This page intentionally left blank Myths of the Archaic State In this ground-breaking work, Norman Yoffee challenges prevailing myths underpinning our understanding of the evolution of the earliest cities, states, and civilizations He counters the emphasis in traditional scholarship that the earliest states were large and despotically controlled and their evolution can be adequately modeled by ethnographic analogies By illuminating the creation and changes in social roles – not simply of male leaders but also of slaves and soldiers, priests and priestesses, peasants and prostitutes, merchants and craftsmen – Yoffee depicts an evolutionary process centered on the concerns of everyday life Drawing on evidence from ancient Mesopotamia as well as from Egypt, South Asia, China, Mesoamerica, and South America, the author explores the changes in human societies that created the world we live in This book offers a bold new interpretation of social evolutionary theory, and as such it is essential reading for any student or scholar with an interest in the emergence of complex society N o r m a n Yo f f e e is Professor of Near Eastern Studies and Anthropology at the University of Michigan His various publications include Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda? (co-editor with Andrew Sherratt, Cambridge University Press, 1993) and The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations (co-editor with George L Cowgill, University of Arizona Press, 1988) He is editor of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and Cambridge World Archaeology Myths of the A r c h a i c S tat e Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations n o r m a n yo f f e e Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818377 © Norman Yoffee 2004 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format - - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) --- eBook (NetLibrary) - - ---- hardback --- hardback - - ---- paperback --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Barbara Contents List of figures List of tables introduction page x xiii 1 t h e e vo lu t i o n o f a fac t o i d An introduction to social evolutionary mythology Types, rules, and factoids Neo-evolutionism evolving States and civilizations: beyond heuristics 15 d i m e n s i o n s o f p ow e r i n t h e e a r l i e s t s tat e s The pursuit of the wily chiefdom Neo-evolutionism and new social evolutionary theory: back to the future The evolution of power and its distribution in the earliest states Dimensions of power in social evolutionary theory States as states of mind What neo-evolutionism cannot explain 22 22 t h e m e a n i n g o f c i t i e s i n t h e e a r l i e s t s tat e s a n d c i v i l i z at i o n s City-states and chimeras vii 31 33 34 38 41 42 44 viii ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s Cities and states Mesopotamian city-states and Mesopotamian civilization Cities and city-states in social evolutionary perspective w h e n c o m p l e x i t y wa s s i m p l i f i e d Simplifying the path to power in early Chinese states Law and order in ancient Mesopotamia The context of Mesopotamian law The context and function of the code of Hammurabi The complexities of legal simplification: decision-making in Mesopotamia 45 53 59 91 94 100 102 104 109 i d e n t i t y a n d ag e n c y i n e a r ly s tat e s : c a s e s t u d i e s A peculiar institution