XXXXXX This page intentionally left blank This book explores Romantic poetry, and the concept of poetry in the Romantic period, as a locus of debate, defense, and discursive reconfiguration Maureen McLane shows how the discourse around poetry involved itself intimately with the problem of the human and thus with contemporary discussions and theorizations of Man proposed by such writers as Malthus, Godwin, and Burke Reading romanticism in relation to moral philosophy, political economy, and anthropology, McLane reveals how Romantic writers explored the possibilities and limits of human being, language, and historicity; she argues further that poetry acquired a new and vexed status as the discourse of both humanization and imagination This book offers extended readings of canonical works, including Lyrical Ballads, Biographia Literaria, Frankenstein, Prometheus Unbound, and The Triumph of Life, together with considerations of Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population and Godwin’s Political Justice Each chapter of this book maps a discursive constellation through which these poets and writers linked, re-worked, and re-imagined such categories as poetry, the human, species, population, imagination, and futurity is a Junior Fellow in Harvard University’s Society of Fellows She has written numerous articles and book reviews for both the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Review Her article, ‘‘Literate Species: Populations, ‘Humanities,’ and Frankenstein’’ (ELH ), won the Keats-Shelley Association of America Essay Award in XXXXXX R OM A N T I C I S M A ND T H E HUMAN SCIENCES General editors Professor Marilyn Butler University of Oxford Professor James Chandler University of Chicago Editorial board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, Cornell University Kenneth Johnston, Indiana University Alan Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara Jerome McGann, University of Virginia David Simpson, University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early s to the early s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those ‘great national events’ that were ‘almost daily taking place’: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanization, industrialization, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations between science, philosophy, religion and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria; gender relation in A Vindication of the Rights of Women and Don Juan; journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt; poetic form, content and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of response or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of ‘literature’ and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book ROMANTICISM AND THE HUMAN SCIENCES Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species M A U R EE N N M c L A N E Society of Fellows, Harvard University The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Maureen N McLane 2004 First published in printed format 2000 ISBN 0-511-03469-5 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN 0-521-77348-2 hardback Contents Acknowledgments Introduction, or the thing at hand page ix Toward an anthropologic: poetry, literature, and the discourse of the species Frankenstein and the end of letters ‘‘Poetry’’ is not ‘‘Literature’’ Frankenstein: the mariner as a failed poet Poetry as an object of discourse: definitions and discontents Poetry discoursing: toward an anthropologic of imagination Poetry unbound/rebound: toward a discourse network Do rustics think?: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the problem of a ‘‘human diction’’ From human diction to human mind: rustics think? How rustics might think: about masters, for example Personification, impersonation, ventriloquism: the ambiguous work of poetry Discursive negotiations: moral philosophy against poetry against moral philosophy Telling stories about others: ‘‘Ruth’’ as a critique of ethnographic seduction Experiments on the border: ballad mediations Literate species: populations, ‘‘humanities,’’ and the specific failure of literature in Frankenstein The rupture in the ‘‘human’’ world Natives of the world The science of education Acquiring human being: humanities as remedy Renouncing human being: species revising Securing the world for human being: toward a Malthusian humanitarianism vii viii Contents The ‘‘arithmetic of futurity’’: poetry, population, and the structure of the future Toward a discourse network: poetry, population, and ‘‘reforming the world’’ Experimenting with the future: the moral philosophical impasse of revolution Revolution redux: Shelley’s Revolt of Islam Figuring futurity: the future’s urn The threat of history: futurity as ‘‘knowing not’’ Entombing the past: figuring a way out of the revolutionary impasse Hypothetical histories and futurities: the future of the earth ‘‘Reforming the world’’: realizing the revolutionary fiction Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound: futurity as successive reconstruction New endings: ruining ruin and rehabilitating ‘‘Man’’ Making possible: poetry and the discourse of man Poetic interval, invention, intervention But poetry makes nothing happen: Malthusian rebuttals Dead poets and other romantic populations: immortality and its discontents Immortality, natality, mortality: preliminaries Immortality in the moral-philosophical field: perfectibility vs ‘‘chastized thinking’’ Immortality and the structure of feeling Mode I: Godwin’s sepulchral mnemotechnics Mode II: Wordsworth and the anthropologic of natality Toward Wordsworthian immortality: natality, nativity, and ‘‘vain perplexity’’ Wordsworthian immortality: the reconstruction of natality The end of Wordsworth and the end of immortality: Wordsworth’s Ode undone Shelley’s grave inquiries: ‘‘populous solitude’’ as a critique of romantic consciousness Other populations: ‘‘hungry generations’’ and Keats’s immortals in pain Critical mortalities: dead poets Epilogue, or Immortality interminable: the use of poetry for life Notes Bibliography Index Bibliography Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century Eds Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp – Godwin, William The Enquirer Reflections on Education, Manners, and Literature in a series of essays London: G G and J Robinson, Enquiry concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Happiness rd edn Intro Isaac Kramnik London and New York: Penguin, Essay on Sepulchres: or, A Proposal for Erecting some Memorial of the Illustrious Dead in all Ages on the Spot where their remains have been interred London: W Miller, Of Population: An Inquiry concerning the Power of increase in the Numbers of mankind being an answer to Mr Malthus’ Essay on that Subject New York: Augustus M Kelley, St Leon Ed and intro Pamela Clemit Oxford University Press, Griffin, Robert J Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography Cambridge University Press, Habermas, Juărgen The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society Trans Thomas Burger with assist Frederick Lawrence Cambridge: MIT Press, Hale´vy, Elie The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism Trans Mary Morris Boston: Beacon, Haraway, Donna J Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science New York: Routledge, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature New York: Routledge, Hazlitt, William An Essay on the Principles of Human Action and Some Remarks on the Systems of Hartley and Helvetius Gainesville, Florida: Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, ‘‘On Poetry in General.’’ Lectures on the English Poets and The Spirit of the Age: or Contemporary Portraits London: Dent, Political Essays, with Sketches of Public Characters The Collected Works of William Hazlitt Eds A R Waller and Arnold Glover Intro W E Henley Vol London: J M Dent; New York: McClure, Phillips, pp – A Reply to the ‘‘Essay on Population’’ by the Rev T R Malthus in a Series of Letters to which are added extracts from the ‘‘Essay’’ with notes New York: Augustus M Kelley, Heffernan, James A W ‘‘Adonais: Shelley’s Consumption of Keats’’ () Romanticism: A Critical Reader Ed Duncan Wu Oxford and Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell, pp – Heidegger, Martin Basic Writings Ed and introd David Farrell Krell San Francisco: Harper & Row, Hewitt, Regina The Possibilities of Society: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the Sociological Viewpoint of English Romanticism Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, Bibliography Hume, David ‘‘Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations.’’ The Philosophical Works Eds Thomas Hill Green and Thomas Hodge Grose Vol Repr London Scientia Verlag Aalen, vols pp – Hunter, J Paul ‘‘Form as Meaning: Pope and the Ideology of the Couplet.’’ The Eighteenth Century () : – Jacob, Franc¸ois The Logic of Life: A History of Heredity Trans Betty E Spillman Princeton: Princeton University Press, Jacobus, Mary ‘‘Apostrophe and Lyric Voice in The Prelude.’’ Lyric Poetry: Beyond New Criticism Eds Chaviva Hosek and Patricia Parker Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp – Keats, John Selected Poems Ed and intro John Barnard London and New York: Penguin, Kernan, Alvin The Death of Literature New Haven: Yale University Press, King-Hele, Desmond Doctor of Revolution: The Life and Genius of Erasmus Darwin London: Faber, Erasmus Darwin and the Romantic Poets New York: St Martin’s, Kittler, Friedrich Discourse Networks, / Trans Michael Metteer with Chris Cullens Stanford University Press, Klancher, Jon P The Making of English Reading Audiences, – Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, Kuhn, Thomas The Structure of Scientific Revolutions nd edn University of Chicago Press, Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe and Jean-Luc Nancy The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism Trans Philip Barnard and Cheryl Lester Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, Levere, Trevor H Poetry Realized in Nature: Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Early Nineteenth-Century Science Cambridge University Press, Levine, George and U.C Knoepflmacher, eds The Endurance of Frankenstein Berkeley:University of California Press, Levine, George with Alan Rauch One Culture: Essays in Science and Literature Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, Levinson, Marjorie Keats’s Life of Allegory: The Origins of a Style Oxford and New York: Blackwell, Wordsworth’s Great Period Poems: Four Essays Cambridge University Press, Levi-Strauss, Claude ‘‘The Archaic Illusion.’’ The Elementary Structures of Kinship Trans James Harle Bell et al Rev edn Boston: Beacon, pp – The Savage Mind English Translation University of Chicago Press, Levy-Bruhl, Lucien How Natives Think Trans Lillian A Clare New York: Washington Square Press, Macherey, Pierre A Theory of Literary Production Trans Geoffrey Wall New Brunswick: Routledge, Mahoney, John L The Whole Internal Universe: Imitation and the New Defense of Poetry in British Criticism – New York: Fordham University Press, Bibliography Malthus, Thomas Robert An Essay on the Principle of Population Ed Philip Appleman New York: Norton, Parallel Chapters from the First and Second Editions of An Essay on the Principle of Population by T R Malthus : New York: MacMillan, Marshall, David The Surprising Effects of Sympathy: Marivaux, Diderot, Rousseau, and Mary Shelley University of Chicago Press, Marx, Karl Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Ed Frederick Engels Trans Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling New York: Random, ‘‘Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of .’’ The Marx-Engels Reader Ed Robert Tucker nd edn New York: Norton, pp – McGann, Jerome J The Romantic Ideology: A Critical Investigation University of Chicago Press, McManners, John Death and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-century France Oxford University Press, McWhir, Anne ‘‘Teaching the Monster to Read: Mary Shelley, Education, and Frankenstein.’’ The Educational Legacy of Romanticism Ed John Willinsky Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp – Mellor, Anne K Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters New York and London: Routledge, Meltzer, Franc¸oise Hot Property: The Stakes and Claims of Literary Originality University of Chicago Press, Salome and the Dance of Writing: Portraits of Mimesis in Literature University of Chicago Press, Mill on Bentham and Coleridge Intro F R Leavis Cambridge University Press, Moretti, Franco Signs Taken for Wonders: essays in the sociology of literary forms Trans Susan Fischer et al London and New York: Verso, Morillo, John ‘‘Vegetating Radicals and Imperial Politics: Shelley’s ‘Triumph of Life’ as Revision of Southey’s ‘Pilgrimage to Waterloo.’ ’’ Keats–Shelley Journal () : – Mortality and Immortality: the anthropology and archaeology of death Ed S C Humphreys and Helen King London and New York: Harcourt Brace, Nussbaum, Martha Poetic Justice: The Literary Imagination and Public Life Boston: Beacon, ‘‘On the Characteristics of Poetry.’’ Letter Monthly Magazine and British Register August : – Ong, Walter J Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word London and New York: Routledge, Paine, Thomas The Rights of Man Intro Eric Foner London: Penguin, Paulson, Ronald Representations of Revolution, – New Haven and London: Yale University Press, Peacock,Thomas Love The Halliford Editionof the Worksof ThomasLove Peacock Eds H F B Brett-Smith and C E Jones New York: AMS Press, vols Bibliography Poovey, Mary A History of the Modern Fact: problems of knowledge in the sciences of wealth and society University of Chicago Press, Richardson, Alan ‘‘From Emile to Frankenstein: The Education of Monsters.’’ European Romantic Review : (): – Romantic Revolutions: Criticism and Theory Eds Kenneth R Johnston et al Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Sartre, Jean-Paul Critique of Dialectical Reason Vol Trans Alan SheridanSmith Ed Jonathan Re´e Rev edn London and New York: Verso, Search for a Method Trans Hazel E Barnes New York: Vintage, ‘‘What is Literature?’’ and Other Essays Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Scarry, Elaine The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World Oxford University Press, Schlegel, Friedrich Philosophical Fragments Trans Peter Firchow Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Schor, Esther Bearing the Dead: The British Culture of Mourning from the Enlightenment to Victoria Princeton University Press, Scodel, Joshua The English Poetic Epitaph: Commemoration and Conflict from Jonson to Wordsworth Ithaca: Cornell University Press, Scott, Walter Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border – Ed T F Henderson New York: Scribner’s, vols Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus Ed James Rieger University of Chicago Press, , The Journals of Mary Shelley – Eds Paula R Feldman and Diana Scott-Kilvert Oxford: Clarendon Press, vols Shelley, Percy Bysshe Alastor; or, The Spirit of Solitude: and Other Poems by Percy Bysshe Shelley London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, ‘‘A Defence of Poetry.’’ Vol of The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley Eds Roger Ingpen and Walter E Peck London: Scribner’s, vols pp – ‘‘A Philosophical View of Reform.’’ Vol of The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley Eds Roger Ingpen and Walter E Peck London: Scribner’s, vols pp – Shelley’s Poetry and Prose Eds Donald H Reiman and Sharon B Powers New York: Norton, Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound: A Variorum Edition Ed Lawrence John Zillman Seattle: University of Washington Press, Sidney, Sir Philip A Defence of Poetry Ed and intro J A van Dorsten Oxford University Press, Smith, Adam An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Ed and intro Edwin Cannan New York: Modern Library, The Theory of Moral Sentiments Eds D D Raphael and A L MacFie Glasgow Edition of the Works of Adam Smith Vol Oxford: Clarendon, Smith, Barbara Hernnstein Poetic Closure: A Study of How Poems End University of Chicago Press, Bibliography Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty ‘‘Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism.’’ ‘Race,’ Writing and Difference Ed Henry Louis Gates, Jr University of Chicago Press, Stewart, Susan Crimes of Writing: Problems in the Containment of Representation Durham and London: Duke University Press, ‘‘Preface to a Lyric History.’’ The Uses of Literary History Ed Marshall Brown Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp – Thompson, E P The Making of the English Working Class New York: Vintage, Trumpener, Katie Bardic Nationalism: the romantic novel and the British Empire, Princeton University Press, Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich Thought and Language Eds and trans Eugenia Hanfmann and Gertrude Vakar Cambridge: MIT, Wallace, Robert A Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind, in ancient and modern times: in which the superior populousness of antiquity is maintained nd edn Edinburgh, New York: Augustus M Kelley, Williams, Raymond Keywords: a vocabulary of culture Rev edn Oxford University Press, The Long Revolution Rev edn New York: Harper, Marxism and Literature Oxford University Press, Wimsatt, W K ‘‘The Chicago Critics: The Fallacy of the Neoclassic Species.’’ TheVerbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry New York: Farrar, pp – Wordsworth, William.The Prelude, or Growth of a Poet’s Mind Ed Ernest de Selincourt Oxford University Press, The Prose Works of William Wordsworth Eds W J B Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser Oxford: Clarendon Press, vols Wordsworth, William and Samuel Taylor Coleridge Lyrical Ballads nd edn Eds R L Brett and A R Jones London and New York: Routledge, Wordsworth, William and Dorothy Wordsworth The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth: The Middle Years Part , – nd edn Ed Ernest de Selincourt Rev Mary Moorman Oxford: Clarendon Press, Wrigley, E A and R S Schofield The Population History of England –: A reconstruction Contrib Ronald Lee and Jim Oeppen Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Index Abrams, M.H , , , , , , Addison, Joseph alienation –, –, , allegory , – Althusser, Louis , , , , , , anthropology , , , , , , cultural comparison and romantic poetry – domestic , , , Enlightenment –, , , , ethnographic method –, –, , and French Revolution – and category of ‘‘the human’’ – and immortality literary and natality – and poetry and rustics – savage exemplum – and savage mind – see also human being archaism – Arendt, Hannah , The Human Condition , , –, , , –, , On Revolution , , , , , , Aristotle , , , art , –, , Bachelard, Gaston , Bacon, Francis , , ballad form – Barthes, Roland Benjamin, Walter , , , Bentham, Jeremy , , Benveniste, Emile Bewell, Alan –, , , , , –, , , –, , , –, Bhabha, Homi , birth –, –, –, , , monstrous –, – see also natality Bishop, Elizabeth ‘‘At the Fishhouses’’ , – Blair, Robert , Blake, William , , , Bloom, Harold , , , , body –, –, Bowra, C.M Bromwich, David –, , Brooks, Peter Browning, Robert – Burke, Edmund , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Butler, Marilyn , , , –, –, , Byron, George Gordon, th Baron , , , , Don Juan , Cage, John Themes and Variations , calculation see utilitariansim and calculation Chandler, James K , – Chicago Critics children , , cognitive development – in Frankenstein –, and population in Wordsworth , –, , , , , Christensen, Jerome Christianity , , , Clark, Timothy class, social , classifying , , , Clifford, James , Index Coleridge, Samuel Taylor , , disputes with Wordsworth –, –, , –, Eliot on – on science , , on utilitarianism ‘‘The Ancient Mariner’’ , Biographia Literaria , , , –, –, –, –, , ‘‘Christabel’’ ‘‘Frost at Midnight’’ , Lectures on Poetry , On the Principles of Genial Criticism Condorcet, Marquis de , , , , , , , –, , , , , Crane, R.S –, , , , Crawford, Robert – Darwin, Erasmus , , Zoonomia , , , –, , Davy, Humphry , , , , , De Certeau, Michael , , , de Man, Paul , ‘‘Autobiography as De-Facement’’ , –, , ‘‘Literary History and Literary Modernity’’ , ‘‘Lyric and Modernity’’ , ‘‘Shelley Disfigured’’ , , , , death , –, , –, –, , –, conception of – dead poets –, –, , – epitaphs , , graveyards –, – in Keats –, – necessity of urns –, , see also immortality Draper, John Duff, David Edinburgh Review , education , –, , , linguistic –, – literary , – elegy Eliot, T.S –, on Coleridge and Wordsworth – on Shelley , , Enlightenment anthropology , , , , , , attitude to death epitaphs , , ethnographic operation –, Examiner fame , Ferguson, Frances , , , , , , , –, , , , , Forester, Sylvan Forsyth, Robert , , Foucault, Michel , , , , , –, –, –, Freire, Paulo , – French Revolution and anthropology – Arendt on Burke on , , , , , and Byron , Godwin on , –, , , – impact on poets Malthus on –, , –, –, , , – and moral philosophy –, , , and science of man – and Shelley –, , –, , , and Wordsworth , , –, – Freud, Sigmund , , , Beyond the Pleasure Principle , , futurity vs historicism – and histories – vs knowledge – moral philosophical discourse of –, , , –, – in Shelley, as reconstruction , –, –, –, –, –, – urn of – in Wordsworth , – German Romanticism , , Gifford, William Godwin, William , , , , , , on French Revolution , –, , , – Hazlitt on – on immortality , –, , –, , , , –, , on literature , and Malthus –, , –, , , , –, , –, , and Mary Shelley , The Enquirer , , Essay on Sepulchres – ‘‘Of an Early Taste for Reading’’ , ‘‘Of Avarice and Profusion’’ , Index Godwin, William (cont.) Of Population , ‘‘Of the Sources of Genius’’ Political Justice , –, , , , , , , , , , –, , –, , , , , , graves , –, – graveyard school of poetry , , Gray, Thomas Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard , , Griffin, Robert J , Habermas, Juărgen , Hale´vy, Elie , , –, Haraway, Donna , , , Hartman, Geoffrey , Hazlitt, William and Malthus –, , , –, , – Essay on Human Action , , Lectures on the English Poets , ‘‘On Poetry in General’’ Reply to the Essay by T.R Malthus , , – The Spirit of the Age –, Heidegger, Martin , , – Hewitt, Regina historicism –, , , –, , historicity , –, , , Homer , , , human being/human nature/concept of Man –, –, , –, , , , –, in Arendt , , –, , , –, , crisis –, , Enlightenment category Godwin’s conception –, –, in Marx in Prometheus Unbound –, rehabilitation – Rights of , , , rustics in Coleridge and Wordsworth –, – as species –, – Wordsworthian concept of , , , , , , see also anthropology human sciences/humanities –, –, , –, , –, –, , –, defined by Hume and immortality , – ‘‘sciences of man’’, th-cent –, see also moral philosophy humanism –, , humanitarianism –, humanization –, –, , , Hume, David ‘‘Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations’’ , , ideology , , romantic , imagination in Coleridge , , – in E Darwin , – definitions – in Hazlitt , and idea of human species Keats – and knowledge –, – and poetry –, – and reification reimaging and romanticism , , in Shelley –, –, –, – in Wordsworth , , immortality –, –, –, in Condorcet , , –, end of – and French Revolution , in Godwin , –, , –, , , , –, , in Keats , –, in Malthus , , , –, , – modes of – in moral philosophical discourse –, , , , vs mortality , and natality –, –, and perfectibility –, and poetry –, , –, , –, –, , , , –, , , –, , in Shelley , , –, –, , – Jacob, Franc¸ois , Jena Romantics Kant, Immanuel , , , Keats, John , , on immortality , –, The Fall of Hyperion –, –, Hyperion –, , ‘‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’’ ‘‘Ode to a Nightingale’’ , , –, Index , , –, Kernan, Alvin Kittler, Friedrich , , , knowledge of the future – and imagination –, – of the poet –, –, production of scientific – Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe , , , language and education –, – ends – in Frankenstein –, –, –, – intersubjectivity orality –, –, – origins and development – of poetry , , , , – human diction –, and thought – ventriloquism , , – written –, , , , Lawrence, William Levere, Trevor H Levi-Strauss, Claude , –, Levine, George Levinson, Marjorie , , , , Levy-Bruhl, Lucien , , , , life expectancy , see also immortality Linnaeus literary criticism , – literary ideal –, literature – circulation – mystification of vs poetry –, , specialization of – Locke, John , Lovejoy, Arthur O Macfarlane, Alan , , Macherey, Pierre , – Mahoney, John L – Malthus, Thomas –, –, , , –, , , , , on French Revolution –, , –, –, , , – on futurity – and Godwin –, , –, , , , –, –, , –, , and Hazlitt –, , , –, , – on immortality , , , –, , – and Marx and Peacock – on perfectibility , –, , – and Shelley , –, –, , , –, , , and Wordsworth An Essay on the Principle of Population , , , –, , –, , , , , –, , –, , , , , , , Chapter , ; poetic quotations –, , Man see anthropology; human being Marshall, David , , Marx, Karl on ideology on Malthus on Man on population on revolution McGann, Jerome , , , , , , , , , Mellor, Anne K , , , Mill, John Stuart Milton, John , , , , quoted by Malthus Paradise Lost , modernism – High Modernism modernity , , , Monthly Magazine, The –, moral philosophy Enlightenment discourse of , and French Revolution –, , , and immortality –, , , , impact on poets , – and Peacock, ‘‘moral science’’ and perfectibility – vs poetry , –, , , –, and population and primitive mind Moretti, Franco mortality , , , see also death; immortality Mortality and Immortality mourning , , , myths , , Nancy, Jean-Luc , , , narcissism –, natality , , and immortality –, –, and nativity , Index natality (cont.) perplexities of –, reconstruction of – Wordsworth and anthropologic of – see also birth nativity , , natural philosophy –, , , necessity , of death Nussbaum, Martha – observer, participant , Ong, Walter , orality –, –, – organic fallacy pain , , –, , , Paine, Thomas , , , , , , painting Paley, William , , participation , , Peacock, Thomas Love , Shelley’s letters to , The Four Ages of Poetry , , , , , , , Headlong Hall Melincourt –, – Paper Money Lyrics – Sir Proteus perfectibility and French Revolution –, Godwin on –, , –, – and imagination –, Malthus’ critique of , –, , – vs population , , , – in Shelley see also immortality Plato , , , , pleasure , poetry/poets ballad form – vs calculation –, –, circulation – definitions –, , –, and discourse network – as discourse of man – failed poet in Frankenstein – and futurity –, –, vs historicism vs history –, – and human nature –, , , –, and humanization – idealization as discourse of imagination –, – and immortality –, –, –, and knowledge –, –, language of –, , , , , – human diction –, and literature –, –, , and Malthus, use of , – and moral philosophy , –, , , –, need for as object of discourse – origins – and population –, , – professionalization , , , as reification and revolution , romantic , –, vs science –, , – versification , –, Poovey, Mary – Pope, Alexander , , quoted by Malthus – Wordsworth on , Essay on Man –, population , , controversy –, Enlightenment discourse of , , , formulated in Malthus , , , , , generations , – Godwin on , –, Hazlitt on – and immortality –, –, – monstrous, threat of – vs perfectibility , , , – and poetry –, , – principle of –, , –, , , , , Shelley on , –, – primitives –, , , , , thinking – see also rustics Quarterly Review , reason , , , reification –, religion Christianity , , , revolution and reconstruction Arendt on , , , , , , , Index and Blake , German ideas of and immortality –, monster as natural – in moral philosophy , –, in poetry , in Shelley , –, –, –, , in Wordsworth see also French Revolution rights of man , , , romance discourses of – romanticism and Romantics –, , , , , , , definition , English , , , , –, –, , , , , , , , German , , ideology , and imagination , , Jena Romantics Scottish – Rousseau, Jean-Jacques , , , , –, rustics –, – thinking processes – Sartre, Jean-Paul , –, , savages , –, , , , in ‘‘Ruth’’ – savage mind – savage poetry – see also primitives Schiller, Friedrich von , Schlegel, Friedrich , , , Schor, Esther –, science , , , , –, of education – of language –, – of man, th-cent –, natural , –, – vs poetry –, , –, –, romantic see also human sciences Scotland and the Scottish , –, Scottish Romantics – Scott, Walter , , , , ‘‘Introductory remarks on Popular Poetry’’ – Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border , sensibility , –, , , Shakespeare, William Shelley, Mary education and Godwin , and Percy Shelley – Frankenstein , , , –, , – dedication and the end of letters – failed poet in – human world – monster , , –, , , birth –, – education , –, –, , –, and language –, – natality and mortality – nativity and alienation – species – Shelley, Percy death – Eliot on , , and French Revolution –, , –, , , and futurity , –, –, –, –, –, – and Godwin , , , on immortality , , –, –, , – and Malthus , –, –, , , –, , , on population , –, – on revolution , –, –, –, , on utilitarianism –, , – and Wordsworth –, –, A Defence of Poetry , –, , , –, , , , , , , , , –, , , –, , , , , , Adonais , , , ‘‘Alastor’’ –, , –, –, –, , , – ‘‘Hymn to Intellectual Beauty’’ –, Julian and Maddalo letters to Peacock , ‘‘Ode to Liberty’’ –, ‘‘On Death’’ , –, , A Philosophical View of Reform –, , Prometheus Unbound futurity in –, – lyricism –, – Preface , , – ruin and rehabilitation in –, –, The Revolt of Islam dedication – futurity in – Index Shelley, Percy (cont.) publishing history reconstruction and reform in –, –, , revolution in , –, , , rhythm –, The Triumph of Life , – ‘‘To Wordsworth’’ , , Sidney, Sir Philip Defence of Poetry , Smith, Adam , , , , , , Smith, Barbara H Socrates Sollors, Werner Southey, Robert , Thalaba species , , , –, , classifying , , , see also human being Spenser, Edmund The Fairie Queene Spivak, Gayatri Stewart, Susan , , –, , , Swift, Jonathan sympathy , –, –, , and species , , –, thinking processes – participation , , primitive – savage – Trumpener, Katie Bardic Nationalism urns –, , utilitarianism and calculation , , – emergence –, – Hale´vy on –, Hazlitt on – Peacock on –, –, Shelley on –, , – ventriloquism , , , – versification , –, Vygotsky, Lev S –, , Wallace, Robert , Weever, Funeral Monuments Wellbery, David E Williams, Raymond , –, , , , , , , , , Wimsatt, W K Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wollstonecraft, Mary , –, Wordsworth, William seen as apostate –, – career – dispute with Coleridge –, , –, diction, human and poetic , , –, experimental poetry quoted in Frankenstein , – and Godwin , –, , , on immortality –, –, –, concept of Man , , , parodied by Peacock –, on Pope , – and Shelley –, –, in ‘‘Alastor’’ –, , –, –, –, , , – ‘‘To Wordsworth’’ , , ‘‘Anecdote for Fathers’’ ‘‘The Complaint of a Forsaken Indian Woman’’ –, , ‘‘Essay on Morals’’ – Essays upon Epitaphs , , , –, , , –, , , ‘‘Expostulation and Reply’’ – Lyrical Ballads , , –, edition Advertisement , –, ‘‘Appendix on Poetic Diction’’ , , Preface (/) –, , , –, –, –, , , , , , , , , Preface of ‘‘Essay Supplementary to the Preface of ’’ – ‘‘Ode: Intimations of Immortality’’ –, –, , , , , , –, , , , –, , , criticism of , , Preface, The Prelude , , –, , , –, ‘‘Ruth’’ –, , , , – ‘‘The Tables Turned’’ , ‘‘Tintern Abbey’’ ‘‘We are Seven’’ , –, , , , ‘‘The World is Too Much With Us’’ Young, Edward , ‘‘Night Thoughts’’ , CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM General editors University of Oxford University of Chicago Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology Language, Gender and Political Economy in Revolution Poetry as an Occupation and an Art in Britain, – In the Theatre of Romanticism: Coleridge, Nationalism, Women Keats, Narrative and Audience Romance and Revolution: Shelley and the Politics of a Genre Literature, Education, and Romanticism Reading as Social Practice, – Women Writing about Money: Women’s Fiction in England, – Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World William Cobbett: The Politics of Style The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, – Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, – Napoleon and English Romanticism Romantic Vagrancy: Wordsworth and the Simulation of Freedom Wordsworth and the Geologists Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography The Politics of Sensibility Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel Reading Daughters’ Fictions – Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth Romantic Identities: Varieties of Subjectivity, – Print Politics The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England Reinventing Allegory British Satire and the Politics of Style, – The Romantic Reformation Religious Politics in English Literature, – De Quincey’s Romanticism Canonical Minority and the Forms of Transmission Coleridge on Dreaming Romanticism, Dreams and the Medical Imagination Romantic Imperialism Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity Ideology and Utopia in the Poetry of William Blake Sexual Politics and the Romantic Author Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism Contesting the Gothic Fiction, Genre and Cultural Conflict, – Romanticism, Aesthetics, and Nationalism Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity The Crisis of Literature in the s Print Culture and the Public Sphere Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, – Romanticism and Slave Narratives Transatlantic Testimonies Imagination Under Pressure, – Aesthetics, Politics and Utility Romanticism and the Gothic Genre, Reception, and Canon Formation, – Romanticism and the Human Sciences Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species ... scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book ROMANTICISM AND THE HUMAN SCIENCES Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species. .. passage in the revised Preface to the Lyrical Ballads of , Wordsworth distinguished between ‘ the knowledge of the Poet and the Man of Science’’: The knowledge both of the Poet and the Man of Science... Contents The ‘‘arithmetic of futurity’’: poetry, population, and the structure of the future Toward a discourse network: poetry, population, and ‘‘reforming the world’’ Experimenting with the future: