HOW TO USE AND APPLY FOR GERUND

TOPIC 2 GERUNDS & INFINITIVES A. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ : (Gerund) Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống như hiện tại phân từ ( tức là động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying… Danh động từ, như tên gọi, là động từ dùng như danh từ. Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng ở vò trí, và thực hiện chức năng, của một danh từ trong câu. Nó thường được : 1/ Dùng làm chủ từ : (subject) - Swimming is good for our health. - Being friendly will bring you friends. 2/ Dùng làm túc từ cho động từ : (object of a verb) - These boys like swimming. - My brother practises speaking English every day. 3/ Dùng làm bổ ngữ cho chủ từ : (subject complement) - My hobby is swimming. - Seeing is believing. 4/ Dùng làm túc từ cho giới từ : (object of a preposition) - He is fond of swimming. - She is interested in learning English. 5/ Dùng trong câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) hoặc để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun) - No smoking. - No talking, please. - a swimming pool. - a dining room.- a washing machine. 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu : - Please forgive my coming late. - His driving carelessly often causes accidents. 7/ Dùng sau một số động từ và một số cách diễn đạt nhất đònh như : admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no… - We enjoy listening to music. - I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes. B. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU : (Infinitive) Động từ nguyên mẫu thường có giới từ to đứng trước (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) và được dùng trong những trường hợp sau : 1/ Làm chủ từ (subject), túc từ (object) hoặc bổ ngữ (complement) trong câu : - To conceal the truth from her was foolish. - He wanted to become a spaceman. 2/ Làm tính từ bổ nghóa cho danh từ : - He was the first man to leave the room. - English is an important language to master. 3/ Làm trạng từ diễn tả các nội dung sau : * Mục đích của hành động. - He went to the station to meet her. - He bought a dictionary to study English. * Kết quả, hậu quả. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv) - She is too tired to go for a walk. - The box was too heavy for her to carry. * Hiệu quả. (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH) - I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box. - He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi. 4/ Dùng sau một số động từ nhất đònh như : afford, agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like… - They promised to come back soon. - He can’t afford to take a taxi. …và dùng sau một số động từ có túc từ (verb + obj + to inf) như : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn… - They don’t allow us to smoke in the office. - I taught myself to play the guitar. + Chú ý : Một số động từ có thể theo sau bởi danh động từ hoặc động từ nguyên mẫu nhưng có sự khác biệt về nghóa trong câu. (*) Remember + gerund : nhớ lại việc đã thực hiện. - I remember posting the letter. Remember + to infinitive : nhớ để thực hiện. - I remember to post the letter. (*) Stop + gerund : ngưng thực hiện việc đang làm. - She stopped mending the dress. Stop + to infinitive : ngưng làm một việc gì khác để làm việc này. - He stopped to have a drink. (*) Try + gerund : thử làm việc gì . - I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better. Try + to infinitive : cố gắng làm việc gì. - They tried to work as hard as they could. (*) Mean + gerund : mang ý nghóa. - Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year. Mean + to infinitive : dự đònh làm việc gì. - He means to take the coming exam. (*) Forget + gerund : quên điều gì đã xảy ra. - I forgot telling her this story. Forget + to infinitive : quên làm điều gì. - I forgot to tell her about this. (*) Regret + gerund : hối tiếc việc đã xảy ra. - She regrets going to a village school. Regret + to infinitive : hối tiếc sẽ làm việc gì. - The party was great. He regretted not to go there. C. ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU KHÔNG “TO”. (Bare Infinitive) Đây là động từ nguyên thể không đi kèm với to (infinitive without to) và được sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau : 1/ Dùng sau các động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) như : can, could, may, might, must, ought to… - You may go now. - They must finish the work by now. 2/ Dùng sau các động từ : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP… - I helped the child tidy his desk. - He had a painter paint the gate. - They let him enter the room without a ticket. - My parents make me go to bed early. 3/ Dùng sau BUT, EXCEPT với nghóa “ngoại trừ” - Why don’t you do anything but complain? - She agreed to do everything but help him with the homework. 4/ Dùng sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như : see, watch, hear, notice, observe, spot… - We heard them sing all morning. - He saw the thief enter the hall. Chú ý : như ta đã biết hiện tại phân từ (present participle) có thể được dùng cho các động từ trên để diễn tả hành động đang tiếp diễn. Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trong trường hợp này chỉ hành động đã hoàn tất. - I watched them playing football for a while. (trận đấu vẫn đang tiếp diễn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toàn bộ trận đấu) EXERCISE I : Supply the correct form of the verbs : 1/ Could I (see) _________ Mr. Brown, please ?2/ He told me (try) _________ (come) _________ early. 3/ I wanted her (learn) _________ English. 4/ Will you (help) _______ me (move) _________ this desk ? 5/ Please (let) _________ me (know) _________ your opinion. 6/ Would you like (paint) _________ your bike or should I (have) _________ a painter (do) _________ it for you ? 7/ He warned me (not come) _________ late. 8/ There’s no (tell) _______ what might (happen) _________. 9/ Did you (see) _____Tom (try) ___(reach) _____ the top of the dresser ? - He’s too short (reach) _______it. 10/ We had to (ask) _________ the students (stop) _________ (make) _________ so much noise. 11/ I can’t understand his (want) _________ (buy) _________ such an expensive car. 12/ I couldn’t stand (be) ____ alone in the dark room. 13/ They don’t want us (mention) ____their (come) ____ late. 14/ You must remember (lock) _________ the door before (leave) _________ the house. 15/ After (get) _________ (know) _________ her at school, he finished by (ask) _________ her address. EXERCISE II : Use the correct verb form : 1/ The children are busy (collect) _________ shells on the beach. 2/ The teacher promised (help) _________ us (prepare) _________ for the examination. 3/ We regret (say) _________ that the lecture was dull and wasn’t worth (listen) _________ to. 4/ There’s no (deny) _________ that he enjoys (listen) _________ to his own voice. 5/ Is (boil) _________ or (fry) _________ the best way of (cook) _________ this fish ? 6/ It’s no use your (ask) _________ him (lend) _________ you any money. 7/ Can you manage(finish) _________ (write) _________ these reports by yourself ? 8/ He advised me( consider) _________ all the facts before (decide) _________ (accept) _________ the job. 9/ They refused (allow) _______ us (go) _______ in without (sign) _______ the book. 10/ My uncle used to (show) _________ me where (go) _________ and what (buy) ________. 11/ There’s nothing like (walk) _________ as a means of (keep) _________ fit. 12/ Your doctor advised (go) ____ to bed early, so I really can’t understand your (want) ____ (stay) _____ up late. 13/ We considered (give) ______her a dress for her birthday, but couldn’t help (buy) _____her some flowers, too. 14/ There’s nothing (be) _________ done about it now except (tell) _________ the police the truth. 15/ I remember (hear) ________ him (say) ________ the grass needed (cut) _______. 16/ Would you mind (keep) _________ quiet for a moment ? I’m trying (fill) _________ in a form. - It’s no use (ask) _________ children (keep) _________ quiet. They can’t help (make) _________ noise. 17/ The miser spent all his time (count) _____ his money and (think) ______ up new hiding places. He kept (move) ______ it about because he was terrified of (be) _____ robbed. He used to (get) ____ up at night (make) ____ sure it was still there. 18/ They don’t allow (smoke) _________ in the auditorium; they don’t want (risk) _________ (set) _________ it on fire. 19/ Would you like me (turn) ___ down the radio a bit ? - No, it’s all right. I’m used to (work) ____with the radio on. 20/ We couldn’t help (laugh) ________ when he was making fun of himself. EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences. 1/ Would you close the door, please ? - Would you mind _________________________________ ? 2/ They didn’t allow us to smoke in here. - They didn’t let _________________________________________. 3/ My teacher advised buying that book. - My teacher advised us __________________________________. 4/ The thief forced the bank manager to lie on the ground. - The thief made ____________________________. 5/ He has studied English for six years. - He began ______________________________________. 6/ It is necessary to master English. - Mastering ____________________________________________. 7/ He spent two hours writing the essay.- It took _______________________________________________. 8/ He is too young to ride a motorbike. - He isn’t ________________________________________. 9/ The bag was so heavy that she couldn’t carry it upstairs.- The bag was too ___________________________. 10/ He expects to hear from her as soon as possible.- He is looking forward . English. * Kết quả, hậu quả. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv) - She is too tired to go for a walk. - The box was too heavy for her to carry. * Hiệu quả. (sau Adj /. việc gì. - He means to take the coming exam. (*) Forget + gerund : quên điều gì đã xảy ra. - I forgot telling her this story. Forget + to infinitive : quên