0521864828 cambridge university press the migration of constitutional ideas jan 2007

This page intentionally left blank THE MIGRATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL IDEAS The migration of constitutional ideas across jurisdictions is rapidly emerging as one of the central features of contemporary constitutional practice The increasing use of comparative jurisprudence in interpreting constitutions is one example of this In this book, leading figures in the study of comparative constitutionalism and comparative constitutional politics from North America, Europe, and Australia discuss the dynamic processes whereby constitutional systems influence each other They explore basic methodological questions which have thus far received little attention, and examine the complex relationship between national and supranational constitutionalism – an issue of considerable contemporary interest in Europe The migration of constitutional ideas is discussed from a variety of methodological perspectives – comparative law, comparative politics, and cultural studies of law – and contributors draw on case studies from a wide variety of jurisdictions: Australia, Hungary, India, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada S U J I T C H O U D H R Y is Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law and Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto He has written widely on comparative constitutional law, and in constitutional law and theory more generally THE MIGRATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL IDEAS Edited by SUJIT CHOUDHRY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521864824 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-511-26877-9 eBook (EBL) 0-511-26877-7 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-521-86482-4 hardback 0-521-86482-8 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate CONTENTS List of contributors page vii Acknowledgements ix Migration as a new metaphor in comparative constitutional law SUJIT CHOUDHRY P A RT I The methodology of comparativism 37 On the blurred methodological matrix of comparative constitutional law 39 RAN HIRSCHL Some reflections on method in comparative constitutional law 67 MARK TUSHNET The postwar paradigm and American exceptionalism LORRAINE E WEINRIB 84 Convergence toward a liberal democratic model? 113 P A RT II Questioning the migration of constitutional ideas: rights, constitutionalism and the limits of convergence 115 JEFFREY GOLDSWORTHY Spreading liberal constitutionalism: an inquiry into the fate of free speech rights in new democracies ´ M I C H E L R O S E N F E L D A N D A N D R A´ S S A J O v 142 vi contents Underlying principles and the migration of reasoning templates: a trans-systemic reading of the Quebec Secession Reference 178 J E A N - F R A N C¸ O I S G A U D R E A U L T - D E S B I E N S Migrating marriages and comparative constitutionalism 209 BRENDA COSSMAN P A RT II I Comparative constitutional law, international law and transnational governance 231 Inimical to constitutional values: complex migrations of constitutional rights 233 MAYO MORAN 10 Democratic constitutionalism encounters international law: terms of engagement 256 MATTIAS KUMM 11 Constitution or model treaty? Struggling over the interpretive authority of NAFTA 294 DAVID SCHNEIDERMAN 12 The migration of constitutional ideas and the migration of the constitutional idea: the case of the EU 316 NEIL WALKER Comparative constitutional law in action – constitutionalism post 9/11 345 P A RT IV 13 The migration of anti-constitutional ideas: the post-9/11 globalization of public law and the international state of emergency 347 KIM LANE SCHEPPELE 14 The post-9/11 migration of Britain’s Terrorism Act 2000 374 KENT ROACH 15 ‘Control systems’ and the migration of anomalies OREN GROSS Index 431 403 CONTRIBUTORS Sujit Choudhry is Associate Professor of Law and Political Science at the University of Toronto Brenda Cossman is Professor of Law at the University of Toronto Jean-Franc¸ois Gaudreault-DesBiens is Canada Research Chair in North American and Comparative Legal and Cultural Identities at l’Universite´ de Montre´al Jeffrey Goldsworthy is Professor of Law (Personal Chair) at Monash University Oren Gross is Irving Younger Professor of Law at the University of Minnesota Ran Hirschl is Associate Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of Toronto Mattias Kumm is Associate Professor of Law at New York University Mayo Moran is Associate Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Toronto Kent Roach is Professor of Law, Criminology, and Political Science at the University of Toronto Michel Rosenfeld is Justice Sydney L Robins Professor of Human Rights at the Benjamin N Cardozo Law School at Yeshiva University Andra´s Sajo´ is Professor in the Legal Studies Department and Chair of Comparative