in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia Imagining sex in an early state Conclusion: Encounters with women in early states 113 116 121 128 t h e c o l l a p s e o f a n c i e n t s tat e s a n d c i v i l i z at i o n s Theorizing collapse 131 132 134 138 140 142 144 147 151 153 159 Neo-evolutionism and collapse Collapse as the drastic restructuring of social institutions The collapse of ancient Mesopotamian states and civilization The Old Akkadian state The Third Dynasty of Ur The Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian states The end of the cycle? Collapse as the mutation of social identity and suffocation of cultural memory The collapse of Mesopotamian civilization and its regeneration s o c i a l e vo lu t i o na ry t r a j e c t o r i e s Evolutionary history of the Chaco “rituality” Non-normative thinking in social evolutionary theory Southwest and Southeast Towards a history of social evolutionary trajectories 161 162 171 173 177 n e w ru l e s o f t h e g a m e The game of archaeological neologisms 180 181 182 The engineering of archaeological theory: mining and bridging references 263 Verhoeven, M nd, Ethnoarchaeology, Analogy and Ancient Society In Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives, ed S Pollock and R Bernbeck (forthcoming) Oxford: Blackwell Vidal, G 1981, Creation New York: Ballantine Books Vivian, R G 1990, The Chacoan Prehistory of the San Juan Basin San Diego: Academic Press Vivian, R G., D Dodgen, and G Hartmann 1978, Wooden Ritual Artifacts from Chaco Canyon Arizona State Museum 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Social Evolution in the American Southwest and Southeast In Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, ed J Neitzel, pp 261–271 Amerind Foundation Publication Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press Yoffee, N and A Sherratt 1993, Introduction: The Sources of Archaeological Theory In Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda?, ed N Yoffee and A Sherratt, pp 1–9 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Zadok, R 1979, The Jews in Babylonia during the Chaldean and Achaemenian Periods According to the Babylonian Sources Haifa: University of Haifa 1984, Assyrians in Chaldean and Achaemenian Babylonia Assur 4:71–98 Zettler, R 1987, Administration of the Temple of Inanna at Nippur under the Third Dynasty of Ur: Archaeological and Documentary Evidence In The Organization of Power: Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East, ed M Gibson and R Biggs, pp 117–131 Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 46 Chicago: The Oriental Institute 1992, The Ur III Temple of Inanna at Nippur: The Operation and Organisation of Urban Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia in the Late Third Millennium B.C Berliner Beitrăage zum Vorderen Orient 11 Berlin: Dietrich Reimer 2003, Reconstructing the World of Ancient Mesopotamia: Divided Beginnings and Holistic History Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46(1):3–45 Index Abada 31 Abu Hurayra 200 Achaemenid rulers, Achaemenids 112, 144, 155 achievement 27 actors, social 34, 35, 36, 102, 197 Adams, Robert McC 19, 54, 148, 212 administrators 37 agency 113, 114, 182 ‘Ain Ghazal 202–4 Akins, Nancy 167 Akkade 37, 142 Akkadian 103 Akkadians 49 Alexander the Great 155 Algaze, Guillermo 212, 213 alternate trajectories 31 Amorites 49, 146–7, 150, 154 amphictyony 56 analogies and comparisons 188–95 