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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES - - HOANG TUYEN PHUONG STUDY ON RICE STRAW MULCHING TECHNIQUE IN PEANUT PRODUCTION IN SOME PROVINCES IN NORTHERN VIETNAM Major: Crop science Code: 62 01 10 SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS HANOI - 2020 The thesis was completed at: Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences Supervisors: Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Huy Hoang Assoc.Prof.Dr Le Quoc Thanh PhD thesis reviewer 1: PhD thesis reviewer 2: PhD thesis reviewer 3: The thesis was reported to the Thesis Committee at the Institutional level in Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences At 8h30’, , 2020 The thesis can be found at the libraries: National Library of Vietnam; The Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences; The Library of Center for Technology Development and Agricultural Extension INTRODUCTION The necessity of the study In Vietnam, peanut is a crop with high nutrition value and is one of the most important export agricultural products Moreover, peanut is a crop with wide adaptability, it does not require high fertilizer investment because its root system has amazing nitrogen-fixing properties which are able to generate biological nitrogen to supply fertilizer-N to plants and improve soil fertility In addition, peanut has a very low water requirement Currently, peanut is the main legume crop in crop rotation systems, intercropping systems which are sustainable and environmentally friendly In recent years, studies on peanut in Vietnam have gained many significant achievements In fact, in order to produce peanut successfully, the application of advanced farming technologies also plays a significant role besides the breeding Due to climate features in the North of Vietnam, low temperature in early spring and heavy rains at the sowing time in the autumn-winter crop which hinder the expansion of areas and reduce the pod yield of peanut in the two seasons, the application of plastic mulching technique in peanut intensive cultivation has solved the above disadvantages Nevertheless, the application of plastic mulching technique in the context of the current peanut production is facing drawbacks such as high labor cost; high price of plastic; environmental problems and plastic which could remain intact after harvesting crops can scatter across the fields if it is not thoroughly collected; due to its high investment, it is only suitable for peanut production regions with good economic conditions The tasks in peanut production today is have to research on and add to advanced mulching technologies which have lower or equivalent cost as previous one, easy to apply and ensure environmental sustainability Crop straw has long been used extensively as mulching material for many kinds of crops by farmers According to research results of domestic and foreign authors, the use of rice straw to cover soil has contributed to soil moisture conservation, increased soil temperature, prevented the growth of weeds, leaching and erosion, and risen in biological diversity of soil, increased the productivity of many crops such as fruit trees, industrial crops (tea, coffee, pepper ), annual plants (peanuts, corn, soybeans, onions, garlic, carrots, cabbage, winter melon ) However, there have not been any systematic and full studies on using rice straw to mulch peanut Stemming from the above reality, in order to supplement studies on peanut cultivation techniques, improve the productivity and quality of peanut in Vietnam towards efficiency and sustainability, we conducted the thesis: "Study on rice straw mulching technique in peanut production in some provinces in Northern Vietnam" Objectives of the thesis To assess the impact of rice straw mulching techniques on growth, development, yield of peanut and some soil chemical properties in major peanut planting provinces in Northern Vietnam 4 To study some additional technical measures to develop a peanut cultivation process with rice straw mulching in term of towards efficiency and sustainability in the main peanut growing provinces in Northern Vietnam The scientific and practical significance of the thesis 3.1 The scientific significance The thesis is a systematic study on the application of rice straw mulching technique on peanut which are not only varieties identification but also appropriate farming techniques Thus, it contributes to promote sustainable peanut production in some major peanut growing provinces in Northern Vietnam The results of the studies are the important databases to complement the research results on peanut in Vietnam, and to offer more solutions to farmers in applying the technical advances in peanut intensive cultivation The results of studies in the thesis are references, updated information, and can be used as useful materials for studying and teaching about similar subjects 3.2 The practical significance Supplementing and perfecting the technical process of intensive cultivation on peanut in term of sustainability, productivity and quality improvement of peanut; and using available natural resources in the most efficient way in some major peanut growing provinces in Northern Vietnam The results of studies in the thesis are the logical basis for the management and direction in agricultural production in regions, contribute the development of agricultural production in term of efficiency, sustainability and environmental friendliness Scope and boundaries of the thesis The studies were conducted in the provinces of Bac Giang, Nam Dinh and Thanh Hoa that represent three ecological regions with the following characteristics: There is a peanut-rice rotation system arranged on the same field; There are adjacent areas of rice and peanut land (rich soil); in order to minimize the labors in the collection and transportation of rice straw Technical experiments were carried out for a maximum of consecutive peanut crops (2 spring crops and autumn-winter crops) New contributions of the thesis - Assessed the current status of using rice straw in agricultural production and in growing peanuts in particular in provinces of Northern