Power, glamour and angst inside australias elite neighbourhoods

POWER, GLAMOUR AND ANGST Inside Australia’s Elite Neighbourhoods ILAN WIESEL The Contemporary City Series Editors Ray Forrest Lingnan University Hong Kong Richard Ronald University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Noord-Holland The Netherlands In recent decades cities have been variously impacted by neoliberalism, economic crises, climate change, industrialization and post-­ industrialization and widening inequalities So what is it like to live in these contemporary cities? What are the key drivers shaping cities and neighborhoods? To what extent are people being bound together or driven apart? How these factors vary cross-culturally and cross nationally? This book series aims to explore the various aspects of the contemporary urban experience from a firmly interdisciplinary and international perspective With editors based in Amsterdam and Hong Kong, the series is drawn on an axis between old and new cities in the West and East More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14446 Ilan Wiesel Power, Glamour and Angst Inside Australia’s Elite Neighbourhoods Ilan Wiesel School of Geography University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia The Contemporary City ISBN 978-981-13-1366-0    ISBN 978-981-13-1367-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1367-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949925 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: Gordon Bell / Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface My research over the last decade investigated various aspects of social and economic inequality in Australian cities Most of this work has focused on people and communities often considered as ‘disadvantaged’, especially low-income households living in public housing or private rental in low-income neighbourhoods, including people with disabilities Following the path of numerous other scholars in the interdisciplinary field of urban studies, my work has investigated the way disadvantaged groups are affected by the trademarks of contemporary urbanism, including a ruthless housing market; neighbourhood segregation; unequal distribution of urban infrastructures, services, and jobs; and more subtle forms of exclusion in the everyday lives of urban communities The importance of investigating the hardships of the most disadvantaged urban populations seems self-explanatory By shining a spotlight on those who are hardest hit, some of the cruellest aspects of urbanisation can be exposed Over time, however, a frustration with this approach begins to build Although the consequences of inequality are exposed, its causes remain elusive when focusing exclusively on the poorest and most disadvantaged Even worse, the ethnographic approach in which I specialise tends to scrutinise the ‘cultures’, ‘behaviours’, ‘attitudes’, and ‘practices’ of research subjects In the case of disadvantaged people, this approach seems to imply that the hardship they are experiencing is of their own making If we wish to build knowledge that will help minimise v vi  Preface inequality, paying disproportionate attention to its victims rather than its causes is counterproductive It was this frustration that motivated me to take on a new research project to investigate inequality in cities, this time not through the lens of social disadvantage, rather through the lens of privilege I am not alone in this journey There is a long-standing interest among the social sciences in social stratification, and a substantial body of work has concentrated on elites In the multi-disciplinary field of urban studies, the interest in elites—especially the super-rich—has led to a robust body of literature in recent years (Atkinson et  al 2017; Atkinson 2008, 2016; Beaverstock 2005; Butler and Lees 2006; Forrest et al 2017; Lee and Marlay 2007; Lees 2003; Paris 2016; Pow 2011; Savage 2018) Power, Glamour, and Angst builds on this existing body of work, and it is my hope that it offers new data and new ways of thinking about elites, cities, and inequality Melbourne, VIC, Australia Ilan Wiesel References Atkinson, R (2008) The flowing enclave and the misanthropy of networked affluence In T.  Blokland & M.  Savage (Eds.), Networked urbanism: Social capital in the city (pp. 41–58) Hampshire: Ashgate Atkinson, R (2016) Limited exposure: Social concealment, mobility and engagement with public space by the super-rich in London Environment and Planning A, 48(7), 1302–1317 Atkinson, R., Borrows, R., Glucksberg, L., Ho, H. K., Knowles, C., & Rhodes, D (2017) Minimum city? The deeper impacts of the ‘super-­rich’ on urban life In R. Forrest, S. Y Koh, & B. Wissink (Eds.), Cities and the super-rich: Real estate, elite practices and urban political economies (pp.  253–272) New York: Palgrave Macmillan Beaverstock, J. V (2005) Transnational elites in the city: British highly-skilled inter-company transferees in New  York City’s financial district Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 525–538 Butler, T., & Lees, L (2006) Super-gentrification in Barnsbury, London: Globalization and gentrifying global elites at the neighbourhood level Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 31(4), 467–487  Preface     vii Forrest, R., Koh, S., & Wissink, B (2017) Hyper-divided cities and the ‘immoral’ super-rich: Five parting questions In R.  Forrest, S.  Y Koh, & B.  Wissink (Eds.), Cities and the super-rich: Real estate, elite practices and urban political economies (pp. 273–288) New York: Palgrave Macmillan Lee, B. A., & Marlay, M (2007) The right side of the tracks: Affluent neighborhoods in the metropolitan United States Social Science Quarterly, 88(3), 766–789 Lees, L (2003) Super-gentrification: The case of Brooklyn heights, New York City Urban Studies, 40(12), 2487–2509 Paris, C (2016) 12 The residential spaces of the super-rich In I.  Hay & J. Beaverstock (Eds.), Handbook on wealth and the super-rich (pp. 244–263) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pow, C. P (2011) Living it up: Super-rich enclave and transnational elite urbanism in Singapore Geoforum, 42(3), 382–393 Savage, M (2018) The elite habitus in cities of accumulation In S.  Hall & R.  Burdett (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of the 21st century city London: SAGE Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Australian Research Council for providing the funding for this study (DE140100390) I am also deeply grateful for the immense support I received from numerous colleagues, family, and friends, and research participants throughout the long journey of researching and writing this book First and foremost, I wish to thank Sandra Gendera, Iris Levin, and Fanqi Liu for their enormous help with data collection and analysis Their contribution to this work has been instrumental I am grateful for the mentoring by Ruth Fincher, Tovi Fenster, and Jane Marceau—three inspiring academics who taught me new ways to think about and investigate social difference, inequality, and cities, at different stages of my career I owe a great debt to colleagues at the Faculty of the Built Environment at the University of New South Wales, especially Bill Randolph, Simon Pinnegar, Hal Pawson, Vivienne Milligan, Robert Freestone, Shanaka Herath, Hazel Easthope, Gethin Davison, Edgar Liu, Susan Thompson, and Pat Troy for inspiration, guidance, and collegial support during my time as a Research Fellow at the City Futures Research Centre I am very thankful for the friendly advice, constructive critique, and generous support offered to me by my wonderful colleagues at the School of Geography, and Melbourne School of Design at the University of Melbourne, especially Lesley Head, Brendan Gleeson, Carolyn ix x  Acknowledgements Whitzman, Jane Dyson, Brian Cook, Wolf Dressler, David Bissell, and Uma Kothari My thanks are also to members of the ‘book writing club’, Crystal Legacy, Elizabeth Taylor, and Jennifer Day for fantastic peer (and beer) support! Christine Bibgy of La Trobe University and Ian Winter, Anne Badenhorst, and Michael Fotheringham of the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute have been valued collaborators in my work on social disadvantage and social exclusion in cities, from which this work on elite suburbs has emerged I wish to thank Dallas Rogers and a second anonymous reviewer for extremely helpful comments on both my initial book proposal and its first complete draft Many thanks to The Contemporary City series editors Ray Forrest and Richard Ronald for their advice, and to Joshua Pitt and Sophie Li from Palgrave Macmillan for helping this book see the light of day My sincere thanks to Vipin Kumar Mani and the SPi Global team for their assistance with the production of the book As always, I am grateful to my wife Nitzan for her patience, support, and for helping me carve out time in our busy life to write this book And thank you, Adam, for helping me forget this book when we role-play Russian cosmonauts or cycle the Capital City Trail Thank you, mum and dad, for unconditional support and encouragement throughout my academic studies and career Last but not least, my deep gratitude to the numerous research participants, for taking time to contribute to my research, completing my tedious questionnaires, inviting me to your neighbourhoods and homes, and candidly sharing with me your precious memories and stories about these In writing this book, I felt torn at times between appreciation for such generosity by individuals towards me and my critical views on the role of elites, as a collective, in unjust processes that produce social inequality Trying to represent participants and their story in a fair way was one of the main challenges of writing this book Finally, any misinterpretation or error in this book is my own and should not be attributed to any of the people acknowledged above 188  References Droseltis, O., & Vignoles, V. L (2010) Towards an integrative model of place identification: Dimensionality and predictors of intrapersonal-level place preferences Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 23–34 Duncan, J. S., & Duncan, N. G (2003) Landscapes of privilege: The politics of the aesthetic in suburban America New York: Routledge Dunn, K (2004) Islam in Sydney: Contesting the discourse of absence Australian Geographer, 35(3), 333–353 Easthope, H., Reid, S., & Wiesel, I (2017, March 15–17) Residential prophesy Paper presented at the Strata Community Australia (QLD) Conference, Gold Coast Edling, C., Farkas, G., & Rydgren, J. (2013) Women in power: Sex differences in Swedish local elite networks Acta Sociologica, 56, 21–40 Elster, J. (1983) Sour grapes: Studies in the subversion of rationality Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Encel, S (1970) Equality and authority: A study of class, status and power in Australia London: Tavistock Publications Fincher, R., & Iveson, K (2008) Planning and diversity in the city: Redistribution, recognition and encounter New York: Palgrave Macmillan Fincher, R., Iveson, K., Leitner, H., & Preston, V (2014) Planning in the multicultural city: Celebrating diversity or reinforcing difference? 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On belonging and neighbourhood citizenship in the Baka neighbourhood of Jerusalem In A. Edelstein & M. Dugan (Eds.), Migration matters: Interdisciplinary perspectives on pluralism, inclusion and citizenship (pp.  119–138) Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press Ziersch, A., Baum, F., MacDougall, C., & Putland, C (2005) Neighbourhood life and social capital: The implications for health Social Science & Medicine, 60(1), 71–86 Zweigenhaft, R. L (2001) Diversity in the United States power elite Journal of International Migration and Integration, 2(2), 267–281 Zweigenhaft, R. L., & Domhoff, G. W (2006) Diversity in the power elite: How it happened, why it matters Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Index A Abbott, T., 112–114 Activism, 67, 114, 117, 132, 133, 137–143, 148, 157–165, 171 Amalgamation, 113, 139 Anglo-Australian, 39, 103 Angst, 1–4, 30, 40, 62, 70, 147, 148, 152, 156, 165, 167, 170–174 Architecture, 60 Aspirational, 50, 51, 53, 59–61 Atmosphere, 30, 49, 50, 61 Aura, 18, 47, 58, 152, 165 B Barnett, C., 112, 113, 121 Bourdieu, P., 3, 9–11, 15, 16, 18, 47, 52, 54, 63, 73, 85, 90, 109, 137, 167, 169, 172 Business, 25, 39, 52, 53, 55, 75–77, 88, 89, 110–112, 119, 124, 125, 159, 162, 168–170 C Capital, 8–12 Cars, 48, 57–63, 70, 154, 161 CBD, see Central Business District Census, 25, 28, 29, 96, 100 Central Business District (CBD), 24, 27, 30, 32, 39, 40, 50, 88, 123, 147–151, 153–155, 164, 165 Chinese, 24, 39, 93, 94, 98–104, 135, 136, 171, 172 Clubs, x, 7, 17, 18, 32, 39, 63, 67, 74, 75, 82–84, 88, 89, 94, 103, 110, 117, 140, 150, 170 © The Author(s) 2019 I Wiesel, Power, Glamour and Angst, The Contemporary City, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1367-7 199 200  Index Conservatism, 48, 63–70, 137–138, 143, 163, 169, 173 Consolidation, 129, 132, 137, 142, 170 Conspicuous consumption, 21, 59, 60 Consumption, 3, 11, 12, 17, 48, 57, 61, 62, 69, 165 Council, 55, 61, 65, 66, 103, 113, 116, 137, 140, 141, 156, 159, 160, 162–165 Cultural capital, 9–12, 16–18, 21, 39, 40, 47, 48, 57–59, 61–63, 70, 84, 114, 115, 117–119, 123, 125, 137, 139, 143, 148, 160, 168–171, 178 Elites, vi, x, 3–11, 13–17, 20–22, 39, 40, 52, 58, 61, 62, 69, 70, 73, 74, 89, 95, 104, 112, 118, 121, 123–125, 150, 158, 164, 165, 167–174, 178 Embodied, 10–12, 16, 60, 63, 143 F Family values, 64 G Geography, 12, 48 Globalisation, 2, 104 Greek, 103, 147 D H Densification, 3, 40, 66, 102, 130–134, 136–143, 148, 151, 159, 160, 165, 171, 172, 174 Density, 30, 39, 40, 75, 89, 102, 104, 117, 129, 130, 136–138, 141, 142, 144, 151, 157, 163 Distinction, 52–57 Diversity, 39, 94–95 Habitus, 3, 10, 11, 16–18, 21, 35, 48, 59, 60, 63, 65, 70, 160, 165, 169–173 Harvey, 14, 178 Health, 10, 14, 16, 64, 73, 121 House price, 23, 28 Hypermobility, 13 I E Economic capital, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 21, 109, 110, 119, 120, 124, 137, 139, 143, 149, 167, 168, 170 Elective belonging, 53 Elite integration, 70, 75, 83, 89, 168–170 Inequality, v, vi, ix, x, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 34, 172, 173, 177, 178 Infrastructure, 109, 121–123, 125, 129, 136, 143, 149, 154, 164 J Jewish, 23, 103, 105  Index     L Liberal Party, 112 Lobbying, 112, 114, 117, 121, 125, 140, 159 M Mansions, 24, 27, 57–63, 70, 93 Marxism, 5, Men, 7, 54–56, 69, 89, 95, 169 Middle-class, 5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 29, 59, 86, 96, 97, 117, 147, 174 Mobility, 12, 13 Muslim, 103 201 Prestige, 5, 18, 21, 29, 30, 40, 47, 50, 58, 69, 109, 130, 137, 148, 152, 157, 165, 169, 170, 172 Proximity, 58, 84, 87–89, 148, 153, 154, 165, 178 Public transport, 129, 134, 136, 148–152, 154, 161, 165, 178 Putnam, R., 10, 16, 73, 90, 117 Q Questionnaire, 22, 34, 35, 38, 75, 77 R N Neighbourhood effects, 13–19, 167, 178 New money, 12, 23, 60, 70, 98, 168, 171 Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY), 104, 140, 161 O Objectified, 10, 11, 16, 18, 52, 57–61, 63, 137 P Peppermint Grove, 22, 32, 48, 49 Perth Freight Link, 153, 160, 161 Philanthropy, 123–124 Piketty, T., 1–3, 172 Polarisation, 1, Power, 8–12 Rat runs, 156, 157, 159, 162, 164 Real income, 13–14, 168, 178, 179 Revanchism, 173–174 Ruling class, 4, 118 S Scale, Schools, ix, 7, 11, 14, 17, 18, 25, 39, 50, 56, 66–68, 74, 75, 84–89, 96, 100, 113, 118–119, 123, 125, 126, 136, 140, 170 Second gilded age, 1–4, 40, 167, 171 Shopping, 32, 57–63, 70, 101 Social capital, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 39, 73, 75, 78, 90, 110, 115, 117, 121, 122, 124, 140, 143, 159, 160, 165, 168, 172 Social disadvantage, v, vi, x, 5, 12–14, 16, 17, 69, 73, 84, 104, 114, 122, 123, 148, 164, 173, 177, 178 202  Index Social distance, 12, 20, 148, 152, 158, 165, 173 Sports, 17, 30, 39, 67, 75, 82–84, 89, 121, 125, 140, 170 State Government, 27, 66, 121, 123, 137, 141, 164 Stigma, 39, 52–57, 69 Stratification, vi, 5, 12, 47 Strong ties, 89 Super-rich, vi, 2–4, 12, 13, 17, 22–24, 61, 86, 96, 100, 123, 124 T Thoroughfare, 3, 40, 120, 134, 147, 148, 151–159, 161–165, 170, 171, 174 Train, 32, 132, 149–152, 154, 178 V Village, 25, 32, 61, 62, 65, 70, 89, 152, 153 Volunteering, 67, 117, 123–124 W Waterfront, 25, 30, 49, 132, 151, 157 Weak ties, 89 Wealth, 1–5, 7, 15, 22, 26, 28, 32, 34, 40, 49, 51, 54, 55, 59, 63, 82, 96–98, 101, 104, 114, 118, 123, 140, 167, 168, 170–173 Women, 55, 56, 61, 67, 69, 83, 95, 169, 174 Y U Upper class, 4–6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 23, 34, 62, 94, 97, 178 Urban studies, v, 15, 54 Youth, 39, 55, 56, 69, 169 ... city—growing segregation and inequalities between rich and poor neighbourhoods (Pawson and Herath 2015; Randolph and Tice 2017) and the polarisation that is evident in measures of global and national distribution... et al 2017; Lee and Marlay 2007; Lees 2003; Paris 2016; Pow 2011; Savage 2018) Power, Glamour, and Angst builds on this existing body of work, and it is my hope that it offers new data and new ways... about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14446 Ilan Wiesel Power, Glamour and Angst Inside Australia’s Elite Neighbourhoods Ilan Wiesel School of Geography University of Melbourne