This page intentionally left blank R E L I G I O N I N R E P U B L I C A N I TA LY This volume explores how recent findings and research provide a richer understanding of religious activities in Republican Rome and contemporary central Italic societies, including the Etruscans, during the period of the Middle and Late Republic While much recent research has focused on the Romanization of areas outside Italy in later periods, this volume investigates religious aspects of the Romanization of the Italian peninsula itself The chapters strive to integrate literary evidence with archaeological and epigraphic material as they consider the nexus of religion and politics in early Italy; the impact of Roman institutions and practices on Italic society; the reciprocal impact of non-Roman practices and institutions on Roman custom; and the nature of “Roman,” as opposed to “Latin,” “Italic,” or “Etruscan,” religion in the period in question The resulting volume illuminates many facets of religious praxis in Republican Italy, while at the same time complicating the categories we use to discuss it c e li a e s c hu ltz is Assistant Professor of Classics at Yale University and has taught at the Pennsylvania State University, Bryn Mawr College, and the Johns Hopkins University She is the author of Women’s Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (2006) paul b h a rvey, J r is Associate Professor in the Departments of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, History, and Religious Studies at the Pennsylvania State University He has published numerous articles on topics in classics and late antique studies and is a co-author of volumes ii and iii of The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary YALE CLASSICAL STUDIES VO LU M E X X X I I I RELIGION IN R E P U B L I C A N I TA LY Edited for the Department of Classics by C E L I A E SC H U LT Z Assistant Professor of Classics, Yale University and PA U L B H A RV E Y, J R Associate Professor in the Departments of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, History, and Religious Studies, The Pennsylvania State University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521863667 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-26019-3 eBook (EBL) 0-511-26019-9 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-86366-7 hardback 0-521-86366-X hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Acknowledgments List of abbreviations page vii ix x xii Introduction Celia E Schultz and Paul B Harvey, Jr Reconsidering “religious Romanization” 10 Fay Glinister In search of the Etruscan priestess: a re-examination of the hatrencu 34 Lesley E Lundeen Etruscan religion at the watershed: before and after the fourth century bce 62 Jean MacIntosh Turfa Religious locales in the territory of Minturnae: aspects of Romanization 90 Valentina Livi Religion and memory at Pisaurum 117 Paul B Harvey, Jr Inventing the sortilegus: lot divination and cultural identity in Italy, Rome, and the provinces 137 W E Klingshirn Hot, cold, or smelly: the power of sacred water in Roman religion, 400–100 bce Ingrid Edlund-Berry v 162 vi Contents Religion and politics: did the Romans scruple about the placement of their temples? 181 John Muccigrosso Juno Sospita and Roman insecurity in the Social War 207 Celia E Schultz 10 Beyond Rome and Latium: Roman religion in the age of Augustus 228 A E Cooley Bibliography Index 253 292 Illustrations 2.1 A plan of the Tomb of the Inscriptions, Vulci Reprinted from Nielsen 1999: fig courtesy of the author page 40 2.2 The urn of Larthi Paniathi Early first century bce, Perugia (MAN 268) Reprinted from Nielsen 1999 courtesy of the author 55 4.1 Map of Italy with the location of Minturnae 92 4.2 The region of Minturnae 94 4.3 Colony of Minturnae: the so-called Republican Forum Courtesy of G Pala, after Johnson 1935: 15, fig 96 4.4 Terracotta plaque of the Etrusco-Italic temple at Minturnae Adapted from Johnson 1935: 32, fig 16 99 4.5 Head of statuette in terracotta found at Monte d’Argento Rome, Museo Nazionale d’ Arte Orientale (inv MA 95.16.B.246) Photograph courtesy of G Tonsini and A Briotti 106 4.6 Antefix from the deposit of the sanctuary of Marica Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (inv 176329) Photograph courtesy of G Tonsini and A Briotti 111 7.1 Engraving by M C Sadeler, A la Solfataria detta da Plinio campi Flegrei, no 48 Bryn Mawr College Collections (The Lucy Shoe Meritt Collection) 167 7.2 Map of Italy with sulphur sites and Mefitis sanctuaries Prepared by A Thompson and I Edlund-Berry 174 8.1 Roman temples: 400–201 bce Adapted from A Ziolkowski, The Temples of Mid-Republican Rome (L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1988), fig 188 9.1 Republican denarii showing Juno Sospita Denarius of L Procilius Courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG 2001.87.118) vii viii List of illustrations Denarius of L Roscius Fabatus Courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG 2001.87.384) Denarius of M Mettius Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society (ANS 1944.100.3638) 9.2 Kinnaird urn Accepted by HM Government in lieu of tax from the estate of the thirteenth Baron Kinnaird Edinburgh, National Gallery of Scotland (inv NG 2734) 9.3a The frieze from the Tomb of Caecilia Metella Courtesy of the Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut Rom, neg no 78.586 9.3b Drawing of the shields on the Tomb of Caecilia Metella From Azzurri 1895: tav 214 215 225 226