Constitutional Programs at the Central European University Kim Lane Scheppele is Laurance S Rockefeller Professor of Public Affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School and University Center for Human Values at Princeton University David Schneiderman is Associate Professor of Law and Political Science at the University of Toronto vii viii contributors Mark Tushnet is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School Neil Walker is Professor of European Law at the European University Institute Lorraine Weinrib is Professor of Law and Political Science at the University of Toronto 434 index constitutional law Cont techniques and distinctions of graduated authority 291–3 interpretation issues see interpretation issues migration of ideas see migration of constitutional ideas supreme law constitutions 86 contextualism 68, 76–83 contract, freedom of 88, 108, 109 control systems, migration of constitutional ideas and 34, 403–4 Algerian war 34, 417–25 curtailment of right to silence 34, 409–14 ethnic riots in France (2005) 425–7 Guantanamo Bay internees 427–30 ‘interrogation in depth’ 415–17 martial law 404–9 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 246 Convention on the Rights of the Child 278 courts comparative and political analysis 54–5 constitutional 269–70 international law 259 postwar constitutional paradigm and 92–3 universalism and 69 culture Australian constitutional culture 67 EU constitutional culture 319, 322, 333–42 law and 18, 67 migration of cultural representations 225–8 customary international law 258, 268, 293, 259 NAFTA and 305–8 cy-pre`s 249 Dahl, Robert 54 Darwin, Charles 46 de Gaulle, Charles 417, 420, 422, 423, 424 De Klerk v Du Plessis (1996) SA 850 CC 251–5 death penalty 2, 3, 80, 82, 87, 104, 250 Debre´, Michel 421 decentralization 54 defamation see libel/defamation Delavignette, Robert 419 Delmas-Marty, M 193, 196 democracy 116, 119, 181, 259, 260, 331 ‘end of history’ thesis 118, 119–24 EU democratic deficit 321, 322–33 as implied constitutional principle 132–6, 183 international law and democratic constitutionalism 31, 256–61 achieving reasonable outcomes 273 application of framework 273–4 constitutional duty to engage 275–81 domestic relevance of international human rights treaties 275–81 domestic review of decisions by international institutions 282–91 international legality principle 261, 262–4 participation and accountability principle 268–72 precluding the migration of unconstitutional ideas 282–91 principles of engagement 261–2 subsidiarity principle 262–4, 271 techniques and distinctions of graduated authority 291–3 loss of faith in 121–2 migration of constitutional ideas and 27, 115–19, 140–1, 143 creative interpretation and 118, 124–40, 140–1 EU democratic deficit 321, 322–33 implied principles 132–6 legal authority to change constitutions through interpretation 125–9 moral authority to change constitutions through interpretation 137–40 original meaning 129–32 secession and 183 Dennis v United States 341 US 494 (1951) 69 index dialogical interpretation, migration of constitutional ideas and 19–24 difference, comparative law and 18, 22 discrimination racial see racial discrimination religious 243, 245–7 sex discrimination 241 dispute resolution constitutional conflict rules 258, 275, 291 customary international law and 305–8 Jay Treaty 308–11 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 294, 295, 302–4, 305–8, 309–11, 311–14, 315 private law model 311–14 Dolzer, Rudolf 308 domestic partnerships regime 223, 223 Dominion Students Hall Trust, Re 1947 Ch 183 Ch D 242 Dorsen, Morman 1, drafting errors 125 Dred Scott v Sandford 60 US 393 (1857) 110, 100 Drummond Wren, Re 1945 DLR 674 243–4, 245, 246, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254 dualist conception of legal world 257, 260 Dudgeon v UK 215 Durkheim, Emile 54 Dworkin, Ronald 129, 130, 376 Dymond, W 314 Easton, Susan 411 economic rights 45 economic security, anti-terrorism measures and 384, 399 education, right to 100 EGALE Canada Inc v Canada (Attorney General) (2003) 225 DLR (4th) 472 BCCA 211 Egypt Constitution 52 secular/religious divide in 52–3 elections 116, 119 electronic systems, anti-terrorism measures and 379, 384, 389, 397–8 435 elitism 122, 123 emergency powers 72–4, 403–4 Algerian war 34, 417–25 ethnic riots in France (2005) and 425–7 martial law 404–9 see also terrorism ‘end of history’ thesis 118, 119–24 enforcement obligations 184, 202, 206 racist agreements 241, 242–5, 247–51 rights 120–1 engagement rules 292 Epp, Charles 57–8 equality gender equality 44, 145 EU and 324 sex discrimination 241 homosexual people 145 essential services, anti-terrorism measures and 384, 389, 397–8 estoppel-like effect of constitutional values 234, 235, 240–2, 255 Canada Trust case 245–7 common law origins 242–5 constitutionalized public policy estoppel 245–7 