This page intentionally left blank PARISH AND BELONGING What role did the parish play in people’s lives in England and Wales, between 1700 and the mid-twentieth century? By comparison with globalisation and its dislocating effects, this book stresses how important parochial belonging once was Professor Snell discusses themes such as subjective ideas of belonging, cultures of local xenophobia, settlement law and practice, marriage patterns, the continuance of outdoor relief in people’s own parishes under the new poor law, the many new parishes of the period and their effects upon people’s local attachments The book highlights the continuing vitality of the parish as a unit in people’s lives, and the administration associated with it It employs a variety of historical methods, and makes important contributions to the history of welfare, community identity and belonging It is highly relevant to the modern themes of globalisation, de-localisation, and the decline of community, helping to set such changes and their consequences into local historical perspective K D M SNELL is Professor of Rural and Cultural History at the Centre for English Local History, University of Leicester His previous publications include Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1660– 1900 (1985) and Rival Jerusalems: The Geography of Victorian Religion (2000) PARISH AND BELONGING Community, Identity and Welfare in England and Wales, 1700–1950 K D M SNELL cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521862929 © K D M Snell 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-26017-9 eBook (EBL) 0-511-26017-2 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-86292-9 hardback 0-521-86292-2 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate This book is dedicated to Charles Phythian-Adams, Professor of English Local History, learned colleague and friend A human life, I think, should be well rooted in some spot of a native land, where it may get the love of tender kinship for the face of earth, for the labours men go forth to, for the sounds and accents that haunt it, for whatever will give that early home a familiar unmistakable difference amidst the future widening of knowledge: a spot where the definiteness of early memories may be inwrought with affection, and kindly acquaintance with all neighbours, even to the dogs and donkeys, may spread not by sentimental effort and reflection, but as a sweet habit of the blood At five years old, mortals are not prepared to be citizens of the world, to be stimulated by abstract nouns, to soar above preference into impartiality; and that prejudice in favour of milk with which we blindly begin, is a type of the way body and soul must get nourished at least for a time The best introduction to astronomy is to think of the nightly heavens as a little lot of stars belonging to one’s own homestead (George Eliot, Daniel Deronda (1876, Harmondsworth, 1984), p 50) What life have you if you have not life together? There is no life that is not in community, And no community not lived in praise of GOD Even the anchorite who meditates alone, For whom the days and nights repeat the praise of GOD, Prays for the Church, the Body of Christ incarnate, And now you live dispersed on ribbon roads, And no man knows or cares who is his neighbour Unless his neighbour makes too much disturbance, But all dash to and fro in motor cars, Familiar with the roads and settled nowhere Nor does the family even move about together, But every son would have his motor cycle, And daughters ride away on casual pillions (T S Eliot, ‘Choruses from “The Rock”’, II (1934), in his Collected Poems, 1909–1962 (London, 1974), p 168) Driving a pony and trap one’s eyes are released from the road-hypnotism of motor travel; one gazes upon the fields and up into the trees Gardens present themselves like Nature’s shop-windows, and domestic moments through open cottage doors The birds are not frightened from the hedges; paddocked horses look over and greet the stranger It is not merely the handling of reins instead of wheel; one slips into another rhythm of life altogether, as different from the mechanical as the regular jog of the trap is from the jumpy repercussions of the car on the roadway One’s radius both contracts and expands That is to say, while the circumference of miles at one’s disposal is halved, their content is more than doubled For quiet pace is like a magnifying-glass; regions one has before passed over as familiar suddenly enlarge with innumerable new details and become a feast of contemplation We found we had been living in an undiscovered country One can only take one bite of life, whether one nibble at every land or explore thoroughly a single parish (Adrian Bell, The Cherry Tree (1932, London, 1949), pp 115–17) Subject and persons index