This page intentionally left blank P L ATO ’ S I N T RO D U C T I O N O F F O R M S Scholars of Plato are divided between those who emphasize the literature of the dialogues and those who emphasize the argument of the dialogues, and between those who see a development in the thought of the dialogues and those who not In this important book, Russell Dancy focuses on the arguments and defends a developmental picture He explains the Theory of Forms of the Phaedo and Symposium as an outgrowth of the quest for definitions canvased in the Socratic dialogues, by constructing a Theory of Definition for the Socratic dialogues based on the refutations of definitions in those dialogues, and showing how that theory is mirrored in the Theory of Forms His discussion, notable for both its clarity and its meticulous scholarship, ranges in detail over a number of Plato’s early and middle dialogues, and will be of interest to readers in Plato studies and in ancient philosophy more generally r m dan c y is Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University He is the author of Sense and Contradiction: A Study in Aristotle (1975) and Two Studies in the Early Academy (1991), and editor of Kant and Critique (1993) P L ATO ’ S I N T RO D U C T I O N OF FORMS R M DANCY Florida State University, Tallahassee Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521838016 © R M Dancy 2004 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2004 - - ---- eBook (EBL) --- eBook (EBL) - - ---- hardback --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Margaret Contents Preface Note on the text Abbreviations page xi xii xii Introduction 1.1 1.2 The dialogues The genesis of the Theory of Forms: Aristotle’s account 1.2.1 Forms and definitions: the Argument from Flux 1.2.2 The Argument from Relativity: a forward glance at the dialogues 11 14 18 part i a socratic theory of definition Socrates’ demand for definitions 2.1 Preliminary: on the vocabulary for “defining” 2.2 Defining and living right 2.2.1 Laches 2.2.2 Protagoras 2.2.3 Gorgias 2.2.4 Charmides 2.2.5 Euthyphro 2.2.6 Hippias Major 2.2.7 Lysis 2.2.8 Republic I 2.2.9 The importance of definition 2.3 The Intellectualist Assumption 2.3.1 Euthyphro 2.3.2 Hippias Major 2.3.3 Republic I 2.3.4 Laches 2.3.5 Protagoras 2.3.6 Charmides vii 23 23 26 26 28 29 30 31 31 34 34 35 35 42 47 49 52 56 57 viii Contents 2.3.7 Lysis 2.3.8 The alleged ambiguity of “know” Fixing the topic 3.1 Existence, unity, causality, and Platonism 3.2 Existence claims in the Socratic dialogues 3.2.1 Protagoras 3.2.2 Charmides 3.2.3 Hippias Major Socrates’ requirements: substitutivity 4.1 A Socratic theory of definition: preliminary 4.2 The Substitutivity Requirement 4.3 Necessary and sufficient conditions 4.3.1 Laches 4.3.2 Charmides 4.3.3 Lysis 4.3.4 Euthyphro 5c–6e 4.4 Leibniz’s Law 4.4.1 Charmides 169e–175b 4.4.2 Charmides 165c–e 4.4.3 Charmides 160d–161b Socrates’ requirements: paradigms 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Parade©gmata: some examples Self-Predication Generically abstract noun phrases Euthyphro 6e Euthyphro 6e–8a Socrates’ requirements: explanations 6.1 Explaining content 6.2 Euthyphro 6de 6.3 Euthyphro 9d–11b Socrates’ requirements: explaining by paradigms 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Protagoras 330–331, 332–333 Charmides 160d–161b Charmides 164c–166b Hippias Major 7.4.1 Hippias Major 286c–287e 7.4.2 Hippias Major 287e–289d 7.4.3 Hippias Major 289d–291c 7.4.4 Hippias Major 291d–293c 7.4.5 Hippias Major 293c–294e 61 64 65 65 68 68 75 76 80 80 81 82 82 92 104 105 107 107 108 109 115 116 117 120 123 124 134 134 137 137 148 150 151 151 156 156 158 166 167 170 334 References Wakefield, Jerome (1987) “Why