This page intentionally left blank Eros and Polis Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory Eros and Polis examines how and why Greek theorists treated political passions as erotic Because of the tiny size of ancient Greek cities, contemporary theory and ideology could conceive of entire communities based on desire A recurrent aspiration was to transform the polity into one great household that would bind the citizens together through ties of mutual affection In this study, Paul Ludwig evaluates sexuality, love, and civic friendship as sources of political attachment and as bonds of political association Beyond the desire between persons, Greek erotic theory extended to abstract, impersonal objects of desire, such as imagined communities Ambition, patriotism, and cosmopolitanism were all diagnosed as erotic wishes The imperial temptation to transform the polity from a republic to a more “global” community was seen as the desire to partake of foreign customs, fashions, and the commodification of other cultures’ products Studying the ancient view of eros recovers a way of looking at political phenomena that provides a bridge, missing in modern thought, between the private and the public spheres, between erotic love and civic commitment Ludwig’s study thus has important implications for the theoretical foundations of community Paul Ludwig is a Tutor at St John’s College, Annapolis, Maryland Eros and Polis Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory PAUL W LUDWIG Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521810654 © Paul W Ludwig 2002 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2002 - isbn-13 978-0-511-07274-1 eBook (EBL) - isbn-10 0-511-07274-0 eBook (EBL) - isbn-13 978-0-521-81065-4 hardback - isbn-10 0-521-81065-5 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To my mother and father Contents Acknowledgments and a Note on Citations page xi Introduction Aims, Method, Scope Eros Ancient and Modern Political Eros Criteria for Applying Eros to Politics An Older Way of Viewing Political Phenomena Potential Contributions of the Classical Theory of Political Eros Themes and Divisions 10 12 14 16 19 part one Political Eros: An Account from the Symposium one Statesmanship and Sexuality in Aristophanes’ Speech 1.1 Political Pederasty 1.2 Irony and Political Satire 1.3 Manliness as a Political Principle 1.4 Love of Same and Love of Other 1.5 Love of Wholeness 1.6 Preliminary Conclusions two Law and Nature in Aristophanes’ Speech 2.1 Modern Contexts 2.2 Myth and “Nature” vii 27 28 39 48 54 57 65 69 69 71 Contents 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Erotic Gods and Heroic Humanism The Return to Original Nature Law and Civil Religion Reconsidered Synoecism and the Emergence of Law Prepolitical Eros? The Natural Origins of Nomos The Reciprocity of Eros and Law Modern Contexts: The Theoretical Implications 76 79 86 91 97 101 105 109 part two The Discourse of Political Eros three Scientific and Poetic Traditions of Eros in Thucydides 3.1 Eros in Homer and Archaic Poetry: Semantic Issues 3.2 Eros in the Tragedians 3.3 Eros in Natural Philosophy and Sophistic Thought 3.4 Eros in Political Oratory and Prose: A Fashionable Fifth-Century Rhetoric? 3.5 Thucydides’ Concept of Political Eros four The Problem of Aggression 4.1 Hubris and Class Domination in the Ancient Democratic Ideology 4.2 Eros and the Thumoeidetic 4.3 The Symposium Again: Eros and Philia five The Problem of Sublimation 5.1 Sublimation and Love: Hippothales in the Lysis 5.2 Reading Athenian Conventions 5.3 Barriers to Fulfillment: Their Use in Courtship 5.4 The Fragility of Greekness: The “Better Argument” in Clouds 5.5 Aristophanic Politics? 121 124 131 136 141 153 170 171 192 212 221 222 229 235 245 254 part three The Polis as a School for Eros six Civic Nudity 6.1 Rationalism and Meritocracy 6.2 Shame and the Case for Barbarism 6.3 The Greek Ideal viii 261 262 275 287 Works Cited Chandra, M The World of Courtesans Bombay: Vikas Churchill, W S The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan Vols London: Longmans, Green 1899 Clark, K The Nude New York: Pantheon 1956 Clark, R B “Platonic Love in a Colorado Courtroom: Martha Nussbaum, John Finnis, and Plato’s Laws in Evans v Romer.” Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 12.1 (2000): 1–38 Cochrane, C N Thucydides and the Science of History London: Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford 1929 Cohen, D Law, Sexuality, and Society: The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens New York: Cambridge University Press 1991 “Law, Society, and Homosexuality in Classical Athens.” Past and Present 117 (1987): 3–21 Law, Violence, and Community in Classical Athens New York: Cambridge University Press 1995 “Review Article: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Ancient Greece.” Classical Philology 87.2 (April 1992): 145–60 Connor, W R The New Politicians of Fifth-Century Athens Princeton: Princeton University Press 1971 “A Post Modernist Thucydides?” Classical Journal 72 (1977): 289–98 Thucydides Princeton: Princeton University Press 1984 Cornford, F M From Religion to Philosophy New York: Harper 1957 Thucydides Mythistoricus New York: Greenwood 1969 Corvino, J., ed Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science, and Culture of Homosexuality Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield 1997 Crane, G Thucydides and the Ancient Simplicity Berkeley: University of California Press 1998 Crawford, M Eros Under a New Sky: Greek Reassessments of Politics, Philosophy, and Sexuality in Light of Roman Hegemony Ph.D dissertation Chicago: Department of Political Science, University of Chicago 2000 Davidson, J N Courtesans and Fishcakes The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens New York: HarperCollins 1997 Davis, M The Politics of Philosophy Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996 Devereux, G “Greek Pseudo-Homosexuality and the ‘Greek Miracle.’ ” Symbolae Osloenses 42 (1968): 69–92 Donlan, W “Pistos Philos Hetairos.” In Theognis of Megara Poetry and the Polis T J Figuera and G Nagy, eds Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1985 Dăorpfeld, W Alt-Olympia Vol Berlin: Mitler 1935 Dover, K J “Aristophanes’ Speech in Plato’s Symposium.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 86 (1966): 41–50 Aristophanic Comedy Berkeley: University of California Press 1972 “Eros and Nomos (Plato, Symposium 182a–185c).” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 11 (1964): 31–42 “Greek Homosexuality and Initiation.” In The Greeks and their Legacy, pp 115–34 Oxford: Blackwell 1988 384 Works Cited Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle Berkeley: University of California Press 1974 “Review of David Cohen, Law, Sexuality, and Society.” Gnomon 65 (1993): 657–60 Dover, K J., ed Aristophanes Clouds Oxford: Clarendon 1989 ed Aristophanes Frogs Oxford: Clarendon 1994 ed Plato Symposium Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980 Doyle, M “Thucydides: A Realist?” In The Peloponnesian War W Blanco and J T Roberts, eds., pp 489–501 New York: Norton 1998 duBois, P Centaurs and Amazons Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1991 Dunbar, N., ed Aristophanes Birds Oxford: Clarendon 1995 Edmunds, L “Foucault and Theognis.” Classical and Modern Literature (1988): 79–91 Faraone, C Ancient Greek Love Magic Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1999 Fasce, S Eros: La figura e il culto Pubblicazioni dell’Istituto di Philologia Classica e Medievale 49 Genoa: Universit`a di Genova, Facolt`a di Lettere, Istituto di Filologia Classica e Medievale 1977 Ferozsons’ Urdu-English Dictionary, Revised Lahore: Ferozsons (Pvt.) 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“Panta Kala: From Homer to Simonides.” Ibid., pp 84–91 Vidal-Naquet, P The Black Hunter A Szegedy-Maszak, trans Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 1986 Vlastos, G “The Individual as an Object of Love in Plato.” In Platonic Studies 2nd edition Princeton: Princeton University Press 1981 “Socratic Irony.” Classical Quarterly 37 (1987): 79–96 Weidauer, K Thukydides und die Hippokratischen Schriften Heidelberg: C Winter 1954 Whitman, C H Aristophanes and the Comic Hero Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1964 Sophocles: A Study of Heroic Humanism Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1951 Winkler, J J The Constraints of Desire New York: Routledge 1990 Wright, M R., ed Empedocles: The Extant Fragments New Haven: Yale University Press 1981 Yunis, H H “The Debate on Undetected Crime and an Undetected Fragment from Euripides’ Sisyphus,” Zeitschrift făur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 75 (1988): 3946 392 Index Acharnians (Aristophanes), 5n, 34n, 39–40, 45, 52, 64–5, 67, 81, 141n, 144, 203–4, 211n, 325, 348, 355 Aeschines, 176–8, 187–9, 229, 234n, 235n Aeschylus, 63, 87n, 122, 131n, 132–3, 136, 155 aggression, 170–71, 179, 181, 187, 194–5, 200, 207, 209, 211, 219, 221, 266, 273, 312, 370, 378 aidos, 276–81, 283–5, 296, 312 aiskhune, 277–8, 312 Alcibiades, 14, 115n, 142, 162–4, 167, 173, 190n, 331–3, 359, 364, 369, 375–6 see also the Symposium ambition, 39, 67, 70, 98, 101, 109, 112, 116, 153, 171–172, 220, 224, 317, 339, 350, 353, 364, 375 see also philotimia ananke, 137–9, 140–1, 157n, 158–9 anteros, 132–3 aphrodisia, 4, 78n, 224n apotheosis, 22, 86, 100, 106, 108–9, 116–17 Archilochus, 129, 141n, 148n, 153 Aristophanes, 5, 6, 40, 43, 45–9, 51–2, 54, 57, 61, 63–4, 66, 68, 70, 76–7, 82, 84, 87– 8, 90, 95, 98–9, 103, 111–12, 116–17, 121, 128n, 133n, 142, 144–5, 149, 153, 174n, 176, 197, 198n, 203, 210–12, 221, 233–4, 236, 242–3, 246, 251, 253–6, 295, 325, 379 and fantasy, 46–7, 49, 56–7, 60, 62, 114, 165, 214, 255, 356 