Oliphant, Mrs M., 483 Oliver Twist, 486 open and close parishes, 68, 82–3, 105, 113, 126, 127–8, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155–6, 174, 187, 273, 378 see also cottage destruction; estate villages; excluding the poor; settlement, prevention of open fields, 36, 64, 141 see also commons Ordnance Survey, 36–7, 39, 384 orphans, 149, 219, 306–9, 362 Orwell, G., 460, 489 Out-door Relief General Prohibitory Order (1845), 236 Out-door Relief Prohibitory Order (1844), 285 Out-door Relief Regulation Orders (1852), 226, 247 out-relief, value of, 290–6 Ouzman, J., 316 overseers, 18, 70, 87, 89, 91, 93, 100, 104, 109, 117, 129, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141–4, 147, 149, 157, 211, 243, 244, 251, 258, 298, 316, 338, 339–65, 367–8, 372, 374, 376–7, 383, 425, 440, 447, 484, 501 see also new poor law; old poor law; relieving officers Overton, J H., 394 Owen, E., 55 Oxford Architectural Society, 395 Oxford Movement, the, 369, 442 Paine, H., 297 Paine, T., 78, 142 Palmer, S., 485 Palmerston, Lord H J T., 396 parish ambiguity over, 368 ancient, 367–8, 403, 439, 446 brand, 93–4 break-down of, 275, 339–40, 350, 387–93, 411–12, 432–9, 444–5, 479, 492–3, 498–9, 504; see also de-localisation; Nonconformity; secularisation chest, 101, 110 civil–ecclesiastical divide, 366–73, 396, 433, 439, 440–7, 480, 502; see also Church and State; parishes, new councils, 5, 446, 479 defined, 367–8, 374, 399–403; see also parishes, new; townships detached parts, 374, 382–7, 404, 411–12, 424, 440, 451–2 527 ecclesiastical, 366–455 economies, 386–7 ‘home’, 63, 77, 82, 84, 87–9, 98, 109, 114, 124, 129, 152, 160–1, 193, 196, 457, 493, 500–1, 503; see also belonging, language of; settlement identity, 110, 440–7, 500, see also local pride; localism; parish, ‘home’ language of, 296, 476, 486 libraries, 355 moral ideal, 370, 444 numbers of, 363, 366–7, 385, 480 ‘the parish state’, 79 property, 351; see also housing rates, 342–6, 350, 353, 368; see also overseers reform of, 366–455; see also parishes, new reformed types of, 400–4, 409 registers, 110, 162–206, 457–58, 460; see also marriage structures, Forest of Dean, 421–32, 448–55 survival of, 7, 340, 364–5, 440–7, 500–1; see also parishes, new tokens, 467 vestry, 340–2, 355–6, 359, 365, 369, 391, 445–7, 482; see also clergy; overseers urban, 125, 151, 360, 387–93, 428, 435–9, 443–5; see also parishes, new; urbanisation vitality of, 13–14, 340, 367, 370, 373, 429–30, 440–1, 480, 499–504 parishes, new, 6, 14, 15, 18, 38, 153, 366–455, 502 chronology of, 412–4 endowments of, 420–1, 433, 435, 445 moral benefits of, 425–7 problems of, 414–21, 432–40 Parish: A Satire, The, 197, 502 Parish Chest, The, 339 Parochial Assessment Act (1836), 356 parochial church councils, 473 parochial loyalty, 28 parochial pluralism, 97 Parry-Jones, D., 10, 42, 55, 59, 140 parsonages, 396, 405, 409, 416–17, 420, 435–6 Parsons, Revd R., 425 Pashley, R., 113, 207, 217, 253 Pastoral Measures (1968–83), 432 Pastoral Reorganization Measure (1949), 432 pauper burial, 353, 458, 465–7 528 Subject and persons index pauper children, 245–6, 278, 284, 306–10, 362 see also orphans pauper letters, 34, 83–4, 87–91, 132, 196, 209 see also parish, ‘home’ pauperism, decline of, 215–18 see also new poor law Pauperism and Poor Laws, 253 pays, 464 peculiars, 387 Peel, R F., 164, 182, 199 Peel, Sir R., 393, 399, 413, 415 pensions, 221, 260, 296–7 perambulations, 37–40, 55, 354–5, 498 Perry, P J., 164–5, 182, 190, 199 petty sessions, 136, 348, 355 photography, 486, 493 Phythian-Adams, C., 500 place names, 41–2 Pluralities Acts, 402 plwyf, 12 Plymouth Brethren, 430 poachers, 137, 425 police, 5, 332, 355, 357, 414, 479, 484 Pollard, S., 112 Poole, Revd H., 427 poor, the, 96–7, 103, 119 Poor Law Act (1930), 117 Poor Law Board, 5, 14, 70, 209, 224, 233, 244, 248–50, 259, 261, 263–4, 273, 277, 292, 294, 306, 320, 331–4, 336, 348–9, 362, 376, 385, 440, 479, 505 Poor Law Commission and Report (1832–4), 113, 119, 149, 233, 254–5, 276, 291, 306, 330–1, 354, 361, 363 Poor Law Commission (1834–47), 5, 15, 209, 224, 233, 235, 238, 243, 244, 248, 258, 261, 282, 291, 312, 320–1, 330, 348, 359–61, 365, 385, 397–8, 481, 505 poor rates, 96, 102–3, 348, 354, 356–9, 370, 377, 383 see also extra-parochial places; guardians; new poor law; overseers; poor relief expenditure poor relief, 6, 17, 19, 65–6, 70, 103, 118–19, 148, 185, 195–6, 198, 207–365, 440 rent payment, 291 ‘right’ to relief, 103, 108, 276 in Wales, 225–6, 230–4, 240, 250, 256–61, 297–302, 309–10, 333, 336, 340; see also old poor law; new poor law see also guardians; new poor law; old poor law; overseers; relieving officers poor relief expenditure, 65–6, 70, 103, 118–19, 148, 185, 195–6, 198, 212–15, 220–1, 224–8, 264–5, 271, 359–60 see also new poor law; old poor law popular protest, 114 see