Justice and Holiness are Similar: Protagoras 330– 331,” Phronesis 32: 267–76 Walker, Ian (1984) Plato’s Euthyphro (American Philological Association, Textbook Series 10), Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press Waterfield, Robin (1987) “Hippias Major,” in Saunders (1987) 213–65 Watson, Gerard (1973) Plato’s Unwritten Teaching, Dublin: Talbot Press Watt, Donald (1987a) “Lysis,” in Saunders (1987) 119–61 (1987b) “Charmides,” in Saunders (1987) 163–209 Webster, T B L (1952/53) “Language and Thought in Early Greece,” Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 94: 17–38 Wedberg, Anders (1955) Plato’s Philosophy of Mathematics, Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell Weingartner, Rudolph H (1973) The Unity of the Platonic Dialogue: The Cratylus, the Protagoras, the Parmenides, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Weiss, Roslyn (1986) “Euthyphro’s Failure,” Journal of the History of Philosophy 24: 437–52 Wellman, Robert R (1964) “The Question Posed at Charmides 165a–166c,” Phronesis 9: 107–13 Westerink, L G (1962) Anonymous Prolegomena to Platonic Philosophy, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co White, Nicholas P (1974/75) “Inquiry,” Review of Metaphysics 28: 289–310 (1976) Plato on Knowledge and Reality, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co (1979) A Companion to Plato’s Republic, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co (1987) “Forms and Sensibles: Phaedo 74B–C,” Philosophical Topics 15: 197–214 Wieland, Wolfgang (1982) Platon und die Formen des Wissens, Găottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht Williams, Thomas (2002) “Two Aspects of Platonic Recollection,” Apeiron 35: 131–52 Wisdom, John A T D (1969) Logical Constructions, New York: Random House Witte, Bernd (1970) Die Wissenschaft vom Guten und Bosen: Interpretationen zu Platons Charmides, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953) Philosophical Investigations, trans G E M Anscombe, New York: Macmillan; often reprinted Wolfsdorf, D (1998) “The Historical Reader of Plato’s Protagoras,” Classical Quarterly 48: 126–33 Woodbridge, F J E (1929) The Son of Apollo: Themes of Plato, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Co Woodruff, Paul (1978) “Socrates and Ontology: The Evidence of the Hippias Major,” Phronesis 23: 101–17 (1982) Plato: Hippias Major, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co (1987) “Expert Knowledge in the Apology and Laches: What a General Needs to Know,” Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy 3: 79–115 Woozley, A D (1979) Law and Obedience: The Arguments of Plato’s Crito, London: Duckworth References 335 Young, Charles M (1994) “Plato and Computer Dating: A Discussion of Gerard R Ledger, Re-Counting Plato: A Computer Analysis of Plato’s Style, and Leonard Brandwood, The Chronology of Plato’s Dialogues,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 12: 227–50 (1997) “First Principles of Socratic Ethics,” in Mark McPherran (ed.) Wisdom, Ignorance, and Virtue: New Essays in Socratic Studies (Apeiron 30 no 4), Edmonton, Alberta: Academic Printing and Publishing, 13–23 (2002) “Comments on Lesher, Ausland, and Tarrant,” in Scott (2002) 78–86 Index of passages cited Principal discussions are indicated by bold type Aeschines fr 11C Dittmar Anaxagoras DK 59B6 DK 59B10 DK 59B11 Anonymous Prolegomena to Platonic Philosophy (Westerink) 11.17–18 Twofold Arguments I 11 III 13 IV Antiphon DK 87B58 Archytas DK 47A17 DK 47A19 DK 47A23 DK 47A23a DK 47B1 DK 47B2 DK 47B3 Aristophanes Clouds 882–884 893–894 Aristotle Posterior Analytics A 72a 27–30 B 91a 10 93b 29 Topics A 102a 2–6 E 135a 13 Z 139a 25–26 139a 31–32 Sophistici Elenchi 34 183b 7–8 Physics 257b 9–10 De Anima A 407b 29 B 415a 26–b 417a 17–21 De Memoria 451a 31–b 451b 6–10 De Partibus Animalium A 642a 13–31 De Generatione Animalium B 734a 29–32 735a 18 Metaphysics A 987a 29–b 14 a 993b 24–26 G 1010a 13–14 Z 1028a 36–37 1031b 6–7 1034a 21–30 11 1036a 28–29 15 1039b 20– 1040a 1049b 23–27 M 1078b 12–32 1079b 1086a 24–b 1086a 32–34 1086b 3–4 10 1086b 32–37 1087a 10–25 Nicomachean Ethics H 1151b 32– 1152a 60 149 149 149 10 73–74 73–74 73–74 30 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 36 36 148 16 16 171 171 24 24 336 12 149 13 284 149 222 263 12 149 284 12–13 148 17 15 15 149 16 15 149 12–13 279 12–13 14 14 15 15 30 Index of passages cited Politics A 1252a 30 13 1260a 20–28 1260a 27–28 Rhetoric B 24 1402a 24–26 Poetics 15 1454a 22–24 20 1457a 23–30 Cicero Brutus VIII 30 De Finibus V.xxix.87 De Re Publica I.x.16 Tusculanae Disputationes I.xvii.39 Diogenes Laertius II 40 124–125 III 59 IX 51 Empedocles DK 31B117 DK 31B137 Euclid Elements I II Euripides Alcestis 339 Hecuba 592–602 Helen 601 Hippolytus 500–502 Iphigenia in Aulis 128 Orestes 454–455 Phoenissae 499–502 Trojan Women 1255 Hesiod Works and Days 317 284 213 211 35 213 171 35 266 266 266 36 249 29 72 224 224 Homer Iliad I 131 XVII 632 Odyssey XVII 347 Lysias Against Eratosthenes 19 Philolaus DK 44A13 DK 44B6 Plato Apology 18b8–c1 19b5–6 21a3 21b–24b 21b3–7 21d2–7 23a3–5 23b1 29b4–6 29b6–7 37b5–8 Charmides 270 228 74 118 74 74 74 74 74 74 110 153b2 153b4–c7 155b 155c–e 156d–157a 157a3–b1 157d–158d 157d1–8 158b5–6 158b5–c4 158cd 158c3–4 158de 158d8 158e6–159a10 158e7–159a3 159a 159a1–3 159a3 159a9 159b–160d 337 28 28 110 35 266 266 5, 10, 39 35 35 31 60 60 60 116 60 39 39 5, 7, 26, 30–31, 33, 34, 40, 50, 51, 57–61, 75–76, 175, 184, 189–91, 206 31 31 189 30 189 189 31 190 189 189 58 191 57 191 57–58 190 61 63, 191 30 191 93–98 338 Charmides (cont.) 159b–166e 159c1 159d8 160d–161b 160d5–6 160d5–e1 160d7 160e 160e6–12 161ab 161a2–4 161a9 161b–162b 162cd 162e7–163a5 163a10–12 163d7 163e 163e–164d 164a 164a1–4 164c–166b 164d–175a 164d2–3 164d3–4 164d4 165b4 165b5–6 165b8–c1 165c–e 165c8 165e–166a 166ab 166a5–10 166b–167a 166bc 166b1–3 166b5–c3 166c–e 166c3–4 166d1–2 166e–167b 166e–169c 166e4–167a1 166e5–6 167a5–8 167c7–10 167d7–8 167e1 167e7–8 168a6 168d2 169d9–e5 169e–175b Index of passages cited 93 51 51, 110 109–14, 151, 154 63 58–59, 190 190 108 33 130 190 190 99–101 30 101 101 24 75 101–2 75 61 151–54 31 61 75 108 108 60 60 108 76 108 109 76 154 153, 154 76 155 155 60 60 154 102–4 155 75 155 76 76 76 76 76 146 154, 155 107, 108 171a5 171a9 173a9 175a–176a 175b2–4 176ab 176a6–8 Cratylus 385de 385e–386e 385e6–386a3 387d4 388b10 390e1 391bc 391b1 393d4 401c5 403e4 411d8 Crito 44c5 45b4–5 47c9–10 53b2 Euthydemus 271b8 271c5–272b1 277b6–7 277e–278a 277e5–278a1 278d3–5 278e–282d 279e6–280a1 281e2–5 282d5–8 283e–286b 286c2–3 300e–301a 301b1–2 304a1 304e7 305a6, 7, 305c3 306c8–d1 307b8 Euthyphro 2a–5d 4de 4d9–e8 5c–6e 24 24 24 55 60 58 57 13 73 73 72, 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 229 56 5, 9, 10 146 249 33 146 5, 26 188 29 225 29 225 116 116, 239 188 307 116 74 74 192–93 193 72 72 72 72 72 72 5, 7, 8, 11, 26, 31, 34, 36, 40, 42–47, 61, 149, 150, 213, 214 31 31 42–44, 46 105–6 Index of passages cited 5c8–d5 5de 5d1–5 5e–6a 5e–6c 5e5–6a4 6ab 6b2–3 6d 6de 6d6–7 6d6–e7 6d9–e7 6d10–e1 6e 6e–8a 7a 7c12–d2 9c3 9c7 9c9 9d–11b 9d5 11a 15c11–12 15c11–e1 Gorgias 447a–449a 449cd 451a7–c5 453a7 454c–e 459d1–2 470b1–c3 470b10 474d–475b 475a3 482d 487e9–488a1 488d1 491c1 495d–499b 497e1–3 498d2–3 498e10 500c 500c3–4 506a3–4 506a4 506d2–e4 509a5 513d5 44–45 123 125, 137 160 126 124 126 60 160 45–46, 134, 137 40 45–46 81 132 115, 116, 123–24 116, 118, 124–32 142, 143 33 137 24 137 134, 137–47 24 60 46–47 5, 10, 11, 26, 29–30, 33, 34, 191, 247 29 29 153 24 225 33 24–25 23, 24 29 24 55 29 23 24 29 191 191 13 26 29 60 13 191 60 24 Hippias Major 281a1–286d1 283b2 286c–287e 286cd 286c5–d2 286c7 286d1–2 287b5–d3 287b7 287c4–5 287e–289d 287e4 288c–289a 289d–291c 289d8 289e5–6 290ab 291d–293c 293c–294e 294a1 294c4, 295b–296d 296d–297e 298a–303e 298b 298b11–c2 298cd 301b6 301b8 301e4 302c5 304d4–e3 304e2–3 Hippias Minor 364a 365b Ion Laches 179d4 180a2 180cd 181ab 182c5–7 184b3–c4 186a–187b 186d8–e2 187d–188c 188b7 339 5, 7–8, 26, 31–34, 39, 40, 47–48, 122, 130, 265, 269 32 23 156–57 76 47, 48 160 32 76–79 160 65 158–66 110 40 166–67 172 172 304 167–70 170–74 190 190 174–77 177–85 214 248 48 248 146 146 146 146 48 33, 61 29 29 5, 26 5, 26–28, 28, 29, 31, 34, 40, 50, 52–56, 175, 206 27 224 52 83 27 27 53 60 24 188 340 Index of passages cited Laches (cont.) 188e–189a 189e 189e1–190c7 190b8–c2 190cd 190c–e 190d7–8 190d8 190e–192b 190e3 191c8–e2 191de 191e4–7 191e9–11 192ab 192b–d 192c 192cd 192c5–6 192d–194b 194a7–b4 194c–e 194c7–8 194c8 194e–199e 195d–196b 197d 198ab 199e 199e–200a 199e11 200ab 200c 200e–201a 200e2–5 201b2–3 201b3 Laws I 625a–c VI 770c7–d2 Lysis 203a–212a 204e–205a 205b–d 206bc 207d–210e 207d5–e7 209c7 210e2–5 211c5 211c5–6 211de 211e8–212a7 212ab 24 51, 56 53–56 211 28, 56, 92 27 27 85 82–84 85 85 40 85 86 265 84–87 54 33, 94 51 87–89 56 89–90 24 24 90–92 27 52 28 28 52 52 52 52 60 110 190 26 191 5, 9, 26, 34, 39, 40, 61–64, 104–5 34 34 34 34 34 23 34 198 188 63 63 34 212a5–6 212a8–b2 212b–d 212b1–2 212c7–d1 212c7–8 212c7–d5 212de 212d5–213a4 212e–213b 213bc 213d–215c 214bc 214e–215a 215ab 215b5 215b5–6 215c–216b 216c–220d 216c–221d 216c4–6 216d2 217b–218a 218c–e 218d 219a4 219a6–b2 219b–220b 219d3 220b–221d 222c 223b4–8 223b7–8 Menexenus 238d8 239e4 Meno 70a 70a–80d 71b 71b4 71e–73c 73c–74b 72b1 74b–77a 75b–77a 77a6 77a9–b1 77b–79e 79a10 79e–80d 79e–80e 34, 60 194 194 105 194 105 194 105 105, 194 105, 194 194 105 105, 199 105 198 188 105, 194 104 187, 193–206 60 33 195–98 206 104 205 205 199–204 205 204–5 205 62–63 5, 26 23 24 5, 10–11, 37, 39, 40, 41, 55, 209–41, 254–55, 280, 294, 296, 305 54 210–18 9, 50 218 211–15 215–16 146 216 116 16 116 216–17 116 217–18 10 Index of passages cited 80d 80de 81a–86c 81c9–d4 81e–86c 83e11 84a1 86b9–c1 86c–e 86c–100c 86d8–e1 86e–87b 87b–89c 87b3 87d 88ab 98a 98b1 100b4–6 Parmenides 129a2 129b7 133d8 133e1 133e3 134a3–4 134a6–7 134b14 140b7–8 161d4–7 Phaedo 58c–59b 61d6–8 61e6–7 64–66 64c2–8 64d4–8 65d13–e1 65d9–e1 66e1–2 69–72 72–73 72–78 73a 73e1–4 74a 74a–c 74a–d 74c–75a 75a–76d 75cd 75d–76d 76d–77a 76d7–77a5 209 218–21 221–36 241 226–36 218 218 219 236–37 236–40 211, 218 237–38 238–40 218 52 240 236 236 218 7, 26, 245, 315 279 279 279 279 279 279 279 279 265 265 1, 5, 7, 10, 11, 19, 146, 225, 235, 289–90, 315 188–89 266 266 245–52 268 268 279 268 71 251–52 253–55 253–83, 299 249 222 264–65 18, 249, 284 265–73 273–76 276–81 278–79 279–81 281–83 291, 299 76d8 76e–77a 77a5 77b3 77c2–3, 77d4 78d3 83a3–b4 85d–86e 86e–88b 87a4 87c4 88b5 91e–92e 92d7 92d9 93c10 94b1 95a–107b 96c–e 96c4–6 97b–99d 97d3–5 99b4–6 99d–100a 99d–103c 100a 100a–c 100cd 100c–101d 100d4–8 100e–101b 101d–102a 102a–d 102bc 102d–103c 103a–c 103b3 103c–105c 104c1–3 104d5–6 105c–107b 105e8 107b5 118 118a16–17 Phaedrus 242b3 245c–249d 249b 275c–277a Philebus 34a–c Protagoras 341 284, 299 249, 252 251 251 251 251 284 262 249 291 251 251 251 249 296 279 296 296 291–313 173 295 292–94 261 295 295–96 294–310 296–99 299–301 186 301–4 13 173 296–99 306–8 173 308–10 252 71 310–12 310 310 312–13 251 296 210 59 10, 26, 235 249 225 234 222 5, 7, 26, 28–29, 29, 31, 40, 68–75, 79 342 Protagoras (cont.) 309b 309c1–2 310e 311a–313c 