analogy 5, 18, 28, 180, 181, 192 ethnographic 23, 31, 196 Anasazi 163, 171 ancestors 37, 97 Andean prehistory 28 Anderson, Benedict 50 Anderson, David 25 Arabian coast 209 Aramaic 149 “Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence” 183 archaic states (see myths) 5, 13, 196–7, 228 arenas of power 198 268 assemblies 36, 61, 110, 111, 112 Assurbanipal 152 Assyrian family-firms 58, 150 Assyrian King List 147 Assyrians, modern 160 Australian Archaeological Association 184 Australian hunter-gatherer societies, Aboriginal societies 161–2, 177 autonomy (of local groups) 15 Axial Age 140 Aztec 171 Babylon 123, 127, 128 Baines, John 47, 52, 61 Bak, Per 169 bandishness 177 bands 6, 13, 17, 29 basic level theory 186 Bawden, Garth 28 beer hall 127 beguines, beguinage 119, 120 behavioral archaeology 185 Beld, Scott 51, 57 belief systems 6, 37, 56, 136 Belshazzar 160 Benedict, Ruth Bernbeck, Reinhard 206 beveled-rim bowls 54, 101, 211 biblical times 194 big-man societies 27 Binford, Lewis 9, 185, 186 index biology 28 Blanton, Richard 37, 177, 189, 191 Boas, Franz 9, 10 Boasian particularism Boltz, William 94–6 Bones 185 Book of Revelations 126 Bridges, Elizabeth 114 Bronson, Bennet 229 brothel 127 Button, Seth 157 Cahokia 30, 31, 174, 193 Calakmul 49 Caldwell, Joseph 9, 204, 205 Cameron, Catherine 165 Campbell, Stuart 207 capitals 37 Carneiro, Robert 14, 19, 25, 26 Carter, Elizabeth 127 catastrophe theory 134, 136 center and periphery 138–9 centralization, central authority 16, 17, 134, 136 central leadership Chaco Canyon 162–74, 193 and Cahokia 230–1 Chaco masonry 172 Chaco old order 171 Chaco phenomenon 167, 171 Chaco rituality (see rituality) Chaco system 167 Chaco system of roads 167–70 Chacoan complexity 168 Chacoan complexity and heterarchy 179 Chacoan great houses 172 evolutionary history 173–4 Chaco and Mississippian societies 174–7 Chakrabarti, Dilip 31, 51 Chaldean kings 128 Chaldeans 153, 160 Chang, K C 96, 97, 230 charismatic individuals 32 Charlton, Thomas 45, 49 Chetro Ketl 167 chiefdoms 6, 13, 17, 20, 22–31, 41, 44, 174, 176, 177, 188, 196, 209 beneficent chiefdoms 14 beneficent and redistributive chiefdoms 14 defined 23 matrilineal 23 Mississippian 31 Polynesian 31 Childe, V Gordon 19, 60, 229 China 37, 45, 49, 50 Anyang 43, 50, 51, 97 dynastic cycle 96, 100, 194 early civilization 60 Erligang culture 96 Erlitou 43, 50, 51, 52, 96 evolution of the first cities and states 96–100 Han dynasty 100 literati 28, 37, 100 Longshan 50 Mandate of Heaven 99, 100 pre-Shang 96 royal burials 96 Shang dynasty 50, 96–100 kings 98, 99 state 98 unification 100 writing 94–5 Xia dynasty 96 Yanshi 51 Yinxu at Anyang 96 Zhengzhou 43, 50, 51 Zhou dynasty 50, 96, 98, 99 Churchill, Winston 44 Cipolla, Carlo 149 circumscription 26 cities 38, 42–62, 91, 212 city-hall 58, 111 city-seals 55, 56 city-state culture 46 city-states 17, 44, 45, 194 Maya and Mesopotamian 194 civilization 13, 14, 15–19, 46, 134, 136 definition of 17 Clarke, David 183, 205 Clastres, Pierre 161 climate change 32 collapse 1, 13, 15, 28, 29, 38, 171, 197, 198, 213 collapse of ancient Mesopotamian states and civilization 140–60 Old Akkadian state 142–4 Old Babylonian state 147–9 Third Dynasty of Ur (Ur III) 144–7 collapse of ancient states and civilizations 131–60 collective memory 231 comparative method 193, 195 complex adaptive systems 3, 169, 230 complex systems, complex societies, complexity 16, 28, 41, 62, 91, 136, 198 community