THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 This page intentionally left blank ii 15:20 P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Crucibles of Political Loyalty This book investigates one of the oldest paradoxes in political science: why mass political loyalties persist even amid prolonged social upheaval and disruptive economic development? Drawing on extensive archival research and an original database of election results, it explores the paradox of political persistence by examining Hungary’s often tortuous path from pre- to postcommunism Wittenberg reframes the theoretical debate and demonstrates how, despite the many depredations of Communism, the Roman Catholic and Calvinist Churches transmitted loyalties to parties of the Right Contrary to conventional wisdom, Church resistance occurred not from above, but from below Hemmed in and harassed by Communist Party cadres, parish priests and pastors employed a variety of ingenious tactics to ensure the continued survival of local church institutions These institutions insulated their adherents from pressure to assimilate into the surrounding socialist milieu Ultimately this led to political continuity between pre- and postcommunism Jason Wittenberg is assistant professor of political science at the University of California, Berkeley He has published articles in the American Journal of Political Science, Organization Science, Political Analysis, Slavic Review, and the System Dynamics Review i P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 ii 15:20 P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics General Editor Margaret Levi University of Washington, Seattle Assistant General Editor Stephen Hanson University of Washington, Seattle Associate Editors Robert H Bates Harvard University Peter Hall Harvard University Peter Lange Duke University Helen Milner Columbia University Frances Rosenbluth Yale University Susan Stokes University of Chicago Sidney Tarrow Cornell University Other Books in the Series Lisa Baldez, Why Women Protest: Women’s Movements in Chile Stefano Bartolini, The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage Mark Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State Nancy Bermeo, ed., Unemployment in the New Europe Carles Boix, Democracy and Redistribution Carles Boix, Poltical Parties, Growth, and Equality: Conservative and Social Democratic Economic Strategies in the World Economy Catherine Boone, Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930–1985 Catherine Boone, Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Change Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective Michael Bratton, Robert Mattes, and E Gyimah-Boadi, Public Opinion, Democracy and Market Reform in Africa Continued after the Index iii P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 Dedicated to the memory of my grandmother Elsa, and of her sisters Rose and Florence, whose tales of Hungary inspired me Hi´anyoztok! iv 15:20 P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Crucibles of Political Loyalty CHURCH INSTITUTIONS AND ELECTORAL CONTINUITY IN HUNGARY JAS ON W ITTE NB E RG University of California, Berkeley v Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521849128 © Jason Wittenberg 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 - - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) --- eBook (NetLibrary) - - ---- hardback --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION The Paradox of Political Persistence Political Continuity in Hungary Refining the Problem Anticipating the Argument Research Design and Methods A Road Map EXPLAINING POLITICAL PERSISTENCE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Introduction Theoretical Approaches What Counts as Continuity? Illuminating the Trajectory An Institutional Explanation Conclusion ELECTORAL PERSISTENCE AND VOLATILITY IN HUNGARY 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Introduction Precommunist Blocs and Elections Postcommunist Blocs and Elections Electoral Evolution, 1945–1998 Conclusion page x xi xiii 1 13 15 18 20 20 20 30 38 42 53 55 55 55 59 65 75 vii P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Contents THE CHURCHES FIRST CONFRONT COMMUNISM 