312c1–4 316b 317e4 319ab 319d–320b 320c8–328d2 322a3–5 322cd 322d1–5 323a3, 323c1 324d–325b 324d5–6 324d7 324d7–325a4 324d8 325a3, 326e7–327a2 327c7 328c4 329e2–4 330–331 330b–e 330b6 330c1 330c1–2 330c4 330d–331b 330d4, 331a7–b1 331a8 332–333 332a4 332a4–6 332a5 332a6–c3 332c3–9 332d1–333b5 334a–c 337d3–4 348c6–7 349a8–c2 349b4 350c–351d 351d7–e1 352d3 356a–357b 356cd 358d5–7 360e–361d 361d–362a Index of passages cited Republic 71 71 28 28 72 29 188 28 70 70 187, 188 187 187 187 187 72 191 69 70 187 187 72 72 28 188 74, 150–51 68–70, 252 13 71 65 71 72 71 69 71 150–51 68 74 71 75 74–75 75 73 72 60 72, 73 146 77 188 72 126 249–50 75 9, 28, 56–57 28 I 330d–331b 331c1–2 331c1–d3 331d2 331d2–3 337a4–7 337e1–3 337e4–5 345c2 348c 348c5–e4 348d3–4 350b5 350cd 351a5–6 352d 352d–354a 354a12–c3 354bc 354b1–c3 354b9–c3 II–X II 368c III 390b3 409b1 409c7 409d2 IV 430e6–7 V 476e–479e VI 484c8 490b3 493b8–c1 500e3 507b7 VII 520c5–6 523b5–7 523c8 523e–524a 529d7 532a7 534c5 540a9 X 597a2, 618a Sophist 216a 217c Statesman 277e–278c 283c–285c 303–305 7, 33, 206, 293, 315 5, 8–9, 26, 40, 49, 51, 52, 54, 87 34–35 23 35 23 23 60 60 60 24 50 55 50 49 40 49 26 191 39, 49, 51 49–52 60 8, 49 30 117 117 117 30 262 117 279 33 117 279 33 250 250 250 117 279 205 117 279 234 7, 26 7 117 126 36 Index of passages cited Symposium 206c 208a7–b4 208e–210a 210a4–211b7 210a5–b6 210b6–c6 210c6–d6 210d6–211b7 210e–211a 210e6–211a5 211a 211c3–d1 211c4–5 211c8–d1 216de 219d 219e–220e 221a7–b1 Theaetetus 146e9–10 149a–151d 152a6 161c4 180de 180e–181b 183c–184a 183e 187c–e 200cd 206de 209e2–210a 210d4 Timaeus 28a7 28b2 28c6 29b4 31a4 37c8 38b8 38c1 39e7 48e5 49a1 [Plato] Alcibiades I Amatores 133bc Clitophon De Justo 372a1 Hipparchus 225a1 1, 5, 10, 26, 78, 284–90, 315 284 284 284 285 285 286 286–87 287–90 284 77–78 168 285 286 279 31 31 31 83 7, 26 56 72 72 7 7 7 58 225 293 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 117 29 26 26 Letter II 314c4 Letter VII 324a5–6 324de 324e1–2 326c4 332e2 336b1 336c3 338c5–d1 339b1 339d2 341a–345c 350a6 351d2 Minos 313a1 Sisyphus 387d Theages 121d 122e 123d Sextus Empiricus Adversus Mathematicos VII 60–61 Simplicius In Physica 97.25–28 Sophocles Antigone 332–333 Thucydides I 63 Xenophon Apology 10 Hellenica II 50–56 Memorabilia I 1 16 12–18 24–38 48 14 II 19 IV 343 266 210 59 30 30 30 30 266 266 266 266 30 26 29 29 29 29 72 307 159 31 36 30 30 36 35 60 60 30 30 249 60 30 60 60 35 General index abstract nouns, adjectives, 83, 84–86, 87–88, 94, 111–13 Ackrill, J L., 121, 254, 261, 270, 280, 288, 300 Adam, James, 49 Adam, J and Adam, A M., 56, 68, 69 Adams, Robert Merrihew, 144 Adkins, A W H., 28, 33 Alcmaeon, 149 Allen, R E., 8, 9, 13, 65, 67, 68, 69–70, 76, 80, 105, 121, 123, 125, 126, 187, 190, 211, 218 Alternative Interpretation (of the Doctrine of Recollection in the Phaedo), 276, 277–78, 281 Anaxagoras, 149 Ancillary Argument, 264–65, 273–76 approaches: literary vs analytic, 1–4 unitarian vs developmental, 1–4 Archer-Hind, R D., 254, 264, 269, 294, 295, 298, 306, 311 Aristotle, 3, 11–19, 23, 24, 35, 50, 53, 81, 116, 131, 135, 146, 148–49, 211, 247, 282 Ausland, Hayden W., 124 authenticity, 1, 4, 47 Barnes, Jonathan, 149 Bedu-Addo, J T., 228, 230, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296 belief vs believing (cf knowledge vs knowing), 228–31 Benson, Hugh, 27, 36, 38, 42, 47, 129 Berg, Jonathan, 144 Bergemann, D., 222 Beverluis, John, 5, 25, 30, 38, 39, 41, 47, 51, 77 Bluck, R S., 121, 210, 218, 221, 224, 226, 227, 229, 236, 237, 238, 246, 254, 258, 260, 264, 268, 269, 270, 288, 295, 298, 300, 302, 306, 308, 311 Bolotin, David, 104, 197, 200 Bolton, Robert, 12 Bordt, Michael, 9, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205 Bostock, David, 