and irony, 21, 27, 28, 39, 40, 45 and political satire, 5, 46 and political theory, 5–6, 46, 115, 254–7 and slander, 46, 54, 148n, 234 see also under titles of individual plays see also the Symposium Aristotle, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 116, 136, 172, 173n, 180–1, 183, 184n, 189, 194–6, 197n, 200, 212, 215, 241, 262n, 329, 342–4, 357, 363, 368, 373, 379 Athens, 1, 15, 32, 50–1, 53n, 58, 60–3, 115, 143, 160–4, 171–3, 174n, 176n, 178, 183, 187, 229–35, 241, 244, 255–6, 262n, 263, 267–70, 320–4, 327–8, 333, 347–50, 358–9, 362–3, 370, 372, 376, 379–80 barbarism/barbarians, 190, 198, 248, 271, 274–7, 283–5, 287–9, 291, 293, 296, 301, 305, 373 beauty, 116, 216, 270, 287, 292, 301, 310, 313–17, 320, 323n, 329–31, 333, 335–8, 340, 345–6, 348, 350, 351–2, 354, 357, 361–4, 367–9, 374–5, 378 393 Index Birds (Aristophanes), 70, 77n, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85–6, 88, 96, 98–9, 101, 103–5, 108, 239n, 352–4, 357, 363, 368, 377, 379, 352–7, 371 Burke, 15 226, 227, 229–37, 246, 249–50, 252, 254, 270, 285, 291, 299, 303, 314 see also nomos courtly love, 231, 237–8, 378 Critias, 139–40, 146 cannibalism, 93n, 94, 114n chivalry, 15, 237, 243–5, 293, 331, 339, 378 citizenship, as courtship, 331–2 civic friendship model, 320, 338, 340, 343–4, erotic model, 327, 338 filial model, 327, 333 colonialism, 351–2, 354, 356 community, 319–20, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340–1, 343–5, 347, 349, 351, 371–2, 376–80 cosmopolitanism, 319–320, 358, 369, 370, 373, 380 civic friendship, 3, 19, 320, 330, 340, 343, 379 see also philia civic trust, 263, 276 Cleon, 142, 144, 157n, 168, 183n, 365–6, 374 in Aristophanes, 43, 54n, 61–2, 64, 197, 255 Clouds (Aristophanes), 53n, 63n, 79n, 88, 105, 140n, 176n, 177n, 245, 253, 255, 301n, 315n Better Argument in, 245–54, 256n, 280n Worse Argument in, 246–50, 252–4, 288n communitarianism, 2, 340, 371–2 strong, constitutive version, 240, 371–2 weaker versions, 372 competition, 262–3, 269, 296–70, 273–4, 290, 325 convention, 44, 48–9, 52–3, 66, 70, 79–80, 82, 89, 109–112, 139, 192, 221, 224, democracy, 2, 5, 15, 20, 29, 31, 62, 63, 67, 153, 160, 162n, 172–8, 184–7, 189, 190, 192, 203, 218, 255 liberal, 2, 17, 112 Demosthenes (orator), 176n, 179, 182, 184–5, 187 diaspora, 35n, 57 Diogenes the Cynic, 224–25, 310n disarmament, 268–9, 304 education, 29–30, 33, 36–8, 43–6, 50, 113, 176–7, 241–4, 246–8, 251–3, 307 egalitarianism, 262, 267–72 Empedocles, 72, 73, 136–7, 357 erastes, 129n, 141, 144, 145–52, 161, 228, 232–3, 240, 243–5, 274, 309, 321 semantic field of, 147 Eros (the deity), 9, 72, 127, 131, 154, 193, 204, 215–16 eros, 7, 10, 92, 97–8, 100, 117, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128–9, 131–3, 136, 138–9, 142, 145–6, 149, 151–6, 160, 162–3, 195, 212–4, 233n, 378n chivalry model of, 243–5 contemplative, 364, see also theoria household, 109, 111, 133, 353 political, 10–19, 36, 67–8, 71, 97, 99, 116, 119, 121–2, 124, 128, 132–3, 141–2, 153–4, 169–70, 321, 330, 359, 360, 364, 376–8 social construction of, 69–70, 110 eros (the Greek word), 7, 10, 92, 97–8, 100, 117, 122–3, 125–6, 128–9, 131–3, 136, 138–9, 142, 145–6, 149, 151–6, 394 Index 160, 162–3, 195, 212–14, 233n, 378n generic, 127–32, 133n, 136, 139, 142–3, 145–8, 150–3 literal, 123, 128, 130, 164 metaphoric, 122–3, 126, 128–9, 164 semantic field of, 1, 9, 124, 146–7, 150 specific, 127–32, 133n, 136, 141–51, 153–4, 164 Euripides, 133n, 135–6, 141–2, 144–6, 149–50, 152n fatherland, 333, 340, 370, 375 Foucault, 7, 9, 20, 21, 28n, 50, 69, 110, 170, 175n, 191n, 193n, 230, 237 Freud, 95–6, 101, 103, 112, 170, 189n, 191n, 203, 220, 221–4, 235–8, 243, 286, 292–3, 310–1, 314, 317, 356 genealogy, 76, 96–7 generosity, 321, 325, 337, 361 Genesis, book of, 283–4, 355n gods, cosmic, 79–81, 88, 91, 95–6, 105 Olympian, 73, 76, 78–81, 83, 85–7, 90–1, 95–6, 105, 108, 253 nature, 79–81, 88, 91, 95–6, 105 good, the, 206, 216–18, 245, 283, 301, 310, 323, 331, 340, 345, 364, 378, 380 Gorgias of Leontini, 140–1 Greekness, 245–6, 252, 254, 261n, 268n, 269, 271, 275, 288 Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 29–30, 154, 160–3, 321, 374 hegemony, 219, 358, 361 Herodotus, 129, 141, 148–9, 153, 154n, 276–8, 280, 285, 291 Hesiod, 9, 10, 75n, 84–5, 93, 127–8, 296 Hippocratic corpus, 73, 137–8, 140n, 157–8, 168, 205n Hobbes, 99, 102, 106n, 116, 156, 359 Homer, 84–5, 99, 121, 125–8, 145–7, 173, 195–6, 200, 213, 266, 296 homoeroticism/homosexuality, 55, 57, 59–61, 64–8, 100, 109, 110–12, 202, 235–7, 234–43, 272n, 309 legal regulation of, 69–70, 110, 114, 229–30 homonoia, 19, 193–4, 320, 342–3, 376–7 honor, 11, 15, 17, 19, 21, 32–3, 36, 50–51, 63, 148n, 153, 159, 161, 167, 171–2, 176–84, 186, 192, 201–2, 207–9, 227, 236, 238, 278, 280, 282, 312, 320, 327, 328–30, 332, 334–9, 344, 348–52, 364, 367–8, 375 household, 2, 18, 33, 37, 61, 64, 66, 81, 93–4, 100–1, 104, 106, 108, 112, 113, 133, 134–5, 179, 194, 208, 240, 262n, 282, 307, 309n, 312–3, 321–5, 340, 343–4, 353, 377 hubris, 3, 9, 21, 50, 53, 85, 87, 100, 153, 167, 171, 172, 181, 183, 189–90, 192n, 209, 219, 229, 230n, 233–4, 236–7, 241, 312, 356, 369 humanism, 76, 78 immortality, 36, 38, 109, 218, 219n, 330 imperial gaze, 360, 364 imperialism, 101, 103, 116, 157n, 318–20, 350–1, 356, 360, 362, 365–6, 369–71, 375n, 376–7, 380 incest, 55, 92, 94, 97, 100, 104, 109–112, 193–4, 282, 285n, 308–9, 326, 333 initiation, 19, 29, 178, 185, 187, 189, 141 kinesis, 137, 155, 158, 167 King’s Peace, 58–9 Knights (Aristophanes), 6, 27, 40, 43, 45–6, 52, 54n, 57–65, 144, 177n, 197n, 254–5 ladder of love, 22, 38, 218, 223n, 227, 313–15, 367, 378–9 395 Index law, 69, 70, 76, 82, 88–96, 101, 104, 106–8, 112, 168, 171, 176–7, 189n, 199, 209, 229–30, 265, 285, 295 see also nomos Laws (Plato), 77, 94n, 95n, 96n, 111n, 117, 190, 197, 201, 212, 219n, 220, 223n, 229, 306n, 312n, 314n, 315n, 327n literary approach, 5, 22, 39 love, 7–9, 222, 225, 228–9, 231–2, 238, 243, 253, 286–7, 309–12 of beauty, 320, 346–52, 378 (see also beauty) of country, 20, 320, 351 (see also patriotism) of the good, 378 (see also good) of honor, 320, 327–39, 367, 375, see also honor, philotimia of one’s own, 116–17, 216, 320–6, 340, 346–7, 352, 376, 372, 375 of other, 42–6, 54–7, 66, 372 of same, 54–7, 66 of wholeness, 57–65 Lucretius, 225 Lysis (Plato), 213–14, 222, 227, 229, 235, 246, 322n, 323n manliness, 20, 29, 43n, 45n, 48–54, 59, 66, 95, 161, 174, 179, 212 meritocracy, 262, 269–71 modesty, 281, 283–4, 286–7, 289, 299–300, 305 see aidos motherland, 333 natural law, 69, 102, 110, 116 nature, 57, 70, 69, 71, 74, 76, 80, 82–4, 86, 89, 91, 96–105, 107–8, 110, 112, 116, 138, 155–8, 168–9, 199, 209, 215, 219, 269, 285, 287, 294, 296, 299, 310, 339, 345, 355n see also phusis Nicias, 6, 142, 144, 153, 165, 360 Nietzsche, 170, 186 nomos, 81–4, 86, 89, 92–3, 94n, 96–100, 102–9, 191, 209, 219, 231, 269, 277, 279, 285, 287, 299–300, 302–3 nudity, 261–4, 267, 270–6, 285, 287, 289–91, 293n, 294–301, 303, 305, 307 civic, 254, 257, 261, 268n, 273, 294–5, 300–1, 303, 305–7, 312, 314–16, 318 ritual, 261, 317 athletic, 261n, 271–2, 289–90, 294–5 oligarchic clubs (hetaireiai), 172–3, 177–8, 185, 187 oligarchy, 15, 59–60, 172, 176, 186, 187, 344, 377 orientalism, 364 patriotism, 116, 122, 133, 160–1, 169, 203, 307, 318–20, 329, 331–4, 339, 340, 345–6, 350–1, 364, 370, 372, 373n, 375 Peace (Aristophanes), 77, 128n, 354 pederasty, 6, 19, 20, 27, 28–30, 33, 35, 36, 44, 46, 48, 52–3, 54, 60–1, 63, 68, 70, 111, 132, 144, 147, 150, 163, 172, 173n, 174n, 175, 176, 187, 189, 211, 223, 231–8, 242–4, 252, 255, 276, 295, 314, 339, 342–3, 353, 367, 377–8 Pericles, 121, 128, 141–2, 144–9, 151, 161, 164, 167, 226, 256, 280n, 320–38, 340, 345–7, 354, 356, 359–64, 370, 372, 374–5 Phaedrus (Plato), 11n, 75, 109n, 152, 223, 229n, 241, 245n, 342, 369, 378n phenomenology, 76, 82, 96–97 philia, 134, 136n, 192–5, 200, 205n, 212–13, 214–15, 219, 308, 313, 340–1 philotimia, 32, 35–9, 98, 219n, 315, 320, 330–1, 334, 355, 357, 375, 378 phusis, 81, 82, 86, 106, 138–9, 158 396 Index Pindar, 130–1, 136, 142, 146, 153 Plato, 1, 2, 6, 8, 11, 14, 22, 28, 33–4, 38–40, 45, 47–8, 55, 57, 64, 67–8, 70, 74, 77–8, 82, 87, 88n, 98–9, 112, 114, 116, 117, 121, 127, 129, 145–6, 151–3, 157n, 171, 176, 188n, 190, 193, 194n, 196, 198n, 201, 210–15, 220–6, 229, 232, 235–6, 238, 245–6, 249, 253, 272, 290–91, 295, 305–6, 312, 314, 317–18, 319, 342–3, 356, 367, 378–9 see also under titles of individual dialogues political psychology, 2, 3, 365 polis, 1, 3–4, 11, 20, 34–5, 58–61, 63–7, 93, 97, 100–1, 108–9, 173, 187, 193, 199, 207, 211, 239–40, 255, 262n, 268, 269n, 295, 306–8, 335, 362 birth of, see synoecism demise of, 341, 343–5, 349, 376–8 pride, 324, 325n, 326, 332, 334–5, 337 profit, 319, 321, 358, 360, 364 power, 71, 76, 85, 101–4, 106n, 107, 110, 112, 140, 166–167, 169–70, 175n, 176 lust for, 102, 107 rape, 170, 172, 182, 183, 185, 219, 230, 286, 288, 354, 355n, 356 rationalism, 262, 274 Republic (Plato), 21, 37n, 62n, 63n, 94n, 114n, 117, 171, 175, 187n, 189–90, 193–4, 196–7, 200, 209–12, 214–15, 220, 222–4, 202, 272n, 305–6, 308–9, 312–15, 326–8, 334, 338–44, 349n, 365, 367 republicanism, 2, 3, 18, 60, 107, 276, 319 theoretical foundations of, rivalry, 3, 31, 32, 96, 167, 244–8, 274, 374 role modeling, 31 Rousseau, 4, 82, 92–4, 96, 99 Sacred Band of Thebes, 19, 60, 193, 341 Sappho, 129 security, 262–3, 266, 319–20, 338, 345, 358–60, 364, 367 shame, 172, 177, 181, 184, 186, 189, 200–1, 208, 230–1, 246, 248–9, 261, 263, 275–81, 283, 287, 298, 303, 310–12, 315 see also aidos, aiskhune sexuality, 1, 9, 21, 27, 28, 33, 50, 61, 69, 74, 91, 107, 352–3, 356, 170–3, 182, 183, 191, 224, 233, 235, 242, 252, 282–4, 295, 303, 326, 353, 355 sophistic thought, 136–9, 141, 147, 157n, 159, 169, 366 Sophocles, 129, 136, 149, 153–4 Sparta, 15, 58–60, 162, 177–8, 186–7, 189n, 194n, 203–4, 320, 322, 325–6, 329, 332, 335, 346–51, 362–3, 370–1, 373–5, 377, 379 sublimation, 10–11, 21, 117, 128n, 206–8, 220–1, 222–9, 232, 235–9, 242, 245, 253–4, 256, 292–3, 303, 313 Symposium (Plato), Agathon in, 22, 39, 40–2, 48, 53, 215–16 Alcibiades in, 22–3, 31n, 46n, 218 Aristophanes in, 27–8, 32–5, 37–9, 40–42, 44–8, 53–5, 58–9, 64–5, 69n, 70–5, 78–80, 82, 86–7, 90–2, 95, 97–101, 106, 108–11, 113–14, 117, 211–20, 307 circle-people in, 22, 33, 35, 42, 46–7, 49, 58–9, 60, 65, 68, 72, 78–9, 82, 85–6, 91–3, 95–7, 99–100, 104, 108–10, 113, 195, 198, 214, 218 Diotima in, 22, 35, 98, 109, 139n, 145–7, 150, 152, 212, 216–20, 227, 236, 310, 313–15, 322–23, 330, 338–9, 368 Eryximachus in, 40–2, 5571–2, 75, 110, 136 Pausanias in, 28–31, 33, 35–6, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44–5, 48, 50, 51–3, 55, 59–60, 61, 65, 161n, 174n, 175n, 229, 238, 242, 244, 305n, 342 397 Index Symposium (Plato) (contd.) Phaedrus in, 28–31, 33, 35–8, 42, 48, 51, 55, 57, 60–1, 64–5, 174n, 193, 213n, 245n, 342 Socrates in, 10, 22–3, 27–8, 35–9, 86n, 87n, 89n, 98, 105, 109, 116, 152, 178, 190, 196, 210, 213–14, 216–17, 219, 224n, 227–8, 234, 242–4, 292, 298, 306–10, 312–14, 317, 320, 323–4, 326, 330, 338–9, 343, 353, 357, 367–9, 378–9 synoecism, 20, 47, 58, 91, 93, 94n, 97, 99, 101, 104, 213, 262n, 362 Theognidea, 130, 173n, 192, 272n, 295 theoria, 320, 361, 365, 367n, 373, 375n Thucydides, 121, 123, 131, 137, 141–42, 144–5, 148, 150, 153–9, 161–7, 169, 173n, 177n, 183n, 186, 187n, 196, 208n, 218, 261–76, 285, 288–9, 290n, 295, 318, 319–20, 332, 347, 350n, 356, 360n, 361–2, 364–6, 369, 370, 375, 380 Funeral oration, see Pericles Melian dialogue in, 154 Mytilenian debate in, 141, 168–9 Sicilian expedition in, 124, 142, 150–1, 153–4, 160, 162, 163–6 thumos/thumoeidetic, 117, 171, 191–2, 195–205, 207–12, 220, 223n, 312, 324–5, 330, 332, 334, 350, 365, 367–9 Tocqueville, 175n tyrant/tyranny, 2, 20, 29, 59, 100–101, 107, 110, 149, 160–2, 84–5, 94n, 103, 107, 108, 110, 111, 129, 135, 141, 149, 153, 161–2, 171, 176, 189–190, 193, 209, 218, 234, 268, 269, 275, 276n, 291n, 305, 330, 331, 332, 338, 342–4, 352, 365, 374, 377 tyrannicide, 84, 107, 160, 177 see also Harmodius and Aristogeiton utopias, 5, 46–7, 67, 76, 114 vanity, 335–8, 348, 354, 368, 374, 375n village, 93, 97, 107, 262n, 281, 344 violation, 133n, 140, 170–3, 191–2, 200, 209–11, 215, 219, 280 Xenophon, 151–3, 188n, 195–6, 229, 232, 234, 327n, 329n, 342n Wasps (Aristophanes), 173n, 178n, 190, 197, 205–6, 212, 248, 295, 315n Bdelycleon in, 178n, 197, 202–11, 339, 373–4, 375n, 380 Philocleon in, 178n, 198, 202, 205–11, 221, 246n, 248, 250, 253, 315n, 338–9, 373–4 wrestling, 176, 178, 187, 233, 252, 264–5, 269, 271, 274 398 ...This page intentionally left blank Eros and Polis Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory Eros and Polis examines how and why Greek theorists treated political passions as... College, Annapolis, Maryland Eros and Polis Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory PAUL W LUDWIG Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,... of political eros was both a rhetoric and a theory The large semantic field of the Greek word eros, comprising political and other meanings, had been a linguistic feature of long standing During