Shelley v Kraemer case 247–51 South African De Klerk case 251–5 traditional paradigm 247–51 European Convention on Human Rights 107, 238, 275, 281, 283, 284, 327, 328 European Court of Human Rights 283, 284 citation in US courts 2, 3, 9, 215 free speech and 164, 165, 166, 167 European Union 32, 282, 283, 287, 297, 316 accountability and participation in 271, 272 Charter of Fundamental Rights 327, 338 Constitutional Convention (2002) 326–8, 329, 330, 335, 338, 340, 341 Constitutional Treaty 13, 264, 291, 321, 323, 326, 328, 340, 342, 343 EC Regulation 990/93 283, 285, 286 436 index European Union Cont EC Treaty 286 human rights and 323–4 institutions 322–3, 335 design 329–30 European Council 340 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 55, 322, 324–5, 334 interlocking with national systems 318 migration of constitutional ideas and 317–22, 342–3 constitutional culture and 319, 322, 333–42 democratic deficit and 321, 322–33 powers 319, 331 sanctions against terrorism and 288, 289, 289–91 Social Charters 327 sovereignty and 319 subsidiarity principle in 264 withdrawal from 340 Evans v Abney 936 US 435 (1970) 243 expressivism 68, 79–80, 81 expropriation, NAFTA takings rule 302–4, 305–8, 312 false necessity 81 federalism 137, 183, 400 functionalism and 74 secession and 181, 183 theory of constitutionalization 59 Flag Desecration Case 81 BVerfGE 278 (1990) 155 flags see national symbols Forbes, Representative 12 formalism 125 Foster v Florida 537 US 990 (2002) 2, 216 France Algerian war 34, 417–25 anti-terrorism measures 365, 369 Constitution 336, 423–4 constitutional revolution 61, 117 Cour de cassation 55 ethnic riots (2005) 425–7 implied principles in constitutions and 194 judges in 54 freedom fighters 396 freedom of contract 88, 108, 109 freedom of religion 87, 172 free speech 28, 69–72, 74–5, 87, 134 desecration of national symbols Germany 149, 155–6 Hungary 166–8 USA 147, 154–5 hate speech regulation 71–2, 76–7 Canada 71, 77 Germany 148, 151–2 Hungary 161–4, 175 UK 77 USA 71–2, 77, 147, 149–51 libel/defamation 70–1, 77, 238 Australia 71, 78 Canada 238 Germany 78, 149, 153–4 Hungary 164–6, 170, 175 New Zealand 71 South Africa 238, 251–5 UK 78, 238 USA 70, 77, 147, 152–3 liberalism and 144–5, 146–7 Germany 146, 147–9 Hungary 156–75, 175–7 multi-layered liberalism 172–5 USA 146, 147–9 sedition and 69–70 free trade 299–301 Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) 297, 315 freezing assets 288–91, 368–71 functionalism 17, 21, 68, 72–5 emergency powers and 72–4 federalism and 74 Gandhi, Indira 139 gap filling 126, 197–8 Gardbaum, Stephen 248 Gardiner, Lord 416 Gaudin, Michel 426 gays and lesbians domestic partnerships regime 223 equality for 145 marriage 29, 209–11, 228–9 migration of constitutional ideas and 29, 210, 211–20, 223–5 index migration of cultural representations 225–8 US citizens marrying in Canada 209–10, 221–5, 225–8, 228–9 Geertz, Clifford 54 gender equality 44, 145 EU and 324 sex discrimination 241 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 301 Geneva Conventions 429 Germany anti-terrorism measures 354 Basic Law 91, 146, 148, 152, 155, 190, 280 constitutional revolution 61 constitutional values within the domestic legal order 235 free speech in 146, 147–9 desecration of national symbols 149, 155–6 hate speech regulation 148, 151–2 libel/defamation 78, 149, 153–4 influential authority of constitutional values 237 international law and 259 human rights treaties 280 Nazi regime 86, 89, 91, 100, 148 postwar constitutional paradigm and 91 Ginsburg, Justice 10 Ginsburg, Tom, Judicial Review in New Democracies 49 globalization globalized localism 307 legal 350–1 anti-terrorism measures 350–1, 352–9, 359–71 Goldsmith, Jack 429 Goodridge v Department of Health 798 NE 2d 941 (2004) 21213, 219, 220 Goărguăluă v Germany (2004) BvR 1481/04 280–1 government and the state administrative state 270–5 independent judiciary and 120 infringement of rights and 93–5, 95–8 437 postwar constitutional paradigm and 90–1, 93–5, 95–8 regulatory expropriations and nationalizations 302–4 see also sovereignty Greenstock, Jeremy 357 Griswold v Connecticut 381 US 479 (1965) 101 Grutter v Bollinger 539 US 306 (2003) 279 habeas corpus Guantanamo Bay internees and 427 suspension of 73 Habermas, Juărgen 160 Halpern v Canada (Attorney General) (2002) 28 RFL (5th) 41 Ont Div Ct.; (2003) 225 DLR (4th) 529 Ont CA 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220 Hart, M 301, 314 hate speech regulation 71–2, 76–7 Canada 71, 77 Germany 148 Hungary 161–4, 175 UK 77 USA 71–2, 77, 147, 149–51 hegemonic groups, constitutionalization of rights and 60–1 Helmke, Gretchen 50 Hendricks v Quebec 2002 RJQ 2506 Qc Sup Ct 211 Hennefeld v Township of Montclair 2005 WL 646650 (2005) 223 Hernandez v Robles 794 NYS 2d 597 (2005) 213 Hevesi, Alan 225 higher law constitutions 86 Hill v Church of Scientology 