Financing the landed estate power, politics and people on the marquis of angleseys estate, 1812 1854

PALGRAVE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF FINANCE Financing the Landed Estate Power, Politics and People on the Marquis of Anglesey’s Estate, 1812–1854 Carol Beardmore Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance Series Editors D’Maris Coffman Bartlett Faculty of Built Environment University College London London, UK Tony K. Moore ICMA Centre, Henley Business School University of Reading Reading, UK Martin Allen Department of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK Sophus Reinert Harvard Business School Cambridge, MA, USA The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if we are to understand the role played by finance today At the same time, the methodologies developed by finance academics can provide a new perspective for historical studies Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance is a multi-disciplinary effort to emphasise the role played by finance in the past, and what lessons historical experiences have for us It presents original research, in both authored monographs and edited collections, from historians, finance academics and economists, as well as financial practitioners More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14583 Carol Beardmore Financing the Landed Estate Power, Politics and People on the Marquis of Anglesey’s Estate, 1812–1854 Carol Beardmore University of Leicester Leicester, UK Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance ISBN 978-3-030-14551-4    ISBN 978-3-030-14552-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14552-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the ­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and ­institutional affiliations Cover illustration: Archivart / Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Geoff with much love and thanks Acknowledgements This volume comes out of the research for my Ph.D., and its completion owes a great deal to many people Firstly, to Professor D’Maris Coffman who believed that my thesis was worthy of converting into this volume and reminded me of this fact more than once To the Dorset History Centre who over many years have patiently helped me to navigate through the Anglesey Archive and answered all of my questions with interest and complete professionalism To Liz Mills at the Pilkington Library, University of Loughborough your forebearance over books has been much appreciated I owe a significant debt to Irene Jones without whom this study would never have taken place While holidaying on Anglesey in 1990, she found the archivist of Bangor University sitting on six sacks of paper relating to the Marquis of Anglesey’s Dorset and Somerset estate and set about having them transferred to the Dorset History Centre She stated, ‘The biggest thrill was handling scraps of paper: bills handwritten by Stalbridge glaziers, thatchers, masons, quarrymen, carpenters and builders for work done nearly two hundred years ago’ A sentiment many other historians and I understand and one with which I wholeheartedly concur Much thanks must go to Dr Elizabeth Hurren, for her amazing teaching, support and advice across many years Her ability to nurture students gave me confidence in myself at a time when I badly needed it I still have the early essay on which she wrote, ‘perhaps we have the making of a historian here’ Indeed, Elizabeth, perhaps we A huge debt of gratitude must go to Professor Steven King who has read and commented on many drafts of this volume, he probably knows William Castleman as well if not better than I While he has sought to guide and advise over structure and vii viii  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS content, his extraordinary skills as a writer and academic mean he has never overwritten or removed my voice from this book It is a much better volume for his input I must add though that all the remaining mistakes are mine alone For Sue my sister who will never read this book but will enjoy showing off the copy sitting on her shelf, long live the difference To Rhona Workman and Liddy Parker, your friendship and evenings spent over a gin and tonic have helped to keep me sane during this process Your friendship and patience over many cancelled meetings are much appreciated Liddy, I am still waiting for the jam The greatest thanks must go to my friend Dr Geoff Monks, who started me off on my journey as a mature student His unerring support, kindness, patience and friendship are unparalleled, and my world is a much better place for it There are many others who have provided tea and biscuits and who are too many to mention but to whom much thanks are also due Carol Beardmore Contents 1 Introduction  1 2 Estate Finances and Administration 25 3 Working Relationships 61 4 Social Relationships 97 5 Politics and the Landed Estate133 6 Social Control: Church, Charity and Education167 7 Conclusion199 Bibliography215 Index227 ix List of Tables Table 2.1 Prices per ton of stone from the estate’s quarries 32 Table 2.2 Monies received into the stone account July 1816 to January 181733 Table 2.3 Average rental value in shillings per acre 41 Table 2.4 Statement of interest, autumn 1828 53 Table 3.1 Statement of Abbot’s arrears and the sums to be paid 67 Table 5.1 List of candidates and votes polled 139 Table 5.2 Beer brewed at the Queen’s Head Inn and purchased by the estate in 1820–1821 153 Table 5.3 Election dinner 1831 156 xi  BIBLIOGRAPHY  221 Hainsworth, D (1992) Stewards, Lords and People: The Estate Steward and His World in Later Stuart England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) Hammond, J.  L and Hammond, B (1912) The Village Labourer 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crop rotation, 7; fertilizer, 74–76, 85, 123; husbandry, 61, 68, 71 (see also legal matters, husbandry clauses); poor, 3, 40, 80; selective breeding, agricultural revolution, 1, 84–89, 119 Board of Agriculture Reports, 87 climate (see agriculture, weather, poor) crops, 123, 206; barley, 68, 71; beans, 71; clover, 67; corn, 69, 75, 87–88; Anti-Corn Law League, 9, 90; Corn Law (1815), 7–8; foreign, 65; grass, 69, 113; hay, 71, 122, 113; oats, 41, 68, 71; peas, 71; potatoes, 71; prices of, 7–10, 33–35, 63–66, 69–70, 100, 200, 206; turnips, 68; vetches, 71; wheat, 7, 65, 68–71, 121 enclosure, 7, 23, 32, 65, 99  Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes © The Author(s) 2019 C Beardmore, Financing the Landed Estate, Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14552-1 227 228  INDEX agriculture (cont.) farms; Canon Court, 165n87; Clifton Farm, 52, 88, 103–106; Gibbs Farm (Stalbridge), 73; Pidgeon Farm, 125; value of, 41, 48, 69, 84, 103, 124, 203; Wyke Farm, 71, 105; Yenston Farm, 81, 106 harvest, 7–10, 33, 65–66, 69, 75, 100, 203 holdings, fragmented, livestock, 71, 113, 123, 206, 210; cows, 71–73, 84–87, 146; diseases of, 63–64, 74–76, 87, 203; manure from, 74–76, 123; selective breeding, 7; sheep, 69–71, 74–77, 84, 200 machinery (see also rural unrest); destruction of, 6, 111–119, 124–126; mole plough, 85; threshing machine, 12, 18, 64, 83–84, 87–89, 111–114, 117–118, 207–208; weighing engine, 120 soil (see land, maintenance of) weather, poor, 10, 61, 75, 82–83, 103, 109, 113–116, 123, 174, 177, 207 (see also agriculture, harvest) works on (see contemporary writers) anti-slavery sentiment, 143 B Berkshire, 8, 143 C Carlisle (Cumberland), 110 charity, 97–99, 127, 167–168, 174–180, 210 benefit societies, 25, 176 clothing funds, 25 fuel funds, 177–179, 212 pensions, 174–175 (see also financial matters, pensions) contemporary writers, 99, 103, 203 Bowley, Arthur Lyon, 11 Brown, Robert, 120, 181–182 Caird, James, Charnock, John Henry, 85–85 Cobbett, William, 112 Gisborne, Thomas, 25 Laurence, Edward, 3, 28, 123 Lawrence, John, 9, 43, 123 Loudon, John, 42 Marshall, William, 29, 77, 110 Miller, Philip, 87 Mordant, John, 43 Young, Arthur, 35, 78 Cornwall, 143 Cowes (Isle of Wight), 3, 16 Cranborne Chase 14, 114 disenfranchisement of 99, 208 correspondence, 99, 113, 125, 139–140, 171–177, 191–192 anonymous, 4, 30, 101–103, 184, 207 between Castleman and Anglesey (see land agents, Castleman, William (the younger)) crime, 107 absconding (see tenants, absconding) arson 198n84 (see also rural unrest, incendiarism) bribery (see financial matters) fines, 146 (see also tenants, fines) fraud, 3, 16, 29, 33, 38, 42–43, 72, 105–106, 204 (see also land agents, dishonest) imprisonment, 72–73, 103–108, 111, 116–117, 206 special constables, 114–115, 118, 208 theft, 6, 18, 104–109 transportation, 104, 116 tree maiming and shrouding (see rural unrest) See also rural unrest  INDEX  D Derbyshire, 4, 23n68 divorce, see legal matters, divorce Dorset, 8–11, 113, 169 Blackmore Vale, 2, 14 Bradford Abbas, 14, 81, 103, 117–118, 144, 177, 185, 188–190, 208 Bridport, 155 Clifton Maybank, 14 Cranborne Chase (see Cranborne Chase) Dorchester, 151–152 Gussage St Michael, 14, 178 Kington Magna, 14, 190 Kington Nyland, 14 Manston, 14 Marnhull, 14 Poole, 143 Portland, 44, 78 Ryme Intrinseca, 154, 172 Shaftesbury, 147, 151 Sixpenny Handley (Hanley), 14, 70, 79, 101–108, 112–117, 126, 173, 178, 185–186, 191, 207–208, 211 Stalbridge, 13–14, 32–33, 38, 50, 72, 100, 105–109, 114–121, 124, 142–144, 160, 170, 177–179, 182–187, 191, 194, 208, 211 Stalbridge Weston, 38, 121 Stourpaine, 14 Stour Provost, 14 Stour Todber, 14 Thornford, 14 Wimborne, 17, 48, 114; Allendale House, 17 Wyle, 14 duelling, 15 229 E economic recession, see agriculture, agricultural depression education, 12, 180–192, 210 Boucher, Mr., 191 Bourne, Mr., 182–184, 194, 211 Custard, John, 188–189 Education Act, (1870) 185 Fooks, Mark, 180, 188–189 Habersham, Harriet, 186–187, 194 Hughes, Dr., 186 Lancaster plan, the (Dr Bells), 186–187 Powys, Mr., 177, 191 Reid, Mr., 188–190 schools, 2, 18, 25–26, 29, 127, 168, 173, 176, 211; flax, 182, 194 (see also manufacturing, flax); industrial, 26; National, 187, 191; Sunday, 185 West, Mr., 188–190 elections, 10, 15, 19, 29, 36, 62, 90, 133–162 anti-Catholic sentiment, 144, 161 anti-slavery sentiment, 143 canvassing, 150–157, 160, 201, 209 capital bailiffs (see elections, returning officers) corporation boroughs, 137 cost of, 138, 141, 146, 150, 152, 155–157 Darlington, Lord (see landowners) disenfranchisement, 99, 136–142, 157–160, 208–209 election clubs, 143 election dinners, 155, 156, 160, 207 electorate, the, 115, 137, 144, 150, 155, 158–160, 209–210 patronage, 97, 134–138, 141–142, 145, 149, 161, 172, 208–212 petitions, 144 returning officers, 138–141, 160 230  INDEX elections (cont.) scot and lot, 138–139 sub-bailiffs, 139 votes, 133, 137, 139, 208; double voting, 134; ‘plumping’, 134; purchase of, 134, 138–141, 146, 150, 152, 155–157; voting age, 140; ‘voting houses’, 137, 140, 145–147 women, role of, 154 employment, 6, 25, 34, 115, 124 architecture, 18, 23n68 basket weaving, 116 clergy (see religious matters) doctors, 180, 186–188 farming (see agriculture) glove-making (see manufacturing) industrialisation, 65, 180 (see also manufacturing) land agents (see land agents) lawyers (see legal matters, lawyers) night watchmen, 117 teaching (see education) tradesmen, 81, 105, 119, 134, 175, 204; builders, 101, 146 (see also land, maintenance of, housing); carpenters, 101, 105–109; masons, 87 urbanisation, 180 Waywardens, 179 of women, 123, 148 woodsmen, residential, 105, 109 See also under-employment; unemployment Essex, 111 F farming, see agriculture fever, 179–180, 194 financial matters, 25–55, 199–202 allowances, to family members, 49 (see also financial matters, rent, allowances) audit dinners (see tenants, customary rights of) bailiffs, 29, 108 banking, 25, 42, 48, 51–52, 65 bankruptcy, 16, 54 bribery (‘treating’) (see also elections, votes, purchase of); allegations of, 103, 138, 152–154 charity (see charity) currency conversion, 65 debt, 7, 10, 16, 27–29, 35, 46–54, 66–74, 80, 90–91, 100, 159, 202–206, 212 (see also financial matters, mortgages; financial matters, rent); national debt, 65 economy of makeshifts (see poverty) estate vouchers, 2–4, 44, 85–87, 115, 176 farms, value of (see agriculture, farms) fines (see tenants, fines) fraud (see crime, fraud) income from natural resources, 31, 62; lime, 206; mining, 1, 34; coal, 3, 32–34, 41, 199; copper, 15; stone, 3, 31–32, 32, 123, 210; timber, 3, 31, 54, 79, 103–109, 123, 207 (see also rural unrest; tenants, customary rights of) inheritance, 2, 16–18, 48, 62–64 Insolvent Act, (1813) 73 insurance, 118 interest, 49, 52, 53, 149 mortgages, 7, 13, 27, 212 pensions, 174–175 (see also charity, pensions) poor rate (see poverty, Poor Law, the) Queen Anne’s Bounty, 176 rent, 25–48, 54; abatements, 8–10, 18, 29, 36–38, 45, 63, 69, 115,  INDEX  150, 195, 201–202, 207; accounts, 2–4, 27, 31, 42–46; accruals, 35, 133; allowances, 67–69, 85; arrears, 1–10, 29, 44–45, 67, 70–79, 90, 104, 115, 195, 202–206, 212 (see also financial matters, debt); deferment, 35; distraint, 62, 70, 73–75; fines (see tenants); increases in, 65; rack renting, 27, 32, 35–36, 40, 48, 86, 203–204; reductions in, 63, 68; unpaid, 62, 66 (see also tenants, eviction of) rewards, 117 specie, 65 tariffs, 109 taxation, 41, 45, 65 tolls, 120 French Revolution, the, 112, 170 G Gloucestershire, 11 H Hartwell (Northamptonshire), 51–52 Herefordshire, 104, 148 Hobsbawm, Eric, 12, 110–112, 117 housing, see land, maintenance of I imprisonment, see crime improvements, see land, maintenance of industrialisation, 65, 180 Ireland, 16, 144 K Kent, 113–114 231 L land agents, 168 agents-in-chief, 29, 156, 159, 187, 191–192, 211; Beer, Thomas 18, 30, 213; Bentinck, Admiral, 16; Sanderson, John, 30, 49, 52, 116, 172 Aylmer, Admiral, 2, 16, 120 Blaikie, Francis, 30 Castleman, Edward, 18, 122, 173–174, 177–179, 202 Castleman, Henry, 18, 202 Castleman, William (the elder), 17, 202 Castleman, William (the younger), 26–33, 37–40, 68–76, 79–81, 89–90; correspondence with Anglesey, 2, 11, 33, 85, 114–115, 120–125, 144, 155–156, 173; death of, 31, 122–124, 177, 201, 213; election agent, 134–162, 209; initial employment, 2–3, 13–17, 66, 79, 100, 104, 171; skill of, 16–18, 202–208, 212 Cox, Mr., 2, 16–17, 53, 64, 79–81, 90, 100–101, 105, 108, 201, 204 dishonest, 3, 38, 157 Feaver, George, 140, 148–149, 153–154 Hodgkinson, Richard, incompetent, 16, 157 (see also land agents, Cox, Mr.) James, Mr., 154 relationship with landowners, 26, 31, 42, 61–91, 200 role of, 1, 17–18, 26–34, 43, 53, 210; election agents, 134–162, 192 (see also elections); Corrupt Practices Act (1883), 135 social relationships, 97–127, 205–208 (see also landowners, social relationships) 232  INDEX land agents (cont.) wages of, 29, 69 Walter, Peter, 13–14, 98–99 Woodhouse, Wentworth, 41 works on (see contemporary writers) land, maintenance of, 1, 64 drainage, 1–2, 10, 18, 25, 64, 78, 81–87, 123–124, 177, 201, 207 housing, 25, 29, 42, 77, 142, 170, 209 (see also tenants); farms (see agriculture, farms); rent (see financial matters, rent); ‘voting houses’, 137, 140, 145–147 (see also elections) repairs, 1, 10, 18, 40, 62, 66, 75–82, 90, 104–105, 109, 123, 146, 201, 204, 207 (see also social control, churches) road-building, 18, 123–124, 179, 210 soil, 7, 62, 78, 89, 103–105, 123, 207, 211 (see also agriculture) turnpikes, 17, 123 landowners, 7, 168 absentee, 1–4, 26, 29, 64, 68, 77, 90, 97–98, 105, 108, 150, 171, 201–204, 207 Anglesey, Marquis of (second Earl of Uxbridge; Paget, Henry William), 14, 23n68; benevolence of, 11, 119–121, 180, 188–189, 204; Catholic sympathies of, 16, 144; correspondence (see land agents, Castleman, William (the younger)); creation as Marquis, 14; death of, 53; divorce of 15–16, 27, 48–49; financial difficulties of, 15–16, 27, 48–53, 90–91, 159, 212 (see also elections, cost of); inheritance, 2, 16–18, 48, 64 Argyll, Duke of, 15 Bankes, Henry, 69, 82, 148, 154, 160 Bayley, Nicholas (see landowners, Paget, Sir Edward; landowners, Paget, Henry William) Bedford, Duke of, 62, 78 Cadogan, Earl of, 14–15 Castleman, William (see land agents, Castleman, William (the younger)) Coke, Thomas, 26, 30, 36, 47, 77 Constable, Sir Marmaduke, Darlington, Lord, 32, 42, 51, 139–142, 145–149, 152, 157, 161, 172, 208–210 Devonshire, Duke of, 3–4, 50 Digby, Lord, 184 Ironside, Ralph, 85–87 leadership, 97, 169 Manners, Sir William, 146 Medleycott, Sir William, 146–148, 161, 172 Newcastle, Duke of, 13 Paget, Henry William (see landowners, Anglesey, Marquis of (second Earl of Uxbridge; Paget, Henry William)) Paget, Sir Edward, 139 patronage (see elections) Portland, Duke of, 47, 78 Portman, Lord, 178–179, 193 relationship with land agents (see land agents, relationship with landowners) relationship with tenants (see elections; tenants) Rivers, Lord, 103 Rutland, Duke of, 187 Shannon, Viscount Richard, 13 social relationships, 97–127 (see also land agents, social relationships) Spencer, Earl, 78  INDEX  Uxbridge, Earl of (first), 13 Uxbridge, Earl of (second) (see landowners, Paget, Henry William) Walter, Edward, 13, 138, 139 Walter, Peter, 13–14, 98–99 Westminster, Lord, 125 See also paternalism legal matters, 167 conveyancing, 28 covenants, 34 divorce, 15–16, 27, 48–49 husbandry clauses, 28, 34, 40, 89 (see also agriculture, agricultural practices, husbandry) lawyers, 28; Castleman, William (the younger), 18, 26, 126, 202 (see also land agents); Lowe, Mr., 49–50, 141; Metcalf[e], 146 magistrates, 168; Okeden, David Perry, 11; Yeatman, Mr., 121–122 Scottish law, 15 Leicester (Leicestershire), 134 letters, see correspondence literacy, 12 See also correspondence; education; social control London, 13–15, 42 187 Luddites, see Swing Riots, the M magistrates, see legal matters, magistrates manufacturing, 66, 113, 186, 194 flax, 182–183, 194, 211 glove-making, 114–116, 123, 148, 183 (see also Somerset, Milborne Port); Ensor, Mr., 146–147; foreign gloves, 114, 144; Henning, Mr., 140, 145–149 linen, 149 233 sail-making, 147–149 silk, 175 mining, see financial matters, income from natural resources moral economy, see tenants, customary rights of N Napoleonic Wars, aftermath of, 1–2, 32 agricultural depression (see agriculture, agricultural depression) Battle of Waterloo, 7, 14 labour shortage during, 87–89 servicemen, demobilisation of, 8, 66 trade blockades, 7, 65 newspapers and journals, 113–114, 143 advertising in, 17, 143 Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 114 Dorset Country Chronicle and Somersetshire Gazette, 73–74, 160 Kent Herald, 113 London, 161 Morning Chronicle, 118 Rural Queries, 113 Salisbury and Winchester Journal, 17 Sherborne Mercury, 75, 114, 143 Norfolk, 111 General View of the Agriculture of the County of Norfolk, 35, 78 Holkham Hall, 26, 30, 36, 47, 63, 77, 119, 200 Northumberland, 113 Nottinghamshire, 1, 23n68, 47 P paternalism, 61, 97, 133, 142, 169 philanthropy, see charity politics, see elections 234  INDEX poverty, 6, 11, 29, 112–115, 167, 174–184, 192, 195, 206 Poor Law, the, 25, 126, 174, 184; boards of, 168; economy of makeshifts, 11, 19, 99, 170, 175–177; Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), 117; poor relief, 18, 113–115, 175; Speenhamland, See also rural unrest professions, see employment Q Queen Anne’s Bounty, 176 R religious matters, 167, 183, 190 anti-Catholic sentiment, 144, 161 churches (see social control, churches) clergy, local, 167–170, 176, 211; Dugdale, Rector, 187–191; Grant, Rev., 177, 188–189; Hatherston, Rev Peter John, 176; Luke, Rev., 187–188; Mason, Rev., 112, 191; Owen, Rev., 171–172; Mrs Owen, 154, 172–173, 211 (see also elections, women, role of); Preston, Mr., 188–190; Streatfield, Mr., 107–108; West, Rev., 188–189 Digest of Parochial Returns, 185 education (see education) Ely, Bishop of, 177 Hereford, Bishop of, 171 Sunday schools, 185 Rudé, George, 12, 110–112, 117 rural unrest, 6, 18, 66, 97–99, 104, 108–119, 124–126 incendiarism, 6, 99, 111, 114, 117–119, 126 (see also crime, arson) machinery, destruction of, 6, 111–119, 124–126 tree-maiming and shrouding, 6, 103–104, 107–108 underwood, theft of (see crime; tenants, customary rights of) See also poverty; Swing Riots, the Rutland, 5, 187 S Salop, see Shropshire schools, see education servicemen, see Napoleonic Wars, aftermath of Shropshire (Salop), 11, 136 social control, 11–12, 19, 137, 167–195 charity (see charity) churches, 29, 127, 168; expansion of 19, 170–173, 193, 210; repairs to, 168–174, 193, 210 education (see education) elections (see elections) See also Thompson, F.M.L Somerset, 11–16 Bruton, 13 Charlton Horethorne, 14, 37, 85, 111, 173 Cheriton, 14 Coombe Abbas, 14 Corfe Castle, 114 Henstridge, 14, 51, 101, 115–116, 126, 177 Horsington, 14 Ilchester, 146–147 Kingsbury Regis, 14 Maiden Bradley, 14 Milborne Port, 10, 14, 18–19, 31–32, 42, 51, 69, 76, 99–100, 106, 114–116, 152–156, 208–212; disenfranchisement of, 136–142, 157–160, 209  INDEX  Milborne Wyke, 14 Norton Ferris, 14 Stotford, 14 Templecombe, 14, 190 Wyke Champflower, 13 Yarnfield, 14 Yeovil, 147 Spring, David, 4, 26, 199 Staffordshire, 16, 48, 52 Beaudesert, 30 Stafford, 135 Suffolk, 11, 111 Swing Riots, the, 6, 12, 18, 89, 97, 104, 108–118, 126, 148, 169, 178–180, 192, 206, 210 Captain Swing (Eric Hobsbawm and George Rudé), 12, 110–112, 117 end of, 117, 123 See also rural unrest T taxation, see financial matters tenants, 28–40 Adams, 80, 107–108, 126, 153 Abbot, William, 66–67, 67, 88 absconding, 100 agency of, 39 allotments, 25, 178 Baldwin, 66–68 Barnett, 111 Barrett, 73–77, 206 Biles, 70, 79, 83 Bishop, 71, 88, 206 Bourne, 66 customary rights of, 6, 101–103, 125–126, 169, 192, 200–202, 206–207 (see also rural unrest); audit dinners, 98–101, 126, 201–202, 207; election dinners (see elections); firewood, 99, 235 103–109, 126, 201 (see also crime, theft; rural unrest); hunting, 99–103, 108, 120–122, 126, 201, 207 dishonest distress of, 6–11, 18, 28, 64–77, 114, 126 Davies, Robert, 81 Dawe, 73–77, 206 Dike, James, 37 Drake, 72 Duffett, Elias, 37 eviction of, 10, 36, 62, 119, 137, 149, 169, 211 (see also financial matters, rent) fines, 28, 37–38, 48, 54, 68, 188–189, 204 Goodridge, 82–83 Gregory, Sam, 106–107 Hallet, John, 106–107 Hannon, Shadrach, 37 Harris, Samuel, 70–71, 206 Highmore family, 75–76, 82–83, 90, 139, 146, 153, 159, 165n87 lifehold, 32, 37 Meatyard, Richard, 125 Oborne, 66, 88–89 Owen, 147 Parsons, 122 Phillips, William, 71–72 Piper, 80 Porter, 89 relationship with landowners (see elections; tenants, customary rights of) rent (see financial matters) retention of, 1, 24, 34, 64, 73, 77, 83, 121–122, 202–203, 212 Slocombe, 81 Snook, James, 85 Spencer, John, 87 Stay, 173 236  INDEX tenants (cont.) Talbot, 111 Thorn, John, 106–107 Took, 111 Toop, Charles, 85 votes of (see elections) Welch, 66 Withers, 39, 68, 108 Yeatman, 121–122 Thompson, F.M.L., 4, 12, 27, 41, 48, 144–145, 169, 181, 193, 199, 204 tradesmen, see employment U under-employment, 6–8, 12, 18, 113, 116, 180, 192 unemployment, 6–8, 12, 87, 66, 112–113, 177–180, 192 urbanisation, 180 V von Puckler-Muskau, Prince Hermann, 98 W Wales, 16, 48–52 war, Napoleonic, see Napoleonic Wars, aftermath of Wellesley, Charlotte, 14–15 Wellesley, Henry, 14–15 Wiltshire, 11, 23n68, 73 Winchester College (Hampshire), 148, 157, 171, 209 Woburn Abbey (Bedfordshire), 23n68 Wyatville, Sir Jeffry, 18, 23n68 Y Yorkshire, 3, 110, 135 ... Carol Beardmore Financing the Landed Estate Power, Politics and People on the Marquis of Anglesey’s Estate, 1812 1854 Carol Beardmore University of Leicester Leicester, UK Palgrave Studies in the History of. .. business and financial history of the landed estate A new set of sources enables us to focus on the economic aspects of the landed estate; these reveal that it mattered both who owned and managed the. .. development of the landscape reveal a community which was fashioned and moulded by the landowner and agent and founded on the prevailing financial conditions of the economy The idea that rural England