This page intentionally left blank Classical Theory in International Relations Classical political theorists such as Thucydides, Kant, Rousseau, Smith, Hegel, Grotius, Mill, Locke and Clausewitz are often employed to explain and justify contemporary international politics and are seen to constitute the different schools of thought in the discipline However, traditional interpretations frequently ignore the intellectual and historical context in which these thinkers were writing as well as the lineages through which they came to be appropriated in International Relations This collection of essays provides alternative interpretations sensitive to these political and intellectual contexts and to the trajectory of their appropriation The political, sociological, anthropological, legal, economic, philosophical and normative dimensions are shown to be constitutive, not just of classical theories, but of international thought and practice in the contemporary world Moreover, they challenge traditional accounts of timeless debates and schools of thought and provide new conceptions of core issues such as sovereignty, morality, law, property, imperialism and agency b e at e ja h n is a Senior Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of International Relations at the University of Sussex She is the author of The Cultural Construction of International Relations (2000) and Politik und Moral (1993) CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 103 Classical Theory in International Relations Editorial Board Steve Smith (Managing editor) Thomas Biersteker A J R Groom Phil Cerny Richard Higgott Caroline Kennedy-Pipe Louis Pauly Michael Cox Kimberley Hutchings Steve Lamy Michael Mastanduno Ngaire Woods Cambridge Studies in International Relations is a joint initiative of Cambridge University Press and the British International Studies Association (BISA) The series will include a wide range of material, from undergraduate textbooks and surveys to research-based monographs and collaborative volumes The aim of the series is to publish the best new scholarship in International Studies from Europe, North America and the rest of the world CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 102 Andrew Linklater and Hidemi Suganami The English school of international relations A contemporary reassessment 101 Colin Wight Agents, structures and international relations Politics as ontology 100 Michael C Williams The realist tradition and the limits of international relations 99 Ivan Arregu´ın-Toft How the weak win wars A theory of asymmetric conflict 98 Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall Power in global governance 97 Yale H Ferguson and Richard N Mansbach Remapping global politics History’s revenge and future shock 96 Christian Reus-Smit The politics of international law 95 Barry Buzan From international to world society? English school theory and the social structure of globalisation 94 K J Holsti Taming the Sovereigns Institutional change in international politics 93 Bruce Cronin Institutions for the common good International protection regimes in international security 92 Paul Keal European conquest and the rights of indigenous peoples The moral backwardness of international society Series list continued after index Classical Theory in International Relations Edited by Beate Jahn cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521866859 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-25664-6 eBook (EBL) 0-511-25664-7 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-86685-9 hardback 0-521-86685-5 hardback isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-68602-0paperback 0-521-68602-4 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Benjamin Index equated with Mill’s ‘civilisations’ 196–197 imperfect 55, 64, 81, 197–198 and individual rights 80–81, 89, 197 Mill’s illiberal remedies for ‘vices and miseries’ of 198–200 moral obligations to non-liberal states 60 and promotion of liberal principles 181, 191 relationship with non-liberal states 58–67, 83–84, 186–187, 193 ‘separate peace’ between 54, 56, 