1995 SCR 1130 SCC 254–5 Hillyer, Quin Hitz, Fred 429 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 144, 302 Holocaust Denial Case 90 BVerfGE 241 (1994) 151, 152 homosexual people see gays and lesbians 438 index Hong Kong, anti-terrorism measures 375, 376, 389–92, 401 Howard, Michael 412 Howse, R 188 human rights issues anti-terrorism measures and 289–91, 357, 365, 385 complex migrations of constitutional rights 30, 233–5, 255 constitutional values within the domestic legal order 235–6 estoppel-like effect see estoppellike effect of constitutional values influential authority of constitutional values 236–40 constitutionalization of rights 58–63 curtailment of right to silence 34, 409–14 domestic relevance of international human rights treaties 275–81 enforcement of rights 120–1 EU and 323–4 legal globalization and 350 liberalism and 144 postwar constitutional paradigm and 88, 89, 90, 95 infringement 93–5 Warren Court and 98–105 rights revolutions 57–8, 117, 118, 121 universalism and 69 US Constitution and 85 see also free speech Hungary Civil Code 1959 157, 170 Constitution 157 Criminal Code 158, 161 free speech in 28, 156–75, 175–7 assessment 168–70 Constitutional Court and 158–61 desecration of national symbols 166–8 emergence of 157–8 erosion of liberal position 170–2 hate speech regulation 161–4, 175 libel/defamation 164–6, 170, 175 multi-layered liberalism 172–5 Press Act 1986 157 Hurd v Hodge 334 US 24 (1948) 247, 248, 252 Hustler Magazine v Falwell 485 US 46 (1988) 153 hybrid models of judicial review 123 illiberalism 145–6 immigration law, anti-terrorism measures and 380–1, 386 imperialism see colonialism implied constitutional principles 132–6, 178 civil law systems 178, 189–98, 203 Quebec Secession Reference and 179–89, 195, 204, 206 independent judiciary 44, 54, 69, 122, 185 liberal model and 116, 117, 119–20 indeterminacies 126, 127 India affirmative action in 78 anti-terrorism measures 354, 400 Constitution 138–40 constitutionalization in 61 rights revolutions 57, 117 individualism 143–4 Indonesia, anti-terrorism measures 375, 392–5, 401 inference-oriented comparative studies 46–7, 64 principles of case-selection 47–63 ‘most different cases’ logic 51–3 ‘most difficult cases’ logic 55–8 ‘most similar cases’ logic 48–51 ‘outlier cases’ logic 58–63 ‘prototypical cases’ logic 53–5 Innis, Harold Adams 298, 299 institutions domestic review of decisions by international institutions 282–91 European Union 322–3, 335 design 329–30 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 55, 322, 324–5 intentions anti-terrorism measures and 397 implied principles and 135 index moral authority to change constitutions by interpretation and 138 original meanings and 129 US Constitution as indigenous historically-fixed conception 85–6, 87, 88, 216 Inter-American Covenant on Human Rights 275 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 71, 246, 278 International Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism 359, 386 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 71, 246, 275 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratstelle fuăr Getreide und Futtermittel Case 11/70 1970 ECR 1125 324 international law 30, 33 anti-terrorism measures 350–1, 352–9, 371 customary 258, 259, 268, 293 NAFTA and 305–8 democratic constitutionalism and 31, 256–61 achieving reasonable outcomes 273 application of framework 273–4 constitutional duty to engage 275–81 domestic relevance of international human rights treaties 275–81 domestic review of decisions by international institutions 282–91 international legality principle 261, 262–4 participation and accountability principle 268–72 precluding the migration of unconstitutional ideas 282–91 principles of engagement 261–2 subsidiarity principle 262–4, 271 techniques and distinctions of graduated authority 291–3 439 duty to obey (international legality principle) 261, 262–4 politics of comparative constitutional law 1–13 treaties 258, 259, 268, 282, 291, 293 domestic relevance of international human rights treaties 275–81 international trade free trade 299–301 tariffs 299 interpretation issues 17, 93, 118 creative interpretation and liberal democratic model 118, 124–40, 140–1 implied principles 132–6 legal authority to change constitutions through interpretation 125–9 moral authority to change constitutions through interpretation 137–40 original meaning 129–32 implied constitutional principles 132–6, 178, 184, 192 civil law systems 178, 189–98, 203 Quebec Secession Reference and 179–89, 195, 204, 206 international law 275 migration of constitutional ideas and 19–24 ‘interrogation in depth’ 415–17 investment controls on 299 dispute resolution customary international law and 305–8 Jay Treaty 308–11 NAFTA 294, 295, 302–4, 305–8, 309–11, 311–14, 315 private law model 311–14 Iraq, invasion of 341 Irish Constitution (1937), Preamble 79–80 