Forests in sustainable mountain development a state of knowledge report for 2000 task force on forests in sustainable mountai

Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen IUFRO Research Series IUFRO Research Series The International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO), with its 14,000 scientists from 700 member institutions in 100 countries, is organized into nearly 300 research units that annually hold approximately 60 conferences, workshops and other meetings The individual papers, proceedings and other material arising from these units and meetings are often published but in a wide array of different journals and other publications The object of the IUFRO Research Series is to offer a single, uniform outlet for high quality publications arising from major IUFRO meetings and other products of IUFRO’s research units The editing, publishing and dissemination experience of CABI Publishing and the huge spread of scientific endeavours of IUFRO combine here to make information widely available that is of value to policy makers, resource managers, peer scientists and educators The Executive Board of IUFRO forms the Editorial Advisory Board for the series and provides the monitoring and uniformity that such a high quality series requires in addition to the editorial work of the conference organizers While adding a new body of information to the plethora currently dealing with forestry and related resources, this series seeks to provide a single, uniform forum and style that all forest scientists will turn to first as an outlet for their conference material and other products, and that the users of information will also see as a reliable and reputable source Although the official languages of IUFRO include English, French, German and Spanish, the majority of modern scientific papers are published in English In this series, all books will be published in English as the main Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:17:58 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen ii IUFRO Research Series language, allowing papers occasionally to be in other languages Guidelines for submitting and publishing material in this series are available from the Publisher, Books and Reference Works, CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK, and the IUFRO Secretariat, c/o Federal Forest Research Centre, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, A-1131, Vienna, Austria IUFRO Executive Board: J Burley, Oxford, UK D.P Dykstra, Portland, Oregon, USA R Elena Rosello, Madrid, Spain D.W Flinn, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia R Guevara Moncada, Turrialba, Costa Rica J Hong, Beijing, China D.F Karnosky, Houghton, Michigan, USA P.K Khosla, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India N.E Koch, Hoersholm, Denmark F.J Kruger, Sunnyside, South Africa D.K Lee, Seoul, South Korea J.A Prado Donoso, Santiago, Chile P.N Sall, Dakar, Senegal M.N Salleh, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia K Sassa, Uji Kyoto, Japan R Schlaepfer, Lausanne, Switzerland H Schmutzenhofer, Vienna, Austria L Sennerby-Forsse, Uppsala, Sweden R Seppaelae, Helsinki, Finland B Solberg, As, Norway V.V Strakhov, Moscow, Russian Federation E Teissier du Cros, Avignon, France K Vancura, Praha, Czech Republic K von Gadow, Goettingen, Germany J.L Whitmore, Washington, DC, USA C Winget, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada J.A Youngquist, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Titles Available: Forest Dynamics in Heavily Polluted Regions Edited by J.L Innes and J Oleksyn Forest History: International Studies on Socioeconomic and Forest Ecosystem Change Edited by M Agnoletti and S Anderson Methods and Approaches in Forest History Edited by M Agnoletti and S Anderson Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Countries Edited by J.L Innes and A.H Haron Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: a State of Knowledge Report for 2000 Edited by M.F Price and N Butt Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:17:58 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: a State of Knowledge Report for 2000 Task Force on Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development Edited by M.F Price Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College, University of the Highlands and Islands Project, Perth, UK and N Butt Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK THE ROYAL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS SWISS AGENCY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND COOPERATION SDC This publication has been made possible by grants from: Department for International Development, UK; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; The Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway; Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation CABI Publishing in association with The International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #H.vp 10 July 2000 15:35:58 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CAB International Wallingford Oxon OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Email: cabi@cabi.org Web site: http://www.cabi.org CABI Publishing 10E 40th Street Suite 3203 New York, NY 10016 USA Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: cabi-nao@cabi.org © CAB International 2000 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Forests in sustainable mountain development : a state of knowledge report for 2000 / edited by M.F Price and N Butt p cm (IUFRO research series ; no 5) Includes bibliographical references (p ) ISBN 0-85199-446-6 Forests and forestry Sustainable development Mountain ecology I Price, Martin F II Butt, N (Nathalie) III IUFRO research series ; SD373 F66 2000 333.75′15′09143 dc21 00-025723 ISBN 85199 446 Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #H.vp 10 July 2000 14:52:17 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 10-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents Contents Contributors xiv Foreword: Linking mountain forests conservation with sustainable human development xxi Preface xxvii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxi Mountain Forests: Location, Characteristics and Trends 1.1 Developing a map of the world’s mountain forests V Kapos, J Rhind, M Edwards, M.F Price and C Ravilious Case study: Mapping Mexico’s mountain forests V Kremsa and S Varela Case study: Mapping and monitoring biodiversity and mountain development in Costa Rica M Castro and M Kappelle 11 Case study: Monitoring of degraded mountain forests in Central Europe using remote sensing T Zawila-Niedzwiecki, M Iracka and E Wisniewska 13 v Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:18:09 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen vi Contents 1.2 1.3 Expansion of European mountain forests P Piussi 19 Case study: Woodland expansion in the Welsh mountains J.E.G Good, J.W Humphrey, D Clough and T.H Thomas 25 Biodiversity of mountain forests G Grabherr 28 Case study: Mountain forests, biodiversity and people in Costa Rica M Kappelle and M.E Juárez 38 Case study: Biodiversity on Mount Cameroon N Ndam, J.R Healey, J Acworth and P.G Tchouto 46 1.4 Disturbance in mountain forests D.L Peterson, S.J Prichard and D McKenzie 51 1.5 Restoration of Andean forests for conservation and development F.O Sarmiento 59 1.6 Climate oscillations and extremes M Beniston 70 1.7 Forest decline, air pollution and other anthropogenic and natural factors J.L Innes 76 Mountain Communities and Their Forests 83 2.1 Mountain peoples H Kreutzmann and C Stadel 85 2.2 Impacts of population increase and economic change on mountain forests in developing countries S.J Scherr and S.R Templeton 90 Case study: Forests of the Usambara Mountains: historical perspectives and future prospects A.R.S Kaoneka, Y.M Ngaga and G.C Monela 97 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:18:10 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents vii 2.3 Mountain women and their forests Atul and Punam 103 2.4 Women’s management of mountain forests J.D Gurung 112 2.5 Sacred mountain forests and biodiversity P.S Ramakrishnan 117 Case study: Environmental perception and the sacred in the southern Andes, northern Chile V Castro 126 Case study: Sacred forests in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia G.E Rodríguez Navarro 128 Interdependencies between Mountain and Lowland Populations 131 3.1 133 Mountain forests: the responses to UNCED El Hadji M Sène Case study: Creating common interests around Huascaran National Park, Peru J.D Pratt 3.2 Forestry issues in major Asian watersheds T Hofer 143 Case study: The impact of montane land use on lowland paddy in Vietnam C Howard Case study: Ecosystem services of forest gardens in Sri Lanka F.L Sinclair and G Hitinayake 3.3 141 Sustainably balancing downstream and upstream benefits in European mountain forest communities P.C Zingari 151 153 155 Case study: Urban sprawl and peri-urban mountain forests in Greece: conflict and co-existence in a quest for survival 161 P.C Xanthopoulos Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:18:10 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen viii Contents Perceiving and Assuring the Multiple Functions of Mountain Forests 167 4.1 The cultural value of forests A Zanzi Sulli 170 4.2 The importance of empirical research on public perceptions and attitudes towards forests for participatory policy development W Zimmermann and F Schmithüsen 4.3 4.4 Traditional knowledge, Western science and environmental ethics in forest management A.J Thomson, M.N Jimmie, N.J Turner and D Mitchell Approaches to multifunctionality in mountain forests G Buttoud 176 181 187 Case study: Multifunctional use and sustainable management of mountain forests in the North Caucasus 194 G.K Solntsev and M.V Pridnya 4.5 Silvicultural problems in subalpine forests in the Alps W Schönenberger 197 Case study: Multifunctionality in the Fiemme Valley, Italian Alps S Cattoi, C Pollini and V Tosi 203 Case study: ‘Close-to-nature’ silviculture in the Italian Alps: the forest of Paneveggio R Motta 206 Case study: Natural and semi-natural mixed stands in the Romanian Carpathians I.V Abrudan 208 Case study: Reduced impact logging in an oak–bamboo forest in Costa Rica 209 M.R Guariguata and J.J Campos Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:18:11 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents ix Case study: Quantitative analysis of fragmented landscape patterns resulting from timber harvesting practices in the Kyoto University Forests, Japan M Shiba Case study: Designing sustainable mountain landscapes in British Columbia A.J Thomson and S.A Akenhead Case study: Participatory photo-mapping in Nepal R.A Mather 211 215 218 Multiple Functions from Mountain Forests I Mountain Forests: Sources of Wood 221 5.1 224 Forest operations under mountainous conditions H.R Heinimann Case study: Renaturalization of coppices in the National Park of Casentino, Italy R Spinelli, R Spinelli and G Fabbri 231 Case study: Labour costs in the forests of the Alps and Apennines G Hippoliti 233 5.2 Income from mountain timber and wood products H.M Gregersen 5.3 Income from timber: the economics of mountain forestry in Central Europe W Sekot 5.4 234 239 Energy from the Hindu Kush–Himalayan mountain forests K Rijal 247 Case study: Coppices and fuelwood production in Italy G Torta 255 Case study: Planting stock quality and establishment in the New Zealand high country N.J Ledgard and G.C Baker 258 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:18:11 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 576 Index economies continued timber 235–241 woodlands 171–172 Ecosystem Conservation group 138 ecosystems agroecosystems 122–124, 273–275 Colsh ecosystem 195 disturbances 54–57 Girkanian ecosystem 195 Himalayas 295–300 organization 195 services 153–155 ecotourism 39 Ecuador 28, 39, 263–265 see also Costa Rica; Latin America education 384, 506 El Niño 61, 71, 294–295 Elaeocarpus lanceaefolius 125 electronic conference 138, 157, 509, 516–517 elevation gradients of woody plant species richness 35 elfin forest 31 Emmental 377 empirical approach dangers 193 Endemic Bird Area (EBA), Mount Cameroon 46 energy 25, 247–257, 299 Engelhardtia spicata 125 Entandrophragma angolense 48 enterprises 245–246 environment 126–128, 134–136, 181, 184–185, 227–228, 399–408 environmental challenges 134–136 environmental management systems (EMS) framework 431 environmentally sound technologies (EST) 230 Ericaceae 29 EROS Data Centre 4, erosion 275, 366–374 Erythrina 273 Estado Novo regime 158–159 estates 349 ethics 181, 184–185 Ethiopia 219 Eucalyptus 43, 61, 281 Eucalyptus globulus 44, 59 Eucalyptus spp 262, 264 Europe expansion of mountain forests 19–25 fossil fuels 231 initiatives 140 lessons from 156–157 policies 415–421 ‘State model’ forest policy 157 system dynamics theory 191 weather systems 76 European Commission 415 European Community specific programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration in the Field of Agriculture and Fisheries (FAIR) 193 European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical research (COST) 193, 413, 414–415, 417 European Forest Institute 417 European Forestry Commission 140 European Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe 140, 400 European Observatory on Mountain Forests 140, 235 European Union (EU) agricultural policies 20, 24 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 26 fifth framework programme for research on technological development and demonstration (RTD) 180 legislation 341 Regional Development Strategy 164 subsidies 232 timber 235–236 evaluation collaborative management (CM) 487–501 digital reproduction of photomaps 219 economic benefits 491–492 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 440–442 ‘full value’ 189–190 improvements 492 organizational performance 439–442 programmes 439, 505 research 410 Evaluation of policy means for natural hazards protection in Austria 413 ‘evolutionary engines’ 28–29 expansion 2, 19–28 exploitation 341 extension 501–507 Fabiana 127 Fagaceae 29, 39, 43 550 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:06 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Index 577 Fagus 30, 208, 212 fallow systems, Kenya 277 Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) 242 farms and farmers agroforestry activities 242, 245, 299 Austria 243 blackberry gatherer 44 Chagga farmers 284 farmer participatory research 481 managing bamboo resources 322 participation in agroforestry activities 298 women, categories 107–108 fauna 37–38, 393–394 see also animals; livestock; mammal; ungulates Federal Forest Agency 178 FEN-MAKER 216–218 fertilizers 261–262 Ficus 121–122, 280, 298 Fiemme valley 169, 203–205 finance 408, 419–422, 425–426 financial resources 425–426 Finland xxiii–xxiv, 189, 318 fires 22, 54–55, 60–61, 71 firewood collection see fuelwoods First International Symposium on tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) 391 First Nations (indigenous people) of Canada 168, 181–185 floods 148–149, 374–375 flora 28, 31, 37–38, 393–394 fodder 280–281, 285, 297, 298–299, 498–499 fog forests, Guatemala 342 Fonds Forestier National 447 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 64 Agenda 21 xxviii Community Forest Unit 509 data 91 evaluation of 440–442 Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) Unit Forest Resources Assessment Programme 151 Forestry department xxxi Interdepartmental Mountain Group 237 leasehold forestry in Nepal 455 model code of forest harvesting practices 229 networks 64 Forest Act 363–364, 365 (1961:amended 1999) 453 (1993) 312, 450, 455, 463 Forest Act and Law of Soil and Water Conservation 148 Forest Authority 424 forest decline 77–78 Forest Department, India 456, 457–458 Forest Department (1921), Usambaras 101 Forest Development Plans, Austria 38 Forest ecosystem and land use in mountain areas xxx Forest Ecosystem Network (FEN) 216 Forest Nationalization Act (1957) 312 Forest Ordinance, Usambaras 100 Forest Police Law (1902) 463 Forest Policy, Tanganyika (Tanzania) 101 Forest Practices Code, British Columbia 216–218 Forest Range Experiment Station, New Zealand 258 Forest Ranger, The 440 Forest Research Assessment Unit 138 Forest Research Institute, Warsaw 14 Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2, 137–138 Forest Resources Assessment Programme 151 Forest Restoration Programme 424 Forest Road Construction Fund, Slovenia 425 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 169, 430, 431–432, 434 Forest Survey of India 251 Forest Trees and People Programme 509 Forest User Groups (FUGs) 115–116, 426, 454–455, 480, 481 Nepal 480 Forest Users Association 451 Forestry Commission (FC) 445 Forestry in the context of rural development 413 Forestry Development Fund (FDF), Costa Rica 400, 426 Forestry Policy experts 517 Forestry Research Information System Project 313 Forestry Reserve (1959), Sierra Nevada 129–130 FORWARD project 417 fossil fuels 231 Foundation for the Development of the Central Volcanic Range (FUNDECOR) 429 four ‘Cs’ model 503 551 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:06 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 578 Index four ‘Rs’ framework 64, 65, 438, 444–452 France 157–158, 193, 425, 438, 446–447 Francolinus camerunensis 46 freshwater resources 370–378 fuels 231 fuelwoods availability 299, 498 collection, India 114 energy 248–258 Kenya 282 species 126–127, 297 see also timber; wood funding 400, 422–425, 428–429 future 57–58, 102–103, 230, 287, 291–293, 317–318 game species 348, 349, 350, 351–352 Ganges (Ganga) river 119, 120, 143, 145, 147, 383 GARDEN system 344–346 Gardena Valley 346 gardens Cinchona Botanic Gardens 294 damar gardens 306 forest gardens 153–155 home gardens 267, 273, 284–286 Royal Botanical Gardens, Nepal 317 Garhwal Himalaya, India 268, 296 Gaultheria fragrantissima 312 General Circulation Models (GCMs) 72–73, 74–76 GENESIS climate model 394 geographic information system (GIS) based modelling 389 biodiversity systems characteristics of wooded land 26–27 data sets forest classification 15 GARDEN system 344–346 hazard mapping 370 How to Lie with Maps 184 modelling 389 photomaps 219 polygons 215 recreation and tourism 343 spatial information 517 timber harvesting 170 see also maps and mapping geographical history, Andean forests 59–61 Geological Survey, United States of America (USA) geomorphic disturbance 56–57 Germany 222, 242, 243, 245, 421–422, 426 Giant Mountains 76 Girkanian ecosystem 195 Global Association of On-line Foresters 517 Global Environment Facility (GEF) xxviii, 400 Global Environment Facility and local Trust Funds 425 global inventory 395 Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment Global Overview of Forest Conservation global positioning system (GPS) GLOBE project 30 Gnetum 50 Gordonia haematoxylon 294 Gorilla g beringei 394 gradonii 109 graduality 475 grants see funding; incentives; subsidies grasses 60, 293, 297, 298, 498–499 Graubünden 419 Great Britain, forest communities 80 Greece 161–165 greenbelt forests 60, 105 Grevillea robusta 273, 275, 281–282, 294 Grewia 297, 298, 299 ground grass 498–499 growing stock 495–497 GTOPO30 Guarea glabra 294 Guatemala 342 Habitats Directive 341–342 Hariyali Forest User Group 115 harvesting 170, 211–215, 225–226, 229, 236, 308 Hawaiian islands 28–29 hazards 329, 368, 370, 413, 416, 424 see also disturbances; threats hedgerows 276, 291 Helvetic Republic declaration (1798) 462 Hengduan–Himalyan–Hindu Kush, populations 83 Henwal Watershed 296, 298, 299 herbs 293, 309–310 see also medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) Herbs Production and Pressing Company Limited 317 high-altitude forests 199–200, 201, 366–370 high-altitude mountain ranges 552 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:07 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Index 579 hill forests 91–92 Himalayan Dilemma Reconciling Development and Conservation 86 Himalayas 301 agroforestry 296 deforestation 374, 382 ecosystem 295–300 land use change 374–375 non-timber forest products (NTFPs) 301 recreation and tourism 354 rivers 132 rural poverty 480–481 tourism xxvii watersheds 149 see also Hengduan–Himalyan–Hindu Kush; Hindu Kush–Himalaya (HKH); India Hindu Kush–Himalaya (HKH) biomass fuels 252 degradation reversal 458 energy 223, 247–252, 254–255 forest resources 250–256 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) (1983) 274–275 participatory management 438, 439 peoples’ participation 452 populations 84 progress of forest management 458 women 84, 112–113, 115 wood energy 223, 254–255 homegardens 267, 273, 284–286 Honduras 91–92, 104 honey 285–286 Hosozawa cirque, Japan 366 hotspots 2, 28, 30, 31, 147 household survey 296–297 households 89, 296–297, 303–305 households responsibility system (HRS) 322 How to Lie with Maps 184 Huanglong world heritage site 357 Huangshan world heritage site 357 Huascaran National Park, Peru 141–143 Huayhuash Mountains 141 humans xxiii–xxviii, 37, 57, 58, 98 Humid Tropics Program 396 hunting 346–353 see also game species; ungulates hydrology xxvi, 152, 384, 392–394 hypermedia 389 hypermedia–Internet–GIS visualization tools 384 Hyperolius krebsi 48 Ilex macfadyenii 294 Imenti forest reserve 270 impact assessment (EIA) procedures 229 impacts climate change 394–396 cross sectoral 427 economic change 90–103 environmental 227–228 explaining 93–96 forestry on women 103 land use 151–152 landscape management 337–343 logging 209–210 policies 405, 406 population pressure 90–103 recreation 332–333, 337–343 social 227–228 subsidy allocations 427 tourism 356–357 water quality 392–393 wood processing 406 Improved Stove Cooking Programme 254 improvements, evaluation 492 incentives 419–420, 421–422, 425, 433 see also funding; subsidies income assessing forest income 241, 307 community harvesting group 308 community organization 307–308 household cash 303–305 hunting 346–353 non-timber forest products (NTFPs) 300–310 Prunus africana 306–309 timber 222, 234–247 wood products 234–247 India Chipko movement 104 firewood collection 114 floods 148–149, 374 Garhwal Himalaya 268, 296 joint forest management (JFM) 113, 117, 456–458 marginalized groups 115 mountains, total forest area of 253 Shivalik hills project 305–306 Social Forestry Programme, Gujarat 453, 456–457 women 106 see also Nepal India Development Information Network 519 Indian Forest Act (1865:1927) 456 Indonesia 105, 306 553 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:08 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 580 Index Indus River 143, 145, 146, 147 information 57–58, 434, 508–520 Information Infrastructure Task Force (IITF) 70 initiatives 138–140, 237, 518–519 institutes European Forest Institute 417 Forest Research Institute, Warsaw 14 Institute of Forest Sector Policy, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien 413 Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE), Land Cover Map 26, 27 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 444–445 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 139 Mountain Institute (TMI) xxxi, 131–132, 141–142 National Biodiversity Institute (INbio), Costa Rica 11–12, 13 Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 509 Research Institute of the Protection of Nature in the Russian Federal Ecological Community 196 see also organizations in sustainable forestry institutional change 364–365 institutional framework 228–229 institutional structures 66–67 integral development approach 475–476 integrated forest resource management 386–388 Integrated Social Forestry (ISF) 447 interdisciplinary interactions 122 interests 363–365 Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) xxxi, 133–134, 136–140 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 75 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) 136–140 International Biological Programme (1964–1974) 194 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) 6-year programme 139 Agenda 21, chapter 13 xxviii Asian watersheds 143, 151 data collection 275 Hindu Kush–Himalaya (HKH) 274–275 library 514–515 spatial information 517 women in forest management 84 International Centre for Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF) 139, 273–274, 290 International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 455 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) 3, 329 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 444–445 International Labour Office (ILO) 228 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 139 International Mountain Society 85 International Network on Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) 139 International Standard Organization (ISO) 229, 431 International TMCF workshop 395, 396 International Tree-Ring Data Bank 79 International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) 440 International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) xxviii–xxxi Congress 2000 xxix Conference on Forest ecosystem and land use in mountain areas (1998) xxx natural hazards 329 responses to UNCED 140 silviculture 169, 221 standards 227 TMCF working group 396 International Year of Mountains (2002) 131, 140, 151 Inter-regional Project for Participatory Upland Conservation and Development (PUCD) 450–452 intervention 176–177, 273 inventory Ancient Woodland Inventory 27 global inventory 395 Mexican National Periodical Forest Inventory National Inventory of Forests 161, 162 non-timber forest products (NTFPs) 499 participatory inventory 494–495 Swiss National Forest Inventory 198 ISO-14000 229, 431 Isoberlinia scheffleri 98 issue identification 503–504 Italy abandonment 20 554 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:08 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Index 581 Alps 169, 190, 203–205, 206 Apennines 232 Autonomous Province of Trento 204 Bolzano 352 Casentino National Park 222 Communalie Parmensi 158 coppices 255–258 Dolomites 328, 343–346 fuelwood production 255–258 National Fund for the Mountains 425 research 189 Izerskie Mountains 13, 18 jalcas 60 Jamaica 105, 293–295 Japan xxiii–xxiv, 170, 211–212, 366, 368–369, 369 Jaributi 316 Jiuzhaigou world heritage site 357 John Crow 291 joint forest management (JFM) 113, 116–117, 438, 452–459 joint monitoring 490 Juniperus 30, 295, 411 Kansas Karkonosze Mountains 13, 16–17, 18 Karkonosze National Park 15 Karst topography 125 Kathmandu xxvi Kenya 91, 105, 277, 278–279, 282 see also Mount Kenya keystone species 121, 125 Khao Yai National Parks 357 Khaya nyasica 285 Kigezi highlands 271 Kimakia 373 Kinh 152 knowledge 45, 287, 371, 382–383 see also traditional ecological knowledge (TEK); traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom (TEKW) knowledge tree for tourist-recreational evaluation 345 Kogi 64, 65, 128–129 Korea 269 edible herbs and wildflowers 309–311 National Parks 337 non-timber forest products (NTFPs) 269 South xxiii–xxiv women 105, 110 Krasnodar 196 Kygryz Forestry Concept (1999) 411–413 Kyoto Protocol (1997) xxvi–xxvii Kyoto University Forests 211–212 La Amistad Biosphere Reserve 12, 41 labour costs 233–234 Lambach 376 Land Cover Classification Project 146 land degradation xxvi, 13–19, 458 land regimes 470–472 land tenure 111 land use change 153–154, 374–375 fresh water 376–378 impact 151–152 law and legislation 401–414 planning, Nepal 170 practices 401–415 problems 290–291 recreation 330–346 Landsat thematic mapper (TM) 9, 13–19 LANDSAT TM landscape assessment guidance procedures 27 Demajong landscape 119–121, 124 design 215 management, impacts 337–346 maps 12–13 mosaic 124 patterns 211–215 public landscape/lifescape appraisal (PLLA) 502 sacred 119–126 statistics 213 sustainable 215–218 visualization 218 landslides 368–369 Langtang National Park 355 Langtang–Gosikunda–Helembu xxv–xxvi Lantana camara 279 Larix 30, 199, 199–200, 204–205, 262 late secondary forest (LSF) 43 Latin America 38–39, 84, 236, 391–392 see also Costa Rica; Ecuador Lauraceae 29 law and legislation British Columbia, Forest Practices Code 170, 216–218 Charter of Communal Forest 446 Community Forest Policy and Legislation, Nepal 454 555 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:09 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 582 Index law and legislation continued developments, research 408–415, 409 environment 399–408 European Union (EU) 341 Habitats Directive 341–342 Helvetic Republic, declaration (1798) 462 land use 401–414 Lisbon Declaration of the European Ministerial Conference on Forests 177 networks 404–407, 410 see also acts; conservation; protection ‘Law of the Mother’ 129 laws, protection 401–404 Laxadonta africina 48 leasehold forestry 452–459 Leasehold Forestry (LF) Programmes 455 leisure 337–338 Lentinula edodes 311 Lepus europaeus 262 Leucaena 66, 281 Lianas 32–33 libraries 513–515 life-cycle assessment (LCA) 228, 230 Ligularia fisheri 309–310 Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) 335 linkages, cross sectoral 427 L’Inverstissement Financier pour l’Environnement (LIFE) 193 Lisbon Declaration of the European Ministerial Conference on Forests 177 litter (green or dry) 498–499 livelihood systems 301–305 livestock 280–281, 285 see also animals location of mountain forests 1–19 logging 204, 209–210, 353 see also timber; wood Lomas de Mejía, Peru 66 lomas vegetation 60 Long Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LTFER) 207 long-term ecological research (LTER) 64 low river flows 371–374 lowland paddy 151–152 Magnifica Communità di Fiemme (MCF) 204, 205 Makalu-Barun National Park 356 Malaysia 31, 32, 33, 394 mammal 48, 340, 394 see also animals; fauna; hunting; livestock; ungulates Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme 138, 341 Man and Nature 171 management 334–335 adaptive 506 community role 494–495 improvements 492 integrated forest resource management 386–388 models 334–335 participatory 438, 439 progress of forest management 458 responsibilities 408–409 systems 335–336 Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Sustainable Mountain Development xxiii, xxviii, xxix, 86, 131, 133, 135, 137, 140, 224–225 Mapanja Prunus Harvesters Union (MPHU) 308 maps and mapping 7–13 aerial maps 219 Ancient Woodland Inventory 27 Andes 62, 63 biodiversity 11–13 Costa Rican mountains 42 data acquisition 212–213 digital maps hazard mapping 368, 370 How to Lie with Maps 184 Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE), Land Cover Map 26, 27 landscape-ecological maps 12–13 mountain forests location 1–13 photo-mapping 218–220 remote sensing 13–19 susceptibility mapping 369 watersheds 144 World Phytodiversity Map 28 world’s mountain forests mapping 4–11 see also geographic information system (GIS) marginalized groups 115 markets 315–317, 433, 434 Massenerhebungseffekt 5, 34 Mawsmai grove 125 ‘Mayr Melnholf Saurau’ private forest enterprise 349 medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) 269, 301, 304, 312–318 see also herbs 556 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:10 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Index 583 Mediterranean 22, 256 meetings 518 Mekong River 143, 145, 148 Melamche xxvi Melastomataceae 29 Melia 283, 297 Melinis minutiflora 293, 294 METLA, virtual library 517 Mexican National Periodical Forest Inventory Mexico 1, 9–11 Mgahinga and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust 425 micro-sites 199–200 mining 141–142 Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe 140, 400 Ministry of Construction, Japan 369 Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) 11–12, 13 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF) 307 mixed stands 208–209 mixed use of terms 416–417 Mollinedia–Quercus 42 Montana 331–332, 335–336 montane forests see mountain forests Monteverde 12, 36, 39, 40, 394–395 Morus 281, 298, 299 Mount Cameroon 2, 46–51, 268–269, 306–309 Mount Cameroon Project (MCP) 50, 307 Mount Everest xxvii, 355, 356, 357 Mount Gariwang 309 Mount Kenya 83, 270, 273, 371–374, 375, 377 see also Kenya Mount Kilimanjaro 267, 273, 284–287 Mount Kinabulu 31, 32, 33, 394 Mountain Areas of the World – 2000 mountain forests categories, Mexico 10–11 characteristics 1–19, 432–433 functions 167–220 importance 197–198 location 1–19 peri-urban 161 Mountain Forum 85–86, 131–132, 138–139, 509, 517 Mountain Forum electronic conference 138, 157 Mountain Institute (TMI) xxxi, 131–132, 141–142 Mountain Research and Development Journal 85 Mountainous Regions Development Plan 318 mountains defined 4–5, 6–7 Mountains and highlands of the world Mountains, People, Forests and Trees, conference 138, 157, 509 Mountains of the World: A Global Priority xxx, 86 Mountains of the World, Water Towers for the 21st century 370–371 Multifunctional Forest Management – Evaluation of Silvicultural and Policy Means in Mountainous Regions 414–415 multifunctionality 167–220, 203–205, 221–265 multilevel governance, research 410 multiple resource issues 385 multipurpose management 187–188 multipurpose natural resources management plan 193–194 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) 13, 13–19 multi-stakeholder process 386 mushrooms 304, 310–311 mycorrhizae 261–262 Myrica cerifera 294 Myrsine coriacea 295 Nardostachys jatamansi 312 National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) 11–12, 13 National Census data 161 National Conservation Areas System (SINAC) 11–12, 13, 41 National Council for Research (CNR) 231–232 National Federation of Forest Communes (FNCFF) 157, 446 National Forestry Fund 157, 425, 448 National Forests 331, 333 National Fund of Forest Financing (FONAFIFO) 400, 428–429 National Fund for the Mountains, Italy 425 National Fund of Science and Technology (FONDECYT) projects 128 National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) 79 National Herbarium, Nepal 317 National Inventory of Forests 161, 162 National Joint Forest Management Support Group 116–117 557 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:10 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 584 Index National Office for Forests (1964), France 157 National Park Service and Forest Service, United States of America (USA) 331 National Parks 26, 41, 292, 333, 337 see also reserves; World Heritage Sites National Rural Development Committee of the State Council, China 318 National Trust Funds 425 Nationale cadastre 165 ‘natural’ disturbances 57 natural forests 91–92 natural hazards 416, 424 see also disturbances; threats Nepal 106, 218–220, 453–456 Eastern Development Region 313 energy 248 foreign donors 453 land-use planning 170 leasehold forestry 455–456 marginalized groups 115 medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) 312–317 participatory forest inventory 494–495 photo-mapping 218–219 PUCD 450–451 subsidies 427 women 106, 484 see also India Nepal Timber Corporation 313 Nepal–UK Community Forestry Project (NUKCFP) 219, 220 networks accountancy networks 242 analysis 191 enterprises 242–246 law and legislation 404–407 legislative 410 policy networks 404–407, 410 research 410, 428, 513 road 225–226 New York State xxv New Zealand 223–224, 258–263 Ngare Ndare forest reserve 270 Nlhaka’pamux, peoples 182 non-industrial private forest owners (NIPF) 426 non-timber forest products (NTFPs) income 300–310 inventory 499 mountain livelihood systems 301–305 research 317 species 304 traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom (TEKW) 186 North America forest expansion forest management practices 389 National Parks 337 research 189 system dynamics theory 191 watershed rehabilitation 386 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index 71, 75 Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs xxxi Nothofagus 29, 32 Nottingham 172 NTFP-Biocultural discussion list 517 nursery cultivation 108–109 oak–bamboo forest 209–210 Ocotea usambarensis 100 Office National de Forêts (ONF) 446, 448, 449 oil (volatile) extraction 312 operational efficiency 226–227 operational zone 507 operations 224–234 Orchidaceae 393 orchids 393 Ore Mountains 76 Oregon 425 organizational performance evaluation 439–442 organizations in sustainable forestry 510–512 see also institutes Oryctolagus cuniculus 258, 262 oscillations 70–76 Österreichische Bundesforte AG (OeBF) 349 Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 509 packaging seedlings 260 Pakistan 83, 252, 451 Pan-Asia Electronic Networking Project 519 Pan-European Forest Certification Scheme (PEFC) 434 Paneveggio 169, 206–207 Paneveggio-Pale di S Martino Natural Park 206 Papua New Guinea 83 paradigm change in mountain forest management 362–363 558 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:11 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Index 585 paradigm of sustainability as a framework 188 Páramo areas 60, 61 participation evaluation 219–220 farmer participatory research 481 forest appraisal (PFA) 446 forest management 496 inventory 494–495 monitoring and evaluation (PME) 478, 488–493 peoples’ 452–453 photo-mapping 218–219 policy development 176–181 privatization process 474 research 479–486 resource assessment 495 rural appraisal (PRA) 116–117, 297, 477–478, 480 women 108 participation and integrated watershed management (PIWM) 450–452 participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME) 488–493 partnerships 491, 502–503 patch patterns 214 patterns 145, 146–147, 211–215 Pennisetum purpureum 281 people changing the landscape 85–90 participation 452–453 programmes 509 projects 38–46 tourism, effects of 357 peoples Andes 168 Bakwarians 307 Chagga 267, 273, 284–287 Costa Rica 38–46 Kinh 152 Kogi 64, 65, 128–129 Ligurian 158 Nlhaka’pamux 182 tribes 98, 99, 101, 357 Wiwa 128–129 Peradam Village Forest Committee 481–482 perceptions 126–128, 168, 176–181, 360–363 Persea americana 39 perspectives 180–181, 182–185, 193–194 Peru xxxi, 37, 66, 131–132, 141–142, 393–394 pharmacopoeia 121, 268, 316 Pharomachrus mocinno 210 Philippines 438, 447–449 photo-mapping 218–220 Phu Rua National Parks 357 Phyllostachys heterocycla var pubescens 320 Picea abies 74, 77, 199–200, 204–205, 207, 208 Picea rubens 78 Picea schrenkiana 30 Pimpinella brachycarpa 309–310 Pinus 30, 43, 61, 320 Pinus cembra 199, 199–200, 204–205 Pinus contorta 258 Pinus densiflora 311 Pinus mugo 258 Pinus pinaster 158 Pinus radiata 59, 304 Pinus roxburghii 297 Pinus spp 268 Pinus sylvestris 258 PLANEX system 226 planning 108, 170, 334–335, 380–390 plantation 109–110, 223–224 Plantecam 307 planting seedlings 259, 260–261 planting stock quality 258–263 Planting Trees in the Developing World 440 Pleistocene refugia 48 Podocarpus 29, 393 Polylepis 59, 141, 265 policies Austria 413–415 changes 411 development 176–181, 408 Europe 415–421 evolving 111–112 goals 412–413 implications 96–97, 185–186 networks 404–407, 410 public, impacts 405, 406 political factors 160 pollution 76–83 Polygonum chinense 293 Podocarpus urbanii 295 populations density 91–92 Hengduan–Himalyan–Hindu Kush 83 Hindu Kush–Himalaya 84 impacts 90–103 Kenya 91 Mount Kenya 83 Pakistan 83 Papua New Guinea 83 559 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:12 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 586 Index populations continued pressure data, Greece 163 Rwanda 83 see also peoples Portugal 158–159 potable water supply xxv–xxvi potential recreation value (PRV) 344 Poudre Wild and Scenic River, Colorado 335 poverty 480–481 power, redistribution of 444 practices 177–178 Pratomango 420 primary forest (PF) 43 privatization 466–476 problem tree diagram 491–492 process steering 410 production forestry 434–435 products 494–500 programmes delivery 504 development 504 evaluation 439, 505 funding 422–425 mountain development 452–459 peoples 509 radio and TV programmes 518 research 296–297 property regimes 472–476 protection against natural hazards 416, 424 ecosystems 415–416 forest laws 401–404 forest reserves 270 forests 416 plantation 109–110 ‘right’ definition 363–364 as a special case 193 wildlife areas 41 see also conservation; law and legislation Protection Forest Restoration Programme (PFRP) 424 Protective zoning of mountainous areas 165 Prunus 66, 283–284, 298 Prunus africana 49, 283, 304, 306–309, 393 bark 50, 268, 301, 307, 308 Pseudotsuga menziesii 261 public landscape/lifescape appraisal (PLLA) 502 Public Perception of Mountain Forestry and Forest Policy (1994) 178 public perceptions 177–178 publications 515–516 punas 60 Puya raimondii 141 qualitative comparison (QCA) 417–418 Quality of life and management of living resources 180 quality of seedlings 260–261, 263 quantitative analysis 211 Quercus 30, 39, 42, 59, 121–122 Quercus copeyensis 210 Quercus costaricensis 210 Quercus leucotriphora 297 Quercus mongolica var 212 Quito Declaration 67, 68–69 radio programmes 518 rainforest 33 Rathang Khola 119–121 realism 475 recommendations 67–70 recreation 330–346, 353 Red River 151–152 redistribution of power 444 reforestation 2, 20, 223–224, 293–295 reform 470–472 regeneration 198–199, 203 Regional Centres for Private Forest Ownership (1963), France 157 Regional Climate Model (RCM) 72 Regional Development Strategy, European Union (EU) 164 rehabilitation 66, 386 remote sensing 13–19 research current deficiencies 78–79 efforts and results 427–428 empirical 176 evaluation 410 future requirements 88–90, 246–251, 378–379 gaps 378–379 ‘participatory’ 479–486 process steering 410 programme 296–297 Research Institute of the Protection of Nature in the Russian Federal Ecological Community 196 research on technological development and demonstration (RTD) 180 reserves 124, 270, 357 560 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:12 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Index 587 see also biosphere reserves; National Parks; World Heritage Sites resin extraction 312 resources assessment 495–500 conservation 305–306 information 218–219 management 93, 386–388, 408 optimization 190 participatory assessment 495 protection 335–336 restitution 471 restoration 59–70, 66–67 Rhizopogon parksii 261 Rhododendron 121, 195, 312 Rio+5 Conference, New York (1997) 86 Rio Earth Summit (1992) 371 Rio process 177 Rio Salado 84, 126 risk 359–370 road networks 225–226 Rocky Mountains 73 Romanian Carpathians 169, 208–209 Royal Botanical Gardens, Nepal 317 Royal Drug Research Laboratories, Nepal 317 Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology 317 Rubiaceae 29 Rupicapra rupicapra 258, 340 rural communities, Canada 181–185 rural poverty, Himalayas 480–481 Russia 169, 196 Rwanda 83 sacred sites 64, 66, 117–130 sacred species 121–122 Sagarmantha (Everest) National Park xxvii, 355, 356, 357 Salinas de Guaranda, Ecuador 304 San Gerardo De Dota 40 scaling 385 Schaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) 79 Schefflera–Quercus 42 Schinus molle 66 Schwarzwald 245 Schweizerischer Forstverein 463 scientific disciplines 66–67 Scotland 438, 445–446, 448, 449 Scottish Rural Development Forestry Programme 446 screening 276, 291, 297–298 sediment yields 382 seed collection 108–109 seeding 261 seedlings 259, 260–262, 263 selection of forest types 200–203 Senegal women 110 Serrania de Macuira 394 Sesbania sesban 275, 277, 278 Sesto Dolomite Nature Park 343–344 sharing 110–111 Shear tests 368 Shivalik hills project, India 305–306 Shorea robusta 92, 481 shrubs 29, 32, 278, 279 Shume–Magamba Forest Reserve 101 Sideroxylon montanum 294 Sierra Nevada, California 76, 129–130 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Columbia 64–65, 84, 128–130 silviculture 102, 169–170, 197–220, 221 site preparation for seedlings 260 site quality 499 slope in high mountains 367 Slovenia Forest Road Construction Fund 425 small-scale forestry 243, 245 Social Forestry Programme, Gujarat 453, 456–457 social impacts 159–160, 227–228 social-learning models 334–335 societal needs 134–136 soils conservation xxvi, 154–155, 275, 500 erosion 275, 366–374 fertility 275–276 soil water assessment, Mount Kenya 375 soil and water conservation (SWC) 389, 390 Solanum punctulatum 294 solution for today 192 Sorensen’s similarity coefficients 43 South Africa 341, 342 Southern Oscillation, Pacific Ocean 75 space technology 517 Spain 369 spatial arrangements 285 spatial information 517 species boreal forests 30 and climate change 394–395 elevation gradients of woody plant species richness 35 endangered 394 evaluation 293–295 561 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:13 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 588 Index species continued inventories 393 key 121, 125, 141 lower mountain forests 30 Mediterranean areas 30 natural forests species 211–212 non-timber forest products (NTFPs) 304 plant 40, 126–127, 353 sacred 121–122 screening 297–298 selection 291 upper temperate montane forests 30 woody plant species richness 35 Speirops melanocephalus 46 Sri Lanka 132, 153–155, 278 stakeholder groups 159 standards 227, 229, 431, 434 see also certification ‘State model’ forest policy 157 State of the World’s Mountains 86 Stewardship Incentive Programme (SIP) 422–423 storage of seedlings 260 strategies xxv–xxviii, 164, 196–197, 408 strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and limitations (SWOL) matrix 491–492 structural diversity 200–203 structuralist theory 188–189 subalpine forests 197–220 subsidies 126, 232, 302–303, 421–429 see also funding; incentives substance flow analysis (SFA) 230 Sudety Mountains 13–18 Suillus luteus 261, 304 sustainability as a framework 188–189 sustainable forest management (SFM) 194–197, 429–440 sustainable mountain development (SMD) 270–287 Sweden xxiii–xxiv Swedish Scandes 77 Swertia 301, 313 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (COSUDE) xxxi, 1, 209 Swiss Alps 438–439, 459–465 Swiss Forest Inspectorate (1874) 463 Swiss forest law 415 Swiss Forest Police Act (1876) 364 Swiss Forest Police Act (1902) 463 Swiss Forests Association 463 Swiss inquiry on public perceptions and attitudes 179 Swiss National Forest Inventory 198 Switzerland accountancy networks 242 climate change 72–73 common property 459–465 floods 375 forest communities 80 forest enterprises 245–246 hunting 350–352 income from timber 222 interventions 202–203 public perceptions of mountain forests 168 survey 178 wind disturbance 56 system dynamics theory 191 System of Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounting (SEEA) 241 Syzygium communii 125 Taihu Lake 319–320 Talamanca 43–45 Talamancan Mountains 12, 40 Tanga Integrated Rural Development Project 102 Tanganyika (Tanzania) 101, 102 Tanzania 31, 84, 267, 284–287, 373 see also Mount Kilimanjaro Taxus wallichiana 312 Tectona geandis 66 temperate/boreal type mountain forest 34 Tephrosia vogelii 277 tepu vegetation 60 terms, mixed use of 416–417 Thailand 219, 305, 306 Threat Categories of the World Conservation Union 394 threats 48–50, 98, 394, 506 see also disturbances Tibet 121, 132, 316 Tibetan Buddhist philosophy 119 Tien Shan 30 timber economies 235–241, 236 harvesting 170, 211–215, 236 income from 222, 234–247 production 240–241 tree species 285, 297 tropical 61 see also fuelwoods; logging; trees; wood Tithonia diversfolia 278–279 Toachi river 64 562 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:14 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Index 589 tools 386–388 Toona ciliata 297 Torrent and Avalanche Control Service (TACS) 363–364, 424 tourism xxvii, 331–332, 343–346, 353–359 traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 117–118, 119, 123–124 traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom (TEKW) 168, 181, 182–186 Tragedy of the Commons 460–461 transparency in decision-making process 475 Tree Conservation Database 394 tree ferns 393 tree growth 74–76 trees canopy species 210, 294 cover 61–63, 92 densities 96 domesticated 283 drought survival 294–295 evaluation 293–295 growth 74–76 indigenous to montane forests 293–295 mortality 73–74, 294–295 multipurpose 297 oak 210 regenerated 481 satinwood 482 seedlings 259–263 selection 263–265, 277, 497 species 42–43, 66, 79, 98 timber species 285, 297 upperstorey 275 see also species; timber; wood Tremarctos ornatus 394 tribes 98, 99, 101, 357 Tribhuvan University 317 Tricholoma matutake 311 Trichosaurus vulpecula 258, 262 tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) 330, 390–397 tropical montane rainforest 33 Tunisia 451 Turpinia occidentalis 295 TV programmes 518 TVA and the Grassroots: a Study of Politics and Organizations 440 type selection 200–203 typology 188–189 Uganda 271, 307, 400, 425 UK Native Woodland Habitat Action Plan 25 ungulates 347, 349, 350, 351–353 see also animals; hunting; mammal United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Agenda 21 224–225 initiatives 139 responses to 133–140 Rio de Janeiro (1992) 86, 131–132 sustainable development concept 227–228 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) 106 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 124, 341, 396 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate, Kyoto Protocol (1997) xxvi–xxvii United States of America (USA) organizations 386 recreation 331, 332, 333 reduced timber harvesting 236 subsidies 422 Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien 413 Urals Usambaras 97–103 use strategy 196–197 Vaccinium arctostaphylos 195 Vaccinium meridionale 294 Valais 464 values 360–363 vegetation 40, 42–45, 47, 60, 98, 263–264 see also grasses; shrubs Viburnum alpinum 295 videos 518 Vietnam 132, 151–152 Village Associations 451 Village Development Fund, Mount Cameroon 308–309 Virunga volcanoes 394 Vitex keniensis 283 ‘Vivian’, windstorm (1990) 56 volcanic eruptions 56–57 ‘wake effect’ 193 Wales 2, 25–28 Warbugia ugandensis 283 Warm Springs Indian Reservation Trust 425 wars 470 563 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:14 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 590 Index water balance 373 conservation xxvi, 148, 154–155, 389, 390, 500 freshwater 370–378 potable water supply xxv–xxvi quality 392–393 soil water assessment, Mount Kenya 375 soil and water conservation (SWC) 389, 390 supply xxv–xxvi sustainable supply 392–393 Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) 251–252 watershed services 428–429 watersheds councils, goals 387 functions 384–385 integrated approach for forestry 388–389 management 380–390, 450–452 maps and mapping 144 patterns 145 planning 380–390 recovery 64 rehabilitation 386 research 384–386 services 428–429 way forward, forest gardens 155 weather systems 76 Web databases 514 website, tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) 396 weed control 262 Welsh mountains 2, 25–28 Western science 168–169, 181–185, 186, 477 wildflowers 309–310 see also flora wildlife, Tibet 121 willingness to pay (WTP) 103 wind disturbance 55–56 Wiwa cultures 128–129 women 84, 103–117, 484 wood energy development 254–255 processing impacts 406 production 239–240 products income 234–247 sources of 221–265 tropical 61 wood and pole production 281–282 see also fuelwoods; timber; trees woodland cultures 25–28, 171–174 woody plant species richness 35 Working Countryside for Wales, Review (1997) 25 World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWC) 390 World Bank 289, 429, 440, 441, 474 World Business Council for Sustainable Development 230 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) xxiv World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development, final report World Commission on Protected Areas 138 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) 1, 4, 6, 7, 391 World Conservation Union 86, 392, 394 World Forestry Congress (1997) xxx World Heritage Network 138 World Heritage Sites 138, 141, 142, 357 see also National Parks; reserves World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technology (WOCAT) 330, 379, 389, 389–390 World Phytodiversity Map 28 World Tourist Organization (WTO) 331, 334 World Trade Organization (WTO) 311 Worldwide Fund for Nature, World Forest Map Wuyishan Nature Reserve 357 Xanthomonas populi subsp populi 79 Xi Tiaoxi River 319–320 Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve 357 Yangtze River 143, 145, 148 Yellow River 143, 145, 148 Yellowstone Park 185 Yungas 60, 67 564 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3777 - Price - Forests in Sustainable\A3848 - Price - Forests in Sustainable #F.vp 04 July 2000 15:42:15 A3848: Price - Forests: First Revise: 4-Jul-00 Chapter ... screen Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: a State of Knowledge Report for 2000 Task Force on Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development Edited by M.F Price Centre for Mountain Studies,... 6.2 Agroforestry in sustainable mountain development K Atta-Krah and Tang Ya Case study: Chagga agroforests on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania E.C.M Fernandes 284 Improved agroforestry systems for. .. Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Countries Edited by J.L Innes and A. H Haron Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: a State of Knowledge Report for 2000