also Bread or Blood riots; Chartism; food riots; industrial disputes; Rebecca riots; riots against new parishes; riots in Forest of Dean; rough music; violence Port, M H., 396–7 postcards, 486 postmodernity, 23, 26–7, 375 Potter, H., 332 potteries, 336, 497 Poulett Scrope, G., 309–10, 319–22, 334–5 Power, A., 346 Presbyterians, 430, 495 Price, R., 4, 483, 488 Primitive Methodism, 52, 74, 79, 141, 167, 422, 430, 432 private rates, 315 Proctor, Revd P M., 426, 431 Progress in Pudsey, 51 proprietary chapels, 389–90 Provincial Glossary, 46 public assistance, defined, 220–1 Public Assistance Committees, 208 public health, Public Health Act (1848), 357 public nuisances, 357, 376 public opinion, 222, 333–5, 338 public works, 279, 327–9 pugilism, 56–9, 140 see also violence Pugin, A W N., 395 Pusey, E B., 439 Quakers, 75, 141, 167, 170, 172, 419, 472, 495 quality of life, 10, 498–9, 503 Quarter Sessions, 66, 92, 105, 109, 130, 136, 138, 148, 345, 349, 351, 356 Queen Anne’s Bounty, 180, 402, 415 railway, 20, 158, 165, 200, 343, 386, 502, 504 Rating and Valuation Act (1925), 341, 365 rating units, 278, 365 Reay, B., 467 Rebecca riots, 59, 257, 398 Redesdale, Lord, 276 Rees, A., 10 Reform Act (1832), 382 Subject and persons index regional novels, 22, 483, 485 Relief Regulation Order (1911), 20, 245 relieving officers, 71, 209, 211, 226, 238, 258, 276, 291, 297, 303–4, 312 see also new poor law; overseers religion, 15, 21, 22, 259–60, 328, 336–7, 345–7, 358, 361, 364, 366–455, 454–95, 496 see also church, building; Church of England; clergy; Nonconformity; parishes, new; secularisation removal of the poor, 100, 110, 113, 132, 137, 139, 140, 269–71, 279, 320, 348–50, 374, 377, 383 see also cottage destruction; excluding the poor; settlement Reorganization Areas Measure (1944), 432, 437 respectability, 297–8 see also deserving and undeserving poor Rider Haggard, H., 192 rights of way, 37 riots against new parishes, 414 riots in Forest of Dean, 425–6 Rising, D and S., 87 ritualism, 417 road building, 283 Rodes, R E., 369, 441 Rogers, A., 391 Roman Catholicism, 113, 169, 433, 469, 471, 494 rough music, 414, 440 Royal Commission on the Aged Poor (1895), 279, 291, 296–305, 310 Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 495 royal forests, 380 Rugg, J., 465 rural out-migration, 17, 20, 121–2, 125, 159, 164–7, 187, 200–1, 254, 272–3, 279, 304–5, 381, 387, 437–8, 444, 481–2, 484, 486, 487–8, 497, 502 see also emigration; migration; railway Rural Rides, 34 rural–urban tensions, 271–2, 310–2, 437–8 see also new poor law, accountancy of; urbanisation Ruskin, J., 395 Rust, D., 90 Rutland, Duke of, 468 Ryder, J., 467–8 Saint, A., 443 saints’ dedications, 406–9 Salter, W D., 123–4, 282 529 Salvation Army, 283 sanitary districts, 383 Schofield, R S., 197, 409 Scotland, poor relief, 334 Scotland, settlement practice, 117, 350 Scotland and the Scottish, 16, 41, 43, 82, 86, 107, 113, 153, 155–7, 319–26, 321–2, 334, 349, 374, 476, 492 Scottish evictions, 16–17, 155–7 Second World War, 18, 43, 431, 434, 436 Second World War evacuation, 78 secularisation, 367, 418, 439, 442, 447, 479 Select Committee on Distress from Want of Employment (1895), 327–9 Select Vestries Act (1819), 276 Selfe, H., 294 Senior, E., 319 Senior, N., 105, 288, 291, 337–8 servants, yearly, 86, 99, 101–2, 115, 123, 129, 134–5, 141, 145–7, 157, 158, 248, 260, 266, 353, 467–8, 498 see also farm servants, decline or survival of; settlement, heads of; settlement, prevention of settlement, 6, 14, 16–17, 19, 20, 24, 37, 39, 41, 64–73, 81–161, 174–5, 178, 195–6, 210, 237, 261, 265, 268–72, 310–19, 321, 348–50, 354, 358, 372, 374, 377, 457–58, 479, 481, 501 certificate holders, 98–102, 123, 128–32, 133, 135, 137, 139, 145, 174–5 definition of, 81, 196 disputes, 25, 39, 65–73, 105, 109–10, 130, 137, 138–9, 140, 142, 349; see also ‘foreigners’; insider–outsider divisions; Justices of the Peace; Quarter Sessions; xenophobia examinations, 83, 92, 100, 111, 134, 135, 137, 146, 148 heads of settlement, 85–6, 90, 91, 95–6, 99–102, 108, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 121–2, 129, 133, 134, 146, 147, 150–1, 158, 185, 198, 352, 458; see also farm servants, decline or survival of; new poor law; old poor law irremovability, discrimination in, 310–19 local usage, 134 paternal, 102, 117–18, 121, 148, 157–9, 311 poor’s knowledge of, 89–93, 112–14, 126; see also pauper letters; parish, ‘home’ prevention of, 67, 103–5, 109, 112, 116, 121, 126–7, 145–9, 196–7 530 Subject and persons index settlement (cont.) see also cottage destruction; excluding the poor; farm servants, decline or survival of; irremovability; removal of the poor ‘tenement’ defined, 133–5 see also excluding the poor; irremovability; old poor law; new poor law; removal of the poor Settlement Act (1662), 85–6, 114, 173, 346, 370–2 