186, 190 and threat to peace 75 and transnational capitalist interests 188–189 see also non-liberal states; republican constitutions liberalism and ahistorical interpretation of Kant 190–191 and classical international law 77 contingent on reason 199–200 Hobbes and 274, 275 Mill and 191–197 Morgenthau’s critique of 275 norms of 71 origins of see also Democratic Peace lineages 12–17, 21–24 Lisola, Fran¸cois-Paul de 244 Locke, John chapter on property in Second Treatise 158–161 colonial interests 161 influences on 159 obligation to cultivate land 171–172 and occupancy of land 163 and ownership of land 171 and theory of property 20, 169–175 Two Treatises of Government 156 on use of force in colonial expansion 174 view of American Indians 171–172, 173, 175 logic, and affect 261 Ludwig of Bavaria 161 Machiavelli, Niccolo 2, 233 and Realism Manning, William 242 Marsilius of Padua 161 Martens, G F von 248, 250 Marx, Karl Marxism and class war 282, 283 classical texts see also leftism Meinecke, Friedrich 234 Melos, battle of 30 dialogue at 30, 42 Middle East, requirements for peace in 56 military-strategic thought Clausewitz and 277 see also counter-strategic thought Mill, John Stuart 21, 195 A Few Words on Non-Intervention 195 colonialism 12, 194, 196 contradictions in 200–201 and Democratic Peace 180–181, 197, 200–201 domestic political theory 197–201 illiberal remedies for ills of liberal states 198–200 and liberalism 191–197 stages of historical development 192–193 modernity 286 Montesquieu, Charles, Baron de 100, 101, 135, 136 and origins of Anglo spirit 213 moral character individual 46 of leaders 45 moral freedom 116–117 moral norms effect of plague (in Athens) on 36–37 humanity’s dependence on 38–41 and realism 46–49 Thucydides and 28 war and kinesis of 41–46 moral principles of civil constitution (Kant) 218–219 and conflicting legal opinions 90 distinct from legality 89 in inter-state relations 60, 66, 68, 94 in Saint-Pierre 107–108 universalism of (Kant) 183–184 moral science conjectural history as 142–143 naturalist 237–239 Scottish Enlightenment 136–137 morality and politics 101, 107, 108 reason as guide to 214 More, Thomas, Utopia 163 Morgenthau, Hans 23, 254, 275 Mytilenians, Athenian policy towards 42 303 Index Native Americans see American Indians natural law Grotius and 237, 240–241 Kant’s rejection of 215 and positivism 240–241 Rousseau’s criticism of 99–101, 102 Negri, Antonio 278 neoconservatism, use of Hobbes 273, 275 Netanyahu, Benjamin 56 Netherlands revolt against Philip II of Spain 242 States General 63 and trading interests 161, 165, 187, 189 war with England 172 Nicaragua, case before ICJ 90–91 Nicias 44, 47 Peace of 41 Nietzsche, Friedrich 278 and Postmodernism non-intervention, principle of 54, 65–66, 190 Mill’s principle of 194, 195, 199 in UN Charter 79 see also intervention non-liberal states application of international law to 74, 78, 190 compared with liberal states 80–82, 196–197 and consent 61 enforcement of rules against 86 exclusion from legalism 82–83, 87, 195 included in Kant’s confederation 58, 62–63, 73, 84–85 presumed to be unjust 54, 88 reform of 55, 64, 182, 190 and self-exclusion 83, 87 norms as condition for deliberative action 50 international 44, 45, 70 see also moral norms Nuremburg, trial judgments 77 Oates, Titus 159 occupation, as condition of possession of land 163, 165 ‘original contract’ (Kant), as external standard 81, 89 ‘Other’ colonialism and 209 and ‘consciousness of backwardness’ 210 French Revolution as 220–221, 225 see also difference; self 304 Palestine 56 peace eirene 41 Hobbes’ articles of 271 as timeless issue in International Relations see also Democratic Peace; perpetual peace; war peace federation, Kant’s concept of 91–92 Penn, William 174 Pennsylvania, rights of American Indians in 174, 175 Pericles death (of plague) 35, 38 and kinesis of customary norms 41–46 and the power of chance 35–38 powers of persuasion 30–31 and subversion of moral norms 34, 43–44, 48 and threat to norms of civic ideals 33–35 Thucydides’ use of antithesis in treatment of 28, 30–35 use of power 31 virtues of 30 perpetual peace Kant’s preliminary articles for 59, 65, 69–71, 190 prospects for Kant’s 58–59, 182 and republican constitutions 67, 185 as unachievable ideal 91, 93 philosophers, and justification of political practice 161 philosophy, and interdisciplinarity political authority and authority of sovereign 258–260 of colonial power 174 need for 101 rational foundation for (Hobbes) 257 see also sovereign authority political contexts 11–12, 20–21 Political Economy, Adam Smith and 20 Political Theory 13 Popish Plot 159 Portugal, and East Indies 165 positivism, and natural law 240–241 Postmodernism 1, poverty in market economies 153 nature of, in primitive societies 153 relative 151, 153–154 Smith’s concern with 149, 151–152 power application of 94 corruption by unilateral judgments 75, 85, 91 Index Foucault’s theory of 284 in inter-state relations 69 of modern State 289, 291, 292–294, 295 and right (lawfulness) 79 strategic model of 290, 292 use of 31, 48, 75 see also balance of power; coercion; political authority; sovereign authority preliminary articles, for perpetual peace (Kant) 59, 65, 69–71, 190 presentism, in use of classical authors 3, 6, 15 ‘problem-solving’ 15 progress concept of human impetus to 136–137 revolution and 220 property community rights to 168–169 and distribution 169 importance of 161–163 limits to accumulation of 172 Locke’s chapter on 158–161 Locke’s theory of 169–175 as moral quality 167, 168 Pericles’ exhortation to sacrifice 34–35 private (Rousseau) 103 use right over 167, 170 see also land property laws dependent on public claims 166 in European states 157, 160 property rights 156, 160, 260 and notion of just war 163, 175 Pufendorf’s view of 166–169 prudence, and realism 46–48 Prussia 186 and religion under Frederick William II 217, 219 see also Germany Pufendorf, Samuel and absolute monarchy 101 and development of Grotius 244 French translations of 100 Kant’s criticism of 70, 77, 215 and property rights 166–169, 174 and sovereignty 176 rationalism, Hobbes and 255, 257, 269–271, 275 Rawls, John 70, 71 Realism and chance 35 Hobbes and 253, 254, 260, 272 and international norms 44 and moral norms 46–49 origins of and prudence 46–48 Rousseau and 1, 96, 113–114, 119 timelessness in 10 and war see also Hobbes; Rousseau reason and experiential world (Kant) 213, 215, 217, 220, 221 and fear 261–262 in German Enlightenment 213 Kant’s faith in 68, 183, 214 and liberalism 199–200 as moral guide 214 see also moral principles; rationalism reason of state theory 238, 245 rebellion forbidden by Kant 218 in Hobbes 264 Recht, principles of (Kant) 66 reciprocity in Athenian democracy 33 in Kant 60 reform international political 68 ‘natural’ (teleological) track to 65, 68–69, 91 obligation to 85, 90, 190 potential for 64, 216 of states 55, 64, 182, 190 religion separated from political sphere (Hobbes) 259, 261 and war 256–257 see also belief; Christianity religious toleration 260 Rengger, Nicholas 10, 15 republican constitutions identification with modern liberal states 181 imperfect 61, 64 Kant’s requirement for 8, 11, 58, 61, 81 as lawful 66 and perpetual peace 67, 185 rights and freedoms under 218 and rule of international law 64 see also liberal states revolution, as process 220, 221 rights community 168–169 dynamic creation of (Hegel) 222 of indigenous peoples 165, 167 settlers’ 164 305 Index rights (cont.) of states 54, 61, 194, 195 see also individual rights; property rights Rohan, Henri de, and balance of power theory 244 Rosicrucian Christianity, in Prussia 217, 219, 220 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 18–19 agreement with Saint-Pierre’s theory 108–109 and concept of general will and concept of ‘savage’ 125 criticism of Saint-Pierre’s writings 106 Discours sur l’in´egalit´e 102–103 Du contrat social 100, 110–112 Economie politique 103–104 Extrait 104, 105, 109, 111 The Geneva Manuscript 104, 105 historical context 99–106 influence of Saint-Pierre’s works on 104–106 Institutions politiques project 100, 101 Jugement 104, 105, 107, 109, 118 opposition to natural law theory 99–101 and Realism 1, 96, 113–114, 119 and Reason as moral guide 214 rejection of Saint-Pierre’s peace project as impractical 117–118 review of Saint-Pierre’s peace project 97, 106–113 social contract 99, 110–113 sovereignty as moral freedom 114–117 rules, international 72 Russell, Lord William 159 Russett, Bruce 53, 56, 57 Rye House Plot 159 Sahlins, Marshall, and leisure affluence of hunters and gatherers 153 Saint-Pierre, Abb´e de and concept of sovereignty as moral freedom 114–115 Polysynodie 106 Rousseau’s review of 97 Rousseau’s study of 104–106 use of term ‘confederation’ 104–106 Saint-Prest, Jean-Yves de, Histoire des trait´es de paix 246 ‘savagery’ as earliest stage of development (Mill) 192 equated with infancy 140, 147 lacking qualities of humanity 149 Rousseau’s concept of 125 306 see also indigenous peoples; ‘state of nature’ scepticism and antithesis 29 Hobbes 266–267, 270 Thucydides 38, 49–50 Schmidt, Brian 235 Schmitt, Carl, and Hobbes 23, 254, 273–275 science Enlightenment 134–136 Hobbes and 270 in Lafitau’s study 126, 127, 130–131, 132, 133 Scottish Enlightenment 20, 21 moral science 136–137 social science 143 social thinkers and Lafitau 133–134 use of science 134–136 view of Amerindians 124, 147 Scottish Highlanders, compared with Amerindians 147 seas, freedom of 165 self modern sovereign 210 pre-social universal (cosmopolitan) 207, 214 socially-constituted (communitarian) 207, 222–224 self-awareness (bildung) (Hegel) 223, 225, 229 self-interest of individuals (Hobbes) 260–261, 270–271 in natural law theory 100 and rationalism 275 Saint-Pierre’s view of 108 ‘separate peace’, between liberal states 54, 56, 64, 82, 186, 190 and notion of separate law 82–86 see also Democratic Peace ‘settler contract’ 176 settlers, legal relationship with aboriginals 164 Seven Years War 213 Shaftesbury,1st Earl of 159, 161 Sicily 45 Hermocrates’ attempt to unite 47–49 Sidney, Algernon 159 Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy 176 Skinner, Quentin 16–17 Slaughter, Anne-Marie interpretation of Kant 75 and liberal enforcement 86 Index on nature of liberal states 81 on sovereign equality 78–79, 83–84 slavery, as Mill’s second stage of development 192 Smith, Adam 20 and Amerindians 134–145 and classical liberal school of economics 123 conjectural history 134–137, 139–141 ‘Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages’ 140 and four-stage theory of development 126, 137–139, 143–144 influence of Lafitau on 126, 130, 140 Lectures on Jurisprudence 149 use of term ‘nations’ 143 and visible hand (political intervention) 148, 151 The Wealth of Nations 141, 143, 149 sociability asocial (unsocial) 64, 215, 221 and respect for property rights 166 social contract 99 and concept of confederation 105, 110–113, 119 settler contract as variant of 176 and theories of sovereignty 176 social relations, role of war in formation of 278, 282, 285–287 social science, Scottish Enlightenment 135–136 society force relations within modern 282 in natural law theory 100 see also commercial society Sørenson, Georg 53 ‘sorry comforters’ (Kant’s) 70, 77–79 South America, colonization in 174, 175, 177 sovereign authority (Hobbes) 258–260, 263–265 coercive power of 259, 264–265, 274 foreign relations dependent on trust of citizens 265–266 limits on 263–264 sovereignty (state) and confederation 115 and doctrine of terra nullius 176–177 effect of globalization on 67–68 external 114 as moral freedom (Rousseau) 114–117 rights to 194, 195 Rousseau’s concept of 114, 119 and war 277–278 see also states, sovereign space, and time 143, 144–145 Spain conquest of Americas 162 expulsion of Moors 162 Sparta, invasion of Attica 37 specialization, corrupting effects of 149, 150 ‘state of nature’ 52, 82 as basis for natural law 102 and doctrine of terra nullius 176 Hobbes’ 256–257, 262–263, 267–268 international domain as 227, 228, 253 and Locke’s law of property 170 primitive societies 152–153, 171–172, 173, 175, 209 states, sovereign 52, 65 claim to private judgment 76 and collective ownership of unused lands 168, 173–174 compared with individuals (Hobbes) 267–268, 271 definition of ‘unjust enemy’ 65, 87, 92–93 emergence of 237, 238, 247 equality under UN Charter 78, 79 Hegel’s view of 226–228 and international law 59, 63 and protection of property 160 relations between 54, 61, 69 and right to go to war 77–78 rights of 54, 61 and self-conscious reform 64 and supra-national organization 67–68 and unilateral judgments 75, 85, 91 see also absolutist states; confederation of states; sovereign authority; sovereignty (state); Westphalia stationary state, Mill’s preference for 199, 200 Stewart, Dugald 139 Stoics, Smith’s view of 145 Strauss, Leo 23, 254, 273, 274, 275 Suarez, Francisco de 238 subjectivity, in readings of Kant 56, 57, 70 symbolic theology, Lafitau’s 130, 132 Syracuse, defeat of Athens at 44 Tacitus 163 terra nullius, doctrine of 157, 163–176 and concept of community rights 169 and sovereignty 176–177 307 Index Teson, ´ Fernando and Democratic Peace 80–81 interpretation of Kant 75, 78, 82–83, 84, 93 on lawful coercion 90 and liberal enforcement 86 on nature of non-liberal states 88 Test Act (1673) 159 Third World, and conditional aid 188 Thirty Years War 237, 238, 242, 257 see also Westphalia Thucydides 17, 18–19, 233 account of Corcyraean civil war (stasis) 39, 40–41 Archeology 46, 47 and historical forces 46 History of the Peloponnesian War 27 and moral norms 28 on Pericles 28, 30–35 and Realism scepticism 38, 49–50 use of antithesis 28–30, 47 time and human development theory 125, 143–144, 147–148 and space 143, 144–145 ‘time-shifting’ 131, 134, 142 trade and equality of states 110 free 193 Kant’s limits on 187 right to 187 and transnational relations of states 54, 181, 187–189 traditions, invented 10 treaties, early modern analyses of 245–248 trust-building 70 Tuck, Richard Philosophy and Government 239 re-interpretation of Grotius 234, 237–240 The Rights of War and Peace 239 tychˆe (chance), power of 35–38, 44 unilateral judgments 75, 85, 91 United Nations 56, 158 Charter 77 legal shortcomings of Charter 78–79, 94 and sovereign equality 78, 79 United States of America application of terra nullius doctrine 157 Declaration of Independence (1776) 156, 211 ‘Hobbesian’ world view 2, 308 modern imperialism 196 and Nicaragua case before ICJ 90–91 see also American Indians; Virginia ‘unjust enemy’ defined 65, 87 legitimate defence against 92–93 Vattel, Emmerich de and Grotius 237, 244, 247 Kant’s criticism of 70, 77 and obligation to cultivate land 163, 175 and terra nullius doctrine 157, 174 Venice, Rousseau’s observations on 99 Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) 156 settlement of 164, 172 Virilio, Paul 278 visible hand, political intervention 148, 151 Vitoria, Francisco de 132, 165, 238 Voltaire 100, 101 and Lafitau 130 Walker, R B J 234 war as ‘act of force’ (with no logical limit) 287, 289 as act of policy 292 and beliefs 256–257 between liberal and non-liberal states 189 Clausewitz’s definitions of 277, 279 as ‘commerce’ 288 concept of absolute war 293–294 dependent on trust of citizens 265–266 in dialectical models 283–284, 287, 288 effect on norms of rational action (Thucydides) 40 and equal experience of fear 289–290 as generative principle in social relations 278, 282, 285–287 Hegel’s view of 223, 227 Kant’s analysis of 185, 216 and kinesis (motion, instability) 40, 41 logic of relations of 288 norms of (Greek) 45 popular support for 185 pure vs real 279–282, 295 and Realism as right of sovereign states 77–78 role in formation of modern societies 285–287 and state power (Deleuze and Guattari) 292–294, 295 subordinated to political ends 277, 288, 291 Index tendency towards extreme 287–288, 289, 292, 293 as timeless issue in International Relations and trade 188 see also just war warrior, concept of (Deleuze and Guattari) 294 Washington Consensus, Smith invoked by 151 Weber, Max 202 Westphalia, Peace of contemporary view of 246 Grotius and 239, 242–243, 244, 248 significance of 22, 241–243, 251 Wheaton, Henry 242 Wight, Martin 11, 250 William III of Orange, King 158 Wolff, Christian 215, 244 Wollner, ¨ Johann Christof 219, 220 Wollstonecraft, Mary 156 world republic, Kant’s concept of 91, 93 World Trade Organization (WTO) 188 xuneton (practical intelligence) 39 309 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 91 Barry Buzan and Ole Wœver Regions and powers The structure of international security 90 A Claire Cutler Private power and global authority Transnational merchant law in the global political economy 89 Patrick M Morgan Deterrence now 88 Susan Sell Private power, public law The globalization of intellectual property rights 87 Nina Tannenwald The nuclear taboo The United States and the non-use of nuclear weapons since 1945 86 Linda Weiss (ed.) States in the global economy Bringing domestic institutions back in 85 Rodney Bruce Hall and Thomas J Biersteker (eds.) The emergence of private authority in global governance 84 Heather Rae State identities and the homogenisation of peoples 83 Maja Zehfuss Constructivism in international relations The politics of reality 82 Paul K Ruth and Todd Allee The democratic peace and territorial conflict in the twentieth century 81 Neta C Crawford Argument and change in world politics Ethics, decolonization and humanitarian intervention 80 Douglas Lemke Regions of war and peace 79 Richard Shapcott Justice, community and dialogue in international relations 78 Phil Steinberg The social construction of the ocean 77 Christine Sylvester Feminist international relations An unfinished journey 76 Kenneth A Schultz Democracy and coercive diplomacy 75 David Houghton US foreign policy and the Iran hostage crisis 74 Cecilia Albin Justice and fairness in international negotiation 73 Martin Shaw Theory of the global state Globality as an unfinished revolution 72 Frank C Zagare and D Marc Kilgour Perfect deterrence 71 Robert O’Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte and Marc Williams Contesting global governance Multilateral economic institutions and global social movements 70 Roland Bleiker Popular dissent, human agency and global politics 69 Bill McSweeney Security, identity and interests A sociology of international relations 68 Molly Cochran Normative theory in international relations A pragmatic approach 67 Alexander Wendt Social theory of international politics 66 Thomas Risse, Stephen C Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.) The power of human rights International norms and domestic change 65 Daniel W Drezner The sanctions paradox Economic statecraft and international relations 64 Viva Ona Bartkus The dynamic of secession 63 John A Vasquez The power of power politics From classical realism to neotraditionalism 62 Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.) Security communities 61 Charles Jones E H Carr and international relations A duty to lie 60 Jeffrey W Knopf Domestic society and international cooperation The impact of protest on US arms control policy 59 Nicholas Greenwood Onuf The republican legacy in international thought 58 Daniel S Geller and J David Singer Nations at war A scientific study of international conflict 57 Randall D Germain The international organization of credit States and global finance in the world economy 56 N Piers Ludlow Dealing with Britain The Six and the first UK application to the EEC 55 Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theories of international regimes 54 Miranda A Schreurs and Elizabeth C Economy (eds.) The internationalization of environmental protection 53 James N Rosenau Along the domestic–foreign frontier Exploring governance in a turbulent world 52 John M Hobson The wealth of states A comparative sociology of international economic and political change 51 Kalevi J Holsti The state, war, and the state of war 50 Christopher Clapham Africa and the international system The politics of state survival 49 Susan Strange The retreat of the state The diffusion of power in the world economy 48 William I Robinson Promoting polyarchy Globalization, US intervention, and hegemony 47 Roger Spegele Political realism in international theory 46 Thomas J Biersteker and Cynthia Weber (eds.) State sovereignty as social construct 45 Mervyn Frost Ethics in international relations A constitutive theory 44 Mark W Zacher with Brent A Sutton Governing global networks International regimes for transportation and communications 43 Mark Neufeld The restructuring of international relations theory 42 Thomas Risse-Kappen (ed.) Bringing transnational relations back in Non-state actors, domestic structures and international institutions 41 Hayward R Alker Rediscoveries and reformulations Humanistic methodologies for international studies 40 Robert W Cox with Timothy J Sinclair Approaches to world order 39 Jens Bartelson A genealogy of sovereignty 38 Mark Rupert Producing hegemony The politics of mass production and American global power 37 Cynthia Weber Simulating sovereignty Intervention, the state and symbolic exchange 36 Gary Goertz Contexts of international politics 35 James L Richardson Crisis diplomacy The great powers since the mid-nineteenth century 34 Bradley S Klein Strategic studies and world order The global politics of deterrence 33 T V Paul Asymmetric conflicts: war initiation by weaker powers 32 Christine Sylvester Feminist theory and international relations in a postmodern era 31 Peter J Schraeder US foreign policy toward Africa Incrementalism, crisis and change 30 Graham Spinardi From polaris to trident: the development of US fleet ballistic missile technology 29 David A Welch Justice and the genesis of war 28 Russell J Leng Interstate crisis behavior, 1816–1980: realism versus reciprocity 27 John A Vasquez The war puzzle 26 Stephen Gill (ed.) Gramsci, historical materialism and international relations 25 Mike Bowker and Robin Brown (eds.) From cold war to collapse: theory and world politics in the 1980s 24 R B J Walker Inside/outside: international relations as political theory 23 Edward Reiss The strategic defense initiative 22 Keith Krause Arms and the state: patterns of military production and trade 21 Roger Buckley US–Japan alliance diplomacy 1945–1990 20 James N Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds.) Governance without government: order and change in world politics 19 Michael Nicholson Rationality and the analysis of international conflict 18 John Stopford and Susan Strange Rival states, rival firms Competition for world market shares 17 Terry Nardin and David R Mapel (eds.) Traditions of international ethics 16 Charles F Doran Systems in crisis New imperatives of high politics at century’s end 15 Deon Geldenhuys Isolated states: a comparative analysis 14 Kalevi J Holsti Peace and war: armed conflicts and international order 1648–1989 13 Saki Dockrill Britain’s policy for West German rearmament 1950–1955 12 Robert H Jackson Quasi-states: sovereignty, international relations and the third world 11 James Barber and John Barratt South Africa’s foreign policy The search for status and security 1945–1988 10 James Mayall Nationalism and international society William Bloom Personal identity, national identity and international relations Zeev Maoz National choices and international processes Ian Clark The hierarchy of states Reform and resistance in the international order Hidemi Suganami The domestic analogy and world order proposals Stephen Gill American hegemony and the trilateral commission Michael C Pugh The ANZUS crisis, nuclear visiting and deterrence Michael Nicholson Formal theories in international relations Friedrich V Kratochwil Rules, norms, and decisions On the conditions of practical and legal reasoning in international relations and domestic affairs Myles L C Robertson Soviet policy towards Japan An analysis of trends in the 1970s and 1980s ... French Interdisciplinary Group at Northwestern University He is interested in European integration, international monetary relations, and philosophical underpinnings of International Relations theory. .. of indigenous peoples The moral backwardness of international society Series list continued after index Classical Theory in International Relations Edited by Beate Jahn cambridge university press. .. Quentin Skinner, Liberty Before Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p 111 Classical theory and international relations in context Intellectual contexts Historical continuity