Islamic countries, constitutionalism in 44 Israel constitutional revolution 62, 63, 117 secular/religious divide in 52 440 index Italy constitutional revolution 61 judges in 54 Jackson, J 264 Jackson, Vicki 44 Jacobsen, Gary 217 Japan, constitutional revolution 61 Jay Treaty 308–11, 314 judges appointment 6, 120 independence 44, 54, 69, 122, 185 liberal model and 116, 117, 119–20 interpretation by see interpretation issues judicial activism 6, 117, 217 procedures followed by 122 regime interests and 54 salaries 185 judicial review 4, 6, 28, 136, 270 democracy and 5, establishment of 58 hybrid models 123 transitional democracies jurisdictional issues, subsidiarity principle 262–4, 271 jus cogens 290 jus commune, constitutions as 198–203 justice compensatory/rectificatory 78, 79 constitutional theory and 15–16 Juwana, Professor 394 Kahn, Paul Kandu, In re 315 BR 123 (2004) 222–3 Kelsen, H 197 Kennedy, Justice 2, King, G 46 King, Tom 410 Knight v Florida 528 US 990 (1990) Knop, K 308 Koh, Harold Korea (South), democratization in 49, 50 Koătz, H 18 Kurdish separatism 70 Lasser, Mitchell 14 Judicial Deliberations 55 Lawrence v Texas 539 US 558 (2003) 2, 7, 9, 11, 215, 216, 218, 220 Leclair, J 188 legal globalization 350–1 anti-terrorism measures 350–1, 352–9, 359–71 legal transplants, comparative law and 17–19, 174 Legrand, Pierre 17, 18, 19 Legum, Barton 308, 309, 310 Le´vi-Strauss, Claude 83 Lewis v Harris 2003 WL 23191114 (2003) 219, 223 libel/defamation 70–1, 77, 238 Australia 71, 78 Canada 238 Germany 78, 149, 153–4 Hungary 164–6, 170, 175 New Zealand 71 South Africa 238 De Klerk v Du Plessis case 251–5 UK 78, 238 USA 70, 77, 147, 152–3 liberalism 15, 259 ‘end of history’ thesis 118, 119–24 free speech rights 144–5, 146–7 Germany 146, 147–9 Hungary 156–75, 175–7 multi-layered liberalism 172–5 USA 146, 147–9 illiberalism and 145–6 loss of faith in democracy 121–2 meaning 143–4 migration of constitutional ideas and liberal democratic model 27, 115–19, 140–1, 143 creative interpretation and 118, 124–40, 140–1 implied principles 132–6 legal authority to change constitutions through interpretation 125–9 moral authority to change constitutions through interpretation 137–40 original meaning 129–32 Lipsey, Richard 301 literalism 199 index non-originalist 130, 133 Lloyd, Lord 378 Lochner v New York 198 US 45 (1905) 88, 101, 105–10, 217 Lord, Bernard 302 Loving v Virginia 388 US (1967) 101 Lysaght, Re 1966 Ch 191 Ch D 241, 243 MacCormick, Neil 274, 332 MacDonald, Donald S 300 Macdonald, John A 299 McNamara, Kevin 412 Maine, Henry 54 Majone, G 327 Marbury v Madison US 137 (1803) Markesinis, Basil 18 marriage racially mixed marriages 101 recognition of foreign marriages 221, 224 same-sex couples 29, 209–11, 228–9 migration of constitutional ideas and 29, 210, 211–20, 223–5 migration of cultural representations 225–8 US citizens marrying in Canada 209–10, 221–5, 225–8, 228–9 Marriage Cases 2005 WL 583129 (2005) 214 Marshall, Chief Justice martial law 404–9 Massu, Jacques 419 Mende`s-France, Pierre 418 Menem, Carlos 51 Mephisto case 30 BVerfGE 173 (1971) 153 methodological issues 25, 26, 67–83 blurred methodological matrix of comparative constitutional law 39–40 creative interpretation and 126 four types of comparative inquiry 40–7 comparative reference approach 41–3 multiple description method 43–6 single country studies 41 441 theory building through causal inference 46–7 inference-oriented comparative studies 46–7, 64 principles of case-selection 47–63 towards a unified study of the migration of constitutional ideas 63–6 Mexico, anti-terrorism measures 366–7, 370 M’hidi, Ben 420 Miami Herald Publishing Co v Tornillo 418 US 241 (1974) 170 Michelman, Frank 23–4 migration of constitutional ideas 84, 316–22, 347–52 advantages 316 anti-models 217, 218, 220 complex migrations of constitutional rights 30, 233–5 constitutional values within the domestic legal order 235–6 estoppel-like effect see estoppel-like effect of constitutional values influential authority of constitutional values 236–40 control systems and 34, 403–4 Algerian war 34, 417–25 curtailment of right to silence 34, 409–14 ethnic riots in France (2005) 425–7 Guantanamo Bay internees 427–30 martial law 404–9 dialogical interpretation and 19–24 disadvantages 317 European Union 317–22, 342–3 constitutional culture and 319, 322, 333–42 democratic deficit and 321, 322–33 implied principles in constitutions and 178, 193 legal globalization 350–1 anti-terrorism measures 350–1, 352–9, 359–71 liberal democratic model and 27, 115–19, 140–1, 143 creative interpretation and 118, 124–40, 140–1 442 index migration of constitutional ideas Cont ‘end of history’ thesis 118, 119–24 implied principles 132–6 legal authority to change constitutions through interpretation 125–9 moral authority to change constitutions through interpretation 137–40 original meaning 129–32 methodological issues see methodological issues politics of comparative constitutional law 1–13 postwar constitutional paradigm 86–7, 88, 89–98, 110–11, 115, 127 courts and 92–3 human rights and 88, 89, 90, 93–5, 98–105 limits on state action 90–1, 93–5, 95–8 Lochner case and 88, 101, 105–10 Warren Court and 87, 88, 98–105 precluding the migration of unconstitutional ideas 282–91 reasoning templates and 179, 207, 208 same-sex marriage and 29, 210, 211–20, 223–5 migration of cultural representations 225–8 US citizens marrying in Canada 209–10, 221–5, 225–8, 228–9 situation in discipline of comparative constitutional law 13–16 supranational context 317–22 terrorism 371, 374–7, 400–2 bricolage concept 376, 382, 400 Canadian legislation 386 chain novel concept 376, 382, 388, 397, 398, 399 domestic law 359–71 international law 350–1, 352–9 UK Terrorism Act 2000 34, 365, 374, 376, 377–9, 401 US Patriot Act 376, 381, 401 towards a unified study 63–6 military action 72, 75 Algerian war 34, 417–25 anti-terrorism measures and 396 invasion of Iraq 341 martial law 404–9 Mill, John Stuart 48, 144 minority protection 183 moderate originalism 129, 131 Modinos v Cyprus 259 ECHR (1993) 216 Mongolia, democratization in 49 monist conception of legal world 257, 260 moral obligations 202 Morrison v Sadler 821 NE 2d 15 (2005) 218, 220 Morvan, P 196 Mulroney, Brian 300 Myers (S.D.) case 304 nationalization, NAFTA takings rule 302–4, 305–8, 312 National Socialist Party of America v Village of Skokie 432 US 43 (1977) 149, 150 national symbols, desecration of Germany 149, 155–6 Hungary 166–8 USA 147, 154–5 natural obligations 202 Nazi regime 86, 89, 91, 100, 148 Nehru, Jawaharlal 139 Nelken, David 19 Neuman, Gerald 404 Newsom, Gavin 214 New York Times v Sullivan 376 US 254 (1964) 152, 153, 164, 254 New Zealand 117 Bill of Rights 44 gaining independence 14–15 libel/defamation in 71 Noble and Wolf, Re 1949 DLR 375 Ont CA 244–5, 249 non-originalist literalism 130 Norris v Ireland 142 ECHR (1988) 216 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 31, 294–6, 315 index constitutionalist view 296, 297, 314, 315 internationalist view 296, 297, 298, 304, 314, 315 customary international law in 305–8 Jay Treaty in 308–11 private law model 311–14 investment dispute mechanism 294, 295, 309–11 takings rule 302–4, 305–8, 312 as new constitutional order 294, 295, 296, 304, 312, 314 Northern Ireland curtailment of right to silence 34, 409–14 ‘interrogation in depth’ 415–17 obligations 202–3 enforcement 184, 202, 206 O’Connor, Justice 10 Oliver, Peter, The Constitution of Independence 14–15 Oppenheim, L 307 Organization of African Unity Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism 397 originalism 6, 127 moderate 129, 131 US Constitution as indigenous historically-fixed conception 85–6, 87, 88, 216 Oslo Convention on Land Mines 275 Ottoman Empire 54 Otto-Preminger-Institut v Austria 1994 ECHR 26 166 P G J H v UK 215 Pakistan, anti-terrorism measures 394 parliament/legislatures erosion of importance of 269 parliamentary sovereignty 14, 130–1 participation, international law and democratic constitutionalism and 268–72 particularism 216 Perry, Troy 221 443 Plessy v Ferguson 163 US 537 (1896) 100, 105, 110 police, Lochner case 88, 101, 105–10 Political Satire Case 75 BVerfGE 369 (1987) 153 politics anti-terrorism measures and political motives 377, 380, 383, 388, 390, 393, 394, 399 comparative constitutional law and 1–13 Popper, Karl 149 Posner, Judge postwar constitutional paradigm 86–7, 88, 89–98, 110–11, 115, 127 courts and 92–3 human rights and 88, 89, 90, 95 infringement 93–5 Warren Court and 98–105 limits on state action 90–1, 93–5, 95–8 Lochner case and 88, 101, 105–10 Warren Court and 87, 88, 98, 98–105 pragmatism 140, 258, 271 preambles to constitutions 79–80 Printz v United States 521 US 898 (1997) 1, 76 privacy, right to 102, 238 procedural issues, accountability and participation 268–72 property, anti-terrorism measures and 385, 397 proportionality principle 96, 161, 325 subsidiarity and 265 protests, anti-terrorism measures and 384–5, 387–8, 391–2, 396 public policy, agreements contrary to 242–5, 245–7, 247–51 public services see essential services purposive interpretation 126 implied principles in constitutions 132–6 non-originalist 130, 133 Quebec Secession Reference 1998 SCR 217 29, 179, 201, 203–7 implied constitutional principles and 179–89, 195, 204, 206 444 index R A V v City of St Paul 505 US 377 (1992) 150, 151 Raalf, Matthew 215 Rabkin, Jeremy 12 racial discrimination 100 affirmative action 23–4, 78–9 enforcement of racist agreements 241, 242–5, 247–51 ethnic riots in France (2005) and 425–7 racially mixed marriages 101 Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz Case C-162/96 1998 ECR I-365517 Ramsey, Michael Rawls, John 263 Raz, Joseph 128, 137 Reagan, Ronald 82, 294 realism 10, 125, 140 