Settlement Act (1795), 98, 102, 114–15, 121, 129, 130, 132–3, 137, 143 Shaftesbury, Lord, 366, 443 Shakespeare, W., 46 Shaw, J., 138, 143 Shenstone, W., 52 Silas Marner, 35–6 skilled training, 131 see also apprenticeship; artisans Skinner, Revd J., 144 Skipp, V H T., 166 Slump, Great, 159, 217, 221, 433, 497 smallpox, 141 Smith, A., 112, 113 Smith, W J., 438 smocks, 34, 487 Smythe, W., 334 social capital, parochial, 297–8, 500 Sogner, S., 166 sojourners, 98, 101, 131, 174 Sokoll, T., 84 Somerville, A., 207 Southey, R., 142, 366, 441–2 Speenhamland system, 338 Spencer, Earl, 264 Spitalfields silk weavers, 125 Spooner, S., 89 sport, 55–6, 484 see also cricket; football; pugilism Spufford, M., 469, 473, 501–2 squatters, 424 Stanley, W O., 259 Stapleton, B., 196 starvation, 291, 300–3, 320, 328 Statute of Artificers (1563), 32 Stedman Jones, G., 254 Steer, J., 148 Stell, C., 495 Stevenson, J., 57 Stockham, S., 142 Strange, J.-M., 457 Strathern, M., 23, 63, 95 Street, A G., 10, 20, 192 Sturt, G., 10 suburbanisation, 391, 435–6, 438, 497 suffragettes, 337 suicide, 295, 465 Sunday schools, 427, 430, 439, 498 see also education superstition, 35, 49–50, 459–60 surname distributions, 464, 485 Sutcliffe, F M., 10 Sutherland, Duke of, 156 Sutton, T., 174 Sybil, 154 Tarlow, S., 478 Tate, W E., 13, 339, 350, 439 Taylor, J S., 150 television, 1–2 Tess of the d’Urbervilles, 46 Thane, P., 301 Thomas, E., 485 Thomas, F G., 201 Thomas, J., 259–60, 300 Thompson, D., 30 Thompson, E P., 16, 29–32, 80, 132 Thompson, F., 10 Thompson, M., 46 Thompson, Sir H., 473 Thomson, D., 301 tithes, 36–7, 343–4, 367, 371, 373–4, 378, 384, 386, 399–404, 414, 417–18, 420, 443 Tokugawa shogunate, 112 Toleration Act (1689), 473 Toulmin-Smith, J., tourism, 489 townships, 13, 16, 24, 32, 51, 168, 333, 359–60, 370–2, 385, 392, 429, 462–3, 470, 476, 484, 497 trade unions, 21, 29, 76–7, 158, 192, 197–8, 291, 302, 480–1, 484 Traill, J C., 393–4 transhumance, 384 transport, 5–6, 8, 9, 10, 27, 35, 76, 435, 456, 479–80, 486, 490, 493, 497 Tranter, M., 492 Treasury, truck system, 227, 358–9 Trudget, W., 91 Turner, G., 174 Unemployed Workmen’s Act (1905), 220–1, 284 unemployment, 66, 212, 221, 254, 274–5, 279, 280–1, 285–7, 327–9, 335–6, 479, 481 seasonal, 134, 190–1, 217–19 Subject and persons index Unemployment Insurance Committee (1927), 222 Union Chargeability Act (1865), 76, 316, 338, 350, 479 Union Charges Act (1848), 270 Union of Benefices Act (1919), 432 Union of Benefices Measures (1923–36), 432, 436 Unitarians, 470, 494 United Reformed Church, 494 urban ‘heathenism’, 387–9 urbanisation, 3, 232–3, 255, 271, 275, 311–12, 318–19, 360, 366, 387–93, 403, 407–12, 430, 443–4 see also industrialisation; parishes, new; suburbanisation vaccination, 228, 358 vagrancy, 86–7, 102, 109, 115, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139–40, 208, 277, 280, 282–3, 288, 307–8, 346, 351 see also migration Vagrancy Act (1824), 282 valuation lists, 343–5 see also parish, rates Varley, C., 89 vernacular building, 496 Vialls, C., 38, 99–100, 138 village feasts, 55–6, 58, 498 Villiers, C., 331–3 Vincent, J., 21 violence, 43, 51–61, 72, 75, 78, 140–2, 186, 197, 198, 332, 360–1, 414 wages, 199, 481 Wagner, Revd A., 444 Walmsley, L., 10, 58–9 Wantage, Lady, 154 Ward, S., 301 watch-making, 33 Webb, S and B., 13, 331, 339 Webb, W., 88 welfare state, 112, 161 Wells, R., 72 Welsh language, 75, 257, 260, 302, 476 Welsh naming practices, 491–2 Wesley, C., 431 Wesley, J., 58, 74–5, 431, 493 White, G (naturalist), 21, 50, 456 White, G (poor law writer), 105–6, 238 White, J M., 64 531 White, T., 365 Whitworth, H., 331 widows, 142, 222, 237, 247, 263, 309–10, 349, 376, 434, 459 Williams, D J., 492 Williams, K., 213, 217, 219, 264, 295 Williams, R., 10 Williamson, T., 155, 384 Willoby, W., 117 Winter, Sir J., 430 Wood, W., 174 Woodford, Bishop J R., 392 Woodforde, Revd J., 144, 370 woollen industry, 497 Wordsworth, Bishop C., 392 Wordsworth, W., 489, 492 work–home separation, 2, 491–2, 497 workhouse, 17, 68, 120, 159, 160, 207–338, 340, 343, 347, 350–1, 358, 362, 378, 484, 486, 501 building of, 320–1, 332 dietaries, 320, 325 in Ireland, 320–1 mythology of, 337–8 refusal to leave, 317–18 sizes of, 219, 244, 256, 264–9 see also guardians; new poor law working class, 16, 29–35, 63, 72–5, 121–2, 125–6, 132, 259–60, 265, 337, 432, 468 see also class; common people; industrial disputes; popular protest; trade unions Wren, Sir C., 436 Wright, J., 91 Wrightson, K., 502 Wrigley, E A., 63, 163, 197, 409 xenophobia, 15–16, 28–80, 95–6, 105, 140, 158, 160, 163, 191, 196–7, 198, 199, 431, 484, 498–9, 501 see also boundaries; insider–outsider divisions; violence Yardley, E., 295 Yasumoto, M., 166 Yeast, 154 Yeoman, Dr J B., 69 Young, A., 154 Youngs, F A., 372 Zangwill, I., 49 Places index Places are entered in their own right, and