Vietnam - Provided scientific data on the effect of rice straw mulching on the growth, development, yield of peanut varieties and some chemical properties of soil cultivating peanuts in provinces of Northern Vietnam - Selected two peanut varieties including L26 and L27 which were suitable, stable and high yields with rice straw mulching in both spring season and autumn-winter season in Bac Giang, Nam Dinh and Thanh Hoa - Identified technical measures for intensive cultivation in peanut production using rice straw mulch: Gaucho 600 FS was applied for pre-sowing treatment of seeds at the dosage of ml kg-1 of seeds; using shredded straw with the length of 10-15 cm treated by Biomix at the doses of 250 g ton-1 of rice straw 15 days before sowing; the volume of rice straw of 9.0 tons ha-1; immediately cover after sowing; contribute to developing technical process of rice straw mulching in peanut cultivation in some Northern provinces of Vietnam - Demonstrating rice straw mulching patterns applied all cultivation techniques on peanut in Thanh Hoa and Nam Dinh which gave high economic efficiency, the marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) ranged from 3.38 - 5.41 that was higher compared to control treatment Thesis structure The thesis has had 162 pages typed in A4 format with 62 tables of data and 10 figures The thesis has consisted of parts: Introduction (5 pages); Chapter 1: Literature review and scientific background (35 pages) Chapter Content and research approaches (16 pages); Chapter Results and discussions (90 pages); Conclusions and recommendations (3 pages) Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND The thesis consulted and reviewed 70Vietnamese documents and 43 English documents related following contents: Theoretical bases of the research subject; Practical bases of the thesis; Results of previous studies related to the subject 1.1 Theoretical bases of the research problem With the collected data shows that: - Currently, there are three main ways of rice straw management: removing rice straw from the field, burying them in the dirt and burning them after harvesting - Using rice straw to cover possesses many different benefits such as soil moisture conservation, increasing organic content, reducing surface evaporation, prevented leaching and erosion of soil, Mulching on soil has a significant effect on increasing crop productivity; environmental protection and sustainable natural resource management - In Vietnam, the peanut is an important short duration and oilseed crop, be able to improve soil health and has high economic value Technological advances in mulching on peanuts helped increase crop yield and expand the areas of peanut production in winter crop These days, more attention should be paid to the peanut production in term of sustainability and environmentally friendliness 1.2 Practical bases of the thesis - Peanuts are widely grown in over 100 countries around the world, with a continuous increase in area, yield as well as productivity In Vietnam, peanuts are being cultivated in almost all provinces - The application of plastic mulching technique has brought a great success in peanut production in Northern Vietnam In contrast, the use of nylon currently has some limitations: high cost, labor-intensive, suitable for regions with intensive farming condition, strict application conditions and caused environmental pollution 6 - The current trend of sustainable agricultural development is requiring the use of rice straw in a more positive and effective manner in agricultural production in Vietnam 1.2 Some research issues related to the thesis (1) Studying on breeding and identifying suitable new peanut varieties: in the term of the yield, resistance to pests, drought tolerance and quality; (2) Studying on organic fertilizer (derived from crop residues) applied on peanut: burying rice straw and agricultural residues, using green manure crops, mixing crop residues with microbial products; (3) Studying on seed treatment before sowing: to enhance seed vitality; to eliminate pathogens in seeds, to reduce the rate of seed rot and seedling death before and after germination; to increase the number of branches and nodules; to increase peanut pod yield; (4) Studying on treatment of rice straw with microbial products: using different beneficial microorganisms; and (5) Studying on the use of mulching materials to: retain soil moisture, increase soil temperature, control weed, prevent leaching and erosion, diversify soil microorganisms, increase yield of many crops such as peanut, corn, sesame, potato and vegetables Chapter RESEARCH MATERIALS, CONTENT AND METHODS 2.1 Research materials 2.1.1 Peanut varieties: L14, L20, L26, L27 and TK10 All studied varieties are in Spanish group which branches are borne in a continuous series and have an erect stem These varieties were recognized as officially released crop varieties or promising crop varieties and are being grown in agricultural production 2.1.2 Mulching materials: Dry rice straw (rice straw was collected from a combine harvester, its humidity after drying of 10 - 12%); maize stalks and leaves after harvesting (humidity of 10-12%); nonbiodegradable white plastic, thickness 0.06 - 0.08 mm (1kg cover 100 - 120 m2 of soil) 2.1.3 Fertilizers and agricultural materials: Song Gianh microbial organic fertilizer (HCVS); Urea fertilizer (46% N), Lam Thao super phosphate (16% P2O5), potassium chloride (60% K2O); seed treatment: Rovral 750WG, Gaucho 600FS, Vicarben 50 BTN, Tosin M 75WP, Cruiser Plus 312.5FS; Rice straw treating inoculants: Biomix, Trichomix - DT, AT Compost, and lime powder; pesticide All fertilizers and agricultural materials are in the list of approved fertilizers and pesticides by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Circular No.43/2009/TT-BNNPTNT, 2009 and Circular No.21/2013/TT-BNNPTNT, 2013) 2.2 Site location and time The project was conducted in provinces: Bac Giang, Nam Dinh and Thanh Hoa; From January 2014 December 2017 2.3 Research contents: - Investigating and evaluating the current status of using rice straw in agricultural production in some provinces of Northern Vietnam; - Studying the influence of mulching