the politics and power of turism

The Politics and Power of Tourism in Palestine Tourism in Palestine has been receiving an increasingly important profile given its economic and religious importance and the significant role it plays in Israeli-Palestinian relations, representation of Palestinian statehood and identity, and wider Middle Eastern politics Nevertheless, Palestine, like much of the Middle East as a whole, remains extremely underrepresented in tourism literature This title aims to fill this void by being the first book dedicated to exploring the significance of tourism in relationship to Palestine The book examines the role of tourism in Palestine at three main levels First, it provides an overview of destination management and marketing issues for the tourism industry in Palestine and addresses not only the visitor markets and the economic significance of tourism but also the realities of the difficulties of destination management, marketing and promotion of the Palestinian state Second, it provides chapters and case studies that interrogate not only the various forms of tourism in Palestine but also its economic, social, environmental and spiritual importance This part also conveys a dimension to tourism in Palestine that is not usually appreciated in the Western mainstream media The third part indicates the way in which tourism in Palestine highlights broader questions and debates in tourism studies and the way in which travel in the region is framed in wider discourses A significant dimension of the book is the attention it gives to the different voices of stakeholders in Palestinian tourism at varying levels of scale This timely volume will offer the reader significant insight into the challenges and issues of tourism in this area now and in the future It will benefit those interested in tourism, Middle East studies, politics, economics, development studies and geography Rami K Isaac is currently a Senior Lecturer in tourism teaching at the NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands His research interests in the area of tourism development and management, cultural heritage and political aspects of tourism He has published numerous articles and book chapters on critical theory and tourism and political (in)stability, occupation, tourism and war, violence and transformational tourism C Michael Hall is a Professor in the Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand and is also Docent, Department of Geography, University of Oulu, Finland He holds visiting positions in Finland, Sweden and South Africa As co-editor of Current Issues in Tourism he has a long legacy of publications on tourism politics and policy as well as its role in regional development Freya Higgins-Desbiolles is a Senior Lecturer with the School of Management of the University of South Australia She has published numerous articles and book chapters on justice and human rights issues in tourism, indigenous tourism and policy, planning and management of tourism Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility Series Editor: C Michael Hall Professor at the Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand For a complete list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com The aim of this series is to explore and communicate the intersections and relationships between leisure, tourism and human mobility within the social sciences It will incorporate both traditional and new perspectives on leisure and tourism from contemporary geography, e.g notions of identity, representation and culture, while also providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, gastronomy and food studies, marketing, policy studies and political economy, regional and urban planning, and sociology, within the development of an integrated field of leisure and tourism studies Also, increasingly, tourism and leisure are regarded as steps in a continuum of human mobility Inclusion of mobility in the series offers the prospect to examine the relationship between tourism and migration, the sojourner, educational travel, and second home and retirement travel phenomena The series comprises two strands: Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility aims to address the needs of students and academics, and the titles will be published in hardback and paperback Titles include: The Moralisation of Tourism Sun, sand….and saving the world? Jim Butcher The Ethics of Tourism Development Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy Tourism in the Caribbean Trends, development, prospects Edited by David Timothy Duval Qualitative Research in Tourism Ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies Edited by Jenny Phillimore and Lisa Goodson The Media and the Tourist Imagination Converging cultures Edited by David Crouch, Rhona Jackson and Felix Thompson Tourism and Global Environmental Change Ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships Edited by Stefan Gössling and C Michael Hall Cultural Heritage of Tourism in the Developing World Edited by Dallen J Timothy and Gyan Nyaupane Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts An integrated approach C Michael Hall and Alan Lew 10 Tourism and Climate Change Impacts, adaptation and mitigation C Michael Hall, Stefan Gössling and Daniel Scott An Introduction to Visual Research Methods in Tourism Edited by Tijana Rakic and Donna Chambers 11 Tourism and Citizenship Raoul V Bianchi and Marcus L Stephenson Routledge studies in contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility is a forum for innovative new research intended for research students and academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only Titles include: 40 Scuba Diving Tourism Edited by Kay Dimmcock and Ghazali Musa 41 Contested Spatialities Lifestyle Migration and Residential Tourism Michael Janoschka and Heiko Haas 42 Contemporary Issues in Cultural Heritage Tourism Edited by Jamie Kaminski, Angela M Benson and David Arnold 43 Understanding and Governing Sustainable Tourism Mobility Edited by Scott Cohen, James Higham, Paul Peeters and Stefan Gossling 44 Green Growth and Travelism Concept, policy and practice for sustainable tourism Edited by Terry DeLacy, Min Jiang, Geoffrey Lipman and Shaun Vorster 45 Tourism, Religion and Pilgrimage in Jerusalem Kobi Cohen-Hattab and Noam Shoval 46 Trust, Tourism Development and Planning Edited by Robin Nunkoo and Stephen L.J Smith 47 A Hospitable World? Organising work and workers in hotels and tourist resorts Edited by David Jordhus-Lier and Anders Underthun 48 Tourism in Pacific Islands Current issues and future challenges Edited by Stephen Pratt and David Harrison 49 Social Memory and Heritage Tourism Methodologies Edited by Stephen P Hanna, Amy E Potter, E Arnold Modlin, Perry Carter, and David L Butler 50 Affective Tourism Dark routes in conflict Dorina Maria Buda 51 Scientific Tourism Edited by Susan L Slocum, Carol Kline and Andrew Holden 52 Volunteer Tourism The lifestyle politics of international development Jim Butcher and Peter Smith 56 Tourism and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Current issues and local realities Marina Novelli 53 Imagining the West through Film and Tourism Warwick Frost and Jennifer Laing 57 Tourism and the Anthropocene Edited by Martin Gren and Edward H Huijbens 54 The Practice of Sustainable Tourism Resolving the paradox Edited by Michael Hughes, David Weaver and Christof Pforr 58 The Politics and Power of Tourism in Palestine Edited by Rami K Isaac, C Michael Hall and Freya Higgins-Desbiolles 55 Mountaineering Tourism Edited by Ghazali Musa, James Higham and Anna Thompson Forthcoming: International Tourism and Cooperation and the Gulf Cooperation Council States Developments, challenges and opportunities Edited by Marcus Stephenson and Ala Al-Hamarneh Political Ecology of Tourism Community, power and the environment Edited by Mary Mostafanezhad, Eric Jacob Shelton, Roger Norum and Anna Thompson-Carr Protest and Resistance in the Tourist City Edited by Johannes Novy and Claire Colomb Women and Sex Tourism Landscapes Erin Sanders-McDonagh Research Volunteer Tourism Angela M Benson Managing and Interpreting D-day’s Sites of Memory War graves, museums and tour guides Edited by Geoffrey Bird, Sean Claxton and Keir Reeves Co-Creation in Tourist Experiences Nina Prebensen, Joseph Chen and Muzaffer Uysal Authentic and Inauthentic Places Jane Lovell and Chris Bull The Politics and Power of Tourism in Palestine Edited by Rami K Isaac, C Michael Hall and Freya Higgins-Desbiolles First published 2016 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Rami K Isaac, C Michael Hall and Freya Higgins-Desbiolles Individual chapters: the contributors The right of Rami K Isaac, C Michael Hall and Freya Higgins-Desbiolles to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-82470-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-74050-8 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby Contents List of figures List of tables List of contributors Acknowledgements Introduction xi xii xiii xv RAMI K ISAAC, C MICHAEL HALL AND FREYA HIGGINS-DESBIOLLES PART I An overview of tourism in Palestine 13 15 Palestine as a tourism destination RAMI K ISAAC, C MICHAEL HALL AND FREYA HIGGINS-DESBIOLLES PART II The ways in which tourism matters to Palestine Solidarity tourism in Palestine: the alternative tourism group of Palestine as a catalyzing instrument of resistance 35 37 RAMI KASSIS, RANJAN SOLOMON AND FREYA HIGGINS-DESBIOLLES Bike and hike in Palestine 53 YIOTA KUTULAS AND MICHEL AWAD Ongoing dispossession and a heritage of resistance: the village of Battir vs Israeli settler-colonialism RYVKA BARNARD AND HASSAN MUAMER 63 viii Contents World Heritage Site in Bethlehem and its potential reflections on tourism 79 NADA ATRASH Experiential community-based rural tourism potential in Palestine: challenges and potentials 95 RAED SAADEH Diaspora and VFR: an exploratory study 113 SUHAIL KHALILIEH Pilgrimage tourism to Palestine 124 RAMI K ISAAC 10 Gaza: the missing tourism assets 137 RANIA FILFIL ALMBAID PART III The ways in which Palestine matters to tourism 149 11 Tourism, travel and academic (and cultural) boycotting 151 BISAN MITRI 12 The folds of place: re-visiting questions of travel in Israel/Palestine 166 WALEED HAZBUN 13 Walled off from the world: Palestine, tourism and resisting occupation 178 FREYA HIGGINS-DESBIOLLES PART IV Conclusion: future visioning 195 14 Towards the future of tourism and pilgrimage in Bethlehem, Jerusalem and Palestine 197 TOM SELWYN AND RAMI K ISAAC 15 Envisioning a tourism of peace in the Gaza Strip IAN S McINTOSH AND JAMIL ALFALEET 217 Contents 16 The State of Palestine: the newest country probably with the oldest nation brand in the world ix 228 ERDINҪ ҪAKMAK AND RAMI K ISAAC 17 Giving Palestinian tourism(s) a voice 244 RAMI K ISAAC, VINCENT PLATENKAMP, FREYA HIGGINS-DESBIOLLES AND C MICHAEL HALL Appendix: a Code of Conduct for tourism in the Holy Land Index 250 257 252 Appendix are committed to transforming the current tourism patterns in the Holy Land by encouraging pilgrims and tourists to include Palestinian cities, towns and villages in their itineraries in order to achieve a more equal distribution of tourism revenues to all people in this land Based on our belief that both tourists and hosts can be enriched by human encounters through tourism, we invite travellers to meet the Palestinian people and explore their culture We strive to create opportunities for local communities to become involved in tourism activities and to earn a fair income from the process We believe that protecting and preserving the environment is of utmost importance, and thus we are searching for less harmful ways of providing tourism services We call on all service providers to commit themselves to responsible business practices and to renounce exploitative behaviour Our objective is to promote a just and responsible tourism in Palestine that benefits the Palestinian people, pilgrims, tourists and all other stakeholders in tourism in the country without harming local communities The Code of Conduct A: travellers to the Holy Land Preparation To prepare your trip to Palestine, we encourage you to consider including the following in your preparation: Choose an inclusive and balanced itinerary that allows you to visit and stay in different places Educate yourself by reading guidebooks, travel accounts and articles about current news and events Establish contact with Palestinians to get up-to-date information about the current situation, safety, local history, culture and customs Approach travelling with a desire to learn rather than just observe Leave prejudices behind Your trip Adopting a considerate attitude towards the people you encounter, the environment, and host communities when travelling in Palestine helps to make sure that your trip is beneficial both for you as a tourist and for the hosts Your attitude: ● Respect and learn about the local culture Although taking pictures is in general welcome, be aware of people’s sensitivity about being photographed: always ask first for their approval ● Observe local customs Respect local dress codes and dress modestly Appendix 253 ● Interact and spend time with local people Be aware that your cultural values may differ from theirs They may, for example, have different concepts of time, personal space, communication and society Other values are not wrong or inferior, just different Your behaviour: ● Be aware of short-sighted emotional reactions, such as giving money out of compassion This can be offensive ● Make sure that you encounter and engage with the local communities who are struggling for the respect of their dignity ● Support communities in a responsible way, without encouraging them to change their customs in order to adopt yours ● When visiting holy sites, allow members of the respective religious community to guide you Your use of natural resources: ● Co-operate with locals in conserving precious natural resources Commit yourself to a moderate use when possible ● Be open to experience local standards rather than expecting to find the same conditions as in your home town and/or country Support the local economy: ● Appreciate local expertise by paying adequately ● Buy local products ● Contribute to ensuring that tourism has a beneficial outcome for the local community ● Use local transportation, guides, accommodation, restaurants and markets to benefit the local economy Consider giving tips where customary Remember that the people you encounter have lived under military occupation for many years Be sensitive when discussing related topics and listen to their points of view Be inspired by the pilgrim’s journey: take your time to live and experience the daily life of the local people Returning home When you return from Palestine not hesitate to share your experiences with friends and relations Your Palestinian hosts will be very happy to know that you keep them in your mind and that you tell their and your stories In this way, you can strengthen the human side of tourism and enhance its benefits to communities and individuals Share your experience: ● Think of creating links between your community and the community you visited ● Tell the stories of the people you met Appendix 254 ● Discuss and debrief with other members of your group (if you travelled together with others) ● Share with your family; inform your community; write articles Stick to the commitments you made during your trip: ● Remember the promises you made to the local people you met and honour them ● Keep the people in your thoughts, pray for them and act when your actions are needed Allow yourself to be enriched by learning experiences: ● Question your stereotypes/generalisations, both the ones you had before the trip and the ones emerging from your experience abroad ● Address prejudices and injustice where you meet them 10 Take action: ● Learn about the involvement and responsibilities of your home country in the Middle East Expose and confront them when they have been unfair ● Address statements you not agree with, such as inaccurate tourism brochures, stereotyped views of Palestine in conversation and inaccurate or biased media portrayals B: the Palestinian tourism sector Whilst Palestine has been a destination for travellers for many centuries, the development of a tourism industry that provides services to a large number of tourists is still rather recent Indeed, the development has not yet been completed and new capacities are being added Despite this, we believe that the time has come to work towards a more sustainable development of the sector Therefore, as representatives of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and private companies, associations and civil society organisations, we call on all tourism stakeholders in Palestine to commit to the practices and policies introduced in this Code of Conduct Your behaviour towards tourists: treat them honestly and with respect Respect the religious belief of visitors and the freedom of religious worship Appreciate cultural diversity Respect ways of dressing and food preferences of visitors Tour guides: Provide accurate and useful information to tourists that covers the religious, social and cultural dimensions of Palestine Do not just tell stories that visitors want to hear and not repeat stereotypes Instead of doing this, challenge the visitors by presenting different interpretations Be aware of your unique role as a tour guide: visitors will draw conclusions about Palestinians from your behaviour Appendix 255 Local communities, tour guides and employees in the tourism sector: Help tourists when they are in need Be hospitable Interact with visitors on a human level, not limit your interactions to economic/financial exchanges Authority: The tourist police and other official bodies should deal with tourists in a respectful way Authority and local communities: Undertake efforts to prevent negative and irresponsible behaviour like begging from tourists and exploiting them Your responsibility towards local communities Bear in mind that local businesses have a responsibility towards the people they employ and the communities whose resources they use Pay fair wages Distribute the income fairly amongst product producers, providers, sellers and intermediaries Sell national and local products and handicrafts to tourists Consider adopting fair trade standards Develop means of communication and opportunities for interaction between Palestinians and tourists Engage in human and cultural exchanges for these can increase the benefits from tourism to Palestinian communities 10 Create opportunities for local communities to participate in tourism 11 Increase networking amongst churches and international organisations to explain the Palestinian narrative to complete the picture of people who are familiar with the more well-known Israeli narrative Improve Palestinian tourism opportunities by creating new and unique itineraries In addition, research and develop special Palestinian package tours that can be promoted locally for visitors after they have arrived in the country 12 Develop the competence of the workforce in the tourism industry and their knowledge of Palestinian identity and history Further, train tour guides in contemporary issues Develop the awareness of people interacting with tourists (guides, taxi drivers, host families, etc.) 13 Integrate culture and heritage into tourist programmes Improve the image of Palestine through organizing festivals, conferences, workshops and use these cultural events to encourage tourists to spend longer periods of time in Palestine 14 Improve marketing of local handicrafts and national products 15 Raise awareness that programmes of Palestinian travel agencies should include all different aspects of Palestine, i.e religion, politics, economics, cultural heritage and leisure 256 Appendix Our responsibility towards the environment 16 Introduce environment-friendly principles to the operation of hotels, guest houses and restaurants and inform your guests about your standards Increase the environmental awareness among Palestinians and provide a tourism that respects the environment Responsible business practices in the tourism industry 17 Increase transparency in business practices and engage in ethical competition which does not harm the value of tourism 18 Tourists have the right to fair prices and full enjoyment of their trips Establishing the Code of Conduct The Code of Conduct has been drafted following extensive consultations both locally within Palestine and internationally with those organisations and individuals committed to responsible tourism and justice It is a living document which invites engagement, comment and feedback for further improvement in achieving its objectives You can help us to improve it by sending your feedback to pirt@atg.ps Organisations which are part of the Palestinian Initiative for Responsible Tourism ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquity Alternative Tourism Group Arab Hotel Association Bethlehem University Holy Land Incoming Tour Operator Association Holy Land Trust International Center of Bethlehem Jerusalem Inter-Church Center Joint Advocacy Initiative Network of Christian Organizations in Bethlehem Siraj Center for Holy Land Studies Index Entries in italics indicate titles of documents Page numbers in italics indicate figures or tables Abraham Path 54, 55, 56, 108 Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim 171–172 academic boycotts 155–156, 159–162 academic networks 214 accessibility 132, 138 Adventure Travel 54 advertising 238 advisory board 27 African National Congress 161–162 agora 245 Al Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem 19 Al Walaja 69 Al-Aghwar 21 Al-Bireh 22 all-inclusive packages 38 Al-Mathaf 140 Al-Nakbah 40, 116–117, 119, 230–231 Al-Nakseh 120 Alternative Tourism group (ATG): goals 47–48, 50, 206; interaction with host communities 45–50; olive trees 46–47; origins 45; participants 45; pilgrimage 46; research 49; testimonials 45–46, 47 American Studies Association 155–156 Anglo–French agreement 115 Anthedon Harbour, Gaza 144, 219–220 Apartheid Wall See Segregation Wall Applied Research Institute 212 Arab Hotel Association 23 Arab Revolt Arab Tourist Guides Union 24 Arafat, Yasser 118 archaeological sites 219–220 archaeology 166–167 Area A 6, 28, 61, 181, 185, 198 Area B 6, 61 Area C 6, 27–28, 30–31, 61, 69, 133 Armenian Convent, Bethlehem 90, 91 Armistice Line See Green Line armistices 117 As-Saraya 83 Avnery, Uri 231 Baboun, Vera 205 backpackers 213 Balfour Declaration 115 bamboo industry 146 Basilica 18 Battir: agriculture 67, 68–69, 74–75; archaeological sites 75; cease-fire 68; colonial eco-tourism 70–71; geography 67; Jerusalem Park 71–76; under occupation 68–69; resistance 73–76; Segregation Wall 69–70; social solidarity 67–68; World Heritage Site 21, 63, 67, 75–76, 108; Zionist attacks 67–68 Battir Landscape Conservation and Management Plan 74 Bedouin communities 58, 61 Beit Sahour, Bethlehem 19, 45, 206, 208 Beitar Illit 69 Ben Gurion International Airport, Israel 184 Ben-Gurion University, Israel 155 Bethlehem: accessibility 28, 199; Church of the Nativity See Birthplace of Jesus: 258 Index Church of the Nativitydemolitions 86; economy 198–199; geography 198; inscription 79–81, 86–91; institutions 205–207; local authorities 90–91; local community 87–89; management of World Heritage Site 91–93; occupation 199; Pilgrimage Route 81–82, 90, 92; political affairs 205; popularity as tourist destination 18, 21, 66; population 198; regulation 90–91; revitalization 88–89; sacred sites 18–19, 127–128, 198 See also individual sitessmall businesses 203–204; Star Street See Star Streeturban development 82–86; visitor statistics 130, 131–132 Bethlehem 2000 202–203, 207–208, 214 Bethlehem Bible College 207 Bethlehem Governorate 21, 198–199 Bethlehem Municipality 83, 86–87, 90 Bethlehem Peace Centre 83 Bethlehem University 206–207 biking See walking/cycling tours Bilad al Sham Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity 19; characteristics 81; inscription 79–81; management 91–93; pilgrimage route 81–82; popularity 53, 199; urban development 82–86 Birthright Israel 120, 121, 166 birthright trips 120–122 border controls 4, 15, 20, 21, 28, 42–43, 48–49, 133, 184–186 Botmeh, Jawad 67 Boycott, Charles 152 Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement (BDS): academic and cultural boycotts 155–156; Call 155; defined 154; divestment 156–158; historical context 151–152; sanctions 158 boycotts: academic and cultural 155–156; defined 152; political consumerism 152–153; and tourism 152–154 ‘brain drain’ 31–32 British Mandate 3, 83, 116, 200, 232 Bronner, E 186–187 Bronze Age archaeological sites, Gaza 19 building control 89 Byzantine churches 19, 108, 141 Canaanite age 106, 127, 137 capacity building 111 Catastrophe, The See Al-Nakbah Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron 19 cease-fire 68 centers of local culture 108 Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation (CCHP) 86–87, 202, 205–206 checkpoints 4, 29, 45, 132, 133, 138, 189 Chile 240 Christian holidays 129 Christian missionaries 83 Christmas events 66, 81, 91 Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem 17, 90 Church of Saint Porphyrius, Gaza 19, 143 Church of the Ascension, Jerusalem 19 Church of the Nativity See Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity citizen relationship management 240–241 civil disobedience 41 civil society networks 211 class 38 Closure 5–6 coach tours 48, 49, 60, 201, 251 Code of Conduct for Tourism in the Holy Land 48, 250–256 Cole, T 183 colonial eco-tourism 70–71 colonialism 64–70, 201 communities: Bedouin 58, 59, 61, 62; and community-based tourism 108–110; isolation 96–97; marginalized 108–109; ownership transfer 39–40, 109; rural 58, 59, 60; solidarity with 45–50 community balances 99, 100–101 community-based tourism 38; basic principles 99; community balances 99, 100–101; cross-sectorial development/ synergies 98–101; diversity 101; enhancing supporting sectors 101–102; gap analysis 111–112; initiatives 107–108; interpretation method 102–104; local guides 99, 100, 103; stakeholders 99, 100; sustainability pillars 98–104; visitor experience 104–106; working with local communities 108–110 Index 259 conspicuous consumption 37 Cook’s tourists’ handbook for Palestine and Syria Crimean War 83 cross-sectorial development 98–101 cruises, faith-based 125 cultural boycotts 155–156, 159–162 cultural heritage 58, 59 cultural industries 212 cultural production 101–102 customer relationship management 240–241 cycling See walking/cycling tours Daher, R Damascus Gate 81 Dar Mansour, Bethlehem 19 Dead Sea 2, 106 Deir al Balah 219 Deir Yassin 67–68, 116 Department for International Development (DFID) deportations 42 desert 106 Destination Marketing Organizations 228 diasporas: birthright trips 120–122; defined 113–114; etymology 113–114; Jewish 113; locations 113; mobilization 239–240; Palestinian 113–115, 239–240; Scottish 114; visiting friends and relatives 114–115 Dier Al-Balah, Gaza 145 divestment 156–158 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 19 domestic tourism 29, 128, 129, 231 Dubai 37 Eat, Pray, Love 37 economic closure 5–6 ecotourism, colonial 70–71 Egypt 1–2, 117, 131 Eilbun–Tiberias 116–117 Elisha’s Sprint, Jericho 19 Emek Refaim Valley Park 71 emigration 113, 119 employment 58, 59, 60, 129 England 131 ethical travel 153 ‘ethnic tourism’ 170–171 experiential programs 26, 53–62 See also community-based tourism exports 232–234 fair trade 234 faith tourism faith travel market 126–127 faith-based cruises 125 festivals 26, 211–212 First Intifada 4–5, 40–41, 118 folklore 75 forced migration 42 foreign direct investment 234–236 fragmentation 96 France 131 Franciscan Convent, Bethlehem 90, 91 Friends of the Earth Middle East 70 friendship 60 gap analysis 110, 111–112 Garden of Gethsemane, Jerusalem 19 gastronomy tourism 213 Gaza flotillas 187 Gaza Strip 4, 15, 28–29; accessibility 138; accommodation 140–141; airport 139; archaeological sites 144, 219–220; arts and crafts village 146; attractions 141–146; beach 141; coastal wetlands 144; economy 6; entertainment 141; exports 233–234; geography 137, 144; history 137–138; institutionalized persecution 42; population 138; seaport 139; visioning exercise 217–226 Gaza University, visioning exercise 217–226 Gaza Virtual Museum 221–223 Gaza–Jericho Accord 119 Germany 131 Gilo 72–73 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism 1999 179 globalization 38, 179, 228, 247–248 Golan Heights 158 governance 210–211 Great Omari Mosque, Gaza 19, 141–142 Greece 131 Greek Orthodox Convent, Bethlehem 90, 91 Greek ruins 260 Index Green Line 68, 72, 73, 154, 182 Green Olive Tours 121–122 Grotto of the Nativity 18 guest houses 20 Hacohen, Z 72 Hage, G 189–190 Halper, J 41 Hammam alsumara, Gaza 142–143 handicrafts 146, 213 Hannam, K Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 115 Hawking, Stephen 155, 156 Hebron 19; solidarity tourism 47; visitor statistics 21, 130; walking/cycling tours 54 Herodion fortress, Bethlehem 19 Higher Council for Arab Tourism Industry (HCAT) 23 hiking tours See walking/cycling tours Hisham’s Palace, Jericho 18, 19 Holy Land Incoming Tour Operators Association 23–24 Honduras 239–240 hospitality 54–55, 60, 99, 213 host communities See communities hotels: classification rating system 27; effects of political situation 95; guest nationality 21–22, 22; occupancy rates 18, 20, 22, 129, 130 house demolitions 42 human rights 151, 179 Ibrahimi Mosque, Hebron 19 India 131 Indiana University 217 Indonesia 131 inequality 37–38, 63–64 Initiative for the Palestinian Economy 235 inner city trails 108 Institute for National Security Studies 160 institutional boycotts 158 intercultural exchanges 55, 57, 60, 99 international aid 6–7, 64, 208 International Centre of Bethlehem 207 International Coalition of Sites of Conscience 222 International Court of Justice 154, 158, 182 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 179 international development 63–64 international humanitarian law international media 214 intifadas 40–42, 44 investment 16–17, 25, 112, 234–236 Iraq 118 Irish diasporas 114 isolation 96–97 Israel: academic and cultural boycotts 155–156, 159–162; armistices 117; divestment 156–158; ecotourism 70–71; establishment of State 3, 15, 40; ‘ethnic tourism’ 170–171; impact on Palestinian tourism 27–32, 132–134, 151, 153–154, 231–232, 244–245; influence over Palestinian economy 4–6; movement of visitors 28–29; sanctions 158; settlements 42; visa controls 28 Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA) 70, 72, 73 Israeli Committee against House Demolitions 41 Italy 131 Jabaliya Refugee Camp 118 Jacob’s well, Nablus 19 Jaffa 167–168 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Jenin 19, 21, 54, 60, 130 Jericho 17–18, 19, 21, 28, 106, 128, 130 Jerusalem 19; annexation 42–43; bulldozing 70–71; Christian pilgrimage 127; isolation 96–97; sacred sites 127; travel restrictions 182–184 Jerusalem Desert 56 Jerusalem Park 71–76 Jerusalem Tourism Cluster conference 2015 210–211 Jewish diasporas 113, 120 Jewish National Fund 70 Jewish Voice for Peace 41 Jordan 106, 117–118, 118 Jordanian Jurisdiction 86 Juha, Issam 205 justice tourism 39–40 Index 261 Kairos Palestine 157, 188, 189 Kassis, RO 182–184 Katzir, Avraham 160 Khan Younis, Gaza 145 King David’s Wells 81 Know Thy Heritage 120, 187 knowledge, modes of 244–248 Kuwait 118 mountains 106 Movement and access restrictions in the West Bank 183–184 Mufdi, Nabil 206 Museum Studies 222 Museums of Conscience Movement 222 Mustafa, Hasan 67–68, 74, 76 Myanmar 153 Lebanon 117 legal issues See regulation leisure 31, 37 Levant local producer groups 101–102 luxury tourism 38 Nabi Musa Mosque, Jericho 19, 56 Nablus 19, 22, 55, 56, 130 Nakbah See Al-Nakbah Napoleon’s Fort, Gaza 143 National Tourism Strategy 26 Nativity Trail 46, 54 Near East Near East and North Africa (NENA) neoliberalism 37–38 Nigeria 131 Nile normative argumentation 246 Madrid 118 Maiumas, Gaza 144 Mandatory Palestine 7, 40 Manger Square, Bethlehem 19, 21, 81, 88 Mar Saba Monastery, Bethlehem 19 marginalized communities 108–109 marketing 31, 128 Masar Ibrahim al-Khalil route See Abraham Path Masreq mass detentions 42 mass tourism 38 massacres 40, 67–68, 116–117, 223–225 Massive Open Online Course 218 media propaganda 30, 41, 45 medical care, access to 189 Mesopotamia Middle East, alternative terminology Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Middle East conflict 15 migration 31–32; forced 42, 115–120 Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MOTA) 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 58, 81, 86, 97–98, 207 Monastery of St Hilarion, Gaza 19 Monastery of the Qurantul 18 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States 1933 229 Moses 56 Mosque of Omar, Bethlehem 19, 83 Mount Gerizim, Nablus 19, 55 Mount of Olives, Jerusalem 19 Mount of Temptation, Jericho 19 Occupied Palestinian Territories 5–6, 21, 40 Old City of Jerusalem olive industry 44, 45, 46–47, 187, 234 Olive Tree Campaign 47 Open Bethlehem campaign 188 Operation Protective Edge 217, 223–225 Orient orphans 147 Oslo Accords 4, 41, 61, 64, 65, 69, 95, 231 Oslo peace process 1, 5, 20, 118–119, 168–175, 231 Ottolenghi, Yotam 213 Ottoman castles 19 Ottoman Empire 3, 83, 115 Out of Place, Out of Time 230 ownership 39–40 Palestine: Area C 30–31; birthright trips 120–122; border controls 4, 15, 20, 21, 28, 42–43, 48–49, 133, 184–186; Code of Conduct for tourism 250–256; colonization 3; cultural heritage 1–2, 26, 27, 57, 58, 106–108; differentiation 97; economy 5–6, 121; exports 232–234; forced migration 42, 115–120; foreign direct investment 234–236; 262 Index fragmentation 96; geography 1, 15, 106; hospitality 54–55, 60, 99, 213; institutional development 23–24; institutionalized persecution 42; international tourist arrivals 20; investment 16–17, 25, 112, 234–236; isolation of communities 96–97; migration 31–32; militancy 42; modes of knowledge 244–248; occupation See Israeli occupationOccupied Territories 5–6, 21, 40; partition 40, 116–117; perceptions of 29–30, 97–98; pilgrimage See pilgrimage tourismpopularity as tourist destination 18, 43; public diplomacy 236–237; resistance 73–76, 152–162; security concerns 16; settler-colonialism 64–65; situation analysis 230–237; solidarity tourism 43–50; sovereign statehood 229; state branding strategy 228–241; tourism See tourismtravel restrictions 180–186 See also border controlsunemployment 6, 31–32, 119; utilities 5; visitor statistics 131 Palestine Fair Trade Association (PFTA) 234 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 64, 118, 229 Palestine Mandate See British Mandate Palestine Solidarity Movement 42 Palestine Tourism Board 26–27 Palestinian Authority 4, 75, 223 Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) 151–152, 155–156, 158–161 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 21, 24, 129 Palestinian Development and Investment Company (PADICO) 202–203, 204, 207–208, 235 Palestinian Initiative for Responsible Tourism (PIRT) 251–252 Palestinian Initiative on Responsible Tourism 48 Palestinian National Authority (PNA) 6, 15, 17, 132, 133, 232 Palestinian Reform and Development Plan 233 Palestinian Walks 168, 174–175 Paris Protocol 32 partition 40, 116–117 peace, visioning 217–226 peace museums 222 peace process See Oslo peace process pension divestments 157 Peres, Shimon 168 pilgrimage tourism: Bethlehem 81–82; challenges 27–32, 132–134; Christian pilgrimage in Palestine 127–134; defined 124; diversification 26, 101; effects of colonialism 201; faith travel market 126–127; global perspectives 125; growth 124–125, 220; origins 2–3; seasonality 98, 128–129; statistics 129–132; tour operators 23–24, 31 pilgrims, etymology 126 Poland 131 policy 25–26 political activism 65 political consumerism 152–153 political graffiti 41 political issues 60–62 Popular Struggle Committees 73 Porter, JL 83 pottery 146 poverty Presidential Committee for the Restoration of the Church of the Nativity 92 private equity funds 235–236 property rights 83, 203 public awareness 87, 88, 89 public baths 142–143 public diplomacy 236–237 public parks 111 Qalqeliah 130 Qalqilya 19, 22 Qasr al-Basha, Gaza 19, 143 quality of experience 104–106 Qumran, Jericho 19 Rabie, Rateb 120, 121, 187 Rabin, Yitzhak 118 Rachel’s Tomb, Bethlehem 182 Rafah, Gaza 145–146 Rafah Crossing Point 138 Ramallah 22, 66, 96, 121, 130 Index 263 recreation 37 refugees: Al-Nakbah 116–117; Battir 67–68; perceptions of 64; statistics 117, 120 regional media 214 regulation 23, 25–26, 90–91, 179, 236 rehabilitation 111 relocations 42 resistance 73–76, 152–162, 186–190 revitalization 88–89 Rhodes Agreement 68, 71, 73, 76 Roman ruins, Sebastia 1, 19 Romania 131 Route of the Philistines, Gaza 144 rural communities 58, 59, 60 Russia 131 Safad 116–117 Said, Edward 172–174, 247 Salfit 19 Samaritan Walks 55 Sanbar, Elias 230 sanctions 158 sarcophagi 145 Scheyvens, R 39 schools 25, 68 Scottish diasporas 114 sculptures 222–223 seasonality 98, 128–129 Sebastia 19, 56 Second Intifada 42, 119 security concerns 16, 29–30 Segregation Wall: Battir 69, 76; characteristics 29; effect on agriculture 46; effect on economy 6; effect on tourism 4, 42–43, 66, 95–96; Israeli opposition 69–70; legal issues 76, 154, 182; Palestinian resistance 73–74, 154–155 Selman, Carmen 240 Selman, Victoria 240 Setback 120 settler-colonialism 64–65; Battir 66–76; open spaces and 69–70; tourism and 65–66 Sharon, Ariel 119 Shehadeh, Raja 168, 174–175 shrines 111 silenced voices Silk Route 219 Siraj Center 53 Sitta, Abu 231 situation analysis 230–237 Six Day War 117–118 Slovakia 131 slum tours 37 social media 60 social solidarity 67–68 social tourism 38 Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI) 70, 71 solidarity tourism 186–190; Alternative Tourism group (ATG) 45–50; characteristics 43–44; defined 39–40; interaction with host communities 45–50; need for 43; in Palestine 43–50 Solomon’s pools, Bethlehem 19 souvenir shops 204, 213 sovereign statehood, definition 229 St George’s Church, Bethlehem 19 St George’s monastery, Jericho 19, 56 St Theodosus Monastery, Bethlehem 19 stakeholders, community-based tourism 99, 100 Star Street, Bethlehem 19; Bethlehem 2000 197, 202–203, 207–209, 214; demolitions 86; effects of colonialism 201; history 200; residents 203–204; small businesses 203–204; World Heritage Site 203, 205–206 state branding: advertising 238; benefits 228; citizen relationship management 240–241; implementation plan 238–241; principles 229–230; situation analysis 230–237; strategy framework 237–238 statehood, definition 229 Stockholm Declaration 118 strategic work 197–198, 208–215 Stutzman, L 45–46 Sufi Trails 54, 108 suicide bombers 189, 190 sustainability 59, 98–104, 108–110 Swarbrooke, J 21 Sykes–Picot Agreement 115 synergies 98–101 Syria 117 264 Index Taba Agreement 119 Tawil-Souri, H 190–191 tax avoidance 41 Teachers Union of Ireland 155–156 Technion 160 Tel Alraqeesh 145 Tel Aviv Tel Aviv Airport 20 Tel el-’Ajjul, Gaza 19 Tel es-Sakan, Gaza 19 Tel es-Sultan, Jericho 19 Tell Umm Amer, Gaza 144 tour guides: censorship 201; communitybased tourism 58, 99, 100, 103; lack of 30; licensing 21, 25; training programs 58 tour operators 23–24, 31, 213 tourism: Alternative Tourism group (ATG) 45–50; boycotts 152–154; challenges 97–98; Code of Conduct 250–256; community-based 98–112; constraints 27–32; development initiatives 26–27; diasporas and 114–115; education in 17, 25; effect of intifadas 27–32; effects of peace process 168–175; employment 17; experiential 26, 98–112; global significance 1; governance 210–211; human rights and 179; impact of Israeli occupation 27–32, 132–134, 151, 153–154, 231–232; institutional development 23–24; investment 16–17, 25, 112; marketing 31; peace visioning 217–226; pilgrimage See pilgrimage tourismpolicy 25–26; potential strategies 208–215; quality of experience 104–106; regulatory environment 23, 24–25; revenue 129, 197, 231–232; seasonality 98; security concerns 16, 29–30; settler-colonialism and 65–66; solidarity See solidarity tourismstatistics 21–22, 129–132; strategic work 197–198; sustainability pillars 98–104; threats to 96–97; voluntary work 39 Tourism in the Middle East traditional handcrafts 101–102 traffic regulation 89 training programs 58 travel: experience of place 166–168; restrictions 180–186; right to 179; writing 166–168 Trip Advisor reviews 47 Tubas 19, 130 Tulkarm 130 Turathana Centre for Palestinian Heritage 206 unemployment 6, 31–32, 119 United Nations: Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 30, 67, 75–76, 82, 208; Partition Plan 1947 40, 116–117; Security Council 50, 117, 118; World Tourism Organization 124–125, 179 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 25, 206, 235 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 179 University of Johannesburg, South Africa 155 unskilled labour 17 Urry, J 178 USA 131 Vatican 124, 125 village historic centers 111 visa controls 28, 153 visioning (case study) 217–226 visiting friends and relatives (VFR) 114–115, 120–122 voluntary work 39 Wadi Gaza 144 Wadi Qana 73 Wadi Qilt, Jericho 19, 56 walking/cycling tours: financial impact 58–60; political impact 60–62; routes 54–55, 108; social impact 55–58 wars: 1948 116–117, 119; 1967 (Six-Day) 117–118, 120; Crimean 83 weaving 146 West Bank 4, 6, 15, 66, 233 White, B 21 wilderness 106 Wilderness Walks 55 women 57, 59, 60 Women in Black 41 Index 265 World Bank World Heritage Convention 79 World Heritage List 21 World Heritage Sites 205–206; Battir 21, 67, 74, 75–76; Bethlehem 79–93, 203 World Tourism Day 21 World Tourism Organization’s Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code 1985 179 World War I World War II 114 World Zionist Organization 116 youth programs 101–102 Zawya Market, Gaza 142 Zaytoun CIC 234 Zionist movement 64–65, 67 Zionist Organization See World Zionist Organization Taylor & Francis eBooks Helping you to choose the right eBooks for your Library Add Routledge titles to your library's digital collection today Taylor and Francis ebooks contains over 50,000 titles in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Built Environment and Law Choose from a range of subject packages or create your own! 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