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 T H E B A T T L E F O R S O U L S , 8−1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Introduction Normalization The Party Offensive at the Local Level Clerical Resistance Collectivization Elite Conciliation, Local Conflict Reassessing the Battle for Souls Beyond Religious Instruction Conclusion CHURCH COMMUNITY AND RIGHTIST PERSISTENCE: STATISTICAL EVIDENCE 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 viii Introduction Obstacles to Inculcating Socialism Repression and Resistance, 1949–1953 Exploiting Room to Maneuver, 1953–1956 1956 Assessing the Battle for Souls Conclusion THE BATTLE FOR SOULS AFTER 1956 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Introduction The Churches before State-Socialism Enfeeblement Institutions of Surveillance and Control Conclusion Introduction Sample Characteristics The Influence of the Past The Importance of Church Community: Prima Facie Evidence Multivariate Evidence Unpacking “Church Community”: Religious Trajectories Under Communism Confessional Differences Who Supported the Right? Ecological Inferences and Survey Results Conclusion 76 76 76 82 88 113 114 114 115 119 135 143 145 151 152 152 154 161 165 173 178 183 198 200 201 201 203 206 208 210 221 224 228 236 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 17, 2006 16:48 Bibliography Szabolcs-Szatm´ar-Bereg County Archive Sz6/1964 Untitled 1964 Report on religious instruction, with a table MSZMP ´ anth´azai Bizotts´aga e´ s alapszervezetei iratai XXVII 402 VII 1956–70, Baktalor´ ˝ oe Sz7/1964 Untitled Report on the development of religious ideology MSZMP ´ anth´azai Bizotts´aga e´ s alapszervezetei iratai XXVII 402 VII 1956–70, Baktalor´ ˝ oe ´ Sz9/1966 “Jelent´es az 1966/67.-es tan´ev hittanbeirat´as´arol.” MSZMP Bak´ anth´azai Bizotts´aga e´ s alapszervezetei iratai XXVII 402 VII 1956–70, talor´ ˝ oe ´ a baktalor´ ´ anth´azi Sz10/1969 “Kimutat´as az 1969/70-es tan´ev hittanbeirat´as´arol ´ anth´azai Bizotts´aga e´ s alapszervezetei iratai XXVII j´ar´asban.” MSZMP Baktalor 402 VII 195670, oe ă okr ol, akik hittanra irattak gyermekuket, ă Sz37/1955 Kimutatas p´arttag szul az 1955/56 tan´evre.” MDP Feh´ergyarmati Bizotts´aga iratai XXVII 323 39.2, 1948– ˝ 56, 42 oe ´ a p´artvezetos´ ˝ egi e´ s p´arttagokrol, ´ akik kar´acsonyi szentSz38/1956 “Jelent´es azokrol mis´en voltak.” MDP Feh´ergyarmati Bizotts´aga iratai XXVII 323 39.2, 1948–56, ˝ 42 oe ´ jelent´es.” MDP Sz39/1956 “Az egyh´azi szertart´asokon r´esztvett p´arttagokrol ˝ Feh´ergyarmati Bizotts´aga iratai XXVII 323 39.2, 1948–56, 42 oe Sz63/1952 “Hittanbeirat´as.” MDP Ny´ıregyh´aza V´arosi Bizotts´aga XXVII 312 43.2 ˝ 1948–56 34 oe ´ MDP Ny´ıregyh´aza V´arosi Bizotts´aga Sz66/1954 “Jelent´es a hittanbeirat´asokrol.” ˝ XXVII 312 43.2 1948–56 34 oe Sz67/1954 Untitled MDP Ny´ıregyh´aza V´arosi Bizotts´aga XXVII 312 43.2 1948 56 34 oe ă e s a hittanbeirat´asokkal kapcsolatos Sz69/1955 “Jelent´es az urnapi kormenetr ol eszuletekr ă MDP Nyregyhaza Varosi Bizottsaga XXVII 312 43.2 1948– elok´ ol.” ˝ 56 34 oe Veszpr´em Archepiscopal Archive ´ Veszpr´em Erseki Lev´elt´ar Egyh´azmegyei Iktato´ 1957, 1958, and 1959 plebanos jelentese hitoktatoi ugy ă eben. Veszprem Erseki Ve4/1957 Marcaltoi ă Leveltar Egyhazugyi aktak 5401.3/1957 ´ Szentl´elek Pl´eb´ania hivataltol.” ´ Veszpr´em Erseki Ve13/1959 “A csurgoi Leveltar ă Egyhazugyi aktak 5401.57/1959 121/1959 Originating in Ve25/1959 Untitled letter from Szilard Bakos Szabo ă Pacsa, June 28, 1959 Veszpr´em Erseki Lev´elt´ar Egyh´azugyi akt´ak 5401.49/ 1959 Ve27/1959 Untitled minutes of clerical meeting Created in Tapolca, October 15, ă 1959 Veszprem Erseki Leveltar Egyhazugyi aktak 2801.40/1959 283 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 17, 2006 16:48 Bibliography ă ă Ve28/1959 A Furedi Esperesi keruletnek Balatonakaliban 1959 okt 1-´en tartott ´ ˝ tan´acskoz´asrol ´ felvett jegyzok onyve. ă ă oszi Veszprem Erseki Leveltar Egyhazugyi akt´ak 2801.44/1959 Ve29/1959 Untitled minutes of clerical meeting from the Keszthely and Za clerical districts Veszprem Erseki ă laszentgrot Lev´elt´ar Egyh´azugyi akt´ak 2801.52/1959 284 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index Adenauer, Konrad, 34 ´ AEH