materials on the growth, development, yield and soil chemical features which cultivated peanut in some provinces of Northern Vietnam; - Studying technical measures to mulch rice straw in peanut production in provinces of Northern Vietnam and - Demonstrating rice straw mulching patterns in peanut cultivation in some Northern provinces of Vietnam 2.4 Research Methodology 2.4.1 Investigating and evaluating the current status of using rice straw in agricultural production in provinces of northern Vietnam - Research methodology: Collection of secondary information: resources of documents, statistics, maps, technological processes, scientific reports, agricultural production reports which related to the current status of using rice straw after harvesting, the sources of mulching material in relation to peanut production in the investigated provinces and Collection of primary information: Investigating and collecting relevant information to the use of different types of mulching materials for peanut production via questionnaire Using descriptive statistical method to process data and analyze relevant survey information Implementation time: From January - December 2014 2.4.2 Studying the influence of mulching materials on the growth, development, yield and soil chemical features which cultivated peanut in provinces of northern Vietnam - Experiment 1: Studying the effect of mulching materials on the growth, development, yield and soil chemical features which cultivated peanut in provinces of northern Vietnam: conducted on L14 peanut variety, including experimental treatments: CT1 (control): no mulching; CT2: mulching with white nylon, non-biodegradable; CT3: Mulching with rice straw, leave it intact and CT4: Mulching with maize stem and leaves, leave it intact The experiment was designed in a Randomized Complete Block (RCBD) with four replications, the plot size: 13.0 m2 (1.3 m in width x 10.0 m in length) Planting density: 35 plants per m2 in spring season; 40 plants per m2 for winter-autumn season Fertilizer: 40 N + 90 P2O5 + 60 K2O + ton of Song Gianh HCVS + 500 kg of lime powder The volume of rice straw, maize stems and leaves: 8.0 tons per ha, covered on the seed bed after sowing The experiments were conducted in spring crops and autumnwinter crops from 2014 to 2015 in Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh and Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa The sowing time: 10 February in spring crop, 30 August in autumn-winter crop 2.4.3 Studying and improving the rice straw mulching technique for peanut production in the Northern provinces - Experiment 2: Determining suitable peanut varieties which were applied rice straw mulching in Northern provinces: including peanut varieties that are popular in peanut production: L14 (Control), L20, L26, L27 and TK10 - Experiment 3: Determining the suitable volume of rice straw on L26 peanut variety in the northern provinces: Experimental treatments: CT1 (Control-1): No mulching; CT2 (Control-2): Non-biodegradable white plastic mulching, thickness 0.06 - 0.08 mm; CT3: dry rice straw mulching, the volume of tons ha-1; CT4: dry rice straw mulching, the volume of tons ha-1; CT5: dry rice straw mulching, the volume of tons ha-1 and CT6: dry rice straw mulching, the volume of 12 tons ha-1 - Experiment 4: Studying the effect of different rice straw size and mulching time on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety in the Northern provinces: Experimental treatments: CT1 (K1T1): rice straw, leave intact + immediately mulch after sowing; CT2 (K1T2): rice straw, leave intact + mulch 10 days after sowing; CT3 (K1T3): rice straw, leave intact + mulch 20 days after sowing; CT4 (K2T1): shredded rice straw 10 - 15 cm in length + immediately mulch after sowing; CT5 (K2T2): shredded rice straw 10 - 15 cm in length + mulch 10 days after sowing and CT6 (K2T3): shredded rice straw 10 - 15 cm in length + mulch 20 days after sowing - Experiment 5: Studying the effect of seed treatments on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety which was applied rice straw mulching in the Northern provinces: Experimental treatments: CT1 (control): No treatment; CT2 (Rovral 50WP, 3g / kg of seeds); CT3 (Gaucho 600 FS, ml / kg of seed); CT4 (Vicarben 50 WP, g / kg of seeds), CT5 (Tosin M 70WP, 3g / kg of seeds) and CT6 (Cruiser Plus 312.5FS, ml / kg of seeds) - Experiment 6: Studying the effect of some bio-products treating on rice straw on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety in the Northern provinces: Experimental treatments: CT1 (control): No treatment; CT2 (AT Compost, liter ton-1 of rice straw); CT3 (Biomix, 250 g ton-1 of rice straw); CT4 (Trichomix - DT, 500 g ton-1 of rice straw) * Experimental design: Single-factor experiments (experiments of 2, 3, and 6) were arranged in the field in a Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD) with four replications, plot size was 13 m2 (1.3 m in width x 10 m in length) Experiment consisted of combinations of the levels of the factors which were arranged as single-factor experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications, plot size was 13 m2 (1.3 m in width x 10 m in length) * The data collection: agro-biological characteristics, main pest and disease infestation rates on peanut varieties were applied National Technical Regulation on Testing for Value of Cultivation and Use of Peanut Varieties (QCVN 01-57: 2011 / BNNPTNT) * Time and locations: The experiments were carried out in spring crops and autumn-winter crops in a two year period (2015 - 2016) in locations (Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh and Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa) Experiment (varieties selection) was conducted one more site in Danh Thang commune, Hiep Hoa district, Bac Giang The sowing time: February 10 in spring crop, August 30 in autumn-winter crop (specially, in the third autumn-winter crop: sowed on August 25 in Nam Dinh and on September in Thanh Hoa) 2.4.4 Demonstrating technical patterns on rice straw mulching in peanut cultivation in the provinces of Northern Vietnam Control demonstration-1: L14 peanut variety, no mulching; Control demonstration-2: L26 peanut