593, 614 Angelini, A M 31, 594 Angelo, G 534, 625 Anton, J 243, 607 Arakawa, C 260, 608 Arake, M 540, 626 Araker~,V H 270, 284 610 Arcid~aoo,V 541, 627 Arndt, It E 270, 284, 61 Arono, L 322 614 4saLura, 1: 244, 607 Asl~jacc,J 197, 604 B Babic, M 436, 624 Bachni;inn, J 70, 323, 405, 484, 597, 615, 622, 623 Birder, W 64, 596 Biir, E 183, 323, 603, 610 Uah;{mondc, K 144, 601 Baltisberger, K 522, 543 625 63s Bardina, J 197 601 Barna, S 197 604 Baroui A 542, 62s Barp, B 94, 404, 405 416 444, 600, 619, 620, 623, 624 Barrows, H K 77, 598 Bauch, W 155, 602 Bavosi, M 542, 628 Bauersfeld, W 220 606 Baumann, K M J 398, 405 61 S 620, 621,622 Baustlidter K 73 597 Becke, L 404, 41 619 Reducci, M 312: 405 613 (332 Bellochio, M 405 16 623 Beltran, 1-1 56 596 Renko, G B 541 626 Benn, T 30 594 Bergeron L 308, 13 Bergseng J 540 626 Reriger, C 161 602 Bern;rrdinis dc B 271 310 61 Bcrnhard 1-1 J 405 620 Bernharcisgriitrcr \\' 405, 472 540 621 626 Bertinelli, E 42 595 Berra, E 322, 61 Berthollon, G 91 93, 599 Betz, A 177 367 603 61 Bevril T W 42, 595 Bicllon, A 18, 593 Biland, 54 I , 527 13illct M L 270 784 609 610 Binder, h1 M 93 599 Birnbaum W 112 605 Bisak E 72 597 Bise~,S 271, 61 Risuas, A I< 75 SO I 598 Bisi\fas M R 75 80 81 I I 54 677 B I ~ I s ~ u1 sI., 191 194 603 004 Blculcr, W 71 145 507 601 Hlind, 1 75 597 131osq, W 1 503 flit~ttilt,1-J I I 270 610 13u11:rl~li.1' 75 507 Uonnin J 270 284 610 Horciani, G 110, 270 373, 405, 609, 613, 022 I3orcl L 226 336, 600, 61 Borovoi A A 12, 13 42, 593, 595 Borstrom, 11 18, 593 Rortulan, G , 405, 595, 622 Hosc, 93, 599 !3osrnan, C 535, 625 Bosscrt, h.9 35 595 Boussuges 1' 405 481 488, 503, 622, 624 Bovct, Th 322 405 472, 614 623 BOV~S, )\ G 770, 609 Bojs, J T 540 676 t3ra11d.F 270 31 323 333 354, 609 613, 614, 615, 616 Crekke, H 73 271, 314, 322, 597, 611 612, 14 Bicndl, 13 593 Brcnnen C 271, 61 Bronou~ski.G A 57 596 B ~ c hW , 47 595 Eugaardcn K B 271, 314, 61 Eusemann, 1\ 144, 607 Br?ce, G M' 511, 557 627 Syrd, 1' F 275 606 C Caillot C , 614 Crilame, J 7,' 597 Cantorc G 136, 621 Camerer R 326, 341, 616 Carnpr;~as.P 292 323, 613, 616 Caric, D 31 57, 596 Gal-ncvalu, E 534, 625 Carrcra E 56 596 Casncci S 93 322 323, 405, 472, 599 613, 614, 620, 622 623 Cassidy, J J 313 615 Casrorph U 232, 234 323, 354 361, 356, 606, 007, 616 617 Canson G J j40, 626 Caussc 165 601 Cdci-berp B 104, 601 Ceravoln -104 405, 619, 623 Chacour S 50 405 472 596, 622 Ch3dcnson P 102, 600 Chahine, G L 170, 271, 278 605, 603, 611 Chsix D 17 601 Chasen S H 538, 615 Chausson P 96, 600 Chavarri G 56, 596 Chcn, Y N j23 403 