not also under their counties The spelling of place names here and in the text is as generally found in my sources: hence, for example, the ‘Carnarvon union’ and other often English spellings of places in Wales Ab Kettleby, 41 Acle, 375 Africa, 2, 57–8 Alcester, 138 Aldershot, 55 Allendale, 386 Alnesbourn Priory, 381 Alnham, 204 Alnwick, 57 Alrewas Hays, 381 Althorp, 264, 380 Alton Pancras, 179, 202 Alverton, 315–16 Alvington, 453 Ambleside, 462 America, 9, 156 Andover, 48, 120, 261 Anglesey, 143, 257, 259, 411 Appledore, 58, 467 Ardingly, 170, 195, 204 Arnesby, 494 Arthingworth, 494 Ashbourne, 174 Ashby de la Zouch, 239, 259, 347, 350, 466 Ashby Folville, 475, 494 Ashby Magna, 494 Ashdown Forest, 39 Ashton under Lyne, 231 Askerswell, 179, 202 Aston, 231 Atcham, 231, 234, 264, 333 Austrey, 494 Awre, 424, 453 Axbridge, 230, 343 Axminster, 230, 291 Aylburton, 450 Aylmerton, 303 Babraham, 44 Bala, 57, 230 Baldon, 56 Banbury, 47, 328 Bangor, 257 Bardon Hill, 416, 434 Bardon Park, 494 Bardsey Island, 381 Barlborough, 99 Barnard Castle, 145 Barnet, 231 Barnsley, 323 Barnstaple, 230 Barrow on Soar, 239 Bartholomew Hospital, 382 Barton in the Beans, 494 Barton, 44 Barton-upon-Irwell, 331 Basford, 37 Batcombe, 57 Bath, 98, 135, 231–2, 328, 393 Battersea, 383 Beachley, 449 Beaminster, 230 Beccles, 46, 328 Bedfordshire, 53, 408 Bedwellty, 223 Bedworth, 48, 55 Beeby, 475, 494 Belton, 354, 494 Belvoir, 380 Bermondsey, 223 Berriew, 302 532 Places index Berry, 58 Berry Hill, 449 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 324–5 Bethnal Green, 57, 89, 90, 231, 312, 388 Bettws Gwerfil Goch, 259 Bickenhill, 166 Bideford, 467 Bidford, 46 Biggleswade, 230 Bilborough, 46 Billesdon, 285–7, 311, 316, 364, 494 Binbrook, 378 Bingley, 140 Birkenhead, 321, 360 Birmingham, 107, 126, 151, 166, 232, 252, 264, 267, 275, 280, 297, 302, 310, 318, 320–1, 332, 408, 411, 418, 435 Birstall, 170, 187, 203 Bishop’s Wood, 449 Blaby, 286 Black Country, the, 51, 408, 411 Blackburn, 327–8 Blaisdon, 451 Blakeney, 426, 449–50 Blandford, 230, 328–9 Blawith, 202 Blenheim Park, 380 Blockhouse, 377, 382 Blything Hundred, 119, 238 Bocking, 47 Bolton, 232, 360 Borough Fen, 381 Borrowdale, 44 Boston, 384 Bothal, 170, 187, 204 Bottesford, 41, 65, 315, 350–1, 358, 360, 460 Bournemouth, 408 Bourton, 141 Bradenham, 192 Bradfield, 264 Bradford, 51, 232, 239, 268, 289, 293, 390, 419 Braintree, 47, 87–90, 418 Brathay, 462–3, 475, 494 Breadsall, 170, 187, 202 Bream, 448–9 Brecon, 238, 382 Bridestow, 454 Bridlington, 230 Brighton, 54, 98, 132, 232, 327–8, 393, 408, 444 Brill, 48 Brinkley, 104 533 Brinsley, 466 Bristol, 166, 232, 391, 421, 435 Brixworth, 230, 264, 301, 333 Bromsgrove, 166 Brothertoft, 382 Bruntingthorpe, 494 Bruton, 57 Buckingham, 47 Buckinghamshire, 151, 471 Bungay, 46 Burrington, 46 Burrough on the Hill, 203 Burstow, 471 Burwash, 36, 45 Bury, 232 Bury St Edmunds, 232, 327–8 Byall Fen, 381 Bywell St Andrews, 392 Caernarvonshire, 55, 411 Calder, River, 343 Caldy Island, 381 Cambridge, 43, 44, 231–2, 278, 375, 391, 421, 497 Cambridgeshire, 60–1, 137–8, 313, 433 Canada, 156, 466 Canterbury, 375, 382, 391, 466 Canwell, 375 Cardiff, 53, 230, 243, 290, 297, 298–9, 301, 321, 327 Cardigan, 57, 153, 230 Cardiganshire, 153, 411, 492 Carlton, 48 Carmarthen, 58, 382 Carmarthenshire, 42, 151, 153, 411 Carnarvon union, 230, 257, 259, 260, 267, 299–300, 302, 310 Carrington, 392 Cary, 144 Cashalton, 47 Cassington, 195, 204 Castle Ashby, 38 Castle Donnington, 494 Cavan, County, 320 Channel Islands, 86, 117, 349 Chapel-en-le-Frith, 179 Chard, 230 Charnwood, 375, 384, 411, 413, 416, 421, 427, 461 Chatsworth, 380 Chelmsford, 87, 88 Chelsea, 42, 231, 383 Chepstow, 422, 428 Cherry Hinton, 44 Cheshire, 69, 240, 336, 411 534 Places index Chester, 151, 321, 375, 382, 391 Chester-le-Street, 223 Chewton Mendip, 110 Chichester, 327, 375 Chickerell, 170, 179, 202 Chillingham, 392 Chorlton, 289 Churcham, 428, 450, 453 Chute Forest, 375 Cinderford, 430, 449, 451, 453 City of London union, 293, 312, 317, 348 Claverdon, 138 Clearwell, 450, 452 Clifton Campville, 463, 475, 494 Clipston, 494 Clogheen, 290 Clovelly, 58 Clunbury, 48 Cocking, 170, 187, 204 Coggeshall, 47 Colchester, 391 Coleford, 430–1, 448, 450–1 Coleshill, 166 Copt Oak, 413 Corbridge, 145 Cornwall, 45–6, 55, 107, 240, 408 Corwen, 259 Cotham, 316 Coton, 44 Cottingham, 351 Countesthorpe, 494 Coutill, 320 Coventry, 33, 52, 78, 166, 232 Cowfold, 195, 204, 466 Crediton, 230 Creeting, 61 Criccieth, 327 Crick, 494 Cricklade, 336 Cromer, 58 Crowell, 204 Croxton Kerrial, 494 Crystal Palace, 383 Cumberland, 340, 383 Cumbria, 455 Cwmbach Llechryd, 38 Darlaston, 58 Dartmoor, 383–4, 454 Daventry, 110, 130, 138 Deal, 327–8 Deeping Fen, 378, 381 Deeping St James, 460 Denton, 94 Depwade, 230 Derby, 57, 231, 268, 314, 327–8 Derbyshire, 168, 180, 190, 202, 230, 313, 336, 408 Devon, 58, 455 Dewsbury, 419 Diseworth, 494 Ditchling, 471 Ditton, 44 Docking, 68 Doddington, 392 Dolgelly, 257, 267, 295, 300, 310 Doncaster, 142 Donisthorpe, 416 Dorchester, 230, 408 Dorset, 81–2, 152, 165, 168, 180, 182, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199–200, 202, 303–4, 408, 503 Dover, 382 Downham, 170, 179, 187, 202 Driffield, 425 Dry Sandford, 174 Drybrook, 432, 451, 453 Dudley, 232 Dunstable, 104 Duresley, 48 Durham, 58, 375, 417 Dyffryn, 257, 300, 309 Eamont Bridge, 267 Earl Shilton, 494 Earls Barton, 38 Earsdon, 392 East Anglia, 9, 43, 53–4, 61, 90, 147, 152, 230, 475–6 East Barsham, 170, 187, 203 East Dean, 425, 448 East Grinstead, 54 East Ham, 435 East Leake, 494 East London union, 267, 293 East Lulworth, 154 East Stower, 170, 187, 202 Eastbourne, 408 Easthampstead, 231 Eastry, 232 Eastville, 392 Eastwell, 170, 187, 195, 203 Ebrington, 45 Edlingham, 168, 177, 179, 187, 195, 204 Edmonton, 231 Egdon Heath, 67, 486 Elford, 494 Ellesmere, 232 Elmdon, 62–3, 164 Elvaston, 170, 187, 202 Places index Ely, 180 Empingham, 63 English Bicknor, 423, 425, 448, 453 Epsom, 47, 113 Essex, 35, 63, 435 Eton, 231 Ettington, 46 Ewel, 47 Ewhurst, 57, 60 Exeter, 54, 232, 289, 312–13, 317, 436 Exmoor, 380, 384, 411 Exton, 62–3 Falmer, 87 Fareham, 327 Faringdon, 231–2 Farne Islands, 381 Feering, 88 Fenny Compton, 141 Fens, 44, 47, 60, 231, 372, 374, 378, 381, 384, 392, 408, 411, 421, 427, 463 Ferry Corner Plots, 381 Ferryside, 58 Ffestiniog, 230 Flaxley, 424, 451, 453 Fleet, 202 Foleshill, 223 Folkeston, 45, 327 Forden, 302 Forehoe, 284 Forest of Dean, 18, 34, 39–40, 58, 106, 135, 146, 377, 380, 383–5, 392, 408, 411, 421–32 Forest of Leicester, 377 Fosdyke Fen, 382 Foston, 494 Fowlmere, 60 France, 198 Freebridge Lynn, 230 Frithville, 392 Frome, 239 Fulham, 118, 124, 281 Full Sutton, 42 Gaddesby, 494 Garsdale, 462, 475, 494 Garsington, 56 Garstang, 145 Gateshead, 223 Gaulby, 494 Gedney, 463 Gilmorton, 170, 203 Glamorganshire, 151, 411 Glasgwm, 460 Glaston, 146 Glen Parva, 420–1 Gloucester, 422, 428, 431 Gloucestershire, 421–32 Godmanchester, 465 Goodrich, 453 Gotham, 44, 45 Gower, 12, 58 Goxhill, 494 Grace Dieu Park, 381 Grantchester, 43–4, 485 Grasmere, 489 Gravesend, 234, 327 Great Bardfield, 88 Great Glen, 48 Great Stretton, 494 Greenwich, 325, 327 Gretton, 494 Grimsby, 327 Groby, 455 Groveley Wood, 380 Grunty Fen, 381 Guernsey, 35, 49 Guiltcross, 152 Guist, 351 Gwennap, 57 Hackney, 327–8 Hadleigh, 58 Hale Fen, 381 Halesworth, 46 Halifax, 406, 444 Hallaton, 55, 494 Halsall, 202 Halstead, 87 Halton, 179, 195, 202 Hampshire, 42, 380 Hampstead, 231, 473 Hanborough, 170, 187, 204 Hanbury, 380 Harlaston, 475, 494 Harrington, 494 Harston, 44 Harthill Common, 424 Hartland, 455, 463, 467, 494 Haslingden, 67 Hastings, 135 Haugh, 380 Haunton, 494 Havergate Island, 381 Hawkshead, 464, 475, 487, 494 Haynes, 166 Haywood Forest, 376 Heanor, 144 Heather, 350 535 536 Hebburn, 177, 204 Helhoughton, 170, 187, 203 Helpston, 36, 50, 63, 79 Henley on Thames, 328 Henstead, 303 Hereford, 376 Herefordshire, 408 Hertfordshire, 231 Hewelsfield, 424–5, 449–50, 452–3 Hexham, 145, 327, 494 Heydon, 97 Hickling, 142 Highnam, 449 Hinckley, 417 Hog’s Norton, 47 Holbeach, 463 Holborn, 231 Holdenby, 155 Holkham, 154 Holme by the Sea, 170, 187, 203 Holme Cultram, 383 Holme Hale, 170, 203 Holyhead, 230, 257 Holywell, 63 Honiton, 230 Hoo, 231, 234 Horninghold, 494 Horningtoft, 170, 203 Hose, 47 Houghton, 155 Houghton on the Hill, 170, 203 Hoylake, 328 Huddersfield, 71, 259 Hudnalls, 424 Hugnaston, 174 Hull, 232 Huncote, 48 Hungarton, 316 Huntingdonshire, 164, 313 Hursley, 234 Husbands Bosworth, 494 Idlicote, 46 Ilford, 435 Ingram, 177, 187, 204 Ipswich, 42, 46, 78, 88 Irthlingborough, 60, 494 Isle of Man, 349 Isle of Wight, 68, 380 Islip, 256 Italy, 492 Japan, 112 Jersey, 466 Joy’s Green, 424 Places index Kedleston, 174, 187, 195, 202 Kegworth, 494 Keighley, 406 Kelvedon, 47 Kendal, 327 Keninghall, 152 Kensal New Town, 383 Kensington, 231, 244, 245, 281 Kent, 231, 232, 325, 492 Keyham, 203 Keynsham, 252 Keyworth, 494 Kibworth Harcourt, 494 Kidlington, 174 Kilvington, 301 King’s Norton, 494 King’s Weir, 380 Kingsbury, 436 Kingsmark, 380 Kingsmarsh, 380 Kirby Bellars, 315, 350 Kirby Muxloe, 460, 494 Kirkby Ireleth, 202 Kirkham, 381 Kirkwall, 57 Knighton, 460, 475, 494 Knipton, 170, 203, 494 Knossington, 494 Laindon-cum-Basildon, 88 Lake District, 411, 462, 464, 485, 487 Lambeth, 253 Lampeter, 492 Lamport, 494 Lancashire, 33, 55, 168, 190, 202, 227, 230, 231–2, 240, 319, 330, 332–3, 408, 411, 412, 462 Lancaster, 323 Langrick, 392 Langton Herring, 187, 202 Launde Abbey, 381 Lea Bailey, 450–1 Leeds, 51, 107, 289, 323, 390–1, 419 Leek, 327 Leicester, 89, 232, 268, 283, 375, 377, 408–9, 420, 470, 480, 494 Leicestershire, 32, 55, 72–3, 168, 203, 250, 287, 