See State Office for Church Affairs agricultural collectivization in Hungary Communist Party (Hungary) and, 173–7, 183 Greek Catholic Church and, 177 incentives, 174 local elites and, 175 propaganda, 174 Reformed Church and, 175, 176 religious instruction in Hungarian public schools and, 183–6 religious life and, 186–8 Roman Catholic Church and, 175, 176–7 Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), 31, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 Alliance of Young Democrats (Fidesz), 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 233 See also Alliance of Young DemocratsHungarian Civic Party (Fidesz-MPP) Alliance of Young DemocratsHungarian Civic Party (Fidesz-MPP), 62, 64–5, 212 See also Alliance of Young Democrats (Fidesz) ´ Antall, Jozsef, 6, 30 B´acs-Kiskun, 7, 68–70, 150–1, 251 Baranya, 7, 68–70, 251 Bartha, Bishop Tibor, 180 BBWR See Non-Party Bloc for the Support of Reforms B´ek´es, 7, 68–70, 251 Bereczky, Bishop Albert, 86, 103, 105, 133, 180 ´ ´ 121 Beresztoczy, Miklos, Bethlen, Istv´an, 30 ´ Bihar See Hajdu-Bihar ´ See Borsod-Abauj´ Borsod-Abauj Zempl´en ´ Borsod-Abauj-Zempl´ en, 7, 68–70, 121, 177, 251 Budapest, 67, 161, 194 ă Bulanyi, Gyorgy, 182 Calvinist Church in Hungary See Reformed Church in Hungary Casaroli, Monsignor Agostino, 178 Catholic Bench of Bishops, 107–8, 109–10, 136, 154, 155–6, 157, 176–7 Catholic Center Party (Germany), 34 Catholic Church in Hungary See Roman Catholic Church in Hungary Chile, 4–5 Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP), 31, 60, 61–2, 63, 64, 65, 212, 226–8, 233 Christian Democratic Union (Germany), 34 285 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index Christian Peace Conference, 158 Christian Women’s Camp (KNT), 56–7 Christian Youth Association (KIE), 78, 85 church community in Hungary as alternative to communism, 41–2, 116–17 collective behavior, 13–14, 45–6 indicators of, 17, 201–3 New Course and, 141–2 rightist electoral continuity and, 14–15, 52–3, 208–10, 211–20, 228–31 trajectories under communism, 221–4 See also church institutions in Hungary, clergy in Hungary, Reformed Church in Hungary, rightist electoral continuity in Hungary, Roman Catholic Church in Hungary church institutions in Hungary as alternative to communism, 41–2, 116–17 cultural institutions, 77–80, 84–5 rightist electoral continuity and, 13, 16–17, 51–3, 245 See also church community in Hungary, Reformed Church in Hungary, Roman Catholic Church in Hungary church ritual and religious practice in Hungary, 45, 89, 134–5, 149, 199 church-state agreements in communist Hungary Reformed Church Agreement (1948), 106–7 Roman Catholic Church Agreement (1950), 107–10, 121–2 Partial Agreement between Hungarian State and Vatican (1964), 167, 178 See also church-state relations in Hungary church-state relations in Austria-Hungary, 80 286 church-state relations in Hungary communist period (1949–90), 42–4, 47, 52–3, 89–94, 96–101, 105–13, 114–16, 117–21, 123–5, 127–30, 131–2, 135–41, 144, 145–7, 149–51, 153–66, 170–3, 175–83, 189, 194, 237–9, 253–5 interwar period, 80–2 immediate postwar period, 82–8 See also clerical resistance to communism in Hungary, control and regulation of churches in communist Hungary, Peace Movement, religious instruction in Hungarian public schools Civic Democratic Party (PDP), 56–7 clergy in Hungary Catholic Bench of Bishops, 107–8, 109–10, 136, 154, 155–6, 157, 176–7 collectivization and, 175–7 involvement in social activities, 162–3, 169–70 involvement in state organizations, 170–1 lower clergy, 98–9, 100, 140–1, 153, 181–2 passive clergy, 171 patriotic clergy, 89, 94 Priests for Peace, 98, 100–2, 155, 175 progressive clergy, 115–16, 118, 122, 130, 171 reactionary clergy, 115–16, 118, 122, 138, 139, 171, 181 Reformed Church, 91, 104–5, 122, 123, 124–5, 150–1, 166–7, 195–6 religious instruction in Hungarian public schools and, 140, 141, 147–51, 166–8, 188–90, 193 Roman Catholic Church, 91, 97–102, 121, 124, 150–1, 154, 179, 189, 195–6 sacraments and, 134–5 upper clergy, 97–101, 107–8, 109–10, 136, 153, 154, 155–6, 157, 176–7 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index See also clerical resistance to communism in Hungary, Peace Movement clerical resistance to communism in