0521861136 cambridge university press writing against revolution literary conservatism in britain 1790 1832 jan 2007

This page intentionally left blank WRITING AGAINST REVOLUTION Conservative culture in the romantic period should not be understood merely as an effort to preserve the old regime in Britain against the threat of revolution Instead, conservative thinkers and writers aimed to transform British culture and society to achieve a stable future in contrast to the destructive upheavals taking place in France Kevin Gilmartin explores the literary forms of counterrevolutionary expression in Britain, showing that while conservative movements were often inclined to treat print culture as a dangerously unstable and even subversive field, a whole range of print forms – ballads, tales, dialogues, novels, critical reviews – became central tools in the counterrevolutionary campaign Beginning with the pamphlet campaigns of the loyalist Association movement and the Cheap Repository in the 1790s, Gilmartin analyses the role of periodical reviews and anti-Jacobin fiction in the campaign against revolution, and closes with a new account of the conservative careers of Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge Kevin Gilmartin is Associate Professor of English Literature at the California Institute of Technology He is the author of Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1996) and the editor, with James Chandler, of Romantic Metropolis: The Urban Scene of British Culture, 1780–1840 (Cambridge, 2005) CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM General Editors Professor Marilyn Butler, University of Oxford Professor James Chandler, University of Chicago Editorial Board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, University of Cambridge Claudia Johnson, Princeton University Alan Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara Susan Manning, University of Edinburgh Jerome McGann, University of Virginia David Simpson, University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early 1780s to the early 1830s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those ‘‘great national events’’ that were ‘‘almost daily taking place’’: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanization, industrialization, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations’between science, philosophy, religion, and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria; gender relations in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Don Juan; journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt; poetic form, content, and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of response or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of ‘‘literature’’ and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book WRITING AGAINST REVOLUTION Literary Conservatism in Britain, 1790–1832 KEVIN GILMARTIN California Institute of Technology CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521861137 © Kevin Gilmartin 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-511-26882-3 eBook (EBL) 0-511-26882-3 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-521-86113-7 hardback 0-521-86113-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Susan and Raymond Contents Illustrations Acknowledgments List of abbreviations page viii ix xi Introduction: Reconsidering counterrevolutionary expression In the theater of counterrevolution: loyalist association and vernacular address 19 ‘‘Study to be quiet’’: Hannah More and counterrevolutionary moral reform 55 Reviewing subversion: the function of criticism at the present crisis 96 Subverting fictions: the counterrevolutionary form of the novel 150 Southey, Coleridge, and the end of anti-Jacobinism in Britain 207 Notes Bibliography Index 253 295 311 vii Illustrations Figure The Apprentice’s Monitor; or, Indentures in Verse (1795) Figure The Shepherd of Salisbury-Plain (1795) Figure On Carrying Religion into the Common Business of Life (1796) viii 81 84 88 306 Bibliography Pedersen, Susan ‘‘Hannah More Meets Simple Simon: Tracts, Chapbooks, and Popular Culture in Late Eighteenth-Century England.’’ Journal of British Studies 25 (1986), 84–113 Philips, David ‘‘Good Men to Associate and Bad Men to Conspire: Associations for the Prosecution of Felons in England, 1760–1860.’’ In Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750–1850 Ed Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989 113–70 Philp, Mark ‘‘The Fragmented Ideology of Reform.’’ In The French Revolution and British Popular Politics Ed Mark Philp Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 50–77 ‘‘Vulgar Conservatism, 1792–3.’’ English Historical Review 110 (1995), 42–69 Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel The Concept of Representation Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972 Pocock, J G A Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985 ‘‘Introduction’’ to Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France Ed J G A Pocock Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett, 1987 vii–lvi Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin London, 1799 Pole, J R Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic London: Macmillan, 1960 Poynter, J R Society and Pauperism: English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795–1834 London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969 Priestman, Martin Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1780–1830 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Pye, Henry James The Aristocrat vols London, 1799 The Democrat: Interspersed with Anecdotes of Well Known Characters vols London, 1795 Quarterly Review (1809– ) Reid, Christopher Edmund Burke and the Practice of Political Writing New York: St Martin’s, 1985 Reid, John Phillip The Concept of Representation in the Age of the American Revolution Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987 Religious Tract Society An Account of the Origin and Progress of the London Religious Tract Society London, 1803 Report of the Committee of the Religious Tract Society London, 1808 The Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Religious Tract Society London, 1824 Richardson, Alan Literature, Education, and Romanticism: Reading as Social Practice, 1780–1832 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Richetti, John J Popular Fiction before Richardson: Narrative Patterns, 1700–1739 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992 Rieder, John Wordsworth’s Counterrevolutionary Turn: Community, Virtue, and Vision in the 1790s Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1997 Ring the Alarum Bell! (1803) Bibliography 307 Roberts, William The Looker-On: A Periodical Paper By the Rev Simon OliveBranch, A.M Fourth edition vols London, 1797 Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs Hannah More vols London: R B Seeley and W Burnside, 1834 Robinson, Nicholas K Edmund Burke: A Life in Caricature New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996 Roe, Nicholas Wordsworth and Coleridge: The Radical Years Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988 Rogers, Nicholas ‘‘Burning Tom Paine: Loyalism and Counter-Revolution in Britain, 1792–1792.’’ Histoire Sociale-Social History 32 (1999), 139–71 Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 Roper, Derek Reviewing before the Edinburgh, 1788–1802 Newark, New Jersey: University of Delaware Press, 1978 Russell, Gillian The Theatres of War: Performance, Politics, and Society, 1793– 1815 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995 Ryan, Robert The Romantic Reformation: Religious Politics in English Literature, 1789–1824 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 Sack, James J From Jacobite to Conservative: Reaction and Orthodoxy in Britain, c 1760–1832 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 ‘‘The Memory of Burke and the Memory of Pitt.’’ Historical Journal 30 (1987), 623–40 The Satirist, or Monthly Meteor (1807–14) Scrivener, Michael Radical Shelley: The Philosophical Anarchism and Utopian Thought of Percy Bysshe Shelley Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982 Seditious Allegories: John Thelwall and Jacobin Writing University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001 Shadgett’s Weekly Review, of Cobbett, Wooler, Sherwin, and Other Democratical and Infidel Writers (1818–19) Shine, Hill, and Helen Chadwick Shine The Quarterly Review under Gifford: Identification of Contributors, 1809–1824 Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1949 Simpson, David ‘‘The French Revolution.’’ In Romanticism Ed Marshall Brown Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 Volume of The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Romanticism, Nationalism, and the Revolt Against Theory Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993 Wordsworth’s Historical Imagination: The Poetry of Displacement New York and London: Methuen, 1987 Siskin, Clifford The Work of Writing: Literature and Social Change in Britain, 1700– 1830 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998 Smith, Adam The Theory of Moral Sentiments Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1984 308 Bibliography Smith, Olivia The Politics of Language, 1791–1819 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984 Southey, Robert The Book of the Church London: Frederick Warne, 1869 Essays, Moral and Political vols London: John Murray, 1832 Letters of Robert Southey Ed Maurice H Fitzgerald London: Henry Frowde, 1912 The Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey Ed Charles Cuthbert Southey vols London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1850 The Life of Wesley and the Rise and Progress of Methodism Ed Maurice Fitzgerald vols Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925 The Origin, Nature, and Object of the New System of Education London: John Murray, 1812 The Poetical Works of Robert Southey London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1876 Selections from the Letters of Robert Southey Ed John Wood Warter vols London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1856 Sir Thomas More: or, Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society vols London: John Murray, 1829 Wat Tyler: A Dramatic Poem (1817) Ed Matt Hill Romantic Circles ed Neil Fraistat and Steven E Jones, www.rc.umd.edu/editions/wattyler/, last accessed 15 July 2005 Spater, George William Cobbett: The Poor Man’s Friend vols Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982 Spinney, G H ‘‘Cheap Repository Tracts: Hazard and Marshall Edition.’’ The Library 20 (1939–40), 295–340 The Spirit of Anti-Jacobinism for 1802: Being a Collection of Essays, Dissertations, and Other Pieces, in Prose and Verse, on Subjects Religious, Moral, Political and Literary; Partly Selected from the Fugitive Publications of the Day, and Partly Original London, 1802 Stevenson, John Popular Disturbances in England, 1730–1848 Second edition London: Longmans, 1992 Storey, Mark Robert Southey: A Life Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997 Strout, Alan Lang A Bibliography of Articles in Blackwood’s Magazine, Volumes I through XVIII, 1817–1825 Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technical College, 1959 Sullivan, Alvin, ed British Literary Magazines The Romantic Age, 1789–1836 Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983 Sutherland, Kathryn ‘‘Hannah More’s Counter-Revolutionary Feminism.’’ In Revolution in Writing: British Literary Responses to the French Revolution Ed Kelvin Everest Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1991 53–61 Taylor, John Tinnon Early Opposition to the English Novel: The Popular Reaction from 1760 to 1830 New York: King’s Crown Press, 1943 Tobin, Beth Fowkes Superintending the Poor: Charitable Ladies and Paternal Landlords in British Fiction, 1770–1860 New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993 Bibliography 309 Thomas, Ann Adolphus De Biron A Novel Founded on The French Revolution vols Plymouth, [1795] Thompson, E P The Making of the English Working Class New York: Vintage, 1966 The Romantics: England in a Revolutionary Age New York: The New Press, 1997 Todd, Janet Sensibility: An Introduction London: Methuen, 1986 Ty, Eleanor Unsex’d Revolutionaries: Five Women Novelists of the 1790s Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993 Vickery, Amanda ‘‘Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women’s History.’’ The Historical Journal 36 (1993), 383–414 Walker, George The Vagabond First American edition, from the fourth English edition Boston, 1800 Watson, Nicola J Revolution and the Form of the British Novel, 1790–1825: Intercepted Letters, Interrupted Seductions Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994 Watt, Ian The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1957 Watts, Michael The Dissenters vols., Vol 2, The Expansion of Evangelical Nonconformity Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995 Welch, Samuel ‘‘Samuel Taylor Coleridge.’’ In Nineteenth-Century Religious Thought in the West Ed Ninian Smart et al vols Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985 Wells, Roger Insurrection: The British Experience, 1795–1803 Gloucester: A Sutton, 1983 Wretched Faces: Famine in Wartime England, 1793–1801 Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1988 West, Jane The Advantages of Education, Or, The History of Maria Williams, A Tale for Misses and Their Mamas, By Prudentia Homespun vols London, 1793 A Tale of the Times London, 1799 Western, J R ‘‘The Volunteer Movement as an Anti-Revolutionary Force, 1793–1801.’’ English Historical Review 71 (1956), 603–14 Whale, John, ed Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France: New Interdisciplinary Essays Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000 ‘‘Hazlitt on Burke: the Ambivalent Position of a Radical Essayist.’’ Studies in Romanticism 25 (1986), 465–81 Wheatley, Kim, ed Romantic Periodicals and Print Culture London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2003 Wheatley, Kim Shelley and His Readers: Beyond Paranoid Politics Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1999 The White Dwarf (1817–18) Wickwar, William The Struggle for the Freedom of the Press, 1819–1832 London: George Allen and Unwin, 1928 Williams, Raymond The Country and the City New York: Oxford University Press, 1973 310 Bibliography Culture and Society, 1780–1950 New York: Columbia University Press, 1983 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Revised edition New York: Oxford University Press, 1983 Winch, Donald Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 Woodward, E L The Age of Reform 1815–1870 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949 Wordsworth, William The Prose Works of William Wordsworth Ed W J B Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser vols Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974 Wordsworth’s Poetical Works Edited by Thomas Hutchinson and Ernest De Selincourt Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1936 Young, Charles Duke The Life and Administration of Robert Banks, Second Earl of Liverpool London: Macmillan, 1868 Young, Arthur The Example of France a Warning to Britain London, 1793 Index Account of the Present English Conspiracy, An, 104 Adolphus, John Footsteps of Blood; or, The March of the Republicans, 112 Alien Act, 44, 166À7 Alison, Archibald, 139 Allestree, Richard, 91 Analytical Review, 98, 122, 123, 136 Anti-Cobbett, or The Weekly Patriotic Register, 101 anti-Cobbetting, 100À1, 130 Anti-Gallican Monitor and Anti-Corsican Chronicle, 102 AntiGallican Songster, The, 101 Anti-Gallican, The, 109 Anti-Infidel, The, 111 anti-Jacobin novel, 12, 16À17, 23, 48, 50, 213 See also individual authors anti-novel premises, 158À60 compared with tract literature, 159À60 domestic conversation, 175À96 epistolary form, 167À8, 188À90 experimental, 153À9, 160À1, 171 female charitable enterprise, 196À206 picaresque narrative and Jacobin rogue, 154À5, 160, 161À74, 181À2 reviewed, 151 Anti-Jacobin Review, 16, 93, 96, 98, 99, 102, 105, 103À6, 108, 109À11, 112À13, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121À4, 125À6, 127À32, 133, 135À8, 151, 158, 221 Anti-Jacobin; or, Weekly Examiner, The, 3, 5, 16, 96, 101, 109, 117, 118, 119À21, 123, 125, 130, 132, 133, 139, 141, 145, 225 Anti-Leveller, The, 111 Anti-Levelling Songster, The, 101 Ashhurst, William, 44À5, 46 Aspinall, Arthur, 97 Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers, 11, 13, 14À15, 56, 68, 73, 77, 93, 99, 139, 140 activism and conservative enterprise, 19À25 as counter association, 39, 41À3 and government, 23À5, 38À43, 46, 51, 52À3 criminal prosecution, 44À6, 51À3 formation and organization, 19À20, 38À43 historical interpretations of, 20À3 press and print expression, 44À6 public opinion and assembly, 20À3, 39À43 vernacular address, 21À2, 25À38, 46À51 Works Association Papers, 25, 26, 42, 46, 48, 54 Dialogue between Mr T-, a Tradesman in the City, and his Porter, John W-, A, 48 Labourer and the Gentleman, The, 33, 35, 48À9 Mr Justice Ashhurst’s Charge, 44, 45, 54 Poor Richard; Or, The Way to Content in These Troublesome Times, 49À50 Protest against T Paine’s Rights of Man, A, 45 Short Hints Upon Levelling, 45 Austen, Jane, 4, 160 Ballantyne, John, 140 Barrow, John, 111 Barruel, Augustin, Abbe´, 106 Beauties of the Anti-Jacobin, The, 121 Bedford, Grosvenor, 111, 209, 223, 225À6, 228À9 Beedell, A V., 22 Bell, Andrew, 233, 240, 244 Bellingham, John, 209 Beloe, William, 98 Bentham, Jeremy, 8, 71 Bere, Thomas, 102 Bernard, Thomas, 240 Bisset, Robert, 98, 106, 109, 151 Douglas; or, the Highlander, 151 Modern Literature, 151 Blackwood, William, 139, 142 311 312 Index Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 5, 16, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104À5, 106, 110, 113, 115À17, 120, 124À5, 127, 128, 130, 139À41, 142À9 Blagdon, Francis, 101, 133, 142 Blagdon’s Political Register, 101, 124, 141À2 Blair, William, 111 Bolingbroke, Henry St John (1st Viscount), 46 Bowles, John, 99, 111, 114 Answer to the Declaration of the Persons Calling Themselves, Friends of the Liberty of the Press, An, 52À3 Brand, John, 128 British Critic, 98, 99, 102, 105, 137, 141, 151, 155, 171, 221 British Forum, 138 Brougham, Henry, 230, 232 Bullock, Mrs Dorothea, 165, 172, 176, 200À1 Bunyan, John, 151 Burdett, Francis, 207, 210 