172 616, 623 Chenal, R 322, 614 Chitl;~,1 270, 27s 287, 010 612 Cliincliollc, L 370 371, 277, 303, 609, 610, 612 C'litl-ico di, G 771 270 010 Christ, A 132, 405, 518, 601, 623 .lir:~nJoIa.A 534, 625 Mltchcll, A C7 42, 595 Mi)ashlro [ I 405, 622 Xloffitt A I B 75, 598 ~lollcnkopf,G 323, 332, 366, 391, 61 Moody, L F 341 617 ~ n I hl 199, 605 Xloore A E 405, 622 Moraes de, J 54, 57, 596 !qlorariu, S 18 593 ivlori, H 405, 620 Moser J 24 594 Mosonyi E 27, 47, 156, 593, 596, 602 Motier, J L 31, 594 ~Moulin.G 105 621 Mouron J 531, 545 627 Xlo>sa, Pi 405, 620 Muebloeckcr H 481, 454, 624 Miihls~nann.E 157 163, 341, 401, 602, 61 7, 619 h.liiller, H 405, 521 623 hliiller, J 31, 595 Miillsr, W 162 602 Mundt, G 86, 599 hlurai, H 244, 606, 609 Murakami M 244, 607 Murray, N 19, 594 Mussard, F 88, 599 N Nachlncbcl, t i P 42, 595 Nagnfuji, T 405, 469, 538, 623 Nngafugi, T 405, 620 Nnir, N 19, 594 Ntlkkasyan, A I L 265, 608 Naudascher, E 91, 599 Navarro, G 534, 625 Navicr, M 190, 603 Ncchleba, M 404, 540, 543, 619, 625 Neigcr, F 86, 599 Nemet, A 137, 601 Netsch, H 540, 596, 626 Nicl, A 86, 599 Niemann, G 17, 625 Nikuradse, J 193, 200, 603, 608 Nir, Z 161, 602 Nishi, M 405, 620 Noorbakhsh, A 244, 607 Normand, D 42, 595 Novak, R A 535, 625 Novotny, V 122, 601 Numachi, F 270, 278, 284, 287, 605, 612, 613 Oba, R 270, 271, 278 287, 610, 612 Obradovic, D 271, 612 Obrist, M 404, 619 Offcnhauser, H 322, 614 Ohkurni, I 405, 620 Oishi, A 405, 622 Okada, M 31, 594 Okano, K 405, 623 Oldenziel, D M 270, 284, 313, 609 Olson, R M 284, 613 Oramas, G 18, 593 Oseen, C VJ 245, 607 Oshima, M 290, 613 Osterwalder J 94, 97, 205, 244, 270, 271, 292, 323, 341, 343, 404, 405, 600, 605, 607, 608, 609, 611, 614, 616, 619, 623 Overli, J 336, 617 Outa, E 270, 290, 608 ozis, ti 77, 598 P Pachterbeke, van, Y 404, 41 6, 620 Palacios, P H 56, 596 Palde, U J 179, 620 Panichelli, S 157, 602 Pantell, K 145, 367, 370, 618 Parkin, B R 270, 273, 284, 304, 305, 610,612 Parniakian, J 161, 602 Patel, I C 92, 599 Pawlowshi, J 323, 616 Pearsall, S 270, 609 Pejovic, S 271, 276, 61 Penman, A C 18, 19, 74, 594, 597 Perkira, L 542, 628 Peron, M 405, 518, 622, 623 Peruginelli, A 159, 602 Peschgcs, K.-J 94, 170, 600 Petermann, 11 186, 206, 239, 603, 607 Peters, K 91, 599 Peters, P F 271, 61 Petit, Ch 100, 600 Petrikat, K 91, 599 Pfafflin, G E 50, 596 Pfenninger, A 323, 614 Pfisterer, L 48 , 484, 624 Pf?cidercr, C 145, 239, 601, 607 Pfoertner, H 226, 535, 606, 625 Philibert, K 323, 405, 534, 615, 622, 625 Philippc, M 541, 557, 627 Picard, J 42, 595 Picolier, G 102, 322, 600, 61 Pighini, U 271, 276, 610 Piltz, H H 279, 612 Pircher, W 76, 598 Pirchl, H 72, 597 Plate, E 19, 594 Plesset, M S 270, 274, 278, 279, 609, 610, 612 Plichon, J N 405, 481, 622 Podlesack, H 405, 523, 620, 621 Poiseuille, J 193, 603 Polder, G 93, 600 Ponder, C A 270, 610 Poritsky, H 270, 610 Poshi, B A 405, 523, 621 Povh, D 164, 602 Prandtl, L 191 194, 251, 266, 603, 604, 608 Prasad, R 270, 609 Prenat, L E 271, 61 Press, H 19, 27, 42, 594, 595 Prian, V D 179, 603 Price, A C 75, 598 Prini, 405, 51 6, 623 Prosperetti, A 270, 609 Protic, 436, 624 Purdy, G C 161, 271, 602, 612 Pylacv, N L 271, 61 K Raabe, J 594, 601, 603, 605, 606, 608, 609, 610, 61 1, 61 3, 622 634 625, 627 Rabaud, J 102, 600 Rahrno, R 367, 615 Railly, J W 249, 607 Rais, G 542, 627 Randegger, E 405, 481 621 Ramsahoye, S 138, 143, 271, 601, 612 Rao, B C S 271, 61 Rao, P V 271, 61 Ravindran, M 439, 624 Rayleigh, (Lord), W 370 274, 610 Reali, M 270, 271, 310, 31 1, 609, 61 Rebernik, B 323, 61 Regcz, W 542, 628 Regnau, J R 621 Reichardt, H 194, 260, 604, 608 Renau, L R 197, 604 Ren-Gung, G 271, 61 Renesse van, R L 270, 284, 609 Resnik, A 323, 61 Reynolds, 0.193, 604 Rhyming, I L 265, 608 Ribaut, M 536 625 Richardson, E G 314, 613 Richter, K 94, 600 Rieger, H 167, 603 Riemerschmidt, F 188 603 Ries, H 405, 620 Riescher, F 541, 627 Rippken, J F 284, 613 Ritter, P 122, 601 Robinson, S C 170, 603 Rochat, P 31, 594 Roche, N 323, 405, 614, 622 Rocka, G 540, 626 Rockwell, D 91, 599 Roehm, L H 75, 598 Roehle, W 64, 596 Roemer, L E 170, 603 Rossert, R 161, 602 Roger's, A 72, 597 Ronicke, N 100, 600 Rosanov, N P 271, 610 Rossmann, H 136, 601 Rosnati, M 322, 614 Rossi, G 322, 323, 61 3, 61 Rotta, J C 388, 618 Rouyer, J P 18, 594 Roussel, Ph 18, 594 Rudquist, 540, 548, 626 Riihl, K H 478, 624 Riimelin, B 42, 595 Kiitsclii, K 343, 617 Ruud F 405, 620 S Sachdeva, R S 74, 597 Salzmann, 1; 405, 472, 623 Sami, Y A 23'1, 607 Snndberg, T 541, 627 Sarkaria, G S 163, 602 Sato, K 271, 611 S a m , A 404, 619 Schefllcr, E 170, 602 Scherrcr, U 405, 621 Scheucriein, H 86, 599 Schilhansl, 14 213, 605 Schiller, G 12, 18, 593 Sch~lling.K 266, 606 Schio, S M.A 322, 61 Schirm, J 405, 620 Schlcgsl, M 541, 627 Schlemmer, G 183 197, 323, 360, 603, 616 Schlichting, FI 171, 194, 204, 218, 603, 606, 618 Schlosser, J 77, 598 Schr~iclt,E 336, 616 Schnecbeli F 405, 449, 620 Schnittrr, N J 77, 598 Schnyder, 308, 613 Schobcr, W 79, 599 Schoncbcrger, W 259, 613 Scholz, S 180, 603 Schraub F A 197, 604 Schubauer, G B 194, 604 Schubcrt )I 42, 595 Schui, S hl A 117, 271, 61 Schfiab H S 76, 595 Schwarz H