reasonableness, international law and democratic constitutionalism and 273 reasoning templates 178, 179, 207, 208 Red Lion Broadcasting Co v FCC 395 US 367 (1969) 170 Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island; Reference re Independence and Impartiality of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island 1997 SCR SCC 185, 186, 187, 189 regulation, NAFTA takings rule and 305–8 Rehnquist, Justice 103 Rekve´nyi v Hungary 1999 ECHR 31 167 religion anti-terrorism measures and 377, 380, 383, 388, 390, 393, 394, 399 freedom of 87, 172 religious discrimination 243, 245–7 rendition 428 Roach, Kent 366 Roberts, Chief Justice 6, 7, Roe v Wade 410 US 113 101, 102 Root, Elihu 307 Roper v Simmons 543 US 551 (2005) 2, 3, 24, 250, 278 Rosenberg, Gerald, The Hollow Hope 56–7 Rossiter, Clinton 407 Rostow, Nicholas 352 Royal Commission on Economic Union and Development (Canada) 300 rule of law 183, 262 Russia, Constitutional Court in 51 R v Keegstra 1990 SCR 697 108 R v Oakes 1986 SCR 103 94 Ryun, Representative 12 salaries of judges 185 sanctions against terrorism 352–9 freezing assets 288–91, 368–71 San Francisco Charter 244 Santos, B 307 Sathe, S P., Judicial Activism in India 138, 139 Scalia, Justice 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 24, 138, 216, 217, 218, 220 Scharpf, F 332 Scheppele, Kim 19, 20, 374 Schiff, Representative 12 Schwartz, Bryan 304 Schwarzenberger, G 309 secession from EU 340 Quebec Secession Reference 1998 SCR 217 29, 179, 201, 203–7 implied constitutional principles and 179–89, 195, 204, 206 secularization 52–3 security law see terrorism sedition 69–70 self-understandings in constitutions 80, 81, 82 separation agreements 241 separation of powers 69, 75, 337 sex discrimination 241 sexual harassment 19 sexuality regulation of see also gays and lesbians Shapiro, Martin, Courts: A Comparative and Political Analysis 54–5 Shelley v Kraemer 334 US (1948) 242, 247–51, 252, 253, 254 index silence, curtailment of right to 34, 409–14 simple contextualism 68 Skinner v Oklahoma 316 US 535 (1942) 102 slavery 99 Smith, Adam 147 social rights 45 South Africa affirmative action in 23–4 anti-terrorism measures 375, 376, 395–400, 401, 402 Constitution 5, 23–4, 80, 279–80, 336, 398 constitutional values within the domestic legal order 235 influential authority of constitutional values 236, 238 international human rights treaties and 279–80 libel/defamation in 238 De Klerk v Du Plessis case 251–5 migration of constitutional ideas in 5, 20 sovereignty 264, 274 European Union 319 NAFTA and 302 parliamentary 14, 130–1 secession and 181 threat from migration of constitutional ideas to 11–12 Spain anti-terrorism measures 370 emergency powers in 73 speech, freedom of see free speech Standhardt v Superior Court ex rel County of Maricopa 206 Ariz 276 (2003) 219, 220 Stanford v Kentucky 492 US 361 (1989) 80, 82 staples thesis 298 state see government and the state Statute of the International Court 307 Stauder v City of Ulm Case 29/69 1969 ECR 419 324 Steyn, Lord 428 Strauss, D 199 strikes, anti-terrorism measures and 377, 384–5, 387–8, 391–2, 396 445 subsidiarity principle 262–4, 271 supreme law constitutions 86 Szasz, Paul 354 Taiwan, democratization in 49 takings rule 302–4, 305–8, 312 tariffs 299 terrorism 31, 32 criminalizing terrorism 362–8 curtailment of right to silence and 34, 409–14 definitions 362–7 Australian legislation 386–9 Brunei legislation 364 Canadian legislation 365, 375, 376, 382–4, 385–6, 401, 402 Chinese legislation 364 French legislation 365 Hong Kong legislation 375, 389–92 Indian legislation 400 Indonesian legislation 392–5, 401 South African legislation 375, 395–400, 402 UK Terrorism Act 34, 365, 375, 377–9 US Patriot Act 375, 379–82, 401 Vietnamese legislation 363 Guantanamo Bay internees 427–30 human rights issues and 289–91, 357, 365, 385 migration of constitutional ideas and 371, 374–7, 400–2 bricolage concept 376, 382, 400 Canadian legislation 386 chain novel concept 376, 382, 388, 397, 398, 399 domestic law 359–71 international law 350–1, 352–9 UK Terrorism Act 2000 34, 365, 374, 376, 377–9, 401 US Patriot Act 376, 381, 401 sanctions against 352–9 freezing assets 288–91, 368–71 Texas v Johnson 491 US 397 (1989) 154 theory building anti-theoretical stances 260 inference-oriented comparative studies 46–7, 64 446 index theory building Cont principles of case-selection 47–63 Thomas, Justice torture during Algerian war 34, 417, 419–20 Guantanamo Bay internees and 428–30 ‘interrogation in depth’ 415–17 totalitarianism 145 trade see international trade transitional democracies 44 constitutionalization 61 international human rights treaties and 276 judicial review in see also Hungary Treanor, William 75 treaties 258, 259, 268, 282, 291, 293 domestic relevance of international human rights treaties 275–81 tribunals 119 trusts, striking out of racist provisions in 242–5 Turkey Kurdish separatism in 70 Ottoman system 54 secular/religious divide in 52 Tushnet, Mark 44 Tuvalu 267 United Kingdom 123 anti-terrorism measures 34, 354, 365, 375, 385, 401 curtailment of right to silence 34, 409–14 constitutional values within the domestic legal order 235 Criminal Evidence Order (Northern Ireland) 1988 411–12, 413, 414 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 412–13 Defence of the Realm Act 1914 406–8, 409 Emergency Powers Act 1920 408–9 enforcement of racially discriminatory agreements 242, 243 enforcement of rights in 120 hate speech regulation in 77 Human Rights Act 1998 44, 61 influential authority of constitutional values 236, 238 ‘interrogation in depth’ 415–17 judicial independence in 54 libel/defamation in 78, 238 martial law in 404–9 Petition of Right (1628) 405 Race Relations Act 1976 77 Terrorism Act 2000 34, 354, 375, 385, 401 migration of constitutional ideas and 34, 365, 374, 376, 377–9, 401 United Mexican States v Metalclad Corporation (2001) 12 World Trade and Arbitration Materials 312, 313 United Nations 8, 282, 287 anti-terrorism measures and 31, 288–91, 352–9 General Assembly, Resolution 56/1 283 Security Council 283, 288, 352–9, 360, 363, 369, 372 anti-terrorism measures and 31, 33, 288–91, 352–9 Resolution 283, 285, 286 Resolution 1267 355 Resolution 1333 355 Resolution 1368 352 Resolution 1373 33, 352–4, 354–5, 357, 359, 367, 368, 372, 374, 375, 376 Resolution 1455 356 Resolution 1456 357 Resolution 1526 358 Resolution 1535 358 Resolution 1540 359 Resolution 1566 358 subsidiarity and 266–8 United States of America abortion in 145 Roe v Wade case 101, 102–4 affirmative action in 23–4, 78–9 anti-terrorism measures 354, 375, 376, 379–82, 401 Guantanamo Bay internees 427–30 carbon emissions and 266–7 index Civil Rights Act 1866 247 Constitution 87, 126, 127, 336 Bill of Rights 2, 104, 378 Eighth Amendment 279 Federal Marriage Amendment 228–9 Fifth Amendment 304, 314 First Amendment 148 Fourteenth Amendment 100, 102, 106, 108, 109, 247, 248, 249, 304, 314 indigenous historically-fixed conception 85–6, 87, 88, 216 as inspiration for other constitutions 84 rights-based conception 85, 104 constitutional values within the domestic legal order 235 death penalty in 2, 3, 80, 82, 87, 104, 250 emergency powers in 72–3 enforcement of racially discriminatory agreements 242, 247–51 exceptionalism 27, 29, 99, 215, 376 free speech in 146, 147–9 desecration of national symbols 147, 154–5 hate speech regulation 71–2, 77, 147, 149–51 libel/defamation 70, 77, 147, 152–3 sedition cases 69–70 Guantanamo Bay internees 427–30 immigration law 380–1 international law and 259 human rights treaties 278–9 judicial activism in 6, 117, 217 judicial system 55 landmark court rulings 56–7 postwar constitutional paradigm and 84, 111 Lochner case and 88, 101, 105–10 Warren Court 87, 88, 98–105 rights revolutions 57 same-sex marriage in 29, 209–11 migration of constitutional ideas and 29, 210, 211–20, 223–5 447 migration of cultural representations 225–8 US citizens marrying in Canada 209–10, 221–5, 225–8 self-understanding in 80, 82 UN Security Council Resolutions and 369 USA PATRIOT Act 266–7, 375, 376, 379–82, 401 Warren Court 85, 87, 88, 98–105 United States v Burns 2001 SCR 283 SCC 80 United States v Eichman 496 US 310 (1990) 154 universalism 15, 43, 68, 69–72, 74, 316 free speech and 69–72, 74–5 US-Australia trade and investment treaty (2004) 315 Uzbekistan, anti-terrorism measures 354 Vandevelde, K 313 Vanuatu, anti-terrorism measures 365 Venezuela, anti-terrorism measures 370 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 275 Vietnam, anti-terrorism measures 363, 364 Virginia v Black 538 US 343 (2003) 150, 151 Walker, Clive 378 Walker, Neil 21 war 72, 75 Algerian war 34, 417–25 invasion of Iraq 341 martial law 404–9 Watkins, Mel 299 Watson, Alan 17 Weber, Max 54, 264–8 Weiler, J 332 Weinrib, Lorraine 214 Whitman, James Q 18, 19 Winthrop, John 82 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 198 448 women gender equality 44, 145 EU and 324 sex discrimination 241 sexual harassment 19 Wu, Tim Wuillaume, Roger 419 index Yeltsin, Boris 51 Yemen, anti-terrorism measures 354 Zagrebelsky, G 191 Zorkin, Valerii 51 Zwiegert, K 18 ... the migration of constitutional ideas in the discipline of comparative constitutional law The gap between the intellectual architecture of constitutional law and the increasing speed of the migration. .. SCHNEIDERMAN 12 The migration of constitutional ideas and the migration of the constitutional idea: the case of the EU 316 NEIL WALKER Comparative constitutional law in action – constitutionalism... blank THE MIGRATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL IDEAS The migration of constitutional ideas across jurisdictions is rapidly emerging as one of the central features of contemporary constitutional practice The