leaders 117, 212 269 270 index Confucius 100 conical clans 24 conflict and consensus 15 (see also models) ubiquity of conflict 15 constraints on growth 15 consumption 208 contemporary ancestors 18, 22 contracts 102 Cordell, Linda 171, 172 corporate strategy 177 corporate-network model 178 councils (see also assemblies) 58, 111, 112, 176 of Egyptians 112 of great and small in Old Assyrian texts 111, 150, 151 of male citizens 110 countryside 61, 137, 197 Cowgill, George 38, 131, 137 craft specialists 35, 37 Creamer, Winifred and Jonathan Haas 23 cross-cultural comparison 23, 31 Crumley, Carole 35 Cuicuilco 48 cultural struggle 152 cultural-ecological adaptations 11 cycling 25, 26, 29, 132, 174 cylinder seals 54 Cyrus the Great 141, 155, 159 David (King) 37, 191 Darwin, theory of 21, 32 decision-making 36, 37 demographic implosion 54 dependants 35, 37, 39 deportations 152, 155 devadasis 127 Diakonoff, Igor 103, 111 differentiation (see also stratification) 15, 16, 32–3, 40, 41, 42, 60, 91, 134, 136, 181, 194 horizontal 32 vertical 32 disembedded capital 189, 190 dispute-settlement arenas 112 disputes 111 division of labor 202, 212 Dombradi, Eva 109 domestication 201 domination Domuztepe 206 down-the-line trade 202 dowry 117, 118 Doyel, David 23 Drennan, Robert 23–8, 168 Driver, Godfrey 106 dual-processual model 177 Durkheim, Emile 138 Eanatum 57 Earle, Timothy 23, 24, 26 early state modules 46, 48 Eastwood, Clint 116 Ebla 111 egalitarian Egypt 45, 46–8, 194 Abydos 47 Amarna 43, 47, 57 Hierakonpolis 43, 47 Memphis 43, 47, 52 Naqada 43, 47, 52 New Kingdom 48 Old Kingdom 48 Ptolemaic 203 Thebes 43, 47, 52 Thinis 47 Eisenstadt, Shmuel 138–40 Elamites 104 elders 36, 112 of Jews 112 elites 15, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42 rural 61 Emberling, Geoff 206 emergent properties 200, 201, 204 empires 12, 45 Enga 22 Engels, Friedrich 10 Enheduana 142 Enshakushana 57 entrepreneurs 49 Erra Epic 125 Esarhaddon 152 ethnic groups, ethnicity 15, 36, 40, 41, 49, 146, 154, 155, 156, 214 ethnoarchaeology 193 ethnographic examples ethnographic types 20 ethnolinguistic groups 208 Etowah 174 evolution 1, 4, 5, 6, (see also neo-evolutionism) astrophysical biological 2, 4, 12 civilizational ideology, of 17 index cultural cultural laws of 11 ladder of development 20 law of cultural evolution law of evolutionary potential 13 multilinear 11, 12 of simplicity 92 pathways 161 social socio-cultural trajectories 197 universal 11 evolution of ancient states 6, 15 of ancient civilizations 15 new rules of the game old rules of the game evolutionary history 198, 199 factoid 6, 7–8, 44 facts 12 Fairservis, Walter 23 Feinman, Gary 19, 28, 177 feudalism 12 Finkelstein, Jacob J 107, 123, 124 fire-eaters, jugglers, wrestlers 126 Flannery, Kent 18, 134–5, 136, 189, 203 Forest, Jean-Daniel 210 Fortner, John 109 Foucault, Michel 184 Fowles, Severin 114, 173 free-floating resources 138, 139 Fried, Morton 7, 14 Friedman, Jonathan 10 Friedman, Ren´ee 47 functionalist and adaptationist schools of thought 28 galacticize countrysides 50 Gallery, Maureen 125 Game of Archaeological Neologisms 181 Geertz, Clifford 50 Gelb, I J 111 Genealogy of Hammurabi 147 Giddens, Anthony 184 Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh and Akka 110, 111, 125, 160 Epic 160 Gilman, Patricia 168 Găobekli Tepe 201 Godelier, Maurice 10 gods 37, 39 Goldenweiser, Alexander Goodyear, Albert (see Raab) Greece and Rome 194 Greeks, Greek 132, 