Islam instrumentalized religion and politics in historical perspective

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information ISLAM INSTRUMENTALIZED Religion and Politics in Historical Perspective Does Islam bear some responsibility for a lack of development in the countries in which it dominates? In this book, economist Jean-Philippe Platteau challenges several speciic claims seeking to connect Islam with a lack of development Through a nuanced analysis, he disputes the widespread view that the doctrine of Islam is fundamentally reactionary, defending tradition against modernity and individual freedom, and the related view that Islam is an obstacle to modern development because of a fusion between the spiritual and political domains At the same time, his analysis identiies how Islam’s decentralized organization, in the context of autocratic regimes, may cause political instability and postpone reforms Ultimately, he emphasizes how secular authoritarian leaders in Muslim countries have tended to instrumentalize religion at the cost of widespread corruption and regressive measures, creating an unfortunate association between secularism and self-serving cynicism Jean-Philippe Platteau is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of Namur, in Belgium He has devoted his research career to studying the role of institutions in economic development and the processes of institutional change He is the author of several books, including (with R Peccoud) Culture, Institutions, and Development: New Insights into an Old Debate (2011), Institutions, Social Norms, and Economic Development (2000), and (with J M Baland) Halting Degradation of Natural Resources: Is There a Role for Rural Communities? (1996) © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ECONOMICS, CHOICE, AND SOCIETY Founding Editors Timur Kuran, Duke University Peter J Boettke, George Mason University This interdisciplinary series promotes original theoretical and empirical research as well as integrative syntheses involving links between individual choice, institutions, and social outcomes Contributions are welcome from across the social sciences, particularly in the areas where economic analysis is joined with other disciplines, such as comparative political economy, new institutional economics, and behavioral economics Books in the Series: terry l anderson and gary d libecap, Environmental Markets: A Property Rights Approach morris b hoffman, The Punisher’s Brain: The Evolution of Judge and Jury peter t leeson, Anarchy Unbound: Why Self-Governance Works Better than You Think benjamin powell, Out of Poverty: Sweatshops in the Global Economy cass r sunstein, The Ethics of Inluence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science jared rubin, Rulers, Religion, and Riches: Why the West Got Rich and the Middle East Did Not © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information Islam Instrumentalized Religion and Politics in Historical Perspective JEAN-PHILIPPE PLATTEAU University of Namur, Belgium © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316609002 DOI: 10.1017/9781316658727 C Jean-Philippe Platteau 2017 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2017 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Platteau, J P (Jean-Philippe), 1947– author Title: Islam instrumentalized : religion and politics in historical perspective / Jean-Philippe Platteau, Universite de Namur, Belgium Description: New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2018 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identiiers: LCCN 2017003165 | ISBN 9781107155442 (hardback : alk paper) | ISBN 9781316609002 (paperback : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Islamic countries – Economic conditions | Islam – Economic aspects – Developing countries | Religion and politics – Islamic countries | Economic development – Religious aspects – Islam | Economic development – Islamic countries Classiication: LCC HC499.P53 2018 | DDC 320.917/67 – dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017003165 ISBN 978-1-107-15544-2 Hardback ISBN 978-1-316-60900-2 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information To Nicole Moguilevsky, for her patience and intellectual curiosity © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information Contents page xiii Preface Introduction 1.1 The Rising Interest in Religion 1.2 The Central Storyline of the Book 1.3 Methodological Approach 1.4 Concerns with Quantitative Studies The Endogeneity Problem Additional Problems and Weak Results from Cross-Country Studies Historical Experiments Final Clariications 1.5 The Outline of the Book 1 15 20 20 Insights from Early Modern Europe 2.1 A Skeptical View of the Role of the Protestant Reformation An Updated Critique of Weber’s Approach to Protestantism State and Religion in Western Europe before the Reformation State and Religion in Western Europe after the Reformation 2.2 A Skeptical View of the Role of the Early Enlightenment The Early Enlightenment as the Decisive Breakpoint? Back to the Reverse Causality Problem The Stickiness of Religious Conventions 2.3 Central Lessons from Early Modern European History 33 33 34 Conlation between Religion and Politics: The Case of Islam 3.1 Conlation between Religion and Politics in Islam: Statement of the View 22 26 28 29 49 52 62 62 64 75 78 86 86 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information viii Contents 3.2 Varied Aspects of the Islamic Doctrine Plurality of Sources of the Islamic Law Role of the Islamic Jurists Role of Local Customs: Islam as a Cultural Hybrid Encounters between High and Low Islams Shi’ism as a Mixture of Doctrinal Flexibility and Charismatic Leadership 3.3 Conclusion The Dominant System of Politico-Religious Relations in Islam: A Historical Perspective 4.1 First Insights from the Early History of Islam 4.2 The Archetypal Model of Politico-Religious Interactions in the Lands of Islam Subordination of Religious Authorities to Political Rulers Illustrations 4.3 Islam in the Service of National Uniication Examples from Old Imperial and Dynastic Regimes Afghanistan Illustrious Predecessors: Ibn Hanbal and Ibn Taymiyya 4.4 Summary: Asymmetric Cooperation and Sanctuary Rights The Subordination of Religion to Politics The Moderately Counterbalancing Role of Islam Islam as a Banner for Political Uniication and Nation-Building 4.5 Analytics of Politico-Religious Interactions The Setup Results What about the Merchants? The Rise of Islam in Conditions of State Crisis: The Case of Weak States 5.1 Two Types of State Crisis 5.2 Ottoman Egypt 5.3 Post-Safavid Iran Successful Cooperation between State and Religion under the Safavid Rule The Post-Safavid Collapse of State-Religion Cooperation Linking the Change to Theory © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com 91 91 96 98 108 112 113 116 116 125 125 131 138 138 140 142 143 143 145 146 147 148 150 155 159 159 160 163 163 165 175 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information ix Contents 5.4 State-Appointed versus Self-Appointed Clerics 5.5 Reaction to Foreign Domination 5.6 Conclusion and Final Remarks about the Puzzle of Iranian Theocracy The Rise of Islam in Conditions of State Crisis: The Case of Kleptocratic Despotism 6.1 Instrumentalization of Islam in Support of Despotism 6.2 Evidence Case Study 1: Egypt Case Study 2: Sudan Case Study 3: Pakistan Case Study 4: Algeria Case Study 5: Indonesia Baathism as Secular Religiosity in the Service of a Totalitarian State: A Prelude to the Study of Iraq and Syria Case Study 6: Iraq Case Study 7: Syria Glimpses at Palestine and Malaysia 6.3 Conclusion Islamization of Political Debate Linking Results with the Theory Relationships between State Power and Puritanical Islamists The Exacerbating Role of Foreign Policies Islamism in Historical and International Perspective 7.1 The Birth and Spread of Islamic Puritanism The Inluence and Spread of Wahhabism Islamic Reformism as Anticolonial Reaction The Doctrines of Mawdûdi and Qutb Political Shi’ism 7.2 A Modernization Crisis Compounded by Military Defeats The Hard Dilemma Born of a Modernization Crisis Islamism as an Attempt to Reformulate the Project of Modernity Analogies with Europe 7.3 Motives behind Recruitment into Islamist Movements Need to Restore a Damaged Self-Image Social Role of Islamist Movements Radical Islam as a Weapon in Class Struggles © in this web service Cambridge University Press 176 178 182 185 185 188 189 203 209 223 229 233 235 252 256 260 260 261 262 263 265 266 267 274 283 286 287 287 291 294 297 298 302 304 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information x Contents Islamist Leaders Islamism and the Low Islam 7.4 Conclusion and Final Relections Summing Up The Challenge of Civilizational Change The Role of Foreign Domination 308 311 312 312 314 315 Revivalist Movements in Other Religions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Puzzle of Hindu Fundamentalism in India 8.3 Sikh Revivalism in Modern India 8.4 Buddhist Revivalism in Sri Lanka and Myanmar Sri Lanka Myanmar 8.5 Conclusion and Discussion 323 323 324 331 336 336 343 346 Enlightened Despotism Examined 9.1 Legal Reforms in the Lands of Islam 9.2 Kemalist Reforms in Modern Turkey Kemalism as a Revolutionary and Nationalist Project Kemalism as an Authoritarian and Elitist Project The Aftermath of the Kemalist Republic The Gradual Reentry of Islam into Turkish Politics The Second Revolution in Modern Turkey: An Islamic Party in Power Concluding Remarks 9.3 Radical Reforms in Modern Tunisia Bourguiba’s One-Man Rule Bourguiba’s Radical Social Reforms The Entry of Islamic Opposition Forces onto the Stage Crushing of the Islamists under Enduring Autocracy: The Ben Ali Era (I) Crony Capitalism under Enduring Autocracy: The