variety, plastic mulching; experimental demonstration: L26 peanut variety, rice straw mulching and applying the most efficient mulching techniques from the results of the studies Location: Demonstrations were implemented in the spring crop in Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh and the autumn-winter crop in Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa Time: 2017; demonstration scale: 10 per season 2.5 Method of monitoring indicators, data collection and analysis 2.5.1 Method of monitoring indicators on plants and pests and diseases: agro-biological traits, main pest and disease infestation rates on peanut varieties were applied National Technical Regulation on Testing for Value of Cultivation and Use of Peanut Varieties (QCVN 01-57: 2011 / BNNPTNT) 2.5.2 Parameters of soil temperature and soil moisture content were determined directly in the field; analysis of soil sample; soil microorganisms according to Vietnamese standards at the Central Analytical Laboratory - Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute 2.5.5 Economic efficiency accounting method: Using the financial accounting method of CIMMYT (1988) with the target of net profit and Marginal Cost of Profit (MBCR) 2.5.6 Data analysis method: Using MS EXCEL 2010 to find equations and correlate graph Evaluation of stability of peanuts based on pod yield through models of Eberhart S A., and Russell W A (1966), using ondinh.com software by Nguyen Dinh Hien All calculations on investigation of current status and technical experiments were accomplished using MS.EXCEL 2010 software and Statistix 8.2 analytical software Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Current status of using rice straw in agricultural production in provinces of northern Vietnam 3.1.1 Current use of rice straw in agricultural production in investigated provinces The table 3.2 illustrates: The source of rice straw from agricultural production in the provinces with the major peanut growing areas (Bac Giang, Nam Dinh, Thanh Hoa) in the North was vast: 2,941 million tons The main uses of rice straw included burning (54.8%), burying a straw layer in fields (12.1%), livestock feed (11.7%) and mulching plants (8.8%) The proportion of other types of rice straw usage was insignificant (12.7%) Table 3.2 The different uses of crop straw in the investigated provinces (%) Provinces Straw Burying a Livestock Composting, Mulching Using Other burning straw feed biochar plant roots straw as (to sell, to grow on fields layer in fuel mushrooms) fields Bac Giang 50.3 10.2 17.3 6.7 10.3 2.7 2.5 Nam Đinh 60.5 15.6 5.6 9.2 5.2 1.1 2.8 Thanh Hoa 53.5 10.4 12.1 7.5 11.0 2.5 3.0 Average 54.8 12.1 11.7 7.8 8.8 2.1 2.8 Source: Summary of survey results in 2014 The majority of farmer households (86.2%) in the investigated provinces did not treat or simply treat the available rice straw in agricultural production The main treating measures are collection, drying, heaps and shreds The chemical and biological treatments included in database showed a small percentage of rice straw (13.8%) 10 The use of rice straw mulching on crops was highly appreciated for its effectiveness and efficiency by famers (63.3% of households) However, due to many different reasons (level of awareness, farmer's conditions, policies, science and technology), the use of rice straw has been declining while burning this byproducts in the field tends to increase in surveyed provinces (from 54.8% to 58.6%) 3.1.2 Current status of using rice straw as mulching material in peanut production in the investigated provinces The main sources of materials for mulching peanut in the Northern provinces have been nylon (83.1%) and rice straw (9.3%) According to the investigation, efficiency of these two mulching materials is similar in peanut production Nevertheless, rice straw now has not been commonly used in peanut cultivation because farmers were only interested in mulching and did not synchronize with other technical measures In addition, the lack of systematic studies on rice straw management and the technology transfer to farmers along with other restrictions on policies, land conditions and household economy in the agricultural regions were the causes of the above situation 3.2 The effect of mulching materials on peanut cultivation in Northern provinces The use of different mulching materials on peanut after four production crops had been effective in many aspects compared to non-mulching measures such as: increasing the ability to retain heat of soil, rising soil moisture content, improving diversity of soil microflora, shortening flowering time and growth duration, increasing the number of nodules and effective nodules, stabilizing and increasing pod yield in peanut production regions The use of rice straw to mulch soil had a significant effect on improving soil chemical properties (pHKCL tended to increase from 5.23 to 5.58 in Thanh Hoa and from 5.63 to 6.23 in Nam Dinh; OM increased to 0.77%; total nitrogen varied from 0.047 - 0.175%; total phosphorus varied from 0.023 0.024%; total potassium varied from 0.53 - 0.56%; available phosphorus varied from 3.21 - 3.69 mg / 100 g; CEC ranged to 4.71 - 5.46 Ld / 100 g) In addition, after a period of mulching with rice straw, it decomposed into humus and compost; therefore the nutrients in the soil were significantly improved When the use of rice straw to cover soil in peanut production becomes a farming practice of farmers, it will significantly reduce the amount of fertilizer used in the cultivation of crops in general and peanut in particular The table 3.24 shows that: in the spring season, the rice straw mulching gave a higher yield and yield components than the control treatment – no mulching in statistical significance The pod yield of peanut in rice straw mulching treatment in Thanh Hoa rose to 3.75 tons ha-1, 20.6% higher than the control treatment (3.11 tons ha-1) In Nam Dinh, the pod yield of peanut in rice straw mulching treatment was 4.17 tons -1, 19.1% higher than the control treatment (3.58 tons ha-1) In both experimental sites, the peanut yield with rice straw mulching was higher than in maize stems and leaves mulching and was as high as in plastic mulching (3.72 tons ha-1 and 4.15 tons ha-1 in Thanh Hoa and Nam Dinh, respectively) Table 3.24 Effect of different mulching materials on the yield and yield components of L14 peanut variety in spring crop* Treatments Number of pods per plant (pod) Number of filled pods per plant (Filled pod) 100 seed weight (g) Seed pod-1 ratio (%) Harvested yield (Tons ha-1) 11 Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa 20.2 No-mulching (Control) 15.4 165.2 70.2 3.11b Plastic mulching 22.0 18.5 167.2 71.3 Rice straw mulching 22.3 18.9 167.0 71.4 3.72 a 3.75 a Maize straw mulching CV(%) 21.7 18.2 166.3 71.0 3.53 a 6.0 LSD0,05 0.34 Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh 22.5 No-mulching (Control) 15.9 165.9 70.5 3.58 b Plastic mulching 24.2 19.3 168.0 71.7 Rice straw mulching 24.7 19.4 167.5 71.6 4.15 a 4.17 a Maize straw mulching CV(%) 24.1 18.6 167.3 70.9 4.03 a 4.0 LSD0.05 0.25 * Note: Average data in the spring crop 2014 – 2015; Means with different letter(s) in each column of each factor at the same experimental site are statistically significant differences at the significance level of 0.05 The experiments in the winter-autumn crop also obtained the same results as in the spring season The mulching treatments gave a significantly higher yield than the control treatment in statistical significance The yield of peanut in the rice straw mulching was from 2.69 to 2.80 tons ha-1 which was the highest compared to the other experimental treatments and higher than the control treatments by 36.6 - 41.6% The pod yield of peanut in the control treatment (no mulching) was only 1.90 tons ha-1 and 2.05 tons ha-1 in Thanh Hoa and Nam Dinh, respectively Table 3.25 Effect of different mulching materials on the yield and yield components of L14 peanut variety in autumn-winter crop * Treatments Number of pods Number of filled 100 seed Seed pod-1 ratio Harvested yield per plant (pod) pods per plant weight (g) (%) (Tons ha-1) (Filled pod) Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa 15,2 10,1 151,2 69,6 No-mulching (Control) 1,90b Plastic mulching 16,1 13,3 152,8 70,3 Rice straw mulching 16,8 13,5 153,0 70,5 2,66a 2,69a Maize straw mulching CV(%) LSD0,05 16,5 13,0 152,7 70,2 2,54a 5,5 0,21 Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh 16,9 No-mulching (Control) 11,5 152,3 69,2 Plastic mulching 17,5 14,4 154,4 70,6 Rice straw mulching 17,9 14,0 154,5 70,5 Maize straw mulching CV(%) LSD0.05 17,6 13,8 154,1 70,0 2,05b 2,83a 2,80a 2,67a 4,3 0,18 3.3 Study on rice straw mulching techniques in peanut production in provinces of Northern Vietnam 3.3.1 Selection of suitable peanut varieties under rice straw mulching condition in the Northern provinces The results of peanut variety identification under rice straw mulching condition in Bac Giang, Nam Dinh and Thanh Hoa is showed in the Table 3.33: L26 and L27 cultivars of five experimental peanut 12 varieties possessed many outstanding traits of growth and development as well as resistance to major pests and diseases in the field, gave high and stable pod yield, these varieties had indexes of bi and S2d with differences with and respectively these varieties had indexes of bi and S2di with differences with and respectively, were not statistically significant (regression coefficient b i = 1,031 - 1,073 , S2di = - 0.020 to 0.201 in spring season; bi = 1,123 - 1.39, S2di = - 0.025 to - 0.228 in autumn-winter season) in both spring and autumn-winter seasons L26 peanut variety ranged from 3.50 - 4.78 tons ha-1 in spring season and from 2.52 - 3.20 tons ha-1 in autumn-winter season; L27 peanut variety ranged from 3.53 - 4.65 tons ha-1 in the spring season and from 2.58 - 3.25 tons ha-1 in the autumn-winter season at the experimental sites Thus, L26 or L27 peanut varieties could be used to conduct experiments on straw mulching techniques Table 3.33 Parameters to select stable peanut varieties in terms of yield for spring crop at the experimental sites Regression Average yield Cultivars coefficient Ttn P S2di Ftn P -1 (tons ) (bi) 0.886 L14 (Control) 3.600 5.089 0.996* -0.020 0.030 0.004 0.875 L20 3.775 6.196 0.998* -0.021 0.024 0.003 1.173 L26 4.192 4.975 0.926 -0.020 0.072 0.013 1.031 L27 4.132 1.350 0.876 -0.020 0.031 0.004 1.035 TK10 4.018 1.798 0.927 -0.021 0.023 0.003 Note: (*) Significant difference at P ≥ 95% 3.3.2 Determining the suitable volume of rice straw on L26 peanut variety in the provinces of Northern Vietnam: 3.3.2.3 The effect of the rice straw volume on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety in Northern provinces Table 3.42 Effect of the rice straw mulch volume on the pod yield of L26 peanut varitety in the spring crop at the experimental sites (tons ha-1) Treatments Year of 2015 Year of 2016 Average Increase compared to Control-1 (%) Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh CT1 (Control-1) 3.38 e 3.54 e 3.46 e ab a CT2 (Control-2) 4.41 4.69 4.55 a 31.5 CT3 (3.0 tons ha-1) 3.69 de 3.95 cd 3.82 d 10.4 -1 bc ab CT4 (6.0 tons ) 4.12 4.40 4.26 c 23.1 CT5 (9.0 tons ha-1) 4.42 ab 4.64 a 4.53 a 30.9 CT6 (12.0 tons ha-1) 4.33 abc 4.47 ab 4.40 b 27.2 LSD0.05 0.39 0.11 CV% 6.46 Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa CT1 (Control-1) 3.09 g 3.25fg 3.17 e ab a CT2 (Control-2) 4.12 4.28 4.20 a 32.5 CT3 (3.0 tons ha-1) 3.46 ef 3.58 de 3.52 d 11.0 -1 cd abc CT4 (6.0 tons ) 3.77 4.05 3.91 c 23.3 CT5 (9.0 tons ha-1) 4.08 ab 4.26 ab 4.17 a 31.5 CT6 (12.0 tons ha-1) 3.92 bcd 4.12 ab 4.02 b 26.8 LSD0.05 0.27 0.10 CV% 4.92 Note: Mean with same letter(s) in each column in 2015, 2016 at the same experimental site are not significantly different, different letter(s) mean statistically significance (at P≥ 95%), these mean similar to the average column at each site In Nam Dinh: The average pod yield of L26 cultivar in two spring seasons (2015 - 2016) in the rice straw mulching treatments varied from 3.82 to 4.53 tons ha-1; in which the one of 5-treatment reached the highest 13 point (4.53 tons ha-1), higher than the control treatment-1 and equivalent to the control treatment-2 in statistical significane The other mulching treatments gave higher yield than the control-1 (no mulching) and lower than the control-2 (plastic mulching) in statistical significane at P 95% In Thanh Hoa: the rice straw mulching gave an average pod yield of 3.52 - 4.17 tons ha-1, higher than in the control treatment (no mulching) by 11.0 - 31.5% in statistical significance The rice straw mulching treatment with the volume of 9.0 tons ha-1 gave the highest peanut pod yield (Table 3.42) The results of research were similar in both spring season and autumn-winter season All mulching treatments had considerably higher yield than the control treatment in statistical significance, the treatment-5 with the rice straw volume of 9.0 tons ha-1 had the highest pod yield compared to the other rice straw treatments Compared to the no-mulching control treatment, the difference in pod yield is more obvious in autumn-winter crop 3.3.2.4 Determining the relationship between the volume of rice straw mulching and pod yield of L26 variety in spring season and autumn-winter season at the experimental sites Based on the regression equation y = ax2 + bx + c, it was possible to determine the maximum technical volume of rice straw mulching to achieve the highest peanut yield according to the formula Y = b/2a, which Y wss the maximum volume of rice straw to mulch, b and a are coefficients of the regression equation The results of calculating the maximum volume of mulched rice straw for L26 peanuts which gained the highest pod yield were defined as follows: In Nam Dinh: Y = 10,883 kg in spring crop, Y = 10,211 kg in autumn-winter crop; and in Thanh Hoa: Y = 10,333 kg in spring crop, Y = 9,800 kg in winterautumn crop 3.3.2.5 Economic efficiency of experimental treatments Using rice straw as a mulching material on L26 peanut variety at the volume of 6.0 - 12.0 tons ha-1 had a significantly higher economic efficiency than no-mulching control treatment The volume of mulching of 9.0 tons ha-1 gave the highest profit, higher than the no-mulching (control) by VND 21.50-23.25 million ha-1 in spring crop and 19.50 to VND 20.75 million ha-1 in autumn-winter crop; and higher than the plastic mulching by VND 6.05 - 6.30 million ha-1 in the spring crop and VND 5.80 - 6.05 million ha-1 in autumnwinter crop the experimental sites 3.3.3 The effect of different rice straw size and mulching time on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety in Northern provinces: 3.3.3.4 The effect of different rice straw size and mulching time on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety at the experimental sites: Table 3.52 Influence of rice straw size and mulching time on the pod yield of L26 peanuts at the experimental sites (tons ha-1) Spring season Autumn-Winter season Treatments Year of Year of Year of Year of Average Average 2015 2016 2015 2016 Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh K1T1 4.62abc 4.78ab 4.70b 2.85abc 3.08ab 2.97b cde bcd c bc abc K1T2 (Control) 4.43 4.55 4.49 2.73 2.95 2.84cd f def e c abc K1T3 4.10 4.29 4.20 2.60 2.86 2.73e ab a a ab a K2T1 4.71 4.85 4.78 2.97 3.12 3.05a bcd abc c abc ab K2T2 4.52 4.61 4.57 2.78 3.04 2.91bc ef def d c abc K2T3 4.24 4.32 4.28 2.64 2.90 2.77de LSD0,05 0.27 0.08 0.28 0.08 CV(%) 5.09 6.75 Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa 14 K1T1 4.12abcd 4.33ab 4.23b 2.52cde 2.77ab 2.65b cdef abcd d def abcd K1T2 (Control) 3.93 4.15 4.04 2.41 2.62 2.52d f def f f def K1T3 3.71 3.90 3.81 2.26 2.47 2.37f abc a a abcd a K2T1 4.23 4.42 4.33 2.64 2.85 2.75a bcde abc c cdef abc K2T2 4.01 4.24 4.13 2.50 2.72 2.61c ef cdef e ef bcde K2T3 3.75 3.99 3.87 2.33 2.54 2.44e LSD0,05 0.29 0.04 0.24 0.03 CV(%) 5.92 6.59 Note: Mean with same letter(s) in each column in 2015, 2016 at the same experimental site are not significantly different, different letter(s) mean statistically significance (at P≥ 95%), these mean similar to the average column at each site The table 3.52 illustrates the results of the study: In the spring crop, the peanut pod yield in experimental treatments ranged from 4.20 - 4.78 tons ha-1 in Nam Dinh and from 3.99 - 4.42 tons ha-1 in Thanh Hoa At two sites, the treatment-4 (shredded straw, immediately mulch after sowing) had the highest pod yield, higher than the control treatment and the other treatments in statistical significance (at P ≥ 95%) In the autumn-winter crop, the pod yield ranged from 2.73 - 3.05 tons ha-1 in Nam Dinh and from 2.37 - 2.75 tons ha-1 in Thanh Hoa The peanut variety in the treatment-4 (shredded straw, immediately mulch after sowing) had the highest pod yield at the sites 3.3.4 The effect of seed treatments on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety which was applied rice straw mulching in Northern provinces: 3.3.4.2 Efficiency of seed treatment drugs on the pod yield of L26 peanut variety In term of mulching rice straw on peanut in provinces of Northern Vietnam, the method of using fungicides to treat seeds before sowing had a pronounced effect on increase in the germination rate, speed of germination and limiting the occurrence of pathogenic fungi and the infection on seeds Thanks to this method, plant density was ensured in the field With five chemicals used for seed treatment in the experiment, treated seeds with Gaucho 600 FS had a higher germination rate (95.4 - 95.7%), its resistance to major diseases (Bacterial wilt disease, Collar rot, White stem rot) was better than the other chemicals The pod yield of peanut which was treat Gaucho 600 FS was the highest in both spring crop and autumn-winter crop at the experimental sites (ranged from 4.29-4.68 tons ha-1 in spring crop; and 2.72 - 2.96 tons ha-1 in autumn-winter crop) (Table 3.55) Table 3.55 Impact of seed treatment in term of the pod yield of L26 peanut variety in the spring season and the autumnwinter season at the experimental sites (tons ha-1) Spring crop Autumn-Winter crop Treatments Year of Year of Average Year of Year of Average 2015 2016 2015 2016 Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh No-treatment (Control) 4.21d 4.33cd 4.27d 2.60b 2.68b 2.64d abcd abc c ab ab Rovral 50WP 4.45 4.55 4.50 2.79 2.89 2.84c ab a a ab a Gaucho 600 FS 4.64 4.72 4.68 2.89 3.02 2.96a abc abc b ab ab Vicarben 50 WP 4.57 4.59 4.58 2.82 2.92 2.87bc bcd abc c ab ab Tosin M 70WP 4.42 4.57 4.50 2.77 2.90 2.84c abc ab ab ab ab Cruiser Plus 312.5FS 