0521816688 cambridge university press fatal women of romanticism jan 2003

This page intentionally left blank FATAL WOMEN OF ROMANTICISM Incarnations of fatal women, or femmes fatales, recur throughout the works of women writers in the Romantic period Adriana Craciun demonstrates how portrayals of femmes fatales played an important role in the development of Romantic women’s poetic identities and informed their exploration of issues surrounding the body, sexuality, and politics Craciun covers a wide range of writers and genres from the s through the s She discusses the work of well-known figures including Mary Wollstonecraft, as well as lesser-known writers such as Anne Bannerman By examining women writers’ fatal women in historical, political, and medical contexts, Craciun uncovers a far-ranging debate on sexual difference She also engages with current research on the history of the body and sexuality, providing an important historical precedent for modern feminist theory’s ongoing dilemma regarding the status of “woman” as a sex        is lecturer in English and Director of the Centre for Byron Studies at the University of Nottingham She is the editor of Zofloya, or the Moor () and A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (), and co-editor of Rebellious Hearts: British Women Writers and the French Revolution ()     General editors Professor Marilyn Butler Professor James Chandler University of Oxford University of Chicago Editorial board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, University of Cambridge Kenneth Johnston, Indiana University Alan Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara Jerome McGann, University of Virginia David Simpson, University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early s to the early s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those ‘great national events’ that were ‘almost daily taking place’: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanisation, industrialisation, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations between science, philosophy, religion and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria; gender relations in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Don Juan; journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt; poetic form, content and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of response or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of ‘literature’ and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book FATA L WO M E N O F RO M A N T I C I S M ADRIANA CRACIUN    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521816687 © Adriana Craciun 2003 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2002 - isbn-13 978-0-511-07395-3 eBook (NetLibrary) -  eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-10 0-511-07395-X - isbn-13 978-0-521-81668-7 hardback - isbn-10 0-521-81668-8 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate for Kari E Lokke and Jerome J McGann  Bibliography “       a` la fˆete d´ecern´ee par la Section des Piques, aux mˆanes de Marat et de Le Pelletier,” , in Oeuvres Compl`etes du Marquis de Sade, Paris: Cercle du Livre Pr´ecieux, ,  , – “Reflections on the Novel,” in The  Days of Sodom and Other Writings, trans Austryn Wainhouse and Richard Seaver, New York: Grove,  Saint-Amand, Pierre, “Adorning Marie Antoinette,” Eighteenth-Century Life  (Nov ), – “Terrorizing Marie Antoinette,” trans Jennifer Curtiss Gage, Critical Inquiry  (Spring ), – Sallust, The Jugurthine War/Conspiracy of Catiline, trans S A Handford, Harmonsworth: Penguin,  Sawicki, Jana, Disciplining Foucault: Feminism, Power, and the Body, London: Routledge,  Scarry, Elaine, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World, Oxford University Press,  Schiebinger, Londa, The Mind Has No Sex? 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Wollstonecraft, ed Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler,  vols., London: William Pickering,  “Letter Introductory to a Series of Letters on the Present Character of the French Nation,” in The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, vol  Woodward, Lionel D., Une anglaise amie de la R´evolution Fran¸caise: H´el`ene Maria Williams et ses amis, Paris: Honor´e Champion,  Woof, Pamela, “Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Lamb, Writers,” part , Charles Lamb Bulletin n.s  (), – “Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Lamb, Writers,” part , Charles Lamb Bulletin n.s  (), – Wordsworth, William, A Guide through the District of the Lakes, introduced by W M Merchant, London: Rupert Hart-Davis,  Literary Criticism of William Wordsworth, ed Paul Zall, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,  Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed Ernest de Selincourt and Helen Darbishire, Oxford: Clarendon,  Wu, Duncan (ed.), Romantic Women Poets: An Anthology, Oxford: Blackwell,  Romanticism: An Anthology, nd edn, Oxford: Blackwell,  Yaeger, Patricia, “Toward a Female Sublime,” in Gender and Theory, ed Linda Kauffman, Oxford: Blackwell, , – Yarnall, Judith, Transformations of Circe: The History of an Enchantress, Chicago: University of Illinois Press,  Yearsley, Ann, An Elegy on Marie Antoinette of Austria, Bristol: J Rudhall, [?] Index Aaron, Jane , ,  Abdy, Maria  Adorno, Theodor ,  Agrippina – Ahnfrau (Grillparzer)  Aikin, Lucy – Amazon , ,  ancien r´egime  Empire of Beauty in –,  Anderson, Dr Robert –,  Andriano, Joseph  androgyny , –, ,  Angel in the House  anger ,  animal rights  Annual Review  Anti-Jacobin Review , –, ,  Armstrong, Isobel , , , ,  Armstrong, Nancy , , ,  aristocracy , – “Aristocracy of Genius” see Mary Robinson Arnold, Matthew  d’Arras, Jean , – Arthur, King  Ashton, Helen  Athena  Auerbach, Nina  Austen, Jane , , ,  authorship see language, poetry autonomy ,  and feminism  bacchante –,  Baillie, Joanna , , ,  ballad , , –, ,  Balle, Mary Blanchard  Bannerman, Anne  biography of –, –, – and Coleridge , –, –, –,  “The Dark Ladie” –, , –,  and Della Cruscans –,  Epistle from the Marquis de La Fayette ,  femmes fatales of , , , –, ,  “The Genii” ,  literary circle of –, – and Lewis , – and Leyden , –, , – “The Mermaid” , –,  Poems –, ,  Poems, A New Edition  periodical publications ,  politics of , ,  as professional writer , , –, – “The Prophecy of Merlin” The Prophetess of the Oracle of Seăam , ,  reception –, , , ,  scandal surrounding , – Seward on – Scott on  “The Spirit of the Air” ,  Tales of Chivalry , , –, ,  “Verses on an Illumination”  “Verses to Miss Baillie”  “The Watchman”  Barbauld, Anna Laetitia  Barker-Benfield, G J  Barrell, John  Barton, Bernard – Bastille  Bataille, Georges , , ,  Bath, Elizabeth  Baudrillard, Jean – beauty see empire of beauty Beuvoir, Simone de  Bell, John    Index Benjamin, Walter  Beresford, Lady – Berry, Madame de  Bienville, M.D.T , – Nymphomania –, , –, –, , ,  Bisset, Robert  Blain, Virginia  Blake, William , , , ,  Blanchot, Maurice  Bleeding Nun –, –, , ,  see also Lewis, The Monk blood sports ,  Bloomfield, Robert  Bluestockings , , ,  body dead , – diseased –, ,  history of – and imagination , , , , – mermaid’s –, –, – mutable , –, –, – natural ,  and self/subjectivity –, – sexed –,  size of , ,  and soul , ,  strong – supernatural , – undead , , –,  unsexed –, , – see also exercise, strength, weight management Bordo, Susan , ,  Braddon, Mary E , ,  Brissenden, R F ,  Britain in s and gender , , –,  and radicalism – British Club (Paris) ,  British Convention (Edinburgh) ,  British Critic , , , , Broderick, Ann Bronfen, Elizabeth Brontăe, Charlotte , , , Brontăe, Emily , , , Browne, Mary  Browning, Elizabeth Barrett ,  Brunchant  Bulwer Lytton, Edward  burial –, –, –,  Burke, Edmund , , , –, , , , , , , –,  Burney, Frances  Burns, Robert  Burton, Harriet Emma –, – Butler, Judith , , , , –,  Byrne, Nicholas ,  Byron, George Gordon, Lord –, –, , ,  Byronic hero , , , ,  (see also demon lover) Byronic heroine  Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage  Cain  Corsair ,  Don Juan  English Bards  Giaour , ,  Heaven and Earth ,  Landon on , –, , – Manfred – and misogyny ,  Siege of Corinth  Cafarelli, Annette Wheeler ,  Campbell, Thomas , –, –, –, ,  Caroline, Queen  Carter, Angela –, –, – Castle, Terry , ,  Centlivre, Susanna  Chadwick, Edwin , , , – Charlotte, Princess  Charlotte, Queen  Chatterton, Thomas  chivalry –, , ,  Chodorow, Nancy ,  Choiseul-Meuse, F´elicit´e de  cholera –, –, –,  Christianity , –, , ,  Circe ,  circulating library  citizenship  Cixous, H´el`ene  Clarke, Norma  class , , –, –, , , ,  and education – Cleopatra  Coleridge, Hartley  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor , , , , ,  “Ancyent Marinere” , ,  Bannerman and –, , –, –, –,  Christabel , ,  and Gothic ,  “Introduction to the Tale of the Dark Ladie” , –, – Collins, William  Index Confessions of Madeleine Bavent  Corday, Charlotte , , , –, ,  as femme fatale ,  Landon on  Robinson on –,  as unsexed , Corinne see Staăel, Madame de Cowper, William ,  Crabbe, George  Craik, Helen ,  criminality , ,  Critical Review ,  cross-dressing , ,  Cullens, Chris  Curran, Stuart ,  curse  Dacre, Charlotte (born Charlotte King, aka “Rosa Matilda”) , , ,  (anti)heroines of  biography of –,  and body – Confessions of the Nun ,  and demon lovers – “Edmund and Anna”  and “female gothic” – and feminism  femmes fatales of , – Hours of Solitude , –, ,  “How Can’st Thou Doubt”  and Keats – and John King (father) –, – language of , ,  and lesbianism – and Lewis , , , , –, , –,  Libertine ,  “The Lover’s Vision”  and “male gothic” –,  and marriage , ,  “The Mistress” poems , – “Moorish Combat”  Passions , –, –,  politics of , ,  “Poor Negro Sadi”  and pornography –, –,  pseudonyms of ,  and Robinson , , , , , , – reception –, , , –, – compared to Sade , , , –, , ,  Satanism in , –, ,  and sexuality – influence on Percy Shelley   “Skeleton Priest”  “Song of Melancholy”  subjectivity in – Swinburne on ,  “To the Shade of Mary Robinson”  “Tu es beau” – and Wuthering Heights , , – Zofloya –, , , –, ,  Davies, Katherine  Day, Esther Milnes  Day, William Patrick  Daemon of Venice ,  death , –, –, – see also undead decomposition ,  de Lauretis, Teresa  Deleuze, Gilles , ,  Della Cruscans , , , –, – DeLamotte, Eugenia ,  de Man, Paul  demon lover –, – Demoniality (Sinistrari)  DeQuincey, Thomas ,  Derrida, Jacques –, – and women ,  destruction ,  and women , , –, – Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of  Dickens, Charles  Dickinson, Emily  Dionysus  Doane, Mary Ann ,  Drayton, William  Duck, Stephen  duel ,  Duff, David  Dundas, Robert  ´ecriture feminine  see also language, poetry ecstasy ,  Edgeworth, Maria , , , ,  Edinburgh – Edinburgh Magazine  education , , – effeminacy ,  Ellis, Kate Ferguson ,  empire of beauty/empire of women , –,  see also seduction, femme fatale Eon, Chevalier de ,  European Magazine  Eve , , ,  evil –, ,   Index exercise , –, ,  Ezell, Margaret ,  fall (from Eden) , , ,  Fass, Barbara – fatal lover (male) see demon lover, Byronic hero fatal women see femme fatale feminism crisis in –, – and “doubleness of vision”  essentialist –, ,  and Foucault –, , ,  psychoanalytical , –, , ,  postmodernism and , – in Romantic period , , , –,  see also women, gender femme fatale feminist potential of , –, – literary tradition of , –,  in masculine imagination , –, , , – as poet , , , –, –,  Satanic –, ,  and women’s violence – see also seduction, violence, women, and under individual types, e.g., mermaid Ferguson, Moira  Fortune Press ,  Foucault, Michel , , ,  and the body , , –, , ,  and feminism –, , ,  History of Sexuality vol I  “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History”  and power , –, ,  “repressive hypothesis” of  and resistance – and “the truth of sex” ,  Fouqu´e, Friedrich de La Motte – Fox, Charles James  Francis, Emma  Franklin, Caroline ,  Fraser’s  Fredigonde – French Revolution , –, – Wollstonecraft on – women and , –, ,  see also Terror, Reign of Friedman, Leslie –,  Freud, Sigmund  Fuller, Margaret  Fuseli, Henry – gaze  gender and class – gender complementarity –, , , ,  vs sex –, , , ,  see also feminism, Romanticism, sex, women General Review – genius , – “aristocracy of genius” , –,  and gender , ,  Genlis, Madame de  Gentleman’s Magazine  Gilbert, Sandra , – Gilchrist, Mrs – Gilmartin, Kevin  Godwin, Catherine Grace  Godwin, William , , ,  Goldsmith, Oliver  Goldsmith, Steven ,  Gothic , –,  ballads , , –,  “female Gothic” –, , , , ,  “male Gothic” , –, –, ,  and pornography  Gouges, Olympe de  Rights of Woman , – Grant, Anne –, ,  Grosz, Elizabeth ,  Grudin, Peter  Guattari, Felix ,  Gubar, Susan , – Gutwirth, Madelyn , Habermas, Jăurgen Hart, Lynda Hays, Mary , , , , ,  Hazlitt, H Carew  Hazlitt, William , , ,  Hawkins, Matilda  Heath’s Book of Beauty  Hemans, Felicia , , , , , ,  Hercules ,  Herdt, Gilbert  hermaphrodite , , ,  Hoagwood, Terence  Hoeveler, Diane Long ,  Hogg, James ,  Hogg, John , ,  Holcroft, Thomas  Holford, Margaret ,  Homans, Margaret , , , , –, , , –,  homophobia  Horkheimer, Max ,  Index Howitt, Mary  Howitt, William ,  Hume, David  Hunt, Lynn , , ,  Hussey, Cyril  Huymans, J K  ideal/ism , –, –, –, ,  imagination ,  and body , –, , – diseased ,  and sexuality  impotence  incest , , ,  influence , , ,  inspiration , ,  Irigaray, Luce , ,  Isis – Jewsbury, Maria Jane , –, – Johnson, Claudia  Johnson, Samuel , , ,  Kaplan, Cora  Kates, Gary  Keats, John  “La Belle Dame sans Merci” ,  Lamia –, –, ,  Kelly, Gary ,  Kiessling, Nicolas  King, Charlotte see Dacre, Charlotte King, John – accusation of rape  and Dacre (daughter) –, – and Robinson ,  King, Sophia  Laborde, Angela  Lacan, Jacques , , , ,  Lamb, Charles , , , ,  Lamb, Mary  as Bacchante – “The Beasts in the Tower” –, ,  “Elizabeth Villiers” –, – “Helen” – as mad , –,  “Memory”  as murderer , – Mrs Leicester’s School  “On Needlework”  Poetry for Children , –,  reception  “Salome” –  Tales from Shakespeare  as writer ,  Lamballe, Princesse de  Landes, Joan ,  Landon, Letitia , , ,  “The Altered River”  Ancestress , ,  anonymous writings of – and the body , , –, –, –, , –,  and Byron , –, , , – “Caldron Snout”  “A Calendar of the London Seasons”  “The Caves of Elephanta”  “The Challenge”  “The Charmed Cup”  “The Chinese Pagoda”  and death –, –, –, –,  “The Enchantress” , –,  “Erinna” ,  Ethel Churchill –, , –, –,  “Evening at Lucy Ashton’s”  “Experiments”  “Fairy of the Fountains” , –, –,  “Fountains Abbey”  “The Funeral” ,  “Grasmere Lake” – “History of the Lyre”  Improvisatrice ,  and Jewsbury –, – and Keats , –, ,  “Life Surveyed” – “Linmouth”  “Lost Pleiad”  and Marie Antoinette – “The Mask” – and materialism ,  mermaids of –, –,  “The Minstrel’s Monitor”  and motherhood –,  “A Nereid Floating on a Shell”  pessimism of , ,  “The Phantom” – and Poe , , , ,  poetic identity –, –, ,  politics of , –,  as professional writer  as prose writer  “The Prophetess” –, ,  publication dates of  “Roland’s Tower”  Romance and Reality , ,   Index Landon, Letitia (cont.) “Rydal Water and Grasmere”  “Scenes in London”  “Song of the Sirens”  theory of poetic composition –,  “Three Extracts”  unfinished works of  as urban writer – Venetian Bracelet  and W Wordsworth , , , –, –,  Landry, Donna , , ,  language and absence –,  and death , – and violence –, ,  see also ´ecriture feminine, Lacan, poetry, symbolic order Lanser, Susan – Laqueur, Thomas –, , , ,  Lawford, Cynthia ,  Leighton, Angela ,  L’Enclos, Ninon de  lesbian , , –, , –,  see also Sappho, sexuality Levinson, Marjorie , – Lewis, Mathew “Alonzo the Brave”  and Bannerman , – and censorship  and Dacre , , –, ,  The Monk , , , , , –,  Tales of Wonder , ,  Leyden, John , , ,  and Bannerman , –, , – “The Mermaid” , –,  libertine (female) , ,  Linton, Eliza Lynn ,  Literary Gazette  Literary Journal  literature as dangerous , –,  erotic  feminist history of –, – and gender  and patronage –,  see also Gothic, pornography, Romanticism Lokke, Kari ,  London Lootens, Tricia , Louăys, Pierre Lucas, E V  Lyell, Charles ,  Macaulay, Catherine , , –,  MacKinnon, Catherine  madness  see also Lamb, Mary Magnuson, Paul  Maintenon, Madame de  Malchow, H L  Marat, Jean-Paul –,  Marie Antoinette , , ,  as femme fatale , ,  as genius –, – as lesbian , ,  and Robinson , – as mother , , –, ,  as Satanic , –, , – trial of , ,  marriage , ,  Marsden, Jean ,  Martin, Biddy  Martin, Philip  masculinity  masochism  masquerade , , ,  Mass´e, Michelle – masturbation ,  Matus, Jill – McGann, Jerome , , , , , , , , ,  McNay, Lois  Medici, Catherine  Medusa  Mellor, Anne , , –, , , , , , ,  Mericourt, Theroigne de  mermaid –, –, –, ,  Merry, Robert , ,  Messalina –,  miasma –, –,  Miles, Robert , ,  Miller, J Hillis  Milner, Max  Milton, John ,  Paradise Lost – see also Satan mind (and body) –, – Minto, Lord  Mirror of Literature – Moir, David  Montagu, Elizabeth ,  Monthly Chronicle  Monthly Magazine  Monthly Review ,  Monthly Literary Recreations  More, Hannah , , –, ,  Index Morning Chronicle  Morning Post ,  mother/hood , , , , –,  muse  Nairne, Caroline  narrative –, –, ,  National Assembly – nature ,  Nead, Lynda  necrophilia ,  New Annual Register  New Monthly Magazine  Nietzsche, Friedrich , ,  and women , , ,  Norton, Caroline ,  nude  nymphomania , , , , ,  see also Bienville, sexuality Obscene Publications Act  obscurity –,  October Days , ,  “Ode to Liberty” () – Odyssey, The  Oliver, Kelly  “On Novels and Romances” ,  d’Orleans, Duc  Orpheus  Ossian  Paine, Thomas , , , , , ,  Pamela (Richardson) –,  Park, Thomas , –, – Pascoe, Judith  passion , , ,  see also sex, sexuality patronage –,  Penny, Anne  Percy, Bishop – Peterson, Linda  Petrarch  Piozzi, Hester  Pitt, William  plague  Le Plutarque des Jeunes Demoiselles – Poe, Edgar Allan , ,  and Landon , , , , , ,  poetry and destruction –, , – “love vs fame ” theme in  patronage and – “poetess” , ,   poetic identity , , , , , , , , –, , –, –,  women as ideal in – see also language Polignac, Yolande de  Polwhele, Richard , ,  Poovey, Mary , , –,  Pope, Alexander , ,  pornography ,  power  Foucauldian  resistance to – and strength – women and – Praz, Mario  and femme fatale tradition , ,  presence  Price, Richard  Prince of Wales (George IV) –,  private sphere , , , , , –, ,  Prometheus , , , ,  prophetess –,  psychoanalytic criticism –,  see also feminism, Lacan, symbolic order public health –, –, –, –,  public sphere , , , , , , –,  Quarterly Review  race –, ,  Radcliffe, Ann , , –, , , , ,  radicalism  see also Britain in s Rajan, Tilottama  Rawdon, Lady Charlotte ,  reason  Reed, Toni  Republic of Letters , – republicanism – revenant –, , –,  see also undead Rich, Adrienne  Riess, Daniel  Riley, Denise  Robinson, Mary , , , ,  Ainsi Va le Monde , ,  on “Aristocracy of Genius” , –,  and body , , , – and British Convention –,  and class , – and Dacre ,   Index Robinson, Mary (cont.) as feminist ,  Impartial Reflections – Letter to the Women of England , –, , , –, –,  and Marie Antoinette , , –, – Memoirs – Monody to the Queen of France , –, –, –, – Natural Daughter –,  “Present State of the Metropolis” – politics of , –, –, –,  responses to , , , , , ,  and salons – Sappho and Phaon , – and sexuality ,  Sight  Walsingham , ,  and Wollstonecraft , , ,  and writing as a profession , –,  Rogers, Katharine  Rogers, Pat  Roland, Madame , ,  Romanticism (gendered models of) , , –, –, , –, , , , , , –, , , , – Ross, Ernest  Ross, Marlon  Ross, Mrs  Rossetti, Christina ,  Rousseau, G S ,  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques , , –, ,  and Robinson ,  and Wollstonecraft , , ,  Rowton, Frederic – Royal Literary Fund  Sade, Marquis de , –, , , ,  and Dacre , , , – and feminism ,  sadism , , ,  Salome – salons , –,  Sallust ,  Sappho  Satan , , , , , , ,  and Marie Antoinette , –, , – as morning star (Lucifer) , ,  and women , , , ,  Sawicki, Jana  Scarry, Elaine  Schiebinger, Londa , –,  Schiller, Friedrich –, , ,  Scots Magazine ,  Scott, Walter , –, , , , , ,  and Bannerman ,  Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky ,  seduction , –, , – self-destruction ,  self-discipline  self-preservation , ,  Semiramis – Sempronia ,  sensibility ,  Seward, Anna –, ,  sex difference/dimorphism –, , –, , –, , , –,  vs gender –, , , ,  truth of , , – see also body, gender, sexuality sexuality and class , – excessive  heterosexuality  history of  homosexuality , , ,  lesbian , , –, , –,  naturalization of – and race – sexual assault  and women  see also gender, lesbian, masturbation, nymphomania, passion, sex Shakespeare, William ,  Shelley, Mary , , , ,  Frankenstein  Last Man , , ,  Shelley, Percy Bysshe –, , , –, , , , –, , , , –, , , – Sibyl  Sigourney, Lydia  Silliman, Benjamin  siren – see also mermaid Siskin, Clifford  Sketch of the Rights of Boys and Girls  slavery , , ,  Smith, Charlotte , , , , ,  Emigrants , –,  and French Revolution  Index and Marie Antoinette –,  “Written in September ” ,  Young Philosopher  Smith, Southwood  Society of Revolutionary Republican Women (Paris) ,  Sorrows of Werther (Goethe) ,  soul , ,  Southey, Robert  Spenser, Edmund , Spivack, Charlotte Spivak, Gayatri , Staăel, Madame de , , , , –,  Stephenson, Glennis , , ,  Stewart, Jessie ,  Stoddart, Sarah  strength , , –, – see also exercise, Wollstonecraft subject “deep subject” – feminist theories of , , – fixed  masculine  unstable ,  of violence , – sublime , , –, , , –, , , –,  Summers, Montague – Swinburne, Algernon , ,  Swift, Jonathan  symbolic order , , ,  see also language, Lacan sympathy  Sypher, Frank  Tales of Terror  Taylor, John  Taylor, Thomas ,  Tennenhouse, Leonard  Tennyson, Alfred , – Tess of the D’Urbervilles (Hardy)  Terror, Reign of  Thoms, William ,  Tighe, Mary  transcendence , , ,  treason trials , ,  undead , ,  see also body, revenant unsexed –, , , – see also body, sex vampyre , , , , ,  vegetarianism ,   veil –, –, –, –, ,  Venus , , – Versailles  “Verses, Addressed to a Female Republican” – Victoria, Queen  Victorians , , , , , – violence ,  physical – sublime , ,  women’s –, –, –,  virtue (gendered) – Voltaire ,  Vossius  Wakefield, Priscilla – Walker, Joseph Cooper – Walpole, Horace ,  Wandering Jew  weight management ,  Weil, Kari  West, Jane  Westminster Review –,  will to truth –, – see also Foucault, Nietzsche Williams, Anne , , ,  Williams, Helen Maria , , , , , , , –,  Wiltshire, John  Winchilsea, Anne Finch, Countess of  Wolcot, John (Peter Pindar)  Wolfson, Susan  Wollstonecraft, Mary , –, –, , , , , , –, , –,  and the body ,  Education of Daughters  French Revolution ,  Letters from Norway  “Letter on the French Nation” – on Marie Antoinette – on maternity –,  Original Stories ,  reception , –, ,  Rights of Men  Rights of Woman –,  and Robinson ,  and Sade – and sexuality , , ,  and strength , , , , – and violent revolution ,  Wrongs of Woman   Woof, Pamela  Woolf, Virginia ,  women allegorical –, ,  and class , – and “doubleness” ,  and evil – and labor , ,  and language , , – and mastery – and political representation ,  and strength ,  as victims  and violence –, –, – as writers  Index see also feminism, femme fatale, gender, sex Wordsworth, Dorothy , , , , – Wordsworth, William , , , , , ,  Landon on , , , –, –, –,  Wycherley, William  Yaeger, Patricia  Yarnall, Judith  Yearsley, Ann , ,  Zoflora, or the Generous Negro Girl (Picquenard) ,  ... Butler Professor James Chandler University of Oxford University of Chicago Editorial board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, University of Cambridge. .. blank FATAL WOMEN OF ROMANTICISM Incarnations of fatal women, or femmes fatales, recur throughout the works of women writers in the Romantic period Adriana Craciun demonstrates how portrayals of. .. Forms of Eighteenth-Century Culture, ed Greg Clingham (Bucknell University Press/ Associated University Presses, ); “The Subject of Violence: Mary Lamb, Femme Fatale,” in Romanticism and Women