J 94, 600 Schweizrr, F 323, 615 Schwcizer, L 404, 405, 619, 621 Scobie, G 270, 322, 6C9, 614 Scott R F 75, 598 Scriven L E 270, 274, 610 Sears, W R 233 6C6 Seeber G 158, 602 Seebcrgsr, F 530, 541, 626, 627 Seed, H I3 75 598 Scigne M 54 1, 557 627 Selbach !I 323, 35.1, 616 Scus G J 155, 602 Ssvern, K T 71, 597 Scvastianov, A 270, 609 Sexl, Th 389, 618 Seybert, T A 271,611 Ssydel, J 322, 613 Shaw, T L 30, 594 Sharm;l, 11 R 30, 92, 593 590 Shcldon L 11 141, 148 601 Shingota, J S 74, 122, 597 Shiri~hata,l I 226, 606 S11ir;ikura hil 260, 270, 605, 609 Siccardi, F 284, 612 Sicbert, G 323, 615 Sicbrccht, W 244, 607 Sicrvo dc, F 404, 405, 449, 462, 619, 62 Sielei, M 542, 628 Sillos, A 540, 626 Simeons, C 27, 594 Simoneau, J L 271, 610 Sirman, I\\ R 50 596 Skran~stad,194, 604 Skudozyk, E 284, 613 Sfebinger, V 15, 593 Smil, V 1, 593 Smith, C R 197, 604 Smith, H 59, 596 Soland, W 404, 619 Sotnikov, A A 271, 61 Spitaler, P 405, 620 Sproule, R S 205, 605 Squirc, k1- R 245, 250, 255, 607, 608 Stampa, B 206, 605 Stanitz, J D 179, 603 Starcevic, C M 405, 51 8,623 Starkermann, K 405, 621 Stauffer, W 122, 601 Stchegolev, G S 62, 596 Steche, 59, 596 Stein, Th 540, 545, 568, 626 Stepanoff, A J 244, 284, 388, 607, 613 Steward, G D 30, 594 Stigler, H 42, 595 Stini, J 76, 598 Stodola, A 244, 607 Stoffel, B 323, 615 Stokes, G G 190, 603 Strasberg, M 284, 612 Strassburger, A S 75, 598 Stratmann, M 162, 602 Streeter, V I, 171, 271, 603, 612 Strohmer, F 94, 323, 404, 405, 615, 619, 620 Strscheletzky, M 194 197, 199, 220, 323, 341, 342, 367, 603 604 605, 61 5, 617, 618 Strub, W R 93, 600 Stiirzinger, P 31, 594 Subrahmanyam, K S 30, 594 Subramanian, S 359, 617 Surber, A 161, 602 Suzuki, M 405, 622 Swiccicki, I 405, 484, 621 Swift, W L 305, 622 T W Tagori, 260 608 Tagwcrker, J 158 602 l'akada, K 405, 622 Takamatu Y 288, 613 Takase, M 322, 614 Tako, M 322, 614 Tanaka, H 405, 621 Tashiro, M 209, 221, 235, 606 Taubmann, K.-C 72, 597 Tehel, J 323, 616 Thalmann, R 270, 609 Thiruvengadam, A 279 61 Thoma, D 28:, 340, 61 2, 61 Thomson (Lord Kelvin), W 245, 607 Thorn, D C 170, 603 Thuss, W 270, 403, 405 608, 619, 622, 623 Tollmicn, W 194, 601 Tomasino, M 19, 594 Touchy, W 367, 61 Traupel, W 212, 605 Truckenbrodt, E 171, 176, 195, 603, 604 Trlrxal, J ti 540, 547 626 Tschumy, A 27, 271, 405, 611, 622 Tsunoda, S 405, 481, 621 Turton, R K 323, 618 Tuszynski, J 541, 621 Tyler, E 314, 61 Wagensonner, H 95 600 Wiigncr, W 206 605 Waldhiiter, W 405 623 Walley, R L 197, 604 Walker, J H 542, 627 Walter, A 270, 323 610, 614 Walthcr, W 271, 61 Wasilicwski, R 201 605 Wsrncock, J G 32 64 595, 596 Warnick, C C 19 594 Watanabe, T 270, 405, 609, 622 Wavre Ch 271 61 Waszte, G 226, 606 Weber, G 18, 593 Webster, J 405, 623 Wegner, M 322, 405 473, 613 620 621 623 Wehinlcel, L 481, 504 62-4 Weigong, C 11, 593 Weingart, 405 449, 621 Wcinig, F 215, 606 Weir, D S 270 61 Weissbeck, K 19, 594 Whil:pcn, W G 405, 622 Whitea ker, J C 403, 31 630 Whitclaw J 13 398, 61s W i d l ~ a n nR , 35, 38, 77 535 598 Wiederkehr, Mr.172 540 601 624 Wlcdlcr, K 93, 541, 600, 677 Wiedmann, M 206, 605 Wiggcrt, D C 271 61 , 61 Willm, G P 336 61 Winter, K G 245, 250 607 Wirash~nzht,N.E t i 197 (10-1 Wirrh, C H 94 600 Witzmann, J 404 619 Worthcr, G 405 524, 623 Wood, M M 72, 597 Woodward, J L 510 626 M'ozniak, W 541, 627 Wuchcrer, J R 404, 6! Wu-Chung \Yua 534, 625 M'iillrer, W 541, 627 Wulz, H 404 614 Wqlie, E I3 271, 61 U Ubaldi, M 404, 436, 619, 624 Ueda, T T 265, 605 Ulith, P 270, 288, 322, 323, 398,405,448, 609, 614, 615, 618, 620 Uranishi, K 271, 61 Ushu, 155, 602 v Vnsiliev, 0.F 266 608 Vauchcr, R 322, 404 614, 619 irentror,c, C 534, 675 V e r e n l ~ ~ kI.o ,S 271 hl l Vermcse 1: 75, 598 Vhon-I'hong 405, 62 V~ctory,J J 100, 600 Viktorov, G K 201, 605 Vinh, P 436, 624 Viscl~cl-,D 13, 593 Vladimirsky, V M 540 626 Vocrden, ti H 1, 6?7 Vottcr, M 220, 534, 606, 675 Vucctic, J 405, 622 Vulliod, G 35, 405 595, 621, 623 Vuskovic, 94, 600 Y Yamabc, M 405, 622 Yamada, S 323, 61 Yarnaguchi, Y 405, 622 Yamakami, A 405, 48'1 6.11 Yamazaki, T 270 292 609 Yang, K 11 149, 602 L'asil K 271 f i l l \'c>ic,ik:~v;;r T 5.1 , 637 j o k n ;lrn;t ~ 1' 405 (122 'u't~-.TekLi 72, 507 z Zagars A 105,4811, 621 Z;~i!sev.A N 323, 540, 615, 626 Zi~kayow,D 120 COI Zanetti, V 323, 405, 615, 622 Zanobct!i, D 335, 443 620 %;!rc,h l 323 616 Zauncl-, E 541, 557, 627 21t:1:1g,G Y 271, 61 Zillin!!, 1-1 205, 605 Zint~lcr,0 404, 414, 619 Z o b ~ l I< 158, 002 ZiillIi~!:er, h1 405, 472 623 Zolotov, I, A 271 323, 5.10, 61 , 615, 626 Zunino P 404, 619 .. . autoregulation of grid and 1 1.3 .1 1 1.3 .2 1 1.3 .3 1 1.3 .4 1 1.3 . 4.1 1 1.3 . 4.2 1 1.3 . 4.3 1 1.3 . 4.4 1 1.3 . 4.5 1 1.3 .5 1 1.3 .6 1 1.3 .7 1 1.3 .8 turbine characteristics Introduction to the problem .. . 1 0.4 . 7.2 Abnormal operating conditions 503 1 0.4 . 7.3 Beginning of pumping 504 1 0.2 .3 1 0.2 .4 1 0.2 .5 1 0.2 . 5.1 1 0.2 . 5.2 1 0.2 . 5.3 1 0.2 . 5.4 1 0.2 .6 1 0.2 . 6.1 1 0.2 . 6.2 .. . 5.5 . 5.2 Interaction of b o u ~ ~ d a rlayer y and the main flow 199 5.5 . 5.3 Secondary flow in axial turbomachines 201 5.5 . 5.4 5.5 .6 5.5 . 6.1 5.5 . 6.2 5.5 . 6.3 5.5 . 6.4 5.5 . 6.5