Hungary church services, 45–6, 119 failures of, 194 involvement in state organizations, 170–1 legal arguments, 120 lower clergy, 182 religious instruction in Hungarian public schools and, 166–8, 188–90, 193 scale of, 194–5 social activities, 169–70 youth and, 142, 168–9 See also clergy in Hungary Cominform (Soviet Union), 95 Communist Party (Hungary) collectivization, 173–7, 186 Houses of Culture, 125–7 Hungarian Communist Party (MKP) (1945–8), 56–7, 58, 82 Hungarian Socialist Workers Party (MSZMP) (1956–89), 59–60, 61, 63, 152 Hungarian Workers Party (MDP) (1948–56), 152 inculcation of socialism, 132, 162 New Course, 135, 137–9 participation in church life, 160 popular appeal of, 11–12 religious education in Hungarian public schools and, 127–9, 131, 134, 150, 163–4, 189–91 revolutionary uprising of 1956, 152–3 rites of passage, 162 See also church-state relations in Hungary, control and regulation of churches in communist Hungary Communist Youth Alliance (KISZ), 85, 170 control and regulation of churches in communist Hungary arrests and internments, 101, 108, 173 church appointments, 92–3, 156–7, 160, 172–3, 178–9 Reformed Church, 92–3 Roman Catholic Church, 92–3, 178–9 deportations, 108 laws and decrees, 89–93, 119–21 loyalty oath, 91–2, 178 See also religious instruction in Hungarian public schools, State ´ Office for Church Affairs (AEH) Converse, Philip, 21–2, 23–4 Credo, 79, 84 ´ Cserh´ati, Jozsef, 179 Csongr´ad, 7, 68–70, 251 Czech Agrarians, 32 Czechoslovakia, 11, 12, 30, 242–3 See also Czech Republic, Slovakia Czechoslovak People’s Party, 31, 38 Czech Republic, 6, 242–3 See also Czechoslovakia De´ak, Ferenc, 30 Democratic People’s Party (DNP), 56–7, 143–4, 225–6 Deutsch, Karl, 15 Dinny´es, Lajos, 143 DISZ See Working Youth Association DNP See Democratic People’s Party educational reform in Hungary Reformed Church schools and, 85–6, 106–7 Roman Catholic Church schools and, 85–7, 109 See also religious instruction in Hungarian public schools elections in communist Eastern Europe, 38–9 elections in Hungary parliamentary election (1945), 16, 56–8, 65, 66–71, 74–5, 207, 209, 226, 251–3 287 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index elections in Hungary (cont.) parliamentary election (1947), 56–8, 248 parliamentary election (1949), 88 parliamentary election (1990), 6, 16, 63–4, 65–8, 70–1, 74–5, 207, 209, 214, 216–21, 224, 226–8, 234, 251–2 parliamentary election (1994), 7, 16, 62, 63, 64–5, 67–71, 74–5, 207, 209, 214, 216–21, 224, 226–8, 247, 251–2 parliamentary election (1998), 16, 63, 65–6, 67–8, 70, 73–4, 207, 209, 214, 216–21, 224, 226–8, 247, 251–2 electoral continuity See political persistence, rightist electoral continuity in Hungary electoral system in postcommunist Hungary, 63 o Rozsaf ă er Egyesulet, ă El uz´ 79, 84 EMERICANA, 79 England See United Kingdom ˝ Gyor-Moson-Sopron, 7, 68–70, 129, 130, 137, 251 ˝ ˝ Gyor-Sopron See Gyor-Moson-Sopron ´ Hajdu-Bihar clergy in, 193, 194, 195, 196 collectivization in, 175–6, 183–5, 188, 197 control and regulation of churches in, 123, 139–40, 172, 189–90 Reformed Church in, 17, 124–5, 197–8 religious instruction in public schools and, 128, 130, 134, 147–8, 161, 183–5, 188, 189–90, 192 rightist political persistence in, 7, 68–70, 73–4, 251 settlement size, 205 Havel, Vaclav, 30 ˝ Tibor, 183 Hegedus, Heves, 7, 68–70, 149, 174, 187, 188, 251 historic parties in Eastern Europe Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP) (Hungary), 31, 60, fascist parties in Hungary, 56 61–2, 63, 64, 65, 212, 226–8, Fej´er, 7, 68–70, 251 233 Fekete, S´andor, 105 Czech Agrarians, 32 Fidesz See Alliance of Young Czechoslovak People’s Party, 31, 38 Democrats Czechoslovak Social Democracy, 31 Fidesz-MPP See Alliance of Young Czechoslovak Socialist Party, 31 Democrats-Hungarian Civic Independent Smallholders Party Party (FKgP) (Hungary), 31, 32, FKgP See Independent Smallholders 56–8, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 82, 143, Party 212, 225–7, 253 FMDP See Independent Hungarian National Liberal Party (Romania), 31 Democratic Party National Peasant Party (Romania), France, 1–2 31 Free Council of the Reformed Church, 84 Polish Peasant Party (Poland), 31 Social Democratic Party (SZDP) G´abor Bethlen Association, 