155, 158 Griffeth, Robert 42, 46 growth model 229 Gulf War 160 Guti 144 Haas, Jonathan Hacinebi Tepe 212 Hallan C¸emi 200 Hallpike 16 Hammurabi of Babylon 58, 103–9, 123, 125, 127, 129, 147, 148–51, 160 Hansen, Mogens Herman 45, 49 Harappa (Indus Valley civilization) 36, 45, 51–2, 194, 228 city-states 43, 52, 60, 229 Harappa 43, 51 Mohenjo Daro 43, 51 tradition 60 Harris, Marvin 10, 11 Harris, Rivkah 117 Hawaii 22, 24, 30, 31 headman 110, 119, 148 Heidegger, Martin 184 Hellenism, Hellenistic rule (see also Seleucids) 155–9 Henry, Donald 23 Herodotus 121, 122, 126 Herskovits, Melville heterarchy 35, 179 heterogeneity 27 high-level theory 185, 187–8 high-modernist schemes 93 history 195 Hittites 147, 148, 151 Hoebel, E Adamson 102 holistic change 28 Hopewell 204 Hopi town of Oraibi 114–15 horizonal integration 230 Hsu, Cho-yun 98 hunter-gatherers 229 Hurrians 49 hypercoherence 135, 136 Ibbi-Sin 145 ideal types 20, 46, 58 identity 16, 131, 137, 154 271 272 index ideology 3, 5, 17, 28, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 44, 62, 129, 174, 194, 197, 209, 214, 229 high-modernist 92 of domination 177 of order and hierarchy of states, of statecraft, of governance, of centralization 3, 32, 39, 42, 115, 131, 140, 174 Ilushuma 149, 150 Indus Valley civilization (see Harappa) inequality 27, 31, 35, 38, 40, 198 initial conditions 200 integration 32–3, 41, 42, 134, 136 interaction spheres 204–5, 230 Iraq 160 irrigation 11–12, 101, 102 Ishbi-Erra 145 Ishtar of Uruk 125, 126, 127, 128, 130 Jacobs, Jane 93 Jacobsen, Thorkild 55, 110 Janssen, Caroline 120 Jaspers, Karl 140 Jeffreys, David 47 Jerusalem 37, 160, 191–2 Jing, Zhichun 51 Johnson, Gregory 20 Jones, Rhys 162 Judge, James 168 Kantorowicz, Ernst 41 Kassites 49, 58, 147, 149, 151, 154 Katsina 171 Kauffman, Stuart 169 Katz, Dina 110 Kazane 206 Keightley, David 50, 96, 97, 98 Keith, Kathryn 61, 193 Kemp, Barry 47 Kenoyer, J Mark 51, 52, 57 Kertzer, David 173 kezertu 116, 120 king lists 159 kinship 10, 16–17, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 61, 62, 97, 110, 138, 147, 149, 202, 205, 209, 210, 214 Kirch, Patrick 27 Knight, Vernon 23 knowledgeables 98, 99 Kolata, Alan 52 Kowalewski, Steven 177 Kraus, Fritz Rudolf 106 Kuwait 160 laborers 35 ladder of progressiveness Lambert, Wilfred 123 lamentation priest (at Sippar) 125, 126, 127 landowners 38 Landsberger, Benno 106 Langton, Chris 177 Larsen, Mogens Trolle 111, 149 Laufer, Berthold law (true) 196 law and order 39 law of evolutionary potential 134 leadership, leaders 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 42, 61, 62, 112, 194, 197, 214 centralized 39 of temple estates 36 political leaders 38, 170 principles 177 religious leaders 38 traditional 143 Le Corbusier 92 legal realists 102 legitimacy 17, 42, 61, 91, 155 Lekson, Stephen 162, 168, 171 Lenin 93 levels of archaeological theory 186 Levi, Giovanni 115 libraries 153 linearlization 134, 136, 137 list of professions 101 litigations 102 Liu, Li 50, 51 Liverani, Mario 110 Llewellyn, Karl 102 local community authorities, local autonomy, local groups 15, 28, 36, 110, 137, 139, 148, 192, 205 local resources 37 Lowie, Robert Lugalzagesi of Umma 57 Machinist, Peter 100, 140 Maekawa, Kazuya 145 Mailer, Norman Maine, Henry 10 maladaptation 134, 135 Mallowan, Max 207 Marxist theories 14, 138 Mathien, Joan 162, 167 Matthews, Roger 55 Maya 39, 52–3, 131 city-states, small states 44, 45, 49, 53, 60, 177, 194 index