380, 392, 433, 455, 470, 476 Leigh on Sea, 58 Lenton, 37 Lewes, 382 Lewisham, 47, 267, 325 Lichfield, 223 Lidyard Tregoz, 336 Lincoln, 2, 382, 391 Places index Lincolnshire, 47, 152, 228, 230, 233, 340, 380, 384, 408 Linton, 450 Liscard, 360 Little Massingham, 191, 201 Little Stretton, 494 Littledean, 424, 451, 453 Littlethorpe, 46 Liverpool, 208, 231, 266–7, 269, 275, 280–1, 289, 290, 320–1, 323, 335, 365, 390, 436 Llandrindod Wells, 259 Llandudno, 327–8 Llanelwedd, 38 Llanenddwyn, 257, 300, 309 Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa, 62 Llangollen, 57 Llanrhidian, 12 Llanrwst, 230 Llechryd, 57 Lleckgwynfarwydd, 143 Lockinge, 154 Lockington, 494 Loddington, 494 London, 33, 49, 54, 57, 68, 71, 78, 87, 90, 93, 98, 105, 118–19, 147–8, 151, 191, 223, 225, 230–4, 240, 253–6, 259, 262, 265, 267, 273–5, 279, 281–2, 289, 293–5, 300, 320–2, 325–6, 329, 333, 335, 340, 348, 365, 385, 387–91, 393–5, 408–11, 421, 427, 435–7, 441, 443–5, 466, 473–4, 497 Long Ashton, 315 Long Clawson, 47 Long Horsley, 392 Long Sutton, 463 Long Whatton, 494 Longhoughton, 177, 187, 204 Loughborough, 239 Louth, 230, 314–5 Lowick, 202 Ludlow, 382 Luffield Abbey, 381 Lulworth Castle, 154 Lundy Island, 381 Lutterworth, 243, 311 Lydbrook, 422, 449, 452–3 Lydford, 454 Lydney, 422, 453 Macclesfield, 232 Machynlleth, 230 Madingley, 44 Maidenhead, 151 Maidstone, 232, 328 Malham, 49 Malmesbury Abbey, 381 Malton, 315 Manchester, 125, 231, 264, 270, 275, 280, 283, 289, 306, 321–3, 331, 333, 390, 427, 495 Market Deeping, 63 Markingfield Hall, 381 Marston, 46 Marylebone, 87, 267 Maxey, 50 Measham, 383–4, 494 Medbourne, 55 Medway, 231, 234 Melchet Park, 380 Melling, 170, 202 Merthyr Tydfil, 223, 238, 257, 284 Methley, 166 Middlesex, 132, 325, 436 Midville, 392 Mildenhall, 230 Mile End Old Town, 231 Milton Abbas, 154, 155 Mitcheldean, 431, 451, 453 Mitford and Launditch union, 246 Monmouth, 422, 425 Monmouthshire, 230, 406, 408, 411 Montgomeryshire, 62, 302 More Chichel, 154 Morley, 143, 170, 202 Morpeth, 145, 230 Moulton, 145 Mountsorrel, 421 Muker, 145 Mynydd Pencarreg, 492 Necton, 192, 494 Needham, 48 Needham Market, 61 Needwood, 380 Neithrop, 141 New Forest, 380, 411 New Zealand, 156 Newark, 301, 306, 315–16, 330 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1, 319–21 Newent, 422 Newland, 146, 424, 426, 431, 451, 452 Newlands, 475, 494 Newnham, 431 Newport, 53, 321 Newton Harcourt, 285 Newton Regis, 494 Newtown, 154 Nigeria, 464 No Man’s Heath, 375 No Man’s Land, 375 537 538 Places index Norfolk, 10, 38, 43, 68, 146, 168, 182–3, 187, 189–92, 198–9, 201, 203, 226, 228, 303, 408, 454–5, 476 Norfolk Broads, 383–4 North Barsham, 179, 187, 203 North Bierley, 239 North Erpingham, 303 North Forty Foot Bank, 381 North Lopham, 152 Northamptonshire, 38, 59, 99, 155, 164, 380 Northmoor, 170, 204 Northumberland, 35, 57, 152, 157, 168, 182, 183, 204, 233, 340, 386, 392, 500 Norway, 76 Norwich, 64, 89, 105, 232, 375, 391, 408 Noseley, 381 Nottingham, 37, 232, 314, 418–19 Nottinghamshire, 380, 408 Nowhere, near Yarmouth, 375 Nuneaton, 55, 223 Nuneham Courtenay, 155 Oakley, 154 Oaks-in-Charnwood, 413, 421, 461 Okehampton, 230 Old Sarum, 382 Oldham, 231 Ollerton, 37 Olveston, 166 Orford, 378 Orkney, 57 Ormskirk, 323 Orton, 11 Orton on the Hill, 494 Oswestry, 232 Oundle, 267 Over, 43 Owston, 285, 494 Oxford, 231, 375, 391 Oxfordshire, 116, 168, 190, 198, 204 Oxhill, 46 Pailton, 243 Painswick, 136 Parkend, 422, 427, 448 Parkhurst, 380 Patterdale, 463, 475, 494 Peak Forest, 179 Peatling Magna, 494 Peatling Parva, 494 Pebworth, 46 Pelham’s Lands, 381 Pennington, 170, 202 Penzance, 328 Peterborough, 63, 230 Piddletown, 170, 202 Pillerton, 46 Pimlico, 54 Plymouth, 408 Polstead, 45 Poole, 327 Pope’s Hill, 39, 424, 452 Poplar, 223 Portsea Island, 239 Prestbury, 392 Preston, 231, 321, 323 Prestwich, 282, 331 Priors Marston, 100 Prittlewell, 109 Prussia, 112 Pudsey, 51 Puffin Island, 381 Pwllheli, 230 Pyrton, 170, 187, 204 Queniborough, 170, 187, 203 Quorn(don), 416, 494 Radford, 37 Radnorshire, 151 Rampisham, 170, 187, 202 Ramsey, 60 Ranton Abbey, 381 Raunds, 41, 60 Ravensthorpe, 494 Ravenstonedale, 198 Reading, 56, 232, 264 Redruth, 57 Rhayader, 259 Rhodygeidio, 143 Richmond, 98, 231, 234 Ringstead, 494 Ripon, 408–9 Rochdale, 208 Rockingham Forest, 380 Romney Marsh, 232, 328 Roosdown, 381 Rothbury, 230 Rotherhithe, 253, 267 Rothley, 382, 413 Roudham, 460 Rowland’s Marsh, 381 Royston, 43 Ruardean, 424, 451 Rudgwick, 57, 60 Rugby, 311 Runham, 170, 203, 375 Ruspidge, 453 Russia, 60 Places index Ruthin, 58 Rutland, 48, 62–3, 151, 408, 433, 464 Ryal, 494 St Andrew by the Wardrobe, 130 St Bartholomew, 378 St Benedict, 119 St Briavels, 40, 106–7, 424–5, 431, 449–50, 452 St Faith’s and Horsford, 64 St George Bloomsbury, 325 St George Hanover Square, 253, 293, 325, 390 St George’s, 231 St George’s in the East, 54, 231, 293, 336 St Giles Bloomsbury, 231, 325 St Helen, 372 St Ives, 44 St James Clerkenwell, 325 St James Westminster, 253, 325 St John Westminster, 325 St John’s parish, Glasgow, 388 St Just, 467 St Leonard Shoreditch, 325 St Luke Middlesex, 325 St Margaret Westminster, 325 St Martin-in-the-Fields, 135, 253, 322 St Mary Islington, 325 St Mary Newington, 325 St Marylebone, 231, 325, 390 St Neots, 314 St Olave, 327 St Pancras, 300, 306, 325, 390 St Saviours Southwark, 231 St Thomas’ union, 230, 289, 312–3, 317 Salford, 232, 247, 282, 289, 293, 331, 345 Sandleford, 372 Sandwich, 382 Sawston, 61 Scalford, 40 Seagrave, 41, 466 Seathwaite, 202 Seaton, 146 Sedbergh, 231–2, 234, 462 Selborne, 50 Settle, 323 Sevenoaks, 231 Severn, River, 384, 422, 426, 428, 431 Shaftesbury, 81 Sheffield, 286, 323, 331–2, 371, 390, 419 Shelford, 44 Shepshed, 494 Sherburn, 375 Sheringham, 58 Shipton-on-Stour, 276 Shoreditch, 231, 253 Shropshire, 166, 230–2, 336 Sibsey, 56 Skegness, 475, 494 Skipton, 323 Skokholm Island, 381 Slawston, 494 Smallburgh, 230 Smalley, 170, 202 Snelston, 463 Snoring Magna, 170, 203 Snoring Parva, 168, 179, 203 Snowdonia, 411 Solihull, 166 Somerset, 49, 239, 315, 432 South Creake, 170, 203 South Croxton, 494 South Erpingham, 303 Southampton, 408, 411 Southrepps, 146 Southwark, 93, 318–19 Southwell, 68, 238 Sowe, 52 Spalding, 378 Spilsby, 314 Staffordshire, 48, 336, 380, 408, 463 Staithes, 62 Stalybridge, 142 Stamford, 63, 391 Standlake, 170, 195, 204 Stansfield, 343 Stanton Harcourt, 204 Staunton, 423 Steeple Bumpstead, 91, 92 Stepney, 231, 294 Steyning, 271 Stockport, 142, 276–7, 282, 323 Stoke Abbot, 170, 202 Stoke on Trent, 232 Stokesley, 314 Stoke-Talmage, 237 Stony Stratford, 165 Stoughton, 494 Strand, 70, 231, 280 Stratton Strawless, 42 Sudbury, 378 Suffolk, 43, 46, 68, 191, 238, 408, 437, 454–5, 476 Sunderland, 232 Surrey, 325, 471 Sussex, 57, 168, 183, 198, 204, 231, 471, 492 Sutton in the Elms, 494 Sutton Waldron, 81–2 539 540 Swaffham, 230 Swaledale, 145 Swansea, 53 Sweden, 112 Swinefleet, 383 Swithland, 170, 179, 203, 455 Switzerland, 112, 466 Swyre, 187, 202 Syderstone, 170, 179, 203 Symonds Yat, 493 Taddiport, 42 Tamworth, 47 Tatenhill, 380 Tatham, 179, 203 Tatterford, 179, 195, 203 Tattersett, 203 Taunton, 268 Tenby, 327–8 Theddingworth, 494 Thingoe, 230 Thirsk, 315 Thorpe Acre, 416, 420–1 Thorpe Langton, 145 Thorpe on the Hill, 494 Thorpe Thewles, 42 Thrapston, 230, 267, 281 Three Mile Cross, 56 Thriplow, 60 Thurmaston, 170, 203, 420 Thursford, 203 Tidenham, 428, 452–3 Tiverton, 230 Todmorden, 230, 343 Toftrees, 187, 195, 203 Tolpuddle, 76 Torquay, 408 Tower of London, 378, 382 Toxteth Park, 232 Tranmere, 360 Tregaron, 230, 233 Troedyraur, 59 Tron, 388 Trumpington, 44 Tur Langton, 494 Tutbury, 380 Twyford, 467, 494 Ulverstone, 202 Upper Broughton, 460 Uppingham, 267 Urswick, 168, 179, 203 Vale of Blackmore, 81 Viney Hill, 450 Places index Wakefield, 323 Walesby, 37 Walgrave, 494 Wallingford, 382 Walsall, 47, 58 Walsden, 343 Walsingham, 230 Walthamstow, 435 Wandsworth, 327 Warrington, 232, 323 Wartnaby, 203 Warwickshire, 46 Waterloo, 67 Wayland, 230 Weald, the, 411 Week, 46 Welches Dam, 381 Welham, 494 Wellingborough, 60 Welsh Hampton, 383 West Allen, 386 West Dean, 425, 448 West Derby union, 232, 289, 365 West Fen, 381 West Ham, 223 West Kirby, 328 West London union, 332 West Rainham, 147 West Riding, 239 West Ward, 230, 267, 351 Westbury on Severn, 39, 223, 423, 425 Westminster, 231 Westmorland, 135, 240 Whalley, 202, 392 Whalton, 170, 177, 195, 204 Whitby, 10, 282, 408 Whitechapel, 93, 125, 231, 233, 234 Whittingham Vale, 44 Whittlesey, 232 Whittlewood, 411 Whitwick, 416 Wicklewood, 284 Wigan, 289 Wildmore, 392 Willingham, 152 Wiltshire, 187, 336, 485 Wimborne, 300, 303–5, 310 Wincanton, 239 Winchester, 382 Windsor, 231, 285, 375 Winwick, 145 Wirrall, 69, 148, 267, 359–60 Wisbech, 327 Witchampton, 154 Places index Wolverhampton, 232, 321 Woodford, 494 Woodhouse Eaves, 413, 494 Woolaston, 448 Woolwich, 88 Wootton Bassett, 336 Wootton Fitzpaine, 168, 202 Worcester, 377 Wormleighton, 141 Worth, 87, 132 Wotton, 48 541 Wye, River, 384, 422, 426, 428, 493 Wymeswold, 494 Yarmouth, 375, 384 Yarnton, 174, 204 Yelvertoft, 494 York, 166, 231–2, 327, 391, 421 Yorkley, 58 Yorkshire, 230, 240, 313, 315, 319, 330, 331–2, 408, 411, 455, 462 Yoxhall, 380 ... Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1660– 1900 (1985) and Rival Jerusalems: The Geography of Victorian Religion (2000) PARISH AND BELONGING Community, Identity and Welfare in England. .. England and Wales, 1700 1950 K D M SNELL cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge. ..This page intentionally left blank PARISH AND BELONGING What role did the parish play in people’s lives in England and Wales, between 1700 and the mid-twentieth century?