A vietnamese – filipino cross cultural study on greetings and responses

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FALCUTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES CHU THỊ NGỌC A VIETNAMESE – FILIPINO CROSS CULTURAL STUDY ON GREETINGS AND RESPONSES NGHIÊN CỨU GIAO VĂN HĨA VIỆT NAM – PHI-LÍP-PIN TRONG CÁCH CHÀO HỎI VÀ ĐÁP LỜI M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI – 2016 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FALCUTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES CHU THỊ NGỌC A VIETNAMESE – FILIPINO CROSS CULTURAL STUDY ON GREETINGS AND RESPONSES NGHIÊN CỨU GIAO VĂN HÓA VIỆT NAM – PHI-LÍP-PIN TRONG CÁCH CHÀO HỎI VÀ ĐÁP LỜI M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Tô Thị Thu Hương, Ph.D HANOI – 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research problem and rationale 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Significance 1.4 Scope 1.5 Organization CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Cross-culture communication .4 2.1.1 Culture 2.1.2 Communication and Cross-cultural communication 2.2 Definitions of greetings .5 2.3 Functions and use of greetings .9 2.3.1 Function of greetings 2.3.2 Use of greetings 10 2.4 Review of studies on greetings in English and Vietnamese 14 2.5 Factors affecting choice of greetings 16 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Research design 18 3.2 Participants 18 3.3 Data collection 19 3.3.1 Data collection instrument 19 3.3.2 Sending consent form and designing questionnaires 19 3.3.3 Delivering questionnaires 21 3.4 Data analysis 21 3.4.1 Data analysis instrument 21 3.4.2 Data analysis procedure 22 4.1 For the first dimension: power distance 23 4.1.1 For question number 1: Greetings and responses to a director/ manager 23 4.1.2 Question number 2: Greetings and responses to the staffs 24 4.1.3 For question number 3: Greetings and responses to a „VIP‟ guest of the company 25 4.1.4 For question number 4: Greetings and responses to a cleaner/ guard of the company 26 4.2 Dimension gender 27 4.3 Dimension age: Greetings and responses to an older or a younger student 29 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 35 5.1 Major findings of the study 35 5.1.1 Greetings and responses to director/ manager 35 5.1.2 Greeting and responses to the staffs in the company 35 5.1.3 Greetings and responses to a cleaner/ guard 36 5.1.4 Greetings and responses in other cases 36 5.2 Limitations 38 5.3 Suggestions 38 APPENDIXES I APPENDIX B .III LIST OF COMPANIES PARTICIPATING IN THE STUDY .III APPENDIX C IV QUESTIONNAIRES FOR IV VIETNAMESE – FILIPINO CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON GREETINGS AND RESPONSES IN BUSINESS IV DECLARATION I certify that the work contained in this thesis is the result of my own research, and this thesis has not been submitted for any degree at any other university or institution Hanoi, November 2016 Signature Chu Thi Ngoc i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ph.D To Thi Thu Huong, who gave me enthusiastic instructions, patient guidance and precious comments throughout the process of carrying out this study Had not been for her valuable support and her encouragement, I would not have finished my research My sincere thanks are also to those working in companies in The Philippines as well as in Vietnam for their constructive comments as well as their participation which was essential to the completion of the study Last but not least, I want to send my gratefulness to my family and my friends who have encouraged and support me during the process of doing this study ii ABSTRACT This research focuses on finding out what Filipino and Vietnamese working in companies often say to greet and respond in daily conversations The framework used in this study was built mainly based on Hofstede‟s but with some adaptation; therefore, only four dimensions were applied to gain data The four dimensions applied were power distance, gender, age, and acquaintance Despite some minor differences, there were mostly similarities were found between answers from participants in two countries in particular situations iii LIST OF FIGURE AND DIAGRAM Figure 1: Hofstede‟s cultural dimensions Diagram 1: Laver‟s diagram of the Factors that Constrain the Choice of Formulaic Greeting Phrases in British English Table 1: A summary of greetings and responses to a director/ manager Table 2: A summary of greetings and responses to the staffs Table 3: A summary of greetings and responses to a „VIP‟ guest Table 4: A summary of greetings and responses to a cleaner/ guard Table 5: A summary of