Burges, Mary Anne Progress of the Pilgrim Good-Intent, in Jacobinical Times, The, 151 Burke, Edmund, 4, 6, 11, 21, 41, 42, 63, 64, 86, 87, 97, 99, 109, 127, 158, 167, 183, 186, 218, 234 Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, An, Letter to a Noble Lord, A, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 4, 7À9, 29, 34, 96, 157, 178, 237, 248 Thoughts on French Affairs, 126À8 Butler, Marilyn, 94, 113, 154, 160, 233 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 207 Cadell and Davies, publishers, 151 Canning, George, 11, 96, 101, 110, 119, 120, 125, 128, 145À9 Carlile, Richard, 124, 126 Carnall, Geoffrey, 251 Cartwright, John, 217 Catholic emancipation, 1, 11, 12, 114, 235, 242 Cato Street conspiracy, Cheap Repository Tracts See also More, Hannah Dame Andrews, 85 Hints to All Ranks of People, 74 Loyal Subject’s Political Creed, The, 80 Christian Guardian, The, 99À100, 101 Christian Observer, 99 Christie, Ian R., 9, 20 Church and King, 100 Citizen’s Daughter, The, 178À9 Claeys, Gregory, Cobbett, William, 2, 99, 100À1, 109, 113, 116, 124, 126, 137, 207, 209, 210, 215, 222, 224, 232, 237 Cockney School, 5, 97, 115, 125, 139, 140 Coleridge, George, 250 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 11, 12, 14, 17À18, 26, 109, 113 audience and rhetorical address, 215À18 Church and clerisy, 241À51 letter to Lord Liverpool, 224À5, 228, 242 libel law and press controls, 213À16 patronage, 224À5, 230À2 retreat from radicalism, and anti-radical commitment, 207À12 Wat Tyler controversy, 209, 211, 214 Works Biographia Literaria, 210, 225, 247À8 Conciones ad Populum, 216 Courier, 208, 209, 211, 230 Friend, The, 210, 213À17, 218, 223, 224, 242 Lay Sermon, A, 217, 242 Morning Post, 214 On the Constitution of the Church and State, 17, 217, 231, 242À51 Statesman’s Manual, The, 211, 217, 246 Colley, Linda, 13 Colquhoun, Patrick, 218 Combination Acts, 103À4 Cottage Magazine, 100 Cottager’s Monthly Visitor, 100 Courier, 96, 97, 120, 208, 209, 211, 230 Critical Review, 98, 122, 123, 131, 136 Croker, John Wilson, 111, 139 Cromwell, Oliver, 170 Crown and Anchor Tavern, 19, 39, 53 D’Israeli, Isaac, 150 Vaurien, 167, 175 Davy, Humphry, 216 Day, 97 de Montluzin, Emily Lorraine, 122 Demers, Patricia, 72 Despard plot, Dickens, Charles, 152 Dickinson, H T., 9, 20 Dinwiddy, John, 21 Dozier, Robert R., 20, 23 Duffy, Michael, 38À9 Dundas, Henry, 39, 103 Eagleton, Terry, 41, 137, 247, 251 Eastwood, David, 6, 9, 24 Index Eaton, Daniel Isaac, 126 Politics for the People, 157 Edinburgh House of Industry, 205 Edinburgh Review, 97, 105, 106, 109, 124À5, 130, 142À4, 216, 221 Education Act of 1870, 251 Edward VI, 234À5 Elizabeth I, 234 Elliott, Dorice, 60 Ellis, George, 119 Enlightenment, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 106, 108, 113, 153, 242 Erskine, Thomas, 51 Fielding, Henry, 28, 29 Finnerty, Peter, 138 Flowers of Literature, 133 French Revolution, 1, 4, 9, 11, 19, 20, 22, 28, 42, 49, 64, 65, 68, 96, 97, 99, 112, 113, 119, 143, 150, 166, 168 Frere, John Hookham, 119, 225, 242 Friends to the Liberty of the Press, 51À3 Gallagher, Catherine, 158 Gaskell, Elizabeth, 152 Gentleman’s Magazine, 98À9, 111, 112 Gifford, William, 101, 106, 110, 119À20, 121, 123, 212, 221, 241 Godwin, William, 4, 97, 131, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 160, 171, 173, 177 Gordon Riots, 170À2 Gough, Richard, 98 Green, John Richards (alias John Gifford), 111, 121 Green, T H., 252 Grenby, M O., 150, 151, 158, 160 Grenville, William Wyndham, 39, 44 Grey, Charles, second Earl Grey, 230, 231, 249, 252 Gridiron, or, Cook’s Weekly Register, The, 101, 124 Guardian of Education, 99 Habermas, Juărgen, 4, 46, 176 Hamilton, Elizabeth, 16, 150, 158, 160 Exercises in Religious Knowledge; for the Instruction of Young Persons, 205 Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, 151, 155À7, 160, 170, 175, 190À3, 194, 201À6 Translation of the Letters of a Hindoo Rajah, 175 Hardy, Thomas, 51 Harral, Thomas Scenes of Life, 177, 181À8, 189, 190, 195, 204 313 Hatchard, John, publisher and bookseller, 100, 104, 111, 150 Hayden, John O., 105 Hays, Mary, 125À6, 131, 150, 151, 152 Hazlitt, William, 4, 6, 8, 97, 125, 135, 207, 226, 228 Henry VIII, 234, 236, 243 Heriot, John, 97 Herries, John Charles, 225 Herzog, Don, 9, 157 Holcroft, Thomas, 150, 151, 153, 154 Hole, Robert, 25, 72, 78, 119 Holmes, Richard, 246 Hone, William, 124, 137, 224 Hookham and Carpenter, publishers, 151 Horne, George, 78 Hume, David, 151 Hunt, Henry, 86, 140, 232 Hunt, (James Henry) Leigh, 115, 125, 126, 139À40, 207, 209, 226, 228 Hunt, John, 126, 142, 209 Hurst, Thomas, 217 Innes, Joanna, 65À6 Ireland, 2, 165, 187 Jameson, Fredric, 161 Jeffrey, Francis, 97, 125, 142 Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool, 223À5, 228, 229, 242 Jenyns, Soame, 46 Johnson, Claudia, 176, 178, 188 Johnson, Nancy, 161 Jones, John Gale, 138, 140, 186 Jones, William, 13, 47, 50À1 Kaiser, David Aram, 250 Keats, John, 97, 140, 207 Kelly, Gary, 67, 95, 162 Kenyon, George, second Baron, 98 Klancher, Jon, 144, 217, 249 Knight, Richard Payne, 121, 132 Krueger, Christine, 68, 93 Lancaster, Joseph, 233 Lane, William, publisher, 151 Liu, Alan, 52, 208 Lockhart, John Gibson, 109, 113, 115, 125, 127, 139 London Corresponding Society, 20, 23, 66, 96, 160, 186, 207, 211 Longman and Rees, publishers, 151 Looker-On, The, 138À9, 147 314 Index Lovell, Daniel, 209 loyalism See Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers Loyalist, The, 101, 111À12, 114 Luddite disturbances, 3, 207, 209, 218, 223, 227 Mackintosh, James, 97 Malthus, Thomas, 8, 234 Manners, George, 138 Marat, Jean Paul, 163 Mason, William, 132 Matthews, Henry, 148 Matthews, John, 135 Mawbey, Joseph, 99 May, John, 229 McMahon, Darrin M., 11 Mellor, Anne, 69 Merle, Gibbons, 98, 101, 107 Milton, John, 213À14, 215 Monthly Review, 122, 123, 125À6, 136, 137 More, Hannah, 8, 21, 99, 100, 157, 161, 187, 205, 211, 239, 252 Blagdon controversy, 93À102 Cheap Repository Tracts, 11, 14, 15, 35, 49, 55À95, 111, 159À60, 174, 179, 180, 206 domestic sphere, 60À2, 79À82 Evangelical enterprise and moral reform, 58À69, 70À4, 82À9 factual representation, 69À71 narrative form, 55À61, 62À3, 80À2 politics, 63À9, 90À5 publication and circulation, 71À8, 86À7 scriptural authority, 77À80 self-reference, 58À9, 70À4, 79, 93À5 Works Apprentice’s Monitor, The, 80 Cottage Cook, The, 61, 76 Cure for Melancholy, A, 74, 76, 77 History of Hester Wilmot, The, 76, 77, 78 History of Tom White, 55À63, 66, 67, 73, 76, 82 Shepherd of Salisbury-Plain, The, 78À85 Sunday School, The, 76, 89 Turn The Carpet, 89 Two Shoemakers, The, 87À9 Village Disputants, The, 92 Village Politics, 15, 47, 55, 56, 60, 66, 90À5, 100, 152 Works (1801), 67À8, 75À7 Morning Chronicle, 120 Morning Post, 96, 120, 214 Murray, John, publisher, 151 My Cottage Is My Castle, 100 Myers, Mitzi, 69 Napoleon, 112, 150, 208 Napoleonic wars, 47, 97, 99 Nares, Robert, 98 National Register, 110 New Annual Register, 131 New Times, 97, 101 Nichols, John, 98 O’Gorman, Frank, Oracle, 96, 97 Owen, Robert, 8, 71, 229 Paine, Thomas, 4, 8, 9, 13, 25, 27, 37, 42, 45, 47, 51, 64, 66, 67, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 110, 123, 131, 139, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 160, 163, 171, 177, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 207, 208, 215, 216 Paley, William, 8, 21, 39, 48, 49, 239 Equality, As Consistent with the British Constitution, 25, 26, 35, 37 Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, The, 25, 26 Reasons for Contentment, 15, 25À38, 44, 47, 52, 54, 100 Parker, Mark, 144 Paulson, Ronald, 2, 28 Pedersen, Susan, 66À7, 71 Pentridge rising, Perceval, Spencer, 209, 223, 226, 227 periodical press, conservative, 15À16 See also individual titles and the novel, 125À6, 151 anti-Jacobin sequence, 117À37 critical reviews and critical surveillance, 103À11, 117À37 government subsidy and support, 97À8, 107À8, 110À11, 141À2 overview of, 96À102 parliamentary representation, 120, 137, 141À9 periodical interval, 111À20, 126À8 politics of culture, 108À9, 117À21, 132À5 sociability, 137À49 Peter, Hugh, Peterloo, 115, 116, 140, 142, 207 Philp, Mark, 9, 21À2, 37, 39, 45, 47À8, 64, 68 Pitt Clubs, 11, 140 Index Pitt, William, 10, 11, 39, 40, 44, 97, 100, 135, 142, 166 Pocock, J G A., Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin, 121 Porteus, Beilby, 93 Price, Richard, 7, 97, 98, 234 Price, Uvedale, 132 Priestley, Joseph, 97, 98, 154 Public Advertiser, 132 Pye, Henry James, 16 Aristocrat, The, 158 Democrat, The, 162À7 Quarterly Review, 2, 11, 16, 17, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 104À5, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114À15, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 134, 135, 141, 145, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 218À24, 226, 227, 234À9, 240, 249, 251 Reeves, John, 19À23, 26, 38À40, 41, 43, 46, 51, 54, 56, 64, 73, 77, 93, 99, 111, 139 See also Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers Reform Act of 1832, 1, 252 Religious Tract Society, 73, 99 Ricardo, David, Richmond, Legh, 99 Rickman, John, 226 Ridgway, James, 118 Rieder, John, 29 Ring the Alarum Bell !, 101 Rivington, F and C., publishers, 98 Roberts, William, 138À9 Robespierre, Maximilien, 