4.60 4.68 4.64 2.84 2.93 2.89b LSD0.05 0.28 0.08 0.32 0.04 CV(%) 4.24 7.92 Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa No-treatment (Control) 3.87c 3.95bc 3.91d 2.37c 2.46bc 2.42d abc abc c abc abc Rovral 50WP 4.05 4.23 4.14 2.57 2.65 2.61c abc a a ab a Gaucho 600 FS 4.23 4.35 4.29 2.68 2.76 2.72a 15 Vicarben 50 WP 4.17abc 4.27abc 4.22ab 2.59abc 2.70ab 2.65bc abc abc bc abc ab Tosin M 70WP 4.12 4.29 4.21 2.56 2.69 2.63bc abc ab ab abc ab Cruiser Plus 312.5FS 4.18 4.32 4.25 2.62 2.70 2.66b LSD0,05 0.40 0.07 0.27 0.04 CV(%) 6.63 7.04 Note: Mean with same letter(s) in each column in 2015, 2016 at the same experimental site are not significantly different, different letter(s) mean statistically significance (at P≥ 95%), these mean similar to the average column at each site 3.3.5 Studying the effect of bio-products which were treated on rice straw on the growth, development and yield of L26 peanut variety in spring season 3.3.5.1 The effect of the bio-products which were treated on rice straw on germination rate and disease infection rate of peanut in spring season Table 3.56 Impact of rice straw treated biological products on the germination rating and disease infection rating of L26 peanut variety in spring season at the experimental sites Disease rate Germination rate Treatments Bacterial wilt Collar rot White stem rot (%) disease (%) (%) (%) Yen Nhan commune, Y Yen district, Nam Dinh No-treatment (Control) 91.5 2.9a 3.8 a 3.5 a a b AT Compost treatment 94.6 2.8 2.2 1.9 b a b Biomix treatment 95.7 2.6 1.9 1.6 b a b Trichomix – DT treatment 95.3 2.7 2.3 2.1 b LSD0,.05 0.31 0.46 0.51 Phu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa No-treatment (Control) 90.7 3.2 a 4.1 a 3.9 a a b AT Compost treatment 94.8 3.1 2.3 2.1 b a b Biomix treatment 95.5 3.0 2.0 1.7 b a b Trichomix – DT treatment 94.4 3.1 2.5 2.2 b LSD0.05 0.24 0.51 0.56 Note: * Average data in two spring seasons in 2015 – 2016 The table 3.56 shows that: In the spring crop, the use of bio-products to treat rice straw has a considerable impact on increasing the germination rate and reducing the diseases rate on peanut compared to the control treatment (the germination rate increased by 3.1 - 4.8%; collar rot decreased by 1.5 - 2.1% and white stem rot declined by 1.4 - 2.0% at the experimental sites) 3.3.5.2 The effect of bio-products which were treated on rice straw on the pod yield of L26 peanut In Nam Dinh, the peanut pod yield in the experimental treatments which applied biological products on rice straw varied from 4.41 - 4.55 tons ha-1, 6.0 - 9.3% higher than the control treatment in statistical significance In Thanh Hoa, this data varied from 3.73 - 4.13 tons ha-1, 8.7 - 10.6% higher than the control treatment The treatment of treated rice straw with Biomix inoculant reached the highest point in the pod yield in both the spring crop and autumn-winter crop at the experimental sites (ranged from 4.29 to 4.68 tons ha-1 in the spring crop; from was 2.72 - 2.96 tons ha-1 in the winter-autumn crop) 3.4 Demonstrating technical patterns on rice straw mulching in peanut cultivation in provinces of Northern Vietnam 3.4.1 The result of demonstration in spring season in Nam Dinh 16 3.4.1.1 The pod yield of peanut in demonstration: The peanut in the demonstration had the pod yield of 4.59 tons ha-1, equivalent to the control demonstration-2 (4.62 tons ha-1) and 22.4% higher than the control demonstration-1 (3.75 tons ha-1) 3.4.1.2 Economic efficiency of the demonstration in the spring season in 2017 in Nam Dinh - Total expenses: The total expenditure of the experimental demonstration was VND 55.26 million ha-1, VND 4.97 million higher than the control demonstration-1 (VND50.29 million ha-1) and VND 4.0 million lower than the control demonstration-2 (VND59.26 million ha-1) - Total income: Total income of the experimental demonstration was VND 91.8 million ha-1, VND 16.8 million ha-1 higher than the control demonstration-1 and VND 0.8 million ha-1 lower than the control demonstration-2 - Net profit: The net profit of the experimental demonstration was VND36.54 million ha-1, VND11.83 million ha-1 higher than the control demonstration-1 and VND 3.20 million ha-1 higher than the control demonstration-2 - The marginal benefit-cost ratio (MBCR): Compared to the control demonstration-1 that did not mulching, the marginal benefit-cost ratio of the plastic mulching demonstration was only 1.96 while the demonstration of rice straw mulching was 3.38 Thus, the demonstration of rice straw mulching should be scaled-out in different province where have similar conditions in Northern Vietnam 3.4.2 The result of demonstration in autumn-winter season in Thanh Hoa 3.4.2.1 The pod yield of peanut in demonstration: The peanut in the experimental demonstration had the pod yield of 3.02 tons ha-1, equivalent to the control demonstration-2 (plastic mulching) and 43.1% higher than the control demonstration-1 3.4.2.2 Economic efficiency of the demonstration in the autumn-winter season in 2017 in Thanh Hoa - Total expenses: The total expenditure of the experimental demonstration was VND 55.66 million ha-1, VND 5.37 million higher than the control demonstration-1 (VND50.29 million ha-1) and VND 3.6 million lower than the control demonstration-2 (VND59.26 million ha-1) - Total income: Total income of the experimental demonstration was VND 78.52 million ha-1, VND 23.66 million ha-1 higher than the control demonstration-1 and VND 0.78 million ha-1 lower than the control demonstration-2 - Net profit: The net profit of the experimental demonstration was VND 23.86 million -1, VND 19.29 million ha-1 higher than the control demonstration-1 and VND 3.82 million ha-1 higher than the control demonstration-2 - The marginal benefit-cost ratio (MBCR): Compared to the control demonstration-1 that did not mulching, the marginal benefit-cost ratio of the plastic mulching demonstration was only 2.72 whereas the demonstration of rice straw mulching was 5.41 Thus, the demonstration of rice straw mulching should be scaled-out in different province where have similar conditions in Northern Vietnam 17 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions The source of straw from agricultural production in the provinces with the major peanut growing areas (Bac Giang, Nam Dinh, Thanh Hoa) in the North was vast, about 2,941 million tons However, the main use of rice straw was for burning (54.8%) The other uses were to bury it in fields (12.1%), livestock feed (11.7%) and to mulch plants (8.8%) The use of rice straw mulching on crops is highly appreciated for its effectiveness and efficiency in rising crop yield by famers (63.3% of households) Nevertheless, due to many different reasons (level of awareness, farmer's conditions, policies, science and technology), the use of rice straw has been declining while burning this by-products in the field tends to increase in the investigated provinces (from 54.8% to 58.6%) The main sources of mulching materials on peanut cultivation in the Northern provinces were nylon (83.1%) and rice straw (9.3%), efficiency of these two mulching materials is similar in peanut production However, rice straw has not been commonly used in peanut cultivation because farmers were only interested in mulching and did not synchronize with other technical measures; and the other limits on local conditions, and has not been researched fully and recommended application The use of rice straw mulching on peanut production after four production crops had been effective in many aspects compared to no mulching measures such as: increasing the ability to retain heat of the soil (by 1.1 – 3.50C), increasing soil moisture content (by 1.6 – 16.8 %); improving soil chemical properties (pHKCL tended to increase from 5.23 to 5.58 in Thanh Hoa and from 5.63 to 6.23 in Nam Dinh; OM increased to 0.77%; total nitrogen ranged from 0.047 - 0.175%; total phosphorus ranged from 0.023 0.024%; total potassium ranged from 0.53 - 0.56%; available phosphorus ranged from 3.21 - , 69 mg/100 g; CEC ranged to 4.71 - 5.46 Ld/100 g); improving diversity of soil microflora (considerably increasing the frequency of beneficial microorganisms), increasing the number of nodules and effective nodules (by 20.2 148.2% in spring crop and 27.0-102.3% in autumn-winter crop); stabilizing and increasing peanut yield in regions (by 19.6 - 43.2%) In rice straw mulching condition in the northern provinces, L26 and L27 peanut varieties were identified to be wide adaptability and stability in both spring crop and autumn-winter crop, these varieties had indexes of bi and S2di with differences with and respectively, were not statistically significant (regression coefficient bi = 1,031 - 1,073 , S2di = - 0.020 to - 0.201 in spring season; bi = 1,123 - 1.39, S2di = 0.025 to - 0.228 in autumn-winter season); they possessed many outstanding traits on the growth and development as well as resistance to major pests and diseases in the field In the spring crop, the pod yield of L26 ranged from 3.50 – 4.78 tons ha-1; the one of L27 was 3.53 – 4.65 tons ha-1, 11.1 – 15.7% higher yield than L14 control variety In the autumn-winter crop, the pod yield of L26 was 2,52 - 3,20 ha-1; L27 ranged from 2,58 - 3,25 ha-1, higher than L14-control by 14,0 - 21,7% at the experimental sites Identifying additional farming techniques to perfect the peanut cultivation process with rice straw mulching in the Northern provinces L26 peanut pod yield reached the highest point when it was applied the seed treatment of Gaucho 600 FS with the dosage of ml per a kilogram of seed; the dry rice straw was 18 shredded to 10 - 15 cm in length, rice straw was treated with Biomix inoculants 250 g ton-1 15 days before sowing; the volume of rice straw layer of 9.0 tons ha-1 was immediately mulched after sowing The demonstrations of synchronous application of technical measures in rice straw mulching in peanut production has increased peanut pod yield by 22.4% in the spring crop and by 43.1% in the autumnwinter crop compared to the no-mulching control demonstration, net profit increased by VND 11,830 - 9,290 million ha-1 Compared to plastic mulching demonstrations, the net profit of the rice straw mulching demonstrations was higher by VND 3.20 - 3.82 million dong ha-1 The marginal benefit-cost ratio of the rice straw mulching demonstrations was 3.38 – 5.41 Thus, the demonstration of rice straw mulching should be scaled-out in different province where have suitable conditions in the Northern Vietnam Recommendations It is recommended to apply the technique of rice straw mulching in peanut production in the Northern provinces where have the production conditions stated in the scope and boundaries of the thesis Continuing intensive studies on the effect of rice straw mulching on the characteristics of peanut soil (physical, chemical, biological) for a longer period to make more accurate conclusions about its effectiveness Analyzing and evaluating the quality of peanut which is grown with rice straw mulching and comparing between it and the production processes being applied by people in the Northern provinces 19 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES WHICH WERE PUBLISHED RELATED TO THE THESIS Hoang Tuyen Phuong, Nguyen Huy Hoang, Le Quoc Thanh, Tran Cong Hanh, "Determination of suitable amount of rice straw mulching peanut in Autumn - Winter crop season in Northern Vietnam", Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, No 10 (107)/2019, pp.70 - 75 Hoang Tuyen Phuong, Nguyen Huy Hoang, Le Quoc Thanh, Tran Cong Hanh, "Study on selection of suitable peanut varieties under rice straw mulching condition in Northern provinces of Vietnam", Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, No 11 (108)/2019, pp.20 - 27 ... Committee at the Institutional level in Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences At 8h30’, , 2020 The thesis can be found at the libraries: National Library of Vietnam; The Library of Vietnam... cultivation in some Northern provinces of Vietnam - Demonstrating rice straw mulching patterns applied all cultivation techniques on peanut in Thanh Hoa and Nam Dinh which gave high economic efficiency,... (Circular No.43/2009 /TT- BNNPTNT, 2009 and Circular No.21/2013 /TT- BNNPTNT, 2013) 2.2 Site location and time The project was conducted in provinces: Bac Giang, Nam Dinh and Thanh Hoa; From January
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