John wiley sons s60 smartphone quality assurance a guide for mobile engineers and developers mar 2007 bbl

S60 SMARTPHONE QUALITY ASSURANCE A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers Saila Laitinen Nokia, Finland S60 SMARTPHONE QUALITY ASSURANCE S60 SMARTPHONE QUALITY ASSURANCE A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers Saila Laitinen Nokia, Finland Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to 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production Table of Contents About the Author xiii Preface xv Chapter 1: Introduction to S60 1.1 The Competitive Advantage of the S60 Platform 1.2 S60 Architecture 1.2.1 The Symbian Operating System (Symbian OS) 1.2.2 Domestic Operating System (DOS) 1.2.3 User Interface (UICon) 1.3 Summary Chapter 2: Selecting the Baseline 2.1 Manny Lehman’s Law 10 2.2 What is so Challenging about Selecting the Best Baseline? 11 2.3 How should the Baseline be Selected? 12 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 Baseline Maturity Customization Maturity Least Stable Sub-system Program Timing 13 13 14 14 2.4 Summary 14 vi S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance: A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers Chapter 3: Release Management 17 3.1 The Build Cycle 19 3.2 Required Testing Activities 23 3.3 Summary 23 Chapter 4: Binary Compatibility 25 4.1 API Categorization 28 4.2 Maintaining Compatibility 30 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 Platform Compatibility Platform-based Phone Compatibility Application Compatibility Compatibility Dimensions 30 31 32 32 4.3 Binary Compatibility Scenario 33 4.4 Binary Compatibility Verification 35 4.4.1 The Binary Compatibility Verification Process 35 4.4.2 The Binary Compatibility Verification Suite 36 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.4 4.4.2.5 4.4.2.6 The SDK Analyser The Source Analyser The Binary Analyser The Application Launcher Binary Compatibility Applications Third-Party Applications 36 38 39 39 40 40 4.5 Possible Future Tools 40 4.5.1 DepInfo Tool 41 4.5.2 Header Checker Tool 41 4.5.3 Ordinal Checker 42 4.6 Summary 42 Chapter 5: Certificates and Standards 43 5.1 Technology Certificates 44 5.1.1 Java/TCK 44 5.1.2 Bluetooth 47 5.1.2.1 BT Certification Areas 47 Table of Contents 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7 Other Technology Licences Security Certificates Universal Serial Bus Infrared Connectivity Multimedia Cards (MMC) vii 48 49 50 50 51 5.2 The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) 52 5.2.1 Process and Principles 52 5.3 Cellular Standards and Operators 55 5.3.1 Government and Quality Certificates 56 5.3.1.1 Mandatory 56 5.3.2 Optional 58 5.4 Summary 61 Chapter 6: What Quality Means 63 6.1 Quality Culture 64 6.2 Quality Standards 66 6.2.1 ISO 9000 66 6.2.2 Six Sigma 67 6.3 Quality in a Product 68 6.3.1 Quality in Manufacturing 69 6.3.2 Quality in Service 70 6.3.3 Getting Better Quality 71 6.4 Quality in the S60 Platform and S60-based Phones 73 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6 Choosing the Process The Waterfall Process The Incremental Process Agile Software Development Concurrent Engineering Other Things to Consider 73 73 74 75 76 77 6.5 Summary 78 Appendix B: Glossary 185 Three-D-rule: a process for testers It is based on the three words; Decide, Define and Distribute Top down testing: a testing approach in which the system under test is built from the top to bottom For example, the user interface is created and tested first and only after that is successful are the rest of the underlying components integrated TRUE testing: a beta testing technique for verifying that the product functions in real use by using end-users to detect errors It requires the involvement of volunteers who agree to use the product on a daily basis TRUE testers need to provide feedback to the product program Universal Serial Bus (USB): a plug-and-play interface between a computer and a compatible add-on device, such as an audio player, joystick, keyboard, phone, scanner, digital camera or printer With a USB, a new device can be added to a compatible computer without having to add an adapter card or even having to turn the computer off White-box testing: a testing technique in which the tester has a clear understanding of how the system under test has been structured Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): an open, global standard for total mobile solutions, including communication between a mobile handset and the Internet or other computer application Appendix C: References Chapter 4: Binary Compatibility Szilagyi, Sandor (2003) Binary Compatibility Theory Training Material Nokia/MSW [available to S60 Licensee] Chapter 5: Certificates and Standards More on Java available at More on BT available at More on MiniBae available at More on T9 available at More on VeriSign available at More on Baltimore available at More on Entrust available at S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Saila Laitinen 188 S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance: A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers More on USB available at More on InfraRed available at 10 More on MMC available at 11 More on SyncML available at 12 More information on ETSI available at 13 More information on CDMA available at 14 More on RTTE1999/5/EC available at 15 More on RoHS available at 16 More on FCC available at 17 More on PCS available at 18 More on China Approvals available at 19 More on GCF available at 20 More on CTIA available at 21 More on ELSPA available at 22 More on ISO available at Chapter 6: What Quality Means Dean, James W Jr and Evans, James R (2000) Total Quality South-Western College Publishing Kingsley, Kimberley (2005) A Foundation of Trust American Society of Quality/Quality Progress Six Sigma Excellence Brochure (2004) American Society for Quality Kim, Seong-Ho, Yoon, Yeo-Han and Zeon, Gyu-Tae (2004) ‘Combine Quality and Speed’ Six Sigma Forum Magazine available at Appendix C: References 189 Larman, Graig and Basili, Victor R (2003) ‘Iterative and Incremental Development: a Brief History’ IEEE Computer Science 3, 0018-9162 Chapter 7: Stumbling Blocks See Construx Software Builders, Inc (2000–2001) ‘10 Keys to Successful Software Projects’ available at Tiwana, Amrit and Keil, Mark (2004–2005) Programming Languages 2(9) Boehm, Barry (2002) Software Risk Management COCOMO/ SCM Forum # 17 Softstar Systems (1986–2005) Available at Pressman, Roger S (1997) Software Engineering – A Practitioner’s Approach, Fourth edn McGraw-Hill Chapter 8: Platform Testing versus Platform-based Phone Testing ISEB Practitioner Certificate in Software Testing ISEB 7925-2 British Computer Society Chapter 9: Testing as a Tool Craig, Rick (1995) Software Quality Engineering Nokia Research Center ‘Agile Software Development’ Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc Available at 190 S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance: A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers Schaefer, Hans (1999) SOFT-ED: Become an Expert in software testing See See Chapter 11: Defect Analysis Yip, Jason (2005) ‘I don’t Want a Bug Report-I’d Rather We Talk’ Better Software, July/August Appendix D: Further Reading Amler, Scott (2002) Agile Modelling New York: Wiley Beizer, Boris (1983) Software Testing Techniques New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Beizer, Boris (1984) Software System Testing and Quality Assurance New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Beizer, Boris (1995) Black-Box Testing: Techniques for Functional Testing of Software and Systems New York: Wiley Crosby, Philip B (1980) Quality is Free, Mentor Evans, James R and Dean James W Jr (2000) Total Quality, Management, Organization and Strategy South-Western College Publishing Gilb, Tom (1988) Principals of Software Engineering Management Addison-Wesley Gilb, Tom and Graham, Dorothy (1993) Software Inspection Addison-Wesley S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Saila Laitinen 192 S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance: A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers Harrison, Richard (2003) Symbian OS C+ + for Mobile Phones, Volume One Wiley Myers, Glenford (1978) The Art of Software Testing New York Wiley Schaefer, Hans (2001) Software Testing Days - Training Material, see www.soft-ed.net Index Page numbers in bold refer to the glossary A adaptation layer software 96, 172 agile development process 75–6, 114 API (Application Programming Interface) 179 categorization 28–30 testing 135, 142 see also binary compatibility AppDep-tool 171 Application Installer testing 136–7 Application Shell testing 137 applications application launcher analysis 39–40 compatibility of 32 testing 135–43 architecture of smartphones 5–7 as basis for test plans 106–7 complexity of 18, 97, 153 ARM Instruction Set 34 Australia 58 Automotive Directive (1995/54/EC) 56 B back bone testing 125, 179 backward compatibility 32–3, 179 Baltimore UniCERT 49 base porting 5, 179 baseline selection 9–15, 91, 107, 179 basic acceptance testing (BAT) 13, 101, 102–3, 179 S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Saila Laitinen big bang testing 125, 180 binary analysers 39 binary breaks 27, 28, 33–5 binary compatibility 25–42, 103, 180 binary compatibility applications 40 black-box testing 117, 180 Bluetooth (BT) 47, 173, 180 certification 47–8, 147 testing 138, 142 boot process 171–2 bottom-up testing 125, 180 browser testing 143 BT see Bluetooth build cycle 19–23, 168 build process 168–9 build sanity checks 23, 102–3, 171 build tools 168, 169–71 build_S60.cmd 170 business culture 64–6, 71–3, 86–7 C calendar testing 141 camcorder applications 140, 180 Canada 58 car regulations and standards 56, 60–1 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 55–6, 180 CE marks 56 cell broadcast testing 142 194 S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance: A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers Cellular Telecom Industry Association (CTIA) 59–60, 180 certification and licensing 43–4 CTIA 59–60 governmental 56–8 IOP 52–5, 58–9 ISO standards 60–1, 66–7 operator-defined 55–6 for technology 44–52, 146–7 China 58 client provisioning 143, 180 clock testing 141 COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) 87–8 code change control 164–6 complexity 18 good quality 19, 92–4 review 120, 180 code complete stage 164, 180 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 55–6, 180 communications between testers and developers 114–15, 160–1 company culture 64–6, 71–3, 86–7 compatibility see binary compatibility component (module) testing 102, 121–4, 134–5 concurrent engineering 76–7 configuration management 163–7 connection manager testing 139 connectivity certification 47–8, 50–1, 147 integration 173 testing 138, 142 Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) 87–8 constructive testing 116, 180 contacts testing 141 context sensitive Help testing 137 Conversion Description Language 10–11, 180–1 CRUD tables 119–20 CTIA (Cellular Telecom Industry Association) 59–60, 180 customer programs 181 see also Licensees customers see end-users D data connections 139, 173 data-driven testing 119, 181 dataflow-driven testing 119–20, 181 defect analysis management systems 94, 149–52, 153–5 prioritising fixes 91, 150–2, 156–60 reporting procedures 154–5, 160–1 test planning and 108, 152–3 defect estimation 117–18, 181 defect frequency 156, 181 defect probability 156, 181 defect seeding 118, 181 defect severity 156, 181 Denial of Service (DoS) 127, 181 DepInfo tool 41 destructive testing 116, 181 Device Manager testing 137 differentiation of phone programs 90–1 Digital Rights Management (DRM) 55, 143, 181 DLL (Dynamic Link Libraries) 6, 34, 181–2 documentation testing 111–12, 121 DoS (Denial of Service) 127, 181 DOS (Domestic Operating System) download folder testing 138 Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) 6, 34, 181–2 E EDFU (estimated degree of functional usage) 118–19, 152–3, 182 EKA2 kernel 28 email testing 142 end-users defect priority and 157, 158, 159, 160 EDFU 118–19 testing by 128–30, 147–8 understanding customer needs 65–6 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) 139, 182 Index Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association Europe (ELSPA) 60 Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) 57 Entrust 49 error managers 151 estimated degree of functional usage (EDFU) 118–19, 152–3, 182 European legislation 56–7 European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI) 55, 182 EUSER.DLL event-driven testing 119, 182 extreme programming (XP) 115, 120, 182 F fax testing 139, 143 feature phones 1–3, 182 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 57 Field Failure Rate (FFR) 152, 182 file manager testing 141 fixes code quality and 19 gatekeeping control 94, 149–50 prioritising 91, 150–2, 156–60 test planning and 108 see also defect analysis Forum Nokia forward compatibility 33, 182 functional testing (FUTE) 103, 126, 135–43 see also black-box testing G games, regulation of 57 gatekeepers 94, 149–50 General Log testing 140 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 135, 139, 182 General Settings testing 137 195 Global Certification Forum (GCF) 58–9, 182 goal-setting 83–4 GSM Circuit Switched Data 138, 182 GSM High-Speed Circuit Switched Data 139, 183 GUI see user interface H hacking see destructive testing hazardous substances 57 Header Checker tool 41 high watermark definition 126, 183 HTTP protocol testing 138 I Image Viewer testing 140 incremental development process 10, 74–5, 114 independent software vendors 183 infrared connectivity 50–1, 138, 142, 173 installation testing 136–7 Instant Messaging and Presence Server 54, 142, 145 integration 89–90, 171–3 adaptation layer 96, 172 testing in the large (ITL) 127–8 testing in the small (ITS) 102, 124–6, 135 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 60–1, 66–7 internationalization of code see localization interoperability (IOP) GCF 58–9 OMA 52–5, 104, 145–6 IrDA (Infrared Data Association ) 50 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 60–1, 66–7 iterative (waterfall) development process 10, 73–4, 113 ITL (integration testing in the large) 127–8 ITS (integration testing in the small) 102, 124–6, 135 196 S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance: A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers J Japan 58 Java J2ME (Java Micro Edition) 2, 183 JUnit testing tool 123–4, 183 licensing & certification 43, 44–6, 147 K kernels 5–6, 28 L language variations 93, 103, 169, 171 lead environment 105, 183 least stable sub-system 12, 14 legislation 43, 56–8 Licensees 4, 183 customization and compatibility 13–14, 31–2 platform update deliveries 19, 167–8 platform-based phone testing 99–100, 104–8 licensing see certification and licensing Lines of Code (LOC) 18 load, testing of 126, 127, 144–5 localization 93, 103–4, 168–9, 171 location application testing 137 logic-driven testing 119, 183 logs application testing 139–40 look-and-feel (LAF) 11, 70, 183 M maintenance testing 104, 131–2 management tools see project management Manny Lehman’s Law 10 marketing baseline selection 13, 14 customer surveys 65–6 defect priority and 157, 158, 159, 160 McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity 18, 183 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 152, 183 Media Gallery testing 140–1 Media Player testing 140 message sequence charts 120 messaging, testing of 53, 141–3, 145–6 MIDI engine 49 MMC (multimedia cards) 40, 51–2, 136, 183 MMS (multimedia messaging) 53, 142, 145–6 mobile phones Mobile Software (MSW) 3, 183 platform update deliveries 19, 167–8 module testing 102, 121–4, 134–5 multimedia integration 173 testing 140–1 multimedia cards (MMC) 40, 51–2, 136, 183 multimedia messaging (MMS) 53, 142, 145–6 N Nokia N73 Smartphone 177 Nokia N80 Smartphone 176 Nokia N93 Smartphone 178 non-functional (performance) testing 126–7, 144–5 notes testing 141 O offline mode testing 137 Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) 183 client provisioning 143 Instant Messaging and Presence Server 54, 142, 145 IOP testing 52–5, 104, 145–6 Ordinal Checker tool 42 organizational culture 64–6, 71–3, 86–7 P PC Suite 48–9 PCC (Product Creation Community) 3–5, 183–4 PCS 1900 Type Certification Review Board (PTCRB) 57–8 performance (non-functional) testing 126–7, 144–5 Index Personal Information Management (PIM) 141 personalization application testing 137 pinboard testing 138 platform security 27, 183 see also security platform testing 100–4, 105 platform-based phone testing 100, 104–8 predictive test input 49 presence API testing 142 presence application testing 142 Presence Server 54, 142, 145 Product Creation Community (PCC) 3–5, 183–4 profiles application testing 137 project management build cycle 19–23, 168 change control 121, 163–7 defect analysis 94, 149–52, 153–5 hazards specific to S60 programs 88–97 quality culture 64–6, 71–3, 86–7 risk analysis 79–82, 87–8 software development 10–11, 73–8, 82–8, 111–15 software testing 115–30 provider modules 97 PTCRB (PCS 1900 Type Certification Review Board) 57–8 public key infrastructure see Baltimore UniCERT Q quality of code 19, 92–4 definitions 63–4, 68–71, 78 designing in 73–8, 109–10 organizational culture 64–6, 71–3, 86–7 standards 60, 66–8 see also risk analysis and management; testing R R&D quality 27, 184 197 Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive (RTTE 1999/5/EC) 56 real-time operating systems (RTOS) 2, 184 reference hardware 4, 184 regression 91, 94, 104, 164 release management 17–24 S60 updates 19, 167–8 release testing 104 remote synchronization testing 141 repair, ease of 70 Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS 2002/95/EC) 57 reverse engineering 94, 164–5 risk analysis and management 79–80 COCOMO cost estimation model 87–8 S60-specific 88–97 software development 80–7 Rom image creation tools 168, 170–1 S S60 ecosystem 3–5, 184 S60 platform architecture 5–7 biweekly updates 19, 167–8 build environment 167–71 integration 171–3 potential problems in development 88–97 testing 99–108, 134–48 third edition 27, 28, 184 user interface 3, S60Rom.cmd tool 168, 170–1 SCM (Software Configuration Management) 163–7 SDK see Software Development Kits security certification 49 platform security on the S60 27, 183 testing 127, 143 Service Dialling Numbers (SDN) testing 143 service industries 70–1 serviceability 70 198 S60 Smartphone Quality Assurance: A Guide for Mobile Engineers and Developers Short Messaging testing 142 Six Sigma 67–8 Smart Messaging testing 142, 145 smartphones 1–3, 184 Nokia models 176–8 Software Configuration Management (SCM) 163–7 Software Development Kits (SDK) 184 analysers 36–8 compatibility of 29, 32–3 software production COCOMO cost estimation model 87–8 development processes 10–11, 73–8, 111–15 potential problems 80–7 testing methods 115–20 see also code source analysers 38–9 source compatibility 27–8, 184 Space Architecture Failure Evaluation (SAFE) 80 specification-setting 83–4 standards IOP 52–5 ISO 60–1, 66–7 quality 60, 66–8 telecommunications 47–8, 55–6 see also certification and licensing state-driven testing 119, 184 static analysis 120, 184 sub-contractors 18, 77–8 sub-systems integration 89–90, 102, 124–6, 135, 171–3 least stable 12, 14 testing 102, 117–18 Sun Microsystems 46 suppliers 18, 77–8 Symbian OS (Operating System) build tools 169–70 good quality code for 93–4 kernels 5–6, 28 testing 46 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 143 SyncML 54–5 system testing 103 System Under Test (SUT) 144, 184 T Technology Compatibility Kits (TCK) 44–6, 184 telephony regulations and standards 47–8, 55–6, 57, 59–60 testing 139–40, 145 testing 23 BAT 13, 101, 102–3, 179 binary compatibility 35–40, 103 build sanity checks 23, 102–3, 171 certification and 46, 48, 50, 51–2, 59–60, 146–7 communicating results of 154–5, 160–1 documentation 111–12, 121 environmental requirements 90, 133–48 functional 103, 126, 135–43 identifying critical areas 111–15, 152–3 integration 102, 124–8, 135 IOP 52–5, 104, 145–6 modules 102, 121–4, 134–5 performance 126–7, 144–5 problems with 90, 94–6, 131 S60 testing 46, 99–108, 133–48 techniques 115–20 testability 115–16, 184 TRUE 128–30, 185 testware engineering 112–13, 184 third-party developers 5, 40, 184 three-D-rule 151, 185 top down testing 125, 185 TRUE testing 128–30, 185 U UI see user interface UICon library Index unit (module) testing 102, 121–4, 134–5 Universal Serial Bus (USB) 50, 138, 173, 185 USA 57–8, 59–60 usability 69–70, 147–8 user interface (UI) customization 137–8 S60 platform 3, usability testing 147–8 V V-model of software development 111–12 vehicle regulations and standards 56, 60–1 verification of binary compatibility 35–40 of IOP 52–5, 58–9, 104, 145–6 199 Verisign 49 Voice Recorder testing 141 W WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) 53–4, 138, 185 waste management 57 waterfall (iterative) development process 10, 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