163 Robinson, George, bookseller and publisher, 131 Robinson, John and George, publishers, 151 Robison, John, 106 romantic studies and conservatism, 1À9 Rose, George, 97 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 2, 154, 177, 191 Royal Society of Literature, 230 Sack, James J., 9, 10À11, 97, 108 Satirist, or Monthly Meteor, The, 138, 140 Shadgett, William Shadgett’s Weekly Review, 101, 110 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 102, 207 Simond, Louis, 222 Simpson, David, Six Acts, 115, 144, 145À7, 148 315 Smith, Adam, 30, 33 Smith, Olivia, 47, 67, 83 Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor, 240 Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 98 Sotheby, William, 230 Southey, Robert, 2, 5, 11, 12, 14, 17À18, 105, 107, 109, 113, 115, 127, 137, 141 declines invitation to conduct a ministerial periodical, 225À30 educational reform, 218, 232À3, 234À6, 239À40 English Reformation, 233À9 literary agency and government repression, 218À24, 225À30 memorandum to Lord Liverpool, 223À4, 225, 226 poet laureateship, 223, 226, 229À30 radical press, 210À11, 212À13 retreat from radicalism, and anti-radical commitment, 207À11 Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor, 240 Wat Tyler controversy, 208À9, 211, 226 Works Book of the Church, The, 234, 236, 239 Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society, 234 Edinburgh Annual Register, 210À11, 223 Essays, Moral and Political, 212, 222, 251 History of Brazil, The, 239 History of the Peninsular War, A, 239 Lay of the Laureate, The, 234 Letters from England, 229 Life of Nelson, The, 239 Life of Wesley, 234, 235, 236 Poet’s Pilgrimage to Waterloo, The, 230 Quarterly Review, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212À13, 218À24, 226À8, 234À41, 249, 251 Spa Fields riots, 222, 224, 237 Spectator, The, 125 Spence, Thomas, 126 Pig’s Meat, 127, 157 Spinney, G H., 75 Spirit of Anti-Jacobinism, The, 117À18, 131À5 Spirit of the Public Journals, The, 118 Statesman, The, 209 Stoddart, John, 97, 101 Stott, Anne, 70 Street, T G., 211 Stuart, Daniel, 249 Sun, 96, 97 316 Taylor, John, 111 Test and Corporation Acts, Thelwall, John, 4, 126, 186 Thomas, Ann Adolphus De Biron, 167À9, 188À90, 192 Thompson, E P., 19, 24, 216 Times, The, 96, 97 Treaty of Amiens, 117, 208, 214 Trimmer, Sarah, 67, 99 True Briton, 96, 97, 98 United Irishmen, 211 Vincent, Emma, Voltaire, Franc¸ ois-Marie Arouet de, 4, 153, 154, 172 Wade, John, 232 Wakefield, Gilbert, 136 Walker, George, 16 Vagabond, The, 151, 153À4, 158, 170À5, 178 Index Watson, Nicola J., 2, 152, 167, 181 West, Jane, 16, 150, 154, 158, 160 Advantages of Education, The, 159, 180À1 Infidel Father, The, 178, 180 Letters to a Young Lady, 180 Letters to a Young Man, 180 Tale of the Times, A, 5, 178, 179, 180, 193À200, 201, 203 White Dwarf, 101, 107 William IV, 252 Williams, Helen Maria, 97, 193, 196 Williams, Raymond, 241, 248 Wilson, John, 124, 139 Windham, William, 100 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 97, 139, 150, 152, 154, 160, 181, 187, 191, 193, 196, 201 Wooler, T J., 124, 126, 137, 142 Word in Season, A, 100 Wordsworth, William, 4, 6, 8, 28, 64, 97, 109, 207, 239, 247 Wynn, Charles Watkin Williams, 223 Young, Arthur, 70, 97 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM GENERAL EDITORS MARILYN BUTLER University of Oxford JAMES CHANDLER University of Chicago Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters MARY A FAVRET British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire NIGEL LEASK Poetry as an Occupation and an Art in Britain, 1760–1830 PETER MURPHY Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology Language, Gender and Political Economy in Revolution TOM FURNISS In the Theatre of Romanticism: Coleridge, Nationalism, Women JULIE A CARLSON Keats, Narrativejand Audience ANDREW BENNETT Romance and Revolution: Shelley and the Politics of a Genre DAVID DUFF Literature, Education, and Romanticism Reading as Social Practice, 1780–l832 ALAN RICHARDSON Women Writing about Money: Women’s Fiction in England, 1790–1820 EDWARD COPELAND 10 Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World TIMOTHY MORTON 11 William Cobbett: The Politics of Style LEONORA NATTRASS 12 The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, 1762–1800 E J CLERY 13 Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, 1716–1818 ELIZABETH A BOHLS 14 Napoleon and English Romanticism SIMON BAINBRIDGE 15 Romantic Vagrancy: Wordsworth and the Simulation of Freedom CELESTE LANGAN 16 Wordsworth and the Geologists JOHN WYATT 17 Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography ROBERT J GRIFFIN 18 The Politics of Sensibility Race, Gendef, and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel MARKMAN ELLIS 19 Reading Daughters’ Fictions, 1709–1834 Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth CAROLINE GONDA 20 Romantic Identities: Varieties of Subjectivity, 1774–1830 ANDREA K HENDERSON 21 Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England KEVIN GILMARTIN 22 Reinventing Allegory THERESA M KELLEY 23 British Satire and the Politics of Style, 1789–1832 GARY DYER 24 The Romantic Reformation Religious Politics in English Literature, 1789–1824 ROBERT M RYAN 25 De Quincey’s Romanticism Canonical Minority and the Forms of Transmission MARGARET RUSSETT 26 Coleridge on Dreaming Romanticism, Dreamland the Medical Imagination JENNIFER FORD 27 Romantic Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity SAREE MAKDISI 28 Ideology and Utopia in the Poetry of William Blake NICHOLAS M WILLIAMS 29 Sexual Politics and the Romantic Author SONIA HOFKOSH 30 Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition ANNE JANOWITZ 31 Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School Keats, Shelley, HunKand their Circle JEFFREY N COX 32 Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism GREGORY DART 33 Contesting the Gothic Fiction, Genre and Cultural Conflict, 1764–l832 JAMES WATT 34 Romanticism, Aesthetics, and Nationalism DAVID ARAM KAISER 35 Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity ANDREW BENNETT 36 The Crisis of Literature in the 1790s Print Culture and the Public Sphere PAUL KEEN 37 Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1780–1830 MARTIN PRIESTMAN 38 Romanticism and Slave Narratives Transatlantic Testimonies HELEN THOMAS 39 Imagination Under Pressure, 1789–1832 Aesthetics, Politics, and Utility JOHN WHALE 40 Romanticism and the Gothic Genre, Reception, and Canon Formation, 1790–1820 MICHAEL GAMER 41 Romanticism and the Human Sciences Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species MAUREEN N McLANE The Poetics of Spice 42 Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic TIMOTHY MORTON 43 British Fiction and the Production of Social Order, 1740–1830 MIRANDA J BURGESS 44 Women Writers and the English Nation in the 1790s ANGELA KEANE 45 Literary Magazines and British Romanticism MARK PARKER 46 Women, Nationalism and the Romantic Stage Theatre and Politics in Britain, 1780–1800 BETSY BOLTON 47 British Romanticism and the Science of the Mind ALAN RICHARDSON 48 The Anti-Jacobin Novel: British Conservatism and the French Revolution M O GRENBY 49 Romantic Austen Sexual Politics and the Literary Canon CLARA TUITE 50 Byron and Romanticism JEROME MCGANN ed JAMES SODERHOLM 51 The Romantic National Tale and the Question of Ireland INA FERRIS 52 Byron, Poetics and History JANE STABLER 53 Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, 1790–1830 MARK CANUEL 54 Fatal Women of Romanticism ADRIANA CRACIUN 55 Knowledge and Indifference in English Romantic Prose TIM MILNES 56 Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination BARBARA TAYLOR 57 Romanticism, Maternity and the Body Politic JULIE KIPP 58 Romanticism and Animal Rights DAVID PERKINS 59 Georgic Modernity and British Romanticism Poetry and the Mediation of History KEVIS GOODMAN 60 Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era Bodies of Knowledge TIMOTHY FULFORD, DEBBIE LEE AND PETER J KITSON 61 Romantic Colonization and British Anti-Slavery DEIRDRE COLEMAN 62 Anger, Revolution, and Romanticism ANDREW M STAUFFER 63 Shelley and the Revolutionary Sublime CIAN DUFFY 64 Fictions and Fakes Forging Romantic Authenticity, 1760–1845 MARGARET RUSSETT 65 Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent DANIEL E WHITE 66 The Invention of Evening: Perception and Time in Romantic Poetry CHRISTOPHER R MILLER 67 Wordsworth’s Philosophic Song SIMON JARVIS 68 Romanticism and the Rise of the Mass Public ANDREW FRANTA 69 Writing against Revolution Literary Conservatism in Britain, 1790–1832 KEVIN GILMARTIN ... published see end of book WRITING AGAINST REVOLUTION Literary Conservatism in Britain, 1790 1832 KEVIN GILMARTIN California Institute of Technology CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York,... place in France Kevin Gilmartin explores the literary forms of counterrevolutionary expression in Britain, showing that while conservative movements were often inclined to treat print culture as... page intentionally left blank WRITING AGAINST REVOLUTION Conservative culture in the romantic period should not be understood merely as an effort to preserve the old regime in Britain against