civilization and Maya states 44, 60 collapse 134, 135, 136 Copan 43, 53 El Mirador 43, 52 Nakbe 53 Tikal (see Tikal) writing 48 McElmo phase 171 McGuire, Randall 27 McIntosh, Susan 161 McNamara, JoAnn 121 Mead, Margaret meaning, systems of 34 Medes 152 Melanesia 27 mercantile activity (see also trade) 35, 149–51 merchant families (see also Assyrian family-firms) 58, 150 merchants 117 Merodach-Baladan 160 Merton, Robert 20, 186, 187 Mesilim 57 Meskell, Lynn 47 Mesoamerica 167 Mesopotamia 11, 39 Akkade 57, 58, 59 collapse of 58 Anu temple 54 Assyria 149 Assyria’s Babylonia problem 152 Assyrian national deity 56 Brak/Nagar 43, 55, 211 Choga Mami 206 Choga Mami transitional 209 city-states, small states, micro-states, statelets 44, 45, 49, 53, 198, 214, 229 evolution of 210 civilization 44, 53, 60, 209 collapse 53 cultural identity 56 Dilbat 116, 129 Drehem 144, 145 Eanna complex 43, 54, 211 Early Dynastic period 56 Eridu 54, 209, 210, 213 god-lists 56 Gawra 44, 209, 210 Halaf 23, 101 Hassuna 101 Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf 205–9 Isin 145 Kanesh 58, 149 Karduniash 58 Kish 43, 57, 110, 123–8, 142, 211, 228 and Hursagkalama 57 Lagash 43, 55, 57, 103, 142, 143, 145 Girsu (Telloh) 43, 57, 211 Lagash king list 55 Tell al-Hiba 43, 57 land-sale documents, pre-Akkadian and Akkadian periods 111 Larsa 43, 58 later Neolithic 101 law codes 100–9 Dadusha of Eshnunna 103 Lipit-Ishtar 103 Ur-Namma 103 legal pronouncements 94 Leilan 143 Maghzaliya 201 Marad 116 Mari 145 Mesopotamian and Aztec city-states 19 Neo-Assyrian capitals 192 Neo-Assyrian kings 58 Neo-Babylonian kings 59 Neo-Babylonian period 111 Nineveh 207 Nippur 56, 123, 211 Old Assyrian Assur 49 Old Assyrian city-state of Assur 58 city-state government 58 Old Assyrian texts at Kanesh 111 Old Babylonian period 58, 61, 116–26 Port Tukulti-Ninurta 58 Puzrish-Dagan 144 Samarra 101 Sawwan 205, 206 Sippar 117, 125, 129 Standard Babylonian 56 stream of tradition 56 Sumerian King List 55, 56, 58, 59, 144, 197, 213 tokens 94 transformation in the division of labor 54 Ubaid period 23, 31, 54, 101, 209–10 Umma 57, 145 Ur 56, 58, 211 Ur III (Third Dynasty of Ur) 58, 59, 104,n: 117, 144–7, 228 Uruk 43, 52, 54, 57, 60, 101, 110, 127, 128, 146, 157, 158, 176, 211, 213 and Kullab 57 Uruk expansion, Uruk colonies 54, 212–13 273 274 index Mesopotamia (cont.) Uruk period 23, 30, 54, 210–14 Yarim Tepe 205, 206 Metcalf, Mary 167 Michalowski, Piotr 211 microhistory 115, 129 micro-states 17 middle-range theory 183, 184–7 Miles, John 106 military 37, 148 Millon, Rene 49 Milner, George 23 Mississippian polities, Mississippian chiefdoms 174–7, 209 Mississippian-ness 174 Moche 43, 52 models benefits and conflicts/coercion 14 conflict 14 on the middle-level 189 monocropping 93 Monte Alb´an 37, 189–92 Morgan, Edward 1, 5, 9, 10, 44 Morrison, Kathleen 45 Moundsville 174 myth, of social evolution, of the archaic state 2, 5, 44, 196–7, 231 Nabonidus 153 naditu 116–23 Naram-Sin 142 nation-states 13 Natufian 23 near decomposability 136, 137 Nebuchadnezzar II 153, 160 Neitzel, Jill 28 Nelson, Ben 170 Nemrik 200 new archaeologists Nietzel, Jill 19 neo-evolutionism, neo-evolutionists 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 38, 41, 45, 62, 100, 113, 134, 135–6, 173, 176, 180, 182, 188, 195, 231 classification, flaws in 19 evolutionist process 12 failures of 6, 19 general 12 model 18, 21 specific 12 trees 18 true believers in 20 network strategy 177 Nichols, Deborah 45, 49 Nissen, Hans 55 nomads 41, 60 nuns, medieval 119 Nyerere, Julius 93 Oates, Joan 206 old rules of the game Oppenheim, A Leo 56 oracle bones 98 oral history 194 order 34, 36, 39–40, 91 and law (see also law and order) 62 oriental despotism 112 Paquime 171 palaces 228–9 Parsons, Talcott 5, 186 pathologies 135, 138 patrimonial bureaucracy 37 Patterson, Thomas Pauketat, Tim 163 Paynter, Robert 28 peer-polities 44, 48 Pepper, G R 167 Peregrine, Peter 177 phase transitions 230 pilgrimages 91, 170 Pittman, Holly 212 Plog, Fred 171 Polanyi, Karl 24 polis 46 Polynesia 27, 29, 31 population growth and pressure 11, 12, 14, 26, 28, 32, 201–2 port authority (karum) 119 Possehl, Gregory 23, 51, 228, 229 post-processual 182, 184, 195 potter’s workshop 207 Powell, Marvin 123 power 1, 3, 33–8, 197 bottom-up aspects centralized 34 competition for 198 dimensions of 34, 38 discourse about 34 domains of 177, 194, 229 economic 34, 35 ideological 174 ideologies of 16 limited 29 index local 36 political 35, 37–8, 39 relations of rules of 34 social 35, 36–7 sources of 34 structures 14 struggle for 6, 42 varieties of 1, 35 Power, Eileen 120 pre-political 173 priests 37 prime mover arguments 14 prior probabilities 188 processual archaeologists, processual archaeology 9, 184 profit 150 progress 1, 11 promotion 134, 136, 137 prostitution, ritual 122–6 pseudo-pressure 201 Pueblo Bonito 163–7 punctuated and holistic change 22, 26 purification priest 127 Qermez Dere 200 Raab, Mark and Albert Goodyear 185, 186 Rappaport, Roy 134, 135–6 Ratnagar, Shereen 51, 57 redistribution 24 reforms of Urukagina 103 relations of domination 32 relations of production 32 Rempel, Jane 155 Renfrew, Colin 22, 46, 134, 136 Rim-Sin 147 ritual caches 167 rituality 168, 170–1, 173, 177 rival claims to knowledge 7, 189 Roman empire 13 Rome 131 royal lineage 16 rules of the game academic rules rules of academic behavior new rules of the game old rules of the game substantive rules 6, rules of social behavior 204 ruralization 52, 54, 61, 214 Russell, Bertrand 45 Sabi Abyad 206, 207 Saddam Hussain 160 Sahlins, Marshall 7, 12–15, 24, 27 Salado interaction sphere 171 salinization 102, 146 Salmon ruin 167, 168 Samsu-iluna 120 San 22 Sanders, William 20, 22, 26 Santa Fe Institute 169–70 Santley, Robert 189, 190 Sapir, Edward Sargon (of Akkade) 37, 56, 57, 58, 142, 143, 144, 150 Schiffer, Michael 185, 186 Schreiber, Katharina 43, 52 Schwartz, Benjamin 98 Scott, James 92–4 sealand kings 123, 127, 128 seals 158 segmentation, social 36 segregation 134, 136 Seleucids (see also Hellenism) 155–9 self-organization (self-organized criticality) 169 Sennacherib 152 Service, Elman 7, 12–15, 134 settlement hierarchies 45 Shabik’eschee 162 shamans, shamanism 32, 97, 98 Shamash-shum-ukin 152 Shamshi-Adad 150, 151 Shoup, Daniel 157 Shulgi 144, 145, 147 Shutruk-nahhunte 104 silver 150 Simon, Herbert 136–7 simplicity 198 Sinopoli, Carla 45 site-size hierarchies 20 Smith, Adam 206 social change 131 social evolution 4, 29, 38 and technological evolution 10 Whiggish view 177 social evolutionary theory 1, 3, 6, 7, 197 social identity 16 social landscapes 44 social memory 40 social relations 32 social roles 3, 32, 114, 115, 131, 182, 198 social struggle 170 society-wide institutions 38 sociology of science 275 276 index Southeast (American) 29 Southeastern ceremonial complex 174 Speiser, Ephraim 143 Spencer, Charles 25, 26 Spencer, Herbert 16 Spengler, Oswald 132, 133 spheres of interaction 96 stages 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 28, 44, 134, 173, 180, 188, 193 states 6, 15–19 and non-states 16 appearance of 39, 58 class-riven 26 coercive state 14 date of origin 38 definition of 17 different from chiefdoms 25 identifying the state 41 the state 15 staple goods 24 Stein, Gil 23, 212 ¨ Stein, Gil and Rana Ozbal 210 Steinkeller, Piotr 43, 57, 145 Steward, Julian 1, 5, 7, 10–12 storage 36 storage and redistribution 91 stratification 14, 15, 27, 40, 60, 181 and social differentiation 3, 15 Struever, Stuart and Gail Houart 204 struggle 15 for control of economic resources 38 for control of knowledge, ceremonies, and symbols 38 for political and economic power 38 of armed forces 38 political 33 Sugiyama, Saburo 49 Sumerian 101, 154 Sumerians 49 sumptuary rules 24 surplus 34, 35, 36, 39, 229 Susa 104, 127, 210 symbols central 36, 42 of cultural commonality 37, 38 of ideologies of state 39 of kingship and unification 48 of social integration 34 of statecraft 44 systemic fragility 198 systems theory 113, 134, 135, 137 Tainter, Joseph 131 Tasmanians 162–74 Taylor and Ford 93 Tayma (Teima) 153 temple-estates 41 Teotihuacan 36, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 60, 176, 177, 190, 192, 229 Street-of-the-Dead Complex 49 theatre-state 50 theocratic ruling class, theocracy 12, 24 theocratic leadership 13 Theoretical Archaeology Group 184 theory, appropriate 182 theory, archaeological 183–95 theory, real 182 tholoi 206 Thomas, Carol 46, 49 Tiglath-Pileser III 152 Tikal 43, 49, 53 tin 150 Tiwanaku 43, 45, 52 Toll, H Wolcott 167, 168 Toynbee, Arnold 132, 133 trade 35, 38, 41, 49, 96, 111, 130 trait-list 19 treaties 150 tribes 6, 13, 17, 29, 146, 149 Trigger, Bruce 50 Tukulti-Ninurta I 58 Tylor, Edward 1, 5, 8, 9, 12 types of societies 6, 7, 19, 23, 28 culture types 11 ethnographic 7, 20 typologies urban interactions 197 urban flight 60 urbanization 60 and ruralization (see also ruralization) 214 Ur-Namma 144 Uribe, Carlos 23 Utuhegal 144 valley-states of Peru 45 Varien, Mark 162 Vedas 194 Veenhof, Klaas 123 Vidal, Gore 122, 126 Ware, John 172 wards 110 index warfare 14, 37, 49, 91, 96, 170 Wari 36, 43, 45, 52, 60 Watson, Patty Jo 23 wealth 35–6, 38, 39, 40 stored 35 Webster, David 26, 52, 134, 136 Weber, Max 138 Weiss, Harvey and T Cuyler Young, Jr 212 Westbrook, Raymond 109 Wheatley, Paul 98 Willey, Gordon 189, 230 Willey, Gordon and Jeremy Sabloff 185 White, Leslie 1, 5, 7, 8–10, 12, 24 Wilcke, Claus 107, 110 Williams, William Carlos 113 Wills, Wirt 165 Wilshusen, Richard 162 Wilson, David 52 Wilson, John 47 Winter, Marcus 190 Wittfogel, Karl 11, 14 Wobst, Martin 192 world history 195, 197 Wright, Henry 20, 25, 26, 55 writing in China and Mesopotamia 94 Mesopotamian 211 official written langauge 101 Yates, Robin 50 Yoffee’s Rule 41 277 ... editor of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and Cambridge World Archaeology Myths of the A r c h a i c S tat e Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations. .. variety of myths of the evolution and nature of the earliest states, or archaic states, ” as some have curiously called them.3 These include: (1) the earliest states were basically all the same... evolutionary theory: back to the future The evolution of power and its distribution in the earliest states Dimensions of power in social evolutionary theory States as states of mind What neo-evolutionism