7, 254, 271, 308 Boter, Gerard J., 227 Brague, R., 210 Brandwood, Leonard, 4, 72 Brickhouse, Thomas C and Smith, Nicholas D., 6, 36, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 60, 64 Brown, Malcolm, 227, 228, 229, 230, 236, 266, 270 Bulmer-Thomas, Ivo, 117 Burge, Evan L., 293, 303 Burkert, Walter, 266 Burnet, John, 13, 84, 105, 110, 121, 123, 142, 160, 196, 198, 200, 201, 202, 246, 254, 261, 267, 270, 278, 295, 298, 302, 306, 309, 311 Burnyeat, Miles F., 6, 41 Bury, R G., 254, 284, 286, 287, 288 Butcher, S H., 237 Calvert, Brian, 222, 226 Candlish, Stewart, 129 causality, mechanistic theories of, 291, 292–93, 294, 295, 302–4 Causality, Transmission Theories of, 148–51, 154–56, 170, 185, 188–89, 192–94, 195–98, 206, 217–18, 239–40, 301–4, 305–6 cause, 135, 178–85 Chance, Thomas H., 193 Chen, Ludwig C H., 285 Cherniss, Harold, 13, 65, 67, 68, 233, 279 Classen, Carl Joachim, 73 Cohen, S Marc, 138 Comparative Claim, Comparative Principle, 95–98 concordance, 296–99, 300–1 Cook Wilson, John, 237 Cooper, John, 25, 30, 42, 193 Cope, Edward Meredith, 36 Core Argument, 257, 263–74 344 General index Cornford, Francis Macdonald, 254, 270, 302 Cresswell, M J., 303 Croiset, Alfred, 53, 54, 58, 84, 198, 199 Croiset, Alfred and Bodin, Louis, 56, 218 Crombie, I M., 4, 197, 268, 279, 293, 295 Cross, R C., 288 Cyclical Argument, 251–52, 253 Dancy, R M., 1, 149, 186, 187, 201, 214, 309, 311 “definition,” 14–18, 23–26 definition, Socratic theory of, 80–81 definitions: practical application, 26–35 Denniston, J D., 111, 199 Denyer, Nicholas, ´ des Places, Edouard, 72 ´ de Strycker, Emile, 153 Devereux, Daniel T., 6, 27, 70, 310 dialogues: chronology, 4–11 doctrinal, 5, 10–11, 67–68, 117 Socratic, 4–10, 11, 66–68 Di`es, Auguste, Diggle, J., 118 Dodds, E R., 10, 29, 31, 33, 191 Dăoring, Klaus, 266 Dorter, Kenneth, 254, 270, 308 Dover, K J., 6, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 60, 83, 284, 286, 287 Dreyfus, Hubert, 36 Duke, E A., et al., 125, 246, 267, 278, 302, 311 Dăummler, Ferdinand, Dyson, M., 154 Ebert, Theodor, 219 Edelstein, Ludwig, Else, G F., 279 equal, 265–66, 268–72 “equals themselves, the,” 267–68, 269–72 Eudoxus, 149 existential admissions, Existential Prefix, 65–79, 245 Explanatory Requirement (ER), explaining, 81, 116, 131, 156–70, 173, 186–87, 314 explaining content, 134–36 expressibility, principle of, 38–39, 45, 47, 48, 52, 56, 57–58 Ferejohn, Michael T., Festugi`ere, A.-J., 288 Field, G C., Findlay, J N., 58 Fine, Gail, 11, 310 Flux, Argument from (AF), 14–19 Fodor, J A., 38 345 “form” (e²dov), “idea” («da), 12–13, 105 Form of the Good, 117, 204–6 Forms, Theory of, 209, 211–13, 215, 240–41, 245, 315, passim Forrester, James W., Fowler, D H., 227 Fowler, H N., 42, 142, 268, 306, 311 Frank, Erich, 266 Frede, Dorothea, 308 Frede, Michael, 2, 291 Friedlăander, Paul, 8, 33, 49, 56 friend (j©lov), 104 first friend, 195, 199–206 Fujisawa, Norio, 186, 308 Furley, David, 149 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 13 Gaiser, Konrad, Gallop, David, 69, 246, 251, 254, 256, 261, 266, 268, 278, 293, 295, 298, 306, 307, 308, 311, 312 Geach, Peter T., 36, 42, 269 generically abstract noun phrases, 118–23, 130–32, 149, 168, 251–52 Gifford, Edwin Hamilton, 72, 116, 193 Gifford, Mark, 34 Glaser, Konrad, 197, 206 Goodrich, W J., 293, 294, 295 Gordon, Jill, Gosling, J., 256, 264 Gould, Thomas, 293 Grene, D and Lattimore, R., 251 Grote, George, 36 Grube, G M A., 7, 25, 42, 78, 106, 144, 186, 218, 249, 268, 295, 296, 306 Gulley, Norman, 61, 73, 226, 236, 254 Guthrie, W K C., 4, 7, 13, 27, 30, 49, 56, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 105, 146, 193, 201, 211, 218, 271, 309 Hackforth, R., 246, 249, 254, 261, 268, 270, 295, 297, 302, 306, 308, 311 Hamilton, Edith and Cairns, Huntington, 32 Hare, J E., 123 Hare, R M., 260 Heidel, W A., 7, 105, 106, 123, 126, 127, 142 Heinimann, Felix, 74 Hermann, Karl Friedrich, Hicks, R D., 13 Huby, Pamela M., 298 Huffman, Carl A., 266 “idea” («da), see “form” (e²dov) Ilting, Karl-H., 13–14 immanence, 186, 189–90, 306, 309–10 346 General index immortality, 245, 251, 284, 312–13 Imperceptibility Thesis, 245–50 instances, 106, 159, 171–72 Intellectualist Assumption (IA), 5, 35–64, 209, 210–11, 314 intermediaries, 310–13 Irwin, T H., 6, 9, 10, 13, 19, 24–25, 28, 30, 33, 39, 41, 63, 106, 110, 111, 191 Jackson, Henry, 298 Janko, Richard, 171 Jowett, Benjamin, 27, 32, 42, 53, 54, 99, 199, 200, 218, 233, 268, 306 Joyal, Mark, 4, 29 Kahn, Charles H., 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 27, 105, 193, 201, 202, 206, 214, 221, 266, 279 kal»v, 31–34 Kapp, Ernst, 159, 279 Kerferd, G B., 73 Keyt, David, 308, 311 Klein, Jacob, 236 Klosko, G., 71, 77 Knorr, Wilbur, 237 knowledge vs knowing, 231–33 Kohak, Erazim V., 27 Kosman, L A., 94, 95 Krăamer, H J., 2, 206 Kraut, Richard, 2, 9, 92, 105 Matthen, Mohan, 308 McDonough, Richard, 36 Menn, Stephen, 237 Meno’s Paradox, 218–26 Method of Hypothesis, 209, 236–40, 294–95, 296–306 midwife requirement, 6–7 Mills, K W., 269, 270 Mohr, Richard, 193 Moravcsik, J M E., 171, 220, 223, 285, 286 Moreau, J., 76 Morrison, Donald, 60 Mother of Us All Fallacy, 204 Mourelatos, Alexander P D., 148 Mueller, Ian, 266 Murphy, N R., 293, 294 Nails, Debra, 2, 7, 28, 30, 31, 35 Napolitano Valditara, Linda M., 211 nature, kinship of, 241 Nehamas, Alexander, 11, 36, 38, 48–49, 50, 51, 62, 63, 106, 159, 171, 221, 308 Nestle, Wilhelm, 30, 74 Nichols, James H., 27, 83 O’Brien, Denis, 309, 311 Ostenfeld, Erik Nils, 186 Owen, G E L., 1, 4, 268, 271 Lacey, A R., 70, 279 Lamb, W R M., 4, 53, 54, 56, 84, 99, 198, 199, 200, 218 Lane, Iain, 27, 53 Ledger, Gerard R., 1, Leibniz’s Law (LL), 107, 153, 269–72 Lennox, James G., 291 Levin, Donald Norman, 197, 204 Levinson, R B., 241 Likeness Principles (LP), 264–65, 275 Lisska, Anthony J., 144 Lloyd, A C., 148 Lombardo, Stanley, 62, 198, 199, 200 Long, H S., 29, 36, 72 Lucas, D W., 118 Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 105 Lyons, John, 258 Paradigm Requirement (PR), 81, 115–17, 120, 123–24, 156–70, 314 partaking, participation, 13, 19, 70, 186–88, 190–91, 306 passive verb constructions, 139–47 Peck, A L., 70, 72 Pendrick, Gerard J., 30 Penner, Terry, 1, 5, 6, 12, 70 Phillips, Bernard, 223 Pitt, Valerie H., 119 presence, 186–87, 188–94, 195–98, 206 Press, Gerald A., Prior, William J., 1, 8, 36, 38, 41 priority of definition, principle of the: see Intellectualist Assumption Prior Knowledge Requirement (PKR), 255–56, 257, 263, 272–73, 277 Mackenzie, Mary Margaret, 104, 197, 203, 205 Makin, Stephen, 148 Malcolm, John, 7, 8, 78, 117 Marcovich, M., 29, 36, 72 Mastronarde, Donald J., 74 Matson, Wallace I and Leite, Adam, 36, 39, 44 Randall, John Herman, 35 Rawls, John, 37, 41 recollection, 221–36, 253 Recollection, Doctrine of (DR), 209, 221–36, 240–41, 249, 253–83 Recollection, Sufficient Condition for (SCR), 256–73, 275–76 General index Contemporaneous Knowledge Clause (CKC), 257, 260, 262, 263, 272, 273 Different Knowledge Clause (DKC), 257, 261–63, 268–69, 272–73 Perceptual Knowledge Clause (PKC), 257, 258–59 Perceptual Uptake Clause (PUC), 259, 262–63, 272 Reeve, C D C., 39 reincarnation, 221, 223–25, 226, 233–36, 253–54, 276–78, 281 relative vs standalone terms, 265 Relativity, Argument from (AR), 18–19, 164, 248–49, 250, 265–72, 273, 282–83, 284, 287–90, 301, 305–6, 314 Richard, Marie-Dominique, Robin, Leon, 267, 286, 306, 311 Robinson, David B., 104 Robinson, Richard, 9, 23, 42, 80, 106, 238, 293, 296, 297, 298 Robinson, T M., 4, 73, 74, 204 Roochnik, David L., 286, 289 Rosen, Stanley, Ross, W D., 4, 12, 47, 67, 186, 222, 270, 296, 311 Rowe, C J., 186, 246, 249, 254, 291, 302, 306, 311 Rutherford, R B., 1, 2, 3, 12, 26, 30, 106 Ryle, Gilbert, 121, 220 Santas, Gerasimos, 6, 9, 30, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 53, 58, 63, 80, 154 Savan, David, 69, 150 Sayre, Kenneth, 295, 297, 298 Schirlitz, C., 57 Schmid, W Thomas, 2, 7, 30 Schofield, Malcolm, 149 Scott, Dominic, 219, 223, 224, 254 Sedley, David, 9, 148 self-predication, 115–16, 117–23, 150–51, 154, 164–66, 169, 239, 282, 301–4, 314 separation, 12–13, 14, 247 Sesonske, Alexander, 38 Sharples, R W., 210, 218, 219, 224, 226, 227, 228, 234, 236, 237, 238 Shipton, K M W., 294 Shorey, Paul, 4, 10, 13, 49, 65, 76, 105, 106, 197, 204, 279, 293 Silverman, Allan, 146 Slings, S R., 4, 226 Smith, Angela, 80 Smyth, Herbert Weir, 42, 159 Socratic fallacy: see Intellectualist Assumption Socratic paradoxes, 6, 210, 217 “Socratic question,” 2–3 Solmsen, Friedrich, 288 Sorabji, Richard, 222 347 Soreth, Marion, 159 Sprague, Rosamond Kent, 27, 30, 53, 54, 56, 63, 73, 90, 91, 99, 193, 302 Stallbaum, Gottfried, 308, 311 Standard Interpretation (of the Doctrine of Recollection in the Phaedo), 254–55, 272–73, 276–78, 280–81 Stefanini, Luigi, Stewart, J A., 105 Stokes, Michael C., 1, 2, 26, 33, 85, 89, 90, 238 Stough, Charlotte L., 293 Strauss, Leo, 61 substance vs affects, 146, 211, 218, 228, 237 Substitutivity Requirement (SR), 24, 36, 80, 81–82, 129, 135–36, 145–47, 156–70, 314 Szlez´ak, Thomas Alexander, 2, tacit knowledge, 38 Tait, M D C., 299 Tait, W W., 294, 295, 297, 307 tallness in us, the, 308–10 Tarrant, Dorothy, 7, 8, 32, 47, 76, 78, 159, 163, 168, 267 Tarrant, Harold, 29 Taylor, A E., 197, 210, 254 Taylor, C C W., 28, 33, 56, 69, 250 teleology, 291, 292–94, 295, 296 Teloh, Henry, 1, 2, 30, 41, 70, 149, 150 Thesleff, Holger, 4, 26 thing (prgma), 71–74 “Third Man” argument, 201 Thompson, E Seymer, 211, 229, 230, 236 Thrasyllus, 29 Tigerstedt, E N., Tigner, S S., 241 Tomin, Julius, Tredennick, Hugh, 268 true belief, 209, 240 Tuckey, T G., 30, 57, 154 Unity Requirement (UR), 211, 213–17, 240 Verdenius, W J., 267, 269, 309 Versenyi, Laszlo, 204 Virtue Assumptions (VA), 85, 86–87, 88–89, 93–98, 99–101, 108–14, 239 Vlastos, Gregory, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 51, 60, 61, 62, 64, 105, 117, 121, 150, 197, 206, 221, 225, 226, 232, 266, 269, 271, 279, 293, 294, 308, 311 von Arnim, Hans, 104, 105, 154 Wakefield, Jerome, Walker, Ian, 45, 105, 106, 121, 123, 126 348 Waterfield, Robin, 31, 33 Watson, Gerard, Watt, Donald, 30, 99, 104, 199 Webster, T B L., 121 Wedberg, Anders, 270 Weingartner, Rudolph H., 2, 69, 70 Weiss, Roslyn, 129 Wellman, Robert R., 154 Westerink, L G., 10 White, Nicholas P., 49, 220, 232, 271 Wieland, Wolfgang, 246, 247 Williams, Thomas, 254 Wisdom, John A T D., 120 Witte, Bernd, 154 General index Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 115 Wolfsdorf, D., 30 Woodbridge, F J E., 35 Woodruff, Paul, 7, 31, 32, 33, 36, 41, 47, 49, 78, 159, 160, 163, 167, 171, 172, 173, 174, 180, 184, 214 Woozley, A D., Wright, J., 198 Xenophanes, 149 Young, Charles M., 4, 9, 124 Zeyl, Donald J., 25 ... T I O N OF FORMS R M DANCY Florida State University, Tallahassee Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The... Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www .cambridge. org Information on this title: www .cambridge. org/9780521838016... that points toward the Theory of Forms The genesis of the Theory of Forms 11 directly involves is the claim that the soul existed before embodiment But the theory of recollection is going to be