78 (Hungary), 31, 56–7, 58, 143 Germany, 34, 2401 Hlinka, Andrej, 31 ă os, ¨ Istv´an, 177 Gorcs ´ 81, 93 Horthy, Miklos, ˝ Archbishop Jozsef, ´ Grosz, 92, 144, Horv´ath, Richard, 101–2 154–5, 166 288 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index Houses of Culture, 125–7 Hungarian Christian Democratic Alliance (MKDSZ), 64 Hungarian Communist Party (MKP), 56–7, 58, 82 See also Communist Party (Hungary) Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), 31, 60–2, 63, 64, 65, 212, 226–7, 233 Hungarian Democratic People’s Party (MDNP), 63, 64 Hungarian Independence Party (MFP), 56–7 Hungarian Independent People’s Front (MFNF), 88 Hungarian Justice and Life Party ´ (MIEP), 63, 64, 65 Hungarian Radical Party (MRP), 56–7 Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), 11, 59–60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 See also Communist Party (Hungary) Hungarian Socialist Workers Party (MSZMP), 59–60, 61, 63, 152 See also Communist Party (Hungary) Hungarian Workers Party (MDP), 152 See also Communist Party (Hungary) Hungarian Youth Freedom Front, 85 inculcation of socialism in Hungary, 115–16, 125–6, 132–3, 138, 159–60, 162–3 Independent Hungarian Democratic Party (FMDP), 56–7 Independent Smallholders Party (FKgP), 31, 32, 56–8, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 82, 143, 212, 225–7, 253 International Social Survey Program (ISSP), 232 ISSP See International Social Survey Program J´asz-Nagykun-Szolnok, 7, 68–70, 251 John Paul II, 179 K´ad´ar, J´anos, 43, 152, 158–9, 173, 179 ´ KALASZ, 79, 84 K´allai, Gyula, 157–8 KALOT, 79, 84 K´alvin Association, 78 KDNP See Christian Democratic People’s Party KIE See Christian Youth Association KIOE See National Association of Catholic Workers Kisfalusi, J´anos, 177 Kiss, Roland, 105 KISZ See Communist Youth Alliance KLOSz See Young Women’s Catholic Association KNT See Christian Women’s Camp Kom´arom, 7, 68–70, 119–20, 251 Kov´acs, B´ela, 143 land reform in Hungary, 82–4 ´ 179 L´ekai, Cardinal L´aszlo, ˝ Lorincz, Zolt´an, 189 Lutheran Church in Hungary, 91, 104 Mair, Peter, 35–6 Maravall, Jose, 244 ´ 79, 84 M´aria-kongreg´acio, Masaryk, Tomaˇs, 30 MDF See Hungarian Democratic Forum MDNP See Hungarian Democratic People’s Party MDP See Hungarian Workers Party MFNF See Hungarian Independent People’s Front MFP See Hungarian Independence Party ´ See Hungarian Justice and Life MIEP Party ´ Mindszenty, Cardinal Jozsef, 42–3, 85, 86–8, 97, 98, 144, 152–3, 178–9 MKDSZ See Hungarian Christian Democratic Alliance MKP See Hungarian Communist Party Moore, Barrington, 240–1 289 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, 31, 243 MRP See Hungarian Radical Party MSZMP See Hungarian Socialist Workers Party MSZP See Hungarian Socialist Party Mudde, Cas, 35–6 Nagy, Imre, 135–6, 146–7, 152, 153 National Association of Catholic Parents, 86 National Association of Catholic Workers (KIOE), 79 National Peace Council, 155 National Peasant Party (NPP), 56–7, 58, 73, 82, 143–4 New Course (1953–6), 135–43 ´ ad, 7, 68–70, 187, 252 Nogr´ Non-Party Bloc for the Support of Reforms (BBWR), 32 NPP See National Peasant Party Nyisztor, Zolt´an, 98 Opus Pacis, 155, 157 party blocs, conceptions of, 34–7 party blocs in Hungary 1990–4 elections, 59–62, 229 1998 elections, 62, 67, 73, 229 leftist, 57, 59–60, 61–2, 64–5, 67–8, 70, 73, 75, 229, 231, 232, 249, 250 liberal, 53, 59, 60, 62, 65, 70–1, 229, 231, 232, 234, 249 precommunist period, 55–8, 250 postcommunist period, 59–65, 67–70, 73–5, 229, 231–4, 249–50 rightist, 57–8, 59, 60, 61–2, 64–5, 67–71, 73–5, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 250 patriotic clergy, 94 PDP See Civic Democratic Party Peace Movement Hungarian Catholic Church and, 97–102 290 Hungarian Lutheran Church and, 104 Hungarian Reformed Church and, 104–5, 124–5 ideas of United States and, 96 Priests for Peace and, 98, 100–2, 155, 175 socialism and, 95–6 Pest, 7, 68–70, 252 P´eter, Bishop J´anos, 104–5 ˝ Party, 143–4 See also National Petofi Peasant Party (NPP) ´ Pilsudski, Marshal Jozef, 30, 32 Pius IX, 41 Pius XI, 41 Pius XII, 41, 88, 91 Poland, 6, 10–11, 12, 30, 32, 45, 242–3 Polish Peasant Party, 31, 38 political continuity See political persistence political persistence agricultural collectivization and, 11 Chile, 4–5 Czechoslovakia, 10–11, 29, 30 Czech Republic, Eastern Europe, 26, 29–33 France, 1–2 Hungary indicators of, 67–72 leftist, 67–8 mass appeal of Communist Party, 11–12 statistical analysis, 72–3, 206–7 industrialization and, 11 Poland, 6, 10–11, 30 redemocratizing societies and, 4, 9–10, 15–16, 23–5, 237 rural peasantry and, 11, 12–13 Slovakia, Spain, 4, 24 stable democracies and, 15, 244–5 symbolic continuity, 30–1 United Kingdom, 69 United States, 2–3, 36, 52 Western Europe, 3–4 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index See also historic parties in Eastern Europe, political persistence theories, rightist electoral continuity in Hungary political persistence theories expressive variants, 20–2 behavioral, 21–2 deficiencies of, 23–5 organizational, 21–2, 24 institutions, 239 instrumental variants, 20–1, 22–3, 25, 26, 33–4 deficiencies of, 25–6 economic interests and, 23 electoral persistence and, 25 freezing hypothesis, 3, 239–40 party evolution, 23, 26, 33–4 path dependence, 240–2 redemocratizing regimes and, 23–5, 237 postauthoritarian regimes, 24–5, 243–4 postcommunist regimes, 24–5, 237, 242–3 stable democracies and, 244–5 Priests for Peace, 98, 100–2, 155, 175 Protestant Literary Society, 78 public opinion surveys in communist Eastern Europe, 39–40 R´akosi, M´aty´as, 96, 97, 105, 108, 115, 116, 133 ´ 85, 86, 103, Ravasz, Bishop L´aszlo, 106, 144, 154 Reformed Church in Hungary clergy, 91, 104–5, 122, 123, 124–5, 150–1, 166–7, 195–6 clerical authority, 48–50 cultural organizations, 77–8, 84–5 doctrine, 49–50, 102–3, 179–80, 239 landholding and, 77, 83–4 precommunist period, 76–8 Renewal Movement, 182 schools, 80 size of, 48 socialism and, 102–5, 179–80, 196 See also church-state relations in Hungary, religious instruction in Hungarian public schools Reformed Theological Academy, 136–7 religious instruction in Hungarian public schools agricultural collectivization and, 183–6, 197 clerical involvement, 140, 141, 147–51, 166–8, 188–90, 193 Communist Party and, 46–8, 90, 127–31, 134, 137, 147–51, 156, 163–4, 189–91 Greek Catholic enrollment, 197 ´ Hajdu-Bihar and, 128, 130, 134–5, 147–8, 150, 161, 183–5, 188, 189–90, 197 as indicator of church community, 17, 201–2 Reformed (Calvinist) enrollment, 197 Roman Catholic enrollment, 197 settlement-level analysis (1948–56) and, 147–50 settlement-level analysis (1956–70) and, 183–94 Zala and, 129, 139, 145–6, 147–50, 161, 181, 183–5, 189–90, 203–5 Renovationists (Soviet Union), 94 ´ R´evai, Jozsef, 99, 127–8 revolutionary uprising of 1956, 143–5, 152–3 rightist electoral continuity in Hungary church community and, 13–15, 45–6, 51–2, 54, 208–10, 236, 237–8, 241–2 church institutions and, 13, 16–17, 51, 54, 245 clergy and, 14, 236, 237–8, 242, 245 ecological inferences church affiliate support for right, 229–31 non–church affiliate support, 229–31 economic and social stagnation hypothesis and, 210–11 291 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index rightist electoral continuity (cont.) explanatory variables for age, 212–14, 227, 232, 234 church community, 212–16, 218, 219, 220, 226–7 economic development, 211, 212–14, 215–16, 226–7 education, 212–14, 232, 234 income, 232, 234 institutions, 239 precommunist conservatism, 212–18, 220, 226–7 Reformed Church, 224–8, 232–5 religiosity, 232–5 Roman Catholic Church, 224–8, 232–5 settlement size, 232, 234 freezing hypothesis and, 239–40 path dependence and, 241–2 regional level and, 66–70, 73–5 survey results and, 231–6 See also political persistence Roman Catholic Church in Hungary Agreement with State (1950), 107–10, 121–2 agricultural collectivization and, 175, 176–7 base communities, 182 clergy, 91, 97–102, 121, 124, 150–1, 154–5, 179, 182, 189–90, 195–6 clerical authority, 49–50 Communist Party and, 42–3, 92–3, 97, 136, 144, 145–51, 154–7, 178–9, 238–9 cultural organizations, 78–9, 84 doctrine, 49–50 landholding and, 77, 83 Partial Agreement with State (1964) 165–6, 167, 178 Peace Movement and, 97–102 precommunist period, 41, 76–7 religious orders, 79–80, 108 rightist political persistence and, 224–8, 233–5 schools, 80, 81, 85–7 size of, 48 292 See also church-state relations in Hungary, religious instruction in