Sharing Cities Urban and Industrial Environments Series editor: Robert Gottlieb, Henry R Luce Professor of Urban and Environmental Policy, Occidental College For a complete list of books published in this series, please see the back of the book Sharing Cities A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities Duncan McLaren and Julian Agyeman The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher This book was set in ITC Stone Serif by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed on recycled paper and bound in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available ISBN: 978-0-262-02972-8 10 Contents Foreword by Mike Childs, Friends of the Earth, London Acknowledgments ix Introduction vii 1 Case Study: San Francisco 21 Sharing Consumption: The City as Platform 27 Case Study: Seoul 71 Sharing Production: The City as Collective Commons Case Study: Copenhagen 137 Sharing Politics: The City as Public Realm Case Study: Medellín 191 Sharing Society: Reclaiming the City 78 144 199 Case Study: Amsterdam 247 The Sharing City: Understanding and Acting on the Sharing Paradigm 252 Case Study: Bengaluru Synthesis 317 Notes 327 Bibliography Index 423 Series List 411 311 Foreword When Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, Mayor Michael Bloomberg from New York, and others set up the C40 Cities Network a decade ago, they had the vision that cities will be the locations where the world’s greatest environmental challenges will be solved As nations continue to stumble and falter and are seemingly unable to make sufficient progress on issues such as climate change, their vision is becoming shared by many more people That you can’t fix the planet without fixing our cities is obvious, but less obvious is that cities can fix the planet A large majority of the population of the global North live in cities already, and city living will become the norm for most of humanity in coming decades These are the places where most consumption takes place The energy consumed in our cities to heat our homes and power our transport is driving climate change The food we import to our cities, particularly meat and dairy produce, is leading to the destruction of wildlife-rich habitats across the globe The consumer goods that we take for granted in the global North gobble up resources extracted thousands of miles away, far too often with dreadful environmental impact and working conditions that were outlawed in the US and UK over a hundred of years ago The waste belching out of exhaust pipes, chimneys, and sewage systems is poisoning the air and water that we and every other species on the planet depend on Viewed like this our cities are driving us towards a dystopian hell of environmental collapse and gross social inequalities But as this book makes abundantly clear, there is the potential for the world’s cities to drive a very different future; a future where cities take their environmental and social responsibilities seriously; a future where cities transform themselves and the rest of the world; a future where cities fix not just themselves but also fix the planet Central to this more hopeful vision is sharing Sharing is not new The vast majority of us share our journeys to work or play, for example on the subways of America’s great cities, or the London Underground, or the Bus Rapid Transit Systems springing up across Latin America The green spaces in our cities are shared, and their loss or privatization is fiercely resisted And it isn’t so long ago that libraries were where most of us got the books we wanted to read viii Foreword But sharing can and must go much further The tantalizing prospect offered in this book by McLaren and Agyeman is that we are just starting to embark on a sharing revolution A revolution which builds upon the digital world of the twenty-first century; that utilizes the ingenuity and imagination that springs from the cross-fertilization of ideas from the diversity of people living in cities; that builds empathy and understanding between people rather than fear and loathing; that leads to much greater levels of sharing of stuff and much greater resource efficiency; that takes naturally evolved cultural traditions of sharing within families and local communities, and reinvents them to enable sharing between citizens and strangers; and that fundamentally transforms the dominant world view that individualism and material possessions are central to what it is to be human The northern cities of the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution The thousands of chimneys belching out smoke were seen as progress That children born in these cities were condemned to live in slums, live short lives, and suffer from illnesses such as rickets due to lack of sunlight was seen by some as a price worth paying In these cities the chimney stacks and slums have now gone But as we all know, they have not disappeared They now dominate many cities in China, India, and other fast-developing nations If the Sharing Revolution is to be truly transformational, it must not only complete the transformation of the cities of the global North it must also transform cities across the globe And it can In different ways, cities such as Seoul and Medellín are leading the revolution And sharing is still part of daily life for many people in many cities across the global South The Sharing Revolution isn’t a revolution to be led by wealthy countries and copied by the rest; it is a shared revolution with cities across the world learning from each other The C40 Network and the Sharing Cities Network run by Shareable.net are testament to this Mayors Bloomberg and Livingstone had a vision The C40 Network that they gave birth to has already enabled the world’s largest cities to learn from each other and learn from the most innovative smaller cities across the globe As cities across the globe fight for and in many cases get greater fiscal and regulatory autonomy, such sharing is more critical But in this book McLaren and Agyeman offer something new, something exciting, something earth-shattering—that if cities become Sharing Cities then we will not only fix the planet but will also transform the prospects for social justice Now that’s a message well worth sharing Mike Childs Friends of the Earth, London Acknowledgments Having known each other since working on sustainability issues in London in the 1980s—Julian in local government, Duncan in the nonprofit world— this book was born in the inspiration and stimulation of conversations over several years about sustainability, urbanism, equity, and justice Fortunately our emerging ideas found fertile ground in UK Friends of the Earth’s Big Ideas Project We both—and Duncan in particular—are indebted to them, and in particular to Mike Childs, the leader of the Big Ideas Project Without their support—moral and financial—neither our original Sharing Cities paper, which garnered great interest around the world, nor this book would have been possible And in this endeavor we benefited immensely from the initial encouragement and support of the former acquisitions editor Clay Morgan and the Urban and Industrial Environments Series editor Bob Gottlieb—who responded so quickly and positively to our proposal— and latterly from Miranda Martin, Beth Clevenger, Katie Hope, Marcy Ross, and Margarita Encomienda at MIT Press From the outset, the opportunity to work with Harriet Bulkeley, Eurig Scandrett, Roman Krznaric, and Victoria Hurth on their papers for the Big Ideas Project helped shape Duncan’s thinking as the ideas in this book developed For Julian, it was discussions with his students at Tufts and activists and academics in the Boston area that sparked his ideas We would also like to thank Neal Gorenflo and Shareable for their encouragement, and for the flow of informative and insightful commentary on sharing cities and the sharing economy published on Shareable Research assistance from former Tufts students Adrianne Schaefer Borrego and Abby Farnham was invaluable, especially in compiling the city case studies—we thank you both Feedback and suggestions from three unnamed reviewers was instrumental in helping us improve our early drafting Also deserving a mention are Skype and Dropbox, two characters that enabled regular communication 436 competition and, 89 co-production and, 102 cultural shift needed in face of, 5–6 feminism and, 174 growth-dependent economic ideologies and, 263 labor casualization and, 214 monetization and, 123 net neutrality and, 154 public spaces and, 162 regulatory institutions and, 64 sharing economy and, 67–68 sharing paradigm and, 13 NESTA survey, 79, 257 Netherlands, 169, 247–248 See also Amsterdam Net neutrality, 154, 261 Network effects, 289–291 Neuberg, Brad, 21 Newman, Andrew, 233 New Orleans, 170–171 New York City AIDS and gentrification, 235 Airbnb, regulation of, 300–302 cooperatives in, 125 density and, 44 exclusion in, 134 Newtown Creek and antigentrification, 233–234 public transportation in, 91 recycling in, 93 SolidarityNYC, 66–67, 217 Norms See also Culture competition and, 272 intermediation and, 295 of privacy, 261–262 sociocultural shifts in, 45–50 Not Far From the Tree, 115 Nussbaum, Martha, 205 Oakland, 111 Obama, Barack, 113, 168, 240 Objections to sharing and opposition Index consumerist identity threat, 262–263 contested politics of sharing, 264–266 co-option, 259–260, 264 growth-dependent economic ideologies, 263–264 human nature and competitive capitalist systems, 256–258 privacy and civil liberties, threat to, 260–261 Occupy movement, 127, 148, 168, 179, 266 Okolloh, Ory, 226 Olson, Michael, 40, 41, 279 O’Neill, Onora, 274 Open Closet, 72 Open Data program, Amsterdam, 251 Open Door Development Group (San Francisco), 23 Open source software, 52, 105–106 Opposition to sharing See Objections to sharing and opposition Ormerod, Paul, 291 O’Rourke, Dara, 31–32 Orsi, Janelle, 25–26, 63, 67, 69, 99, 121, 125, 185, 186, 216, 217–218, 300–302 Ossel, Freek, 249 Ostrom, Elinor, 96, 180 Owen, David, 44 Ownership carsharing and, 54 cooperative, 124, 217, 246, 303 land rights, justice, and, 207–208 Owyang, Jeremiah, 29, 61, 62 Pagel, Mark, 80–81 Pagnucco, Adam, 214–215 Pakistan squatter camps, 225–226 Palmer, Amanda, 114 Paris, 233 Park, Lynn, 73 Parkes, Taylor, 151 PARK(ing) day, 147 Index Parks low-income park in northern Paris, 233 parking space into park in San Francisco, 147 Superkilen park, Copenhagen, 139, 171 Park Won-soon, 71, 74, 76, 77, 135 Parque Biblioteca Espa, Medellín, 194 Parsons, Adam, 67 Participation, 22–23, 76, 96, 100, 145, 152, 157, 161, 173, 177–184, 192, 195, 203, 222, 245, 247, 251, 253, 267, 282, 294 Participatory democracy, 177–184 Passivhaus Institute standard, 108, 189 Paying forward, 121–122, 269–272 Peerby, 122, 250 Peer economy, 15 Peers, 66 Peer-to-peer (P2P) models as driver sharing revival, 38–40 Internet-based platforms and, 33 lending and finance, 110–114 sharing economy and, 9–10 skillsharing, 100 transaction costs and, 56 Peña, Devon, 131 Peñalosa, Enrique, People’s Forum, 197 Peppers, Don, 283 Perkins, Anne, 166 Peterson, Latoya, 286 Pettigrew, Thomas, 173 Philadelphia, 60, 98, 185–186, 211 Photography, digital, 59 Pickett, Kate, 274 Piercy, Nigel, 41 Piketty, Thomas, 274 Pine, Joe, 38 Piracy, 47–48 Pirate Bay, 46, 47 Pittsburgh, 111–112 437 Placemaking, 131 Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (Platform for those Affected by Mortgages—PAH), 228 “Platform capitalism,” 65 Platform monopolies, 304 Platforms, cities as, 22 Plato, 199, 246 Playscape, 138 Plouffe, David, 210 Podemos, 149, 168 Policy and regulation broad approach, importance of, 292–294 carsharing industry and, 25 design principles, 294–294 existing policy levers, use of, 300–302 expansion and replication of programs, 296–298 infrastructures and enablers, strengthening, 304–305 leadership role of city authorities, 298–299 neoliberalism and, 64 network effects and, 291 online platform challenges and opportunities, 294–296 smart regulation and self-regulation, 301–304 zoning, 186, 300 Political realm See also Democracy artistic countercultures, 149–151 citizen politics, 162–166 contested politics, 12, 264–268 cultural studies and, identity politics, 174–175 Internet and, 152–157 minority political participation in Netherlands, 247–248 online music sharing, 151–152 policies and, 307 public space and political activism, 145–149 438 right-wing populist parties, 168 “Poor doors” phenomemon, 231 Population growth, urban, Portland, Oregon, 159, 238 Porto Alegre, Brazil, 178, 228 Post-political trap, 6, 102, 177, 264 Power, co-production and distribution of, 118–120 Privacy breaches of, 261 norms of, 49, 261 online, 239–240 policies for protection of, 294 right to be forgotten, 284–285 sharing as threat to, 260–261 Privacy, identity, and anonymity model, 285 Production, shared See Co-production Product services system, 15–16, 42 ProKilma cooperative, 108 Property rights, 207–208, 229 See also Land rights “Prosumers,” 10, 12 96, 118–120 Provoost, Michele, 315 Proyecto Urbano Integral (integral urban projects), Colombia, 192–195 Prucell, Mark, 117 Public goods, 57, 79, 88, 94, 131, 205, 270, 300 Public services See also Co-production progressive taxation and, 202 as soft infrastructure, 94–96 user and professional roles in design and delivery of, 97f Public spaces in Copenhagen, 138–139 as crucible of democracy, 145–149 for deliberation, 166–168 gender inclusion and, 147–148 inclusive and exclusive, 145–146 Living Innovation Zone (LIZ) program (San Francisco), 23 Index for security, resistance, and possibility, 145–146 SF POPOS app and, 23 social capital and, 159 Public spending cuts, 103 Public transportation and transit bus rapid transit (BRT), 4, 91, 212–213 cable car systems, 193–194 case for investment in, 91 Copenhagen subway, 142 density and, 44 gentrification and, 170 in Medellín, 193–194 Namma Metro, Bengaluru, 313–314 social justice and, 212–214 Pumpipumpe, 160 Putnam, Robert, 158 Quebec, 96, 104, 125–126 Quilligan, James, 106, 180 Rauch, Daniel, 300 Rawls, John, 201–202 Raworth, Kate, 2–3 Reagan, Ronald, 102 Real Junk Food Project, 231 Real-time technologies, 38–40 Rebar collective, 147 Recession, global, 41 Reciprocity corporations and, 272–273 direct and indirect, 87 as natural, 257 paying forward and, 121–122 scaling up and, 297 stranger sharing and, 87–88 theory of, 268–273, 277, 323–324 Recognition commodification of, 49 empathy and, 236–239, 323 failures of, 135 gentrification and, 234–235 Index global South and, 223–226 identity, exclusion, and, 206–207 Recommendations, peer, 274 Recycling, 92–94 Redistribution, 128, 202, 225 Redistribution markets, 16, 42, 93 Regulation See Policy and regulation Relationship marketing, 277 RelayRides, 277 Rental and “access economy,” 16 Repair Café Foundation, 250 Reputation management, 276–277, 281, 284, 296, 297 reputation intermediaries and aggregators, 284, 296–297 Resistance to sharing See Objections to sharing and opposition Resources, common, 11–12 Resources, environmental, 92–94 Restaurant Day movement, 37 Restaurants, pop-up, 36–37 Restorative Listening Project, Portland, Oregon, 238 Revival of sharing collaborative consumption and, 32–33 community as driver, 38 environmental driver, 40–41 environmental impacts and implications, 42–45 food sharing, 33–37 global recession as driver, 41 Millennials and, 28, 30–32, 38 norm shifts, sociocultural, 45–50 P2P social networks and real-time technologies as driver, 38–40 shared production and, 33 trends, 28–30 RFID (radio-frequency identification) tagging, 39 Ribera-Fumaz, Ramon, 315 Richerson, Peter, 81 Ridesharing services See also Carsharing programs 439 challenges to, 62 commodification and, 57 in San Francisco, 24–25 social justice and, 210–214 Uber, 25, 62, 213, 214, 217, 300 Riedy, Chris, 30 Rifkin, Jeremy, 12, 16, 39, 47, 49, 63, 82–83, 118, 177, 201, 238 Rights of way, public, 180 Right to the City movement, 3, 135, 146, 150, 304, 322 Right-wing populist parties, 168 Rinne, April, 216, 298 Rio de Janeiro, 219 Robinson, Ken, 100 Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, 124 Rodin, Judith, 91 Rogers, Martha, 284 Rogers, Roo, 15–17, 40, 42, 46, 56, 161, 274, 276, 277, 286–287, 299 Rohracher, Harald, 307 Romer, Paul, 177 Roodman, David, 113 Rose, Randall, 56 Roskilde, Denmark, 140 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 271 Roy, Ananya, 219 Runciman, David, 266 Ryan-Collins, Josh, 98 Rydin, Yvonne, 263–264 Såby, Tina, 137 Sadowski, Jathan, 265–266 Salento, Angelo, 222 Samper, Jota, 194–195, 229 Sandel, Michael, 67, 85, 145, 165, 204, 271 Sandercock, Leonie, 2, 171–172 San Diego, 116–117 San Francisco, 21–26, 62, 147 São Paulo, 165, 219 Sarward, Golam, 222 440 Sassen, Saskia, 2, 134, 177, 322 Satterthwaite, David, 74, 223–224, 225 Savestoski, Stephen, 170 Scale and sharing communities, 280–281 Scaling up, 296–298 Scandrett, Eurig, 156–157, 230 Scavenging, 230 Schargrodsky, Ernesto, 229 Schifferes, Jonathan, 290 Schleicher, David, 300 Schlosberg, David, 206 Schmidt, Marco, 82 Schor, Juliet, 56, 87–88, 116, 209, 215, 216, 218, 242, 280 Schulman, Sarah, 235 Schwartz, Shalom, 85, 287 Scotland, 182 Seats2meet, 250 Seattle, 234 Security and urban space, 145–146 See also Privacy Self-building, 108–110 Self-organized learning environments (SOLEs), 101–102, 324 Sen, Amartya, 166–167, 204, 205–206, 216, 253, 263 Sennett, Richard, 81–82, 83, 88, 120, 130, 177, 205–206, 221, 314, 315–316 Seoul, South Korea, 51, 71–77, 91, 105–106 SF POPOS app, 23 Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI), 109, 226 Shah, Premal, 277 Shaheen, Susan, 43 Shareable, 18, 183, 317 ShareHub, 74–75 ShareNL, 250 Share the Worlds Resources, 67 Sharewashing, 66 Sharing See also Revival of sharing Index cities and centrality of collaboration and, 88–89 city as place of exchange and, 89–90 common resources and infrastructure, 90–91 as cultural discourse, 48 economic perspective on, evolutionary roots of, 79–83 objections to (See Objections to sharing and opposition) public services, 94–98 re-sharers, neo-sharers, and non-sharers, 29 resource sharing and recycling, 91–94 as sociocultural behavior, 79 traditional sociocultural, transactional vs transformative sharing, 14 underlying values expressed in flavors of, 288f Sharing cities See also specific topics and cases case for, 4–5 challenge and opportunity of, 2–3 history of, 88–98 as just sustainabilities, 3–4 Sharing Cities Network, 317 Sharing City project, Seoul, 72–77 the whole city, 321–322 Sharing Copenhagen, 142–143 Sharing corporation (S-Corp), 216 Sharing economy See also Economics of sharing Belk on, collaborative economy and, 14–15 collective commons, blindness to, 17 community cultures of, 279–280 cycles of dis- and re-intermediation and, 295 incumbent businesses, responses of, 59–64 market intrusion into sharing culture, 64–68 Index participatory democracy and, 179–180 peer economy vs., 15 privileging of economic dimension, sharing paradigm and, 8–13 Sharing Economy Working Group (San Francisco), 22 Sharing hubs, 299 Sharing paradigm capabilities and, 205, 253–255 development vs progress and, 323 dimensions of, 13–18, 13t, 15f fairness and, 120 global South and, 225 just sustainabilities and, 322 mapping, 9–13, 11f meaning and conception of, 7–9, 8t neoliberal capitalism and, 13 norms and, 50 objections and opposition, 256–268 sharing spectrum, 253–256, 254f, 287–288, social justice and, 200–201 as sociocultural transformation (See Cultural transformation, sharing paradigm as) Sharing revival See Revival of sharing Sharing spectrum, 253–256, 254f, 287–289, Sherwin, Wilson, 150 Sidecar, 25 Silicon Fen (UK), 51 Silicon Valley, California, 51, 266 Silverberg, Michael, 228 Sinofsky, Stephen, 60 Sitrin, Marina, 228 Skilio, 100 Skillsharing, 100, 219 Skipping, 230–231 Slee, Tom, 259 Slicify, 57 Slums and slum dwelling, 109, 224–226, 228–229 Slut Walk phenomenon, Toronto, 146 441 Smart cities Amsterdam, 251, 285–286 Bengaluru, 313–314 critiques of paradigm of, 314–315 ICT and, online privacy issues and, 239–240 redefining, San Francisco, 21–22 Seoul, 74 Smart regulation, 301–304 SMSLifesaver program, 98 SOCAR, 72 Social and solidarity economy (SSE) organizations, 222–223 Social bonds, strengthening of, 87–88 Social capital, 87, 158–162, 227, 238 Social foundation, 2–3 Social Institute for Housing and Habitat of Medellin (ISVIMED), 194–195 Social justice See Justice and social justice Social media and social networking Facebook, 40, 46–47, 48–49, 153, 284 political realm and, 153 risks of, 48–49 therapeutic sharing and, 46–47 trust rebuilt by, 39–40 Twitter, 21, 153 Social recognition See Recognition Social urbanism, 192, 198 Sociocultural sharing displacement of, 219–223 food sharing as, 34 and leisure, 163 (inter)mediated sharing vs., 13t, 14, 27–28 persistence of, 79 reciprocity and, 269–270 and trust, 293 Sociotechnical systems, 306–307 Sofar Sounds, 152 Software, open source, 52, 105–106 Solar energy, 106–107, 287 442 Solidarity clinics in Greece, 98–99 Solidarity economy, 10–11, 11f, 125 SolidarityNYC, 66–67, 217 Sommerville, Jessica, 82 Son Bata, 196 South Korea See Seoul, South Korea Spacehive, 147 Spain austerity and sharing in, 61 cooperatives in, 126, 179 Las Indignadas movement, 148, 179 Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (Platform for those Affected by Mortgages—PAH), 228 Podemos political party, 149, 168 Späth, Phillip, 307 Spatial justice, 170, 192 Sport, 165 Springstone, 110 Squatting, 187–188, 219, 228, 234, 283 Stakeholder fatigue, 184 Standing, Guy, 182 State, alternative visions of, 176–177 Stephens, Lucie, 97–98, 103 Stiglitz, Joseph, 128, 192 Stigma, 281–283 Stockholm, 98 Stokes, Kathleen, 16, 147, 257–258, 302 Stonor, Tim, 167 Stranger sharing, 87–88, 122 Stranger-shock, 83 Streetclub, 123 Streetlife, 167–171 Streetlife web community, 160 Street Plans Collaborative, 147 Summers, Lawrence, 271 Sundararajan, Arun, 25, 302–304 Superkilen park, Nørrebro, Copenhagen, 139, 171 Supper-clubs, underground, 36–37 Sustainable development, 3, 184, 192, 200 Index Sustainable Economies Law Center, 25–26, 67 Swap Shop, 164 Systems, cities as, 306–307 Tactical Urbanism guide (Street Plans Collaborative), 147 Tanz, Jason, 274–276, 277 Tapscott, Don, 10, 46, 49, 64, 89, 103, 105, 112, 118–119, 154, 156, 176, 183–184, 218 TaskRabbit, 26, 64–65, 215, 216, 259, 303 Taxation bedroom tax (UK), 186–187 evasion of, 270–271 land value taxation, 185, 187 progressive, 202 redistributive, 128 tax sharing, 184–185 Technology See also Data; Internet cultural responses to, 289 information and communication technologies (ICT), 2, 305 politics and, 266 sociotechnical systems, 306–307 TechShop, 119 Thatcher, Margaret, 38, 102, 235, 270 Theory of mind, 237 Therapeutic online sharing, 47 Thompson, Clive, 55, 106, 152–153, 154 Thompson, E P., 3-D printing technologies, 33, 44–45, 118, 119 Thuisafgehaald (Shareyourmeal) (Netherlands), 35 Tickengo, 25 Time banks, 242–243, 290 Tonpkinwise, Cameron, 50, 65, 123, 277, 280 Toorn, Jojanneke van der, 173 Toronto, 146 Index Torvalds, Linus, 91 Toxic Release Inventory, 183 Toy sharing and toy libraries, 164–165 Traffic volume, 159 “Tragedy of the Commons” (Hardin), 306 Transaction costs and coordination, 55–56 Transformation, cultural See Cultural transformation, sharing paradigm as Translocalism, 117 Transparency standards, 49 Transportation See also Carsharing programs; Public transportation and transit; Ridesharing services cars and streetlife, 169 social justice and, 209–214 traffic volume, 159 Travel agencies, online, 60 Tropp, Linda, 173 Trust as barrier to sharing, 257–258 consumerism, empathy, and, 274–277 corporations and, 272–273 cultural shift and, cybertrust and identity online, 283–286 disintermediation and, 295 evidence of trustworthiness, 274 face-to-face interactions and, 277 growth of, 274–276 personal branding and, 279 policy and, 293–294 reciprocity and, 270–273 right-wing populist parties and, 168 scaling up and, 297 shame, stigma, and, 281–283 social networking and, 39–40 Tuintjedelen (Sharegarden), Netherlands, 115 Tully, James, 172 Turkey, 155 Twitter, 21, 153 443 Uber funding, 62 inflated valuation of, 300 labor casualization and, 214, 217 in San Francisco, 25 social justice and, 213 Unionization, cooperative, 217 United Kingdom (UK) See also London active gentrification in, 235 bedroom tax, 186–187 Big Society policy, 103, 223 Britpop, 151 Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 302 ethnic minorities, participation of, 281 food sharing in, 34–35 FutureLearn, 100 growth-oriented planning system, 263–264 Home Zones, 169 Landshare, 115 recycling in, 93 Scottish independence movement, 182 self-build in, 108–109 sharing revival and, 28 Silicon Fen, 51 Spacehive, 147 Streetclub, 123 Streetlife, 160 toy libraries in, 164–165 zero-hour contracts, 215 Urban commons autonomy and, 181 Bengaluru and, 316 Bolognia, Italy and, 186 challenging stigma and, 283 city as shared system and, 321 commodification of, 163 common resources and, 11 complementary currencies and, 243 co-production of, 79, 88, 129–135 444 crime and, 162 land-value taxation and, 187 mutual financial institutions and, 127 political culture and, 168 pop-up restaurants and, 37 redefinition of urban space and, 146 right to, sharing economy and, 232 sharing paradigm and, 319 squatting and, 283 Urban governance See Governance and co-governance Urbanization, rate of, Urban Land Institute “Innovative City of the Year” award, 196 US Conference of Mayors, 181 Ushahadi, 226 Utting, Peter, 222 Valiente-Neighbors, Jiminiz, 116–117 Vallianatos, 171 Values See also Cultural transformation, sharing paradigm as cultural values shift, 5–6 habits, behavior, and, 286–290 sharing flavors as expressions of, 288f Vancouver, 28, 171–172, 238 VenCorps, 111 Venture capital, 62–63, 66–67, 111 Vermont, 44 Vision, public commitment to, 298 Visser, Michel, 250 Walkability and gentrification, 170 Walker, Rob, 16 Walk Score, 170 The Wall project, Copenhagen, 139 Washington, DC, 183 Waste pickers, 92 Waste reduction, 42 Water sharing, 92 Weinberger, David, 40 Index Weissing, Franjo, 83 Well-being, 8–9 Wheatley, Paul, 145 White, Nicola, 132 White Bicycle Plan, 251 Wifi, free, 251, 314 “Wikinomics,” 10 Wikipedia, 284 Wilkinson, Richard, 99, 273–274 William, Anthony, 10, 46, 49, 64, 89, 103, 105, 112, 118–119, 154, 156, 176, 183–184, 218 Williams, Karel, 222 Williams, Raymond, Women in Bengaluru, 311 institutional misrecognition of, 207 marketization, unfreedoms, and, 220 online connections, value of, 153 participation of, 51, 95, 112 Wonderland, 72 Woolcock, Michael, 158 Woonerven (“living yards”), 169 Woozoo, 72 Workbar, 33 Workspaces, shared, 21 Work week, 30-hour, 128 World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002), 184 World Urban Forums (WUF), 181–182, 196–197 Wosskow, Debbie, 303 Wright, Erik Olin, 83, 259 Xiaozhu.com, 32 Yglesias, Matthew, 17, 65 Yiannopoulos, Milo, 261–263 YouTube, 64 Index Zero-hour contracts, 215 Zimmer, John, 279 Zipbob, 32, 72, 73 Zipcar, 51, 211, 286–287 Zittrain, Jonathan, 154, 240, 283 Žižek, Slavoj, 62, 123 Zoning regulations, 186, 300 Zuckerberg, Mark, 47, 285 445 Urban and Industrial Environments Series editor: Robert Gottlieb, Henry R Luce Professor of Urban and Environmental Policy, Occidental College Maureen Smith, The U.S Paper Industry and Sustainable Production: An Argument for Restructuring Keith Pezzoli, Human Settlements and Planning for Ecological Sustainability: The Case of Mexico City Sarah Hammond Creighton, Greening the Ivory Tower: Improving the Environmental Track Record of Universities, Colleges, and Other Institutions Jan Mazurek, Making Microchips: 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Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice Robert Gottlieb, Reinventing Los Angeles: Nature and Community in the Global City David V Carruthers, ed., Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice Tom Angotti, New York for Sale: Community Planning Confronts Global Real Estate Paloma Pavel, ed., Breakthrough Communities: Sustainability and Justice in the Next American Metropolis Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Renia Ehrenfeucht, Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation over Public Space David J Hess, Localist Movements in a Global Economy: Sustainability, Justice, and Urban Development in the United States Julian Agyeman and Yelena Ogneva-Himmelberger, eds., Environmental Justice and Sustainability in the Former Soviet Union Jason Corburn, Toward the Healthy City: People, Places, and the Politics of Urban Planning JoAnn Carmin and Julian Agyeman, eds., Environmental Inequalities Beyond Borders: Local Perspectives on Global Injustices Louise Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism: A History of Suburban Corporate Landscapes Gwen Ottinger and Benjamin Cohen, eds., Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement Samantha MacBride, Recycling Reconsidered: The Present Failure and Future Promise of Environmental Action in the United States Andrew Karvonen, Politics of Urban Runoff: Nature, Technology, and the Sustainable City Daniel Schneider, Hybrid Nature: Sewage Treatment and the Contradictions of the Industrial Ecosystem Catherine Tumber, Small, Gritty, and Green: The Promise of America’s Smaller Industrial Cities in a Low-Carbon World Sam Bass Warner and Andrew H Whittemore, American Urban Form: A Representative History John Pucher and Ralph Buehler, eds., City Cycling Urban and Industrial Environments Stephanie Foote and Elizabeth Mazzolini, eds., Histories of the Dustheap: Waste, Material Cultures, Social Justice David J Hess, Good Green Jobs in a Global Economy: Making and Keeping New Industries in the United States Joseph F C DiMento and Clifford Ellis, Changing Lanes: Visions and Histories of Urban Freeways Joanna Robinson, Contested Water: The Struggle Against Water Privatization in the United States and Canada William B Meyer, The Environmental Advantages of Cities: Countering Commonsense Antiurbanism Rebecca L Henn and Andrew J Hoffman, eds., Constructing Green: The Social Structures of Sustainability Peggy F Barlett and Geoffrey W Chase, eds., Sustainability in Higher Education: Stories and Strategies for Transformation Isabelle Anguelovski, Neighborhood as Refuge: Community Reconstruction, Place-Remaking, and Environmental Justice in the City Kelly Sims Gallagher, The Global Diffusion of Clean Energy Technology: Lessons from China Vinit Mukhija and Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, eds., The Informal City: Settings, Strategies, Responses Roxanne Warren, Rail and the City: Shrinking Our Carbon Footprint and Reimagining Urban Space Marianne Krasny and Keith Tidball, Civic Ecology: Adaptation and Transformation from the Ground Up Duncan McLaren and Julian Agyeman, Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities ... please see the back of the book Sharing Cities A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities Duncan McLaren and Julian Agyeman The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2015 Massachusetts... critical mass in both demand for, and supply of, shared resources and facilities New opportunities for collaboration and sharing are arising at the intersection of urban space and cyberspace With... environmental resources—land, water, clean air and reveals the way we can share these “commons” fairly, as an inspiration for sharing in the city, and in the economy Mapping the Sharing Paradigm Nonetheless,