greetings and responses to an older colleague Table 6: A summary of greetings and responses to a younger colleague Table 7: A summary of greetings and responses to a male colleague Table 8: A summary of greetings and responses to a female colleague Table 9: A summary of greetings and responses to a first meeting colleague Table 10: A summary of greetings and responses to a well-known colleague Table 11: A summary of commonly used topics iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter aims to provide with the most general information about what is included in the study and how it is carried out 1.1 Research problem and rationale Nowadays, the tendency of studying abroad is becoming more and more popular Many Vietnamese students have been taking courses in famous universities in English-speaking countries like England, The United States, and Australia There also appears a trend of coming to some Asian countries where English is spoken as an official language such as Singapore, The Philippines As a country of the Southeast Asian area, The Philippines is the country that has quite a close relationship with Vietnam Especially, in the globalization trend and the process of building an Asian Economic Community, the understanding of the countries in this area is really necessary However, The Philippines has been familiar with most of Vietnamese only through some films or occasionally-held cultural exchanging programs Although English is spoken widely in The Philippines, the ways the Filipino use English may be different from that people in other English speaking countries due to distinguished cultural features Besides, there have not been many studies on relationship between the Vietnamese and the Filipino culture Deep understanding is even more essential for students who want to learn and people who want to business in The Philippines and work with the Filipino, and vice versa Ferraro & Briody (2006) also cited what had been proved by other scholars about the importance of cultural understanding that „failures in the global business setting – including partnerships and joints ventures – most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence‟ (Black, Gregersen, and Mendenhall (1992), Adler (2002); Thomas (2007); Maurer and Li (2006)) From those above mentioned reasons, the study was conducted under the title ‘A Vietnamese – Filipino cross – cultural study on greetings and responses’ with the hope to find out the similarities as well as the differences in greetings and responses frequently used in these two languages, which is the very first cultural matter people should know when trying to understand a country and a culture This study paid more attention on how people working in companies greet each other verbally from the cultural approach 1.2 Aims of the study This study is conducted with the hope to make some comparisons between the ways Vietnamese and Filipino people greet each other, especially among those working in companies Main focus is going to be put on verbal language in the business circumstance The results of this study may be useful for any Vietnamese student who wants to take a business course in The Philippines; or for the Filipino who want to study, travel or business in Vietnam Besides, the findings in this study can be used as a reference for other researchers who have interest in language or culture field To implement these aims, these three following questions will be used: What are the common greetings and responses in English used by Filipino businessman in the company? What are the common greetings and responses in Vietnamese used by Vietnamese businessman in the company? What are similarities and differences in greetings and responses in these two languages? 1.3 Significance This study, on the one hand, hopes to provide the Vietnamese students‟ knowledge of the greetings and responses that the Filipino and the Vietnamese working in companies often use in their everyday business contacts; therefore, they can not CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION On seeking the answers for the research questions, this study has found out the reality of using phrases that staffs in companies in The Philippines and Vietnam greet each other In this chapter, major findings, limitations of the research and suggestions for further studies are going to be mentioned below 5.1 Major findings of the study The research has accessed to what is happening in some companies in two countries to answer the three questions raised at the beginning 5.1.1 Greetings and responses to director/ manager In The Philippines, one of large English-speaking countries, people in companies use the common phrases as English spoken in other speaking countries In such formal situations, for instance, when talking with their manager/ director, or a special guest of the company, they mostly use very formal phrases such as „greeting Sir/ Ma‟am/ Mr A/ Mrs B‟ (E.g.: Good morning Sir/ Ma‟am) or use small talks to greet those people There is no difference when Vietnamese use the most formal ways to greet a person at higher rank in company or a special guest such as „Speaker chào speaker ạ‟ (E.g.: Em chào anh/ chị; cháu chào cô/ or „chào sếp‟) or Chào ngài/ chào ông/ bà‟ when greeting a „VIP‟ guest Vice versa, when responding to them, both Filipino and Vietnamese try to remain formality in their conversation by using the most formal phrases In Vietnamese, they even add the word „dạ/ vâng‟ in front of direct greetings to enhance the formality (E.g.: Dạ/ vâng, em chào sếp ạ/ Dạ/ vâng, cháu chào ạ/ Cảm ơn, chào ngài/ bà) However, there is one little difference when Vietnamese seem to use small talks to greet or to respond in formal situation mentioned in this study less than Filipino 5.1.2 Greeting and responses to the staffs in the company Less formality is created when the person at higher position greet their staffs Such phrases „hello/ hi (kuya/ ate) – (equal to Hello/ hi brother/ sister)‟ to greet or 35 respond Sometimes, they can say just „hi/ hello‟ Vietnamese the same with such formal ways such as „Xin chào/ Chào/, talk about job or life/ weather‟ In responding, Filipino also use formal phrases towards their staffs (E.g.: Good morning Sir/ Ma‟am) So Vietnamese Vietnamese can say just short forms like „Ừ chào/ xin chào‟ or Chào buổi sáng or more formal ways such as „Chào anh/ chị/ cô/ chú‟ 5.1.3 Greetings and responses to a cleaner/ guard The way people in two countries greet a cleaner/ guard in their companies have one thing in common That is they always use quite informal phrases to create intimacy in conversations For example, they can greet „hello kuya/ ate, use small talks In Vietnam, depend on ages, they can say „Chào cô/ chú/ bác/ anh/ chị‟ or a little more formal „Xin chào bác/ cô/ chú‟ if that person is much older than them; say „Vâng/ Dạ vâng, cháu chào cô/ chú/ em chào anh/ chị to respond 5.1.4 Greetings and responses in other cases When talking to a male or female colleague, depend on his age, the languages can be formal or really informal Filipino can greet Hello/ hi kuya/ ate (hello/ hi brother/ sister), use small talks or Greeting + Sir/ Ma‟am/ Mr A/ Mrs B in more formal cases Even to a younger colleague, a Filipino may say „good morning Sir/ po‟ In Vietnam, the greetings is dependable on ages, they can say „Chào bác/ chú/ cô/ anh/ chị‟ or to a person younger or at the same age, they seem to use formal phrases less than Filipino They can say „Chào bạn/ em to a younger colleague (but not Anh xin chào/ chào em) Chào + name/ Anh/ chị + name ạ‟ When responding, Vietnamese often add the word „dạ/ vâng‟ in front of their greetings if speaker is older than them Both male and female Filipino use small talks much, especially between female colleagues Similarly, this tendency is more common among female than male Vietnamese Besides, when greeting or responding to a colleague that one has known for ages, small talks or short form of greetings such as hi/ hello kuya/ ate or Chào/ anh!/ Chị! 36 rank at the first position among both Vietnamese‟s and Filipino‟s choices Sometimes, Filipino use quite formal greetings like „Good morning Sir/ Ma‟am/ po‟ but Vietnamese try to create very intimate relationship When greeting a colleague that they meet at the first time or not very close, both Vietnamese and the Filipino try to maintain formality Very little amount of respondents talk about other topics such as job, fashion when greeting or responding to an unfamiliar colleague In conclusion, from the above results, it can be drawn out that the power distance affects much in the way people in two countries greet the other In The Philippines, where the point of power distance is 94, higher than that in Vietnam – about 74, formality or distance between people at higher ranks and those at lower positions remains stronger In Vietnam, due to the cultural feature that people want to make the others feel like they were in a family, the intimacy is created obviously Whereas, in The Philippines, formality is kept in almost every situations, even when talking to a younger colleague These findings are suitable with Hofstede‟s framework in which Vietnam is a collectivism-oriented society (the relationship between employer and employee is recognized in moral terms – similar to a family link) One more difference between greetings used in two cultures is that The Filipino tend to use small talks much more than The Vietnamese In Vietnam, in very closed relationship or in not too formal circumstances, small talks can be used Moreover, in small talks used by people working in the two countries, women tend to use small talk more than men do; and Vietnamese women seem to talk about job to greet their colleagues, which is represented less among Filipino women Sometimes, Filipino words are combined with English such as „good morning PO‟, Here, the word „PO‟ also refers to formality, the same meaning as „sir/ madam‟ This result is suitable with what have been mentioned in chapter when describing Filipino participants in the study 37 Besides, as English is spoken as the second language in The Philippines, in very close relationship, they sometimes even add Filipino words such as „kuya (brother) or ate (sister) in their greetings This habit may be due to English is spoken along with Filipino 5.2 Limitations Although the researcher made great efforts to carry out this study, limitations cannot be avoided First, the number of participants involved in this study was not very large because of the limited number of companies agreed to answer to the questionnaires Therefore, the results could not generate the current situation in the two countries Besides, the framework used in this study was mainly based on Hofstede‟s viewpoint, it cannot cover all the aspects or situations in real business conversations One another considerable restrictions in this study is that the responses for the questionnaires have been collected from people working in small or medium size companies It means that there may exist some differences among the results in large scale or medium or small scale companies 5.3 Suggestions The writer has some suggestions for teachers and students First of all, for teachers, in classes preparing for students before going to The Philippines or in a culture course, they should provide students with practical materials and exploit those teaching aids Besides, teachers ought to design activities with practical situations for students to practise in class so that students can get used to with greeting in English in The Philippines To implement that, awareness of similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English that used in The Philippines is a necessary tool For students, apart from studying grammar, they had better put language in culture in order to avoid misunderstanding in communication Understanding about culture, in particular Vietnam culture and The Philippines culture, will help them greet and 38 behave cultural suitably They can get access to realistic inputs such as newspapers, movies to enrich their knowledge as well Since greetings will decide the very first impression about someone and affect the relationship with other people in the company, not only students but also any Vietnamese staff who want to work in The Philippines should prepare carefully in order to achieve communicative purposes For the Filipino who want to work with the Vietnamese, in spite of the fact that English is world-widely used in business, the results of the thesis along with other cross-cultural research results between Vietnamese and English may benefit them much Hopefully, there would be more and more studies investigating in finding similarities and differences between not only greetings but also other aspects of language, not only verbal communication but also other culture components in Vietnam and in The Philippines; therefore, the understanding about the two countries will be developed, which is useful for many socioeconomic activities 39 REFERENCES Arent R (2009) Bridging the cross-cultural gap: Listening and speaking tasks for developing fluency in English Retrieved July 20th from https://www.press.umich.edu Cultural clues, do‟s and taboos: Communication guidelines for the Philippines Retrieved June 27, 2013 from http://www.circlesofexcellence.com Definition of communication Retrieved from World Web http://www.businessdictionary.com Definition of greetings Retrieved from Wide http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/greeting Dornyei, Z (2009) Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing Retrieved June 20th 2016 from the World Wide Web: http://www.books.google.com Duranti A (1997) Universal and culture-specific properties of Greetings Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7, pp 63-67 Retrieved February 12, 2016 from http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~charleslin/indv101/review_reading/greetings.pd f Duranti A (1997) Universal and culture-specific properties of Greetings Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7, pp 188 Retrieved February 12, 2016 11from http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~charleslin/indv101/review_reading/greetings.pd f Ferraro G F & Briody E K (2006) Cultural dimension of global business Routledge Publication, p 9 Hang N T B (2009) Contrastive analysis: English and Vietnamese Greetings 40 10 Hanh T T B (2010) Vietnamese and English greetings – A contrastive analysis 11 Hofstede & Geert Hofstede (2005) Cultures and organizations: software of the mind EADM 826 – Executive Book Summary 12 http://geert-hofstede.com/philippines.html 13 https://geert-hofstede.com/vietnam.html 14 Krauss R (2002) The psychology of verbal communication Retrieved June 20th from http://www.columbia.edu/~rmk7/PDF/IESBS.pdf 15 Li W (2010) The functions and uses of greetings Vol.6 No.4 Retrieved from http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/viewFile/j.css.1923669720100 604.006/1120 16 Mahadi T and Jafari S (2012) Language and Culture International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol No.17 17 Marieke de Mooij & Hofstede G (2010) The Hofstede model: Applications to global branding and advertising strategy and research International Journal of Advertising, p 95-100 Retrieved 20 May, 2016 from http://mariekedemooij.com/articles/demooij_2010_int_journal_adv.pdf 18 Nguyễn Như Ý (2013) Đại từ điển Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất đại học quốc gia Hồ Chí Minh 19 Nolan J (1996) Philippines business: The portable encyclopedia for doing business with the Philippines World Trade Press 20 Pachter B (2013) The essentials business etiquette: How to greet, eat, and tweet your way to success McGraw-Hill Education 21 Phạm Thị Thành (1995) Nghi thức lời nói tiếng Việt đại qua phát ngôn: Chào, cảm ơn, xin lỗi 22 Sekyi-Baidoo Y.& Koranteng L A (2008) English General Greetings in the Ghanaian Sociolinguistic Context www.educ.utas.edu.au 41 Retrieved Sep 23rd from 23 Tam P T T (2009) Greeting in English and Vietnamese 24 Trochim W M K.(2006) Survey research Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/survey.php 25 Williams, K.E (2001) An evaluation of greeting exchanges in textbooks and real life settings p 49 – 64 Retrieved February 10, 2016 from http://www.jrc.sophia.ac.jp/kiyou/ki21/kenw.pdf 42 APPENDIXES APPENDIX A Consent Form for Participation in a Research Study Title of Study ‘A Vietnamese-Filipino cross-cultural study in greetings and responses’ Description of the research and your participation You are invited to participate in a research study conducted by Ms Ngoc Chu Thi, a student from Post-Graduate Falculty, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam In the process of globalization and creating a South East community, understanding among countries in the area is absolutely necessary In particular, co-operating between Vietnam and The Philippines has been really good However, there has been no study helping people understand about the two cultures From this situation, the research is conducted The purpose of this cross-cultural research is to find out what people in these two countries, especially those working in companies, say to greet and respond to the others Your participation will involve: Risks and discomforts There are no known risks associated with this research Potential benefits This research may help us to understand more about Filipino culture and vice versa, bring The Philippines and Vietnam close to each other Besides, this research can be a reference for Vietnamese students who want to study abroad in The Philippines as well as for businessmen who want to business in Vietnam or in The Philippines Protection of confidentiality I It can be ensured that all the information and identity of the participants in the videos would not be revealed in any publication The only thing needed in this study is what people say to greet and respond to the others Voluntary participation Your participation in this research study is voluntary You may choose not to participate and you may withdraw your consent to participate at any time You will not be penalized in any way should you decide not to participate or to withdraw from this study Contact information If you have any questions or concerns about this study or if any problems arise, please contact Ms Ngoc at chuthingoc89@gmail.com, mobile +84987471489 If you have any questions or concerns about your rights as a research participant, please contact me Consent I have read this consent form and have been given the opportunity to ask questions I give my consent to participate in this study Participant‟s signature _ Date: _ A copy of this consent form should be given to you II APPENDIX B LIST OF COMPANIES PARTICIPATING IN THE STUDY Bayview technology - Makati Manila 43rd Floor Yuchengco Tower, RCBC Plaza 6819 Ayala Ave cor Gil Puyat Ave Makati City 1200 Philippines An IT-enabled business process outsourcing company that provides a variety of customer support, back office and information technology support services to foreign companies Concentrix E-Commerce Bldg Eastwood City Libis Quezon Address: 5F Technoplaza One Building, Brgy Bagumbayan, Eastwood City Cyberpark, Quezon City, Philippines An IT specialized company Asia united bank-Oakwood Joy Nostalj Adb Ortigas Pasig City Oakwood Worldwide is the premier provider of corporate housing and serviced apartment solutions through its well-known brands Accenture company Cubao Manila LGF, Gateway Mall, Cubao, Quezon City, 1109 Metro Manila, Philippines Call center where provides services related to phone calls for customers Công ty Cổ phần truyền thơng đầu tư tài Việt Nam (VFM) 14 Phạm Hùng (Tòa nhà sơng Đà tầng 8), Xã Mỹ Đình, Huyện Từ Liêm Chuyên lĩnh vực vi tính, phát triển cung cấp phần mềm Cơng ty Cổ phần tập đồn Hoa Sao Chi nhánh Vĩnh Phúc Tầng – Tòa nhà Viettel – Khu đô thị Hà Tiên – Vĩnh Yên – Vĩnh Phúc Trung tâm cung cấp dịch vụ chăm sóc khách hàng qua điện thoại Ngân hàng Thịnh vượng VP Bank – phòng giao dịch Mỹ Đình Tòa nhà CT1-1, Khu thị Mễ Trì Hạ, Phường Mễ Trì, Quận Nam Từ Liêm, Hà Nội III APPENDIX C QUESTIONNAIRES FOR VIETNAMESE – FILIPINO CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON GREETINGS AND RESPONSES IN BUSINESS PART 1: Choosing suitable answer for each situation You can choose more than one answer for each question a Hi/ hello b Hello kuya‟/ ti‟o c Good morning Ma‟am/ Good morning Sir/ Mr A/ Mrs B d Good morning po/ Good afternoon po e Use small talks (how are you? How‟s thing going? How have you been b.2 hello ate/ ti‟a doing? ) f Others (specify) Gender: Part 1: What you say to greet Your boss? Your staff? A cleaner or a guard in your company? A „VIP‟ guest of your company? A female colleague? A male colleague? An older colleague? A younger colleague? A colleague you meet at the first time? 10 A colleague you have known for time? Part 2: What you say to respond to Your boss‟s greetings? IV Your staff‟s greetings? An important guest‟s greetings? A cleaner‟s or a guard‟s greetings? A female colleague‟s greetings? A male colleague‟s greetings? An older colleague‟s greetings? A younger colleague‟s greetings? A first-time-meeting colleague‟s greetings? 10 A well-known colleague‟s greetings? Part 3: Which topics you often used to greet the other in your company? V APPENDIX D CÂU HỎI NGHIÊN CỨU GIAO VĂN HÓA VIỆT NAM – PHI-LIP-PIN TRONG CÁCH CHÀO HỎI ĐÁP LỜI Ở CÁC DOANH NGHIỆP Khảo sát gồm có phần Bạn chọn nhiều đáp án Giới tính: a Xin chào/ Chào chú/ cơ/ anh/ chị b Cháu chào cô/ ạ/ em chào anh/ chị c Dạ/ vâng, cháu chào d Chào! Chào bạn! e Nói chủ đề liên quan đến công việc Phần 1: Bạn chào hỏi gặp Khi gặp sếp cấp trên/ trưởng phòng mình? Khi gặp nhân viên cấp dưới? Khi gặp khách đặc biệt công ty? Nhân viên lao công/ bảo vệ công ty? Đồng nghiệp nam? Đồng nghiệp nữ? Đồng nghiệp nhiều tuổi hơn? Đồng nghiệp tuổi hơn? Đồng nghiệp quen/ không quen thân? 10 Đồng nghiệp quen thân? Phần 2: Bạn đáp lại có Cấp trên/ sếp chào bạn? Nhân viên cấp chào bạn? Vị khách đặc biệt công ty chào bạn? Nhân viên lao công/ bảo vệ công ty chào bạn? Đồng nghiệp nam chào bạn? Đồng nghiệp nữ chào bạn? Đồng nghiệp nhiều tuổi chào bạn? VI Đồng nghiệp tuổi chào bạn? Đồng nghiệp quen/ không quen thân chào bạn? 10 Đồng nghiệp quen thân chào bạn? Phần 3: Ngồi câu chòa thơng thường, bạn hay dùng chủ đề chào hỏi? a Thời trang b Thời tiết c Công việc d Sưc khỏe e Các chủ đề khác (thời sự, phim ảnh….) VII ... director/ manager Table 2: A summary of greetings and responses to the staffs Table 3: A summary of greetings and responses to a „VIP‟ guest Table 4: A summary of greetings and responses to a cleaner/... guard Table 5: A summary of greetings and responses to an older colleague Table 6: A summary of greetings and responses to a younger colleague Table 7: A summary of greetings and responses to a. ..VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FALCUTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES CHU THỊ NGỌC A VIETNAMESE – FILIPINO CROSS CULTURAL STUDY ON GREETINGS AND RESPONSES