Hungarian public schools, Vatican-Hungarian relations SDG See Soli Deo Gloria student alliance Slovakia, 6, 242–3 See also Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic Slovak National Party, 31 Slovak People’s Party, 31, 243 Social Democratic Party (SZDP), 31, 56–7, 58, 143 Soli Deo Gloria student alliance (SDG), 78, 85 Somogy, 7, 68–70, 188, 192, 252 Spain, 4, 24, 243–4 ´ State Office for Church Affairs (AEH), 110–12, 122–4, 137, 152, 161, 172, 177, 253–5 Stockholm Peace Appeal (1950), 99–100 Szabolcs-Szatm´ar-Bereg, 7, 68–70, 142, 191, 197–8, 252 SZDP See Social Democratic Party SZDSZ See Alliance of Free Democrats Szentimre Catholic youth movement, 165 Sz´ıvg´arda, 78 Szolnok See J´asz-Nagykun-Szolnok ´ Reformed Diocese, 172–3 Tisz´antul Tolna, 7, 68–70, 252 United Kingdom, 33–4, 69, 240–1 United States, 2–3, 21, 25, 33–4, 36 Varga, Ferenc, 98 Vas, 7, 68–70, 252 Vatican-Hungarian relations communist period (1949–90), 165, 167, 178 Partial Agreement of 1964, 165–6, 167, 178 precommunist period, 93 P1: JZP witty˙main CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 18, 2006 1:48 Index Veszpr´em, 7, 68–70, 73–4, 150, 163, 164, 187, 252 demographic characteristics of settlements in, 203–5 Wale sa, Lech, 30 Women’s Council, 163 Working Youth Association (DISZ), 115 c Young Women’s Catholic Association (KLOSz), 79 youth in Hungary activities in Hungarian churches, 142, 168 decrease in religiosity, 191–2 Zala clergy in, 140–1, 142–3, 150, 166, 169–70, 172–3, 176, 181, 194, 195 collectivization in, 174–5, 176, 183–5 control and regulation of churches in, 123, 172–4, 195 demographic characteristics of settlements in, 203–5 religious instruction in public schools in, 129, 139, 145–6, 147–50, 181, 183–5, 189–90 rightist political persistence in, 7, 68–70, 73–5, 252 Roman Catholic Church and, 17 youth in, 142–3 293 P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Other Books in the Series (continued from page iii) Valerie Bunce, Leaving Socialism and Leaving the State: The End of Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia Daniele Caramani, The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Europe Kanchan Chandra, Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America Donatella della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State Gerald Easter, Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity M Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics Robert F Franzese, Macroeconomic Policies of Developed Democracies Roberto Franzosi, The Puzzle of Strikes: Class and State Strategies in Postwar Italy Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics in the Global Economy Miriam Golden, Heroic Defeats: The Politics of Job Loss Jeff Goodwin, No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements Merilee Serrill Grindle, Changing the State Anna Gryzymala-Busse, Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil Gretchen Helmke, Courts Under Constraints: Judges, Generals, and Presidents in Argentina Yoshiko Herrera, Imagined Economies: The Sources of Russian Regionalism J Rogers Hollingsworth and Robert Boyer, eds., Contemporary Capitalism: The Embeddedness of Institutions John D Huber and Charles R Shipan, Deliberate Discretion? The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy Ellen Immergut, Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe Torben Iversen, Capitalism, Democracy, and Welfare Torben Iversen, Contested Economic Institutions Torben Iversen, Jonas Pontussen, and David Soskice, eds., Unions, Employers, and Central Banks: Macroeconomic Coordination and Institutional Change in Social Market Economies Thomas Janoski and Alexander M Hicks, eds., The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State 294 P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Joseph Jupille, Procedural Politics: Issues, Influence, and Institutional Choice in the European Union David C Kang, Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Capitalism in South Korea and the Philippines Junko Kato, Regressive Taxation and the Welfare State Robert O Keohane and Helen B Milner, eds., Internationalization and Domestic Politics Herbert Kitschelt, The Transformation of European Social Democracy Herbert Kitschelt, Peter Lange, Gary Marks, and John D Stephens, eds., Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radek Markowski, and Gabor Toka, Post-Communist Party Systems David Knoke, Franz Urban Pappi, Jeffrey Broadbent, and Yutaka Tsujinaka, eds., Comparing Policy Networks Allan Kornberg and Harold D Clarke, Citizens and Community: Political Support in a Representative Democracy Amie Kreppel, The European Parliament and the Supranational Party System David D Laitin, Language Repertories and State Construction in Africa Fabrice E Lehoucq and Ivan Molina, Stuffing the Ballot Box: Fraud, Electoral Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure Evan Lieberman, Race and Regionalism in the Politics of Taxation in Brazil and South Africa Pauline Jones Luong, Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald, eds., Comparative Perpectives on Social Movements James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Historical Analysis and the Social Sciences Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart, eds., Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America Isabela Mares, The Politics of Social Risk: Business and Welfare State Development Isabela Mares, Taxation, Wage Bargaining, and Unemployment Anthony W Marx, Making Race, Making Nations: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil 295 P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Joel S Migdal, State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Constitute One Another Joel S Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World Scott Morgenstern and Benito Nacif, eds., Legislative Politics in Latin America Layna Mosley, Global Capital and National Governments ă Wolfgang C Muller and Kaare Strøm, Policy, Office, or Votes? Maria Victoria Murillo, Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions, and Market Reforms in Latin America Ton Notermans, Money, Markets, and the State: Social Democratic Economic Policies since 1918 Roger Petersen, Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe Simona Piattoni, ed., Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment Marino Regini, Uncertain Boundaries: The Social and Political Construction of European Economies Lyle Scruggs, Sustaining Abundance: Environmental Performance in Industrial Democracies Jefferey M Sellers, Governing from Below: Urban Regions and the Global Economy Yossi Shain and Juan Linz, eds., Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions Beverly Silver, Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870 Theda Skocpol, Social Revolutions in the Modern World Regina Smyth, Candidate Strategies and Electoral Competition in the Russian Federation: Democracy Without Foundation Richard Snyder, Politics after Neoliberalism: Reregulation in Mexico David Stark and L´aszlo´ Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis Susan C Stokes, Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America 296 P1: JZZ CUNY417-FM CUNY417/Wittenberg 521 84912 January 20, 2006 15:20 Susan C Stokes, ed., Public Support for Market Reforms in New Democracies Duane Swank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics Kathleen Thelen, How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan Charles Tilly, Trust and Rule Joshua Tucker, Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, 1990–1999 Ashutosh Varshney, Democracy, Development, and the Countryside Stephen I Wilkinson, Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India Elisabeth J Wood, Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and EI Salvador Elisabeth J Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador 297 ... Hungary, 1945–1994 Map of Electoral Continuity and Discontinuity, 1945–1990 Map of Electoral Continuity and Discontinuity, 1945–1994 Map of Electoral Continuity and Discontinuity, 1945–1998 Perfect... 15:20 Crucibles of Political Loyalty CHURCH INSTITUTIONS AND ELECTORAL CONTINUITY IN HUNGARY JAS ON W ITTE NB E RG University of California, Berkeley v Cambridge, New... First, expanding the universe of potential instances of political continuity to include both redemocratizing countries and stable democracies brings key inadequacies of received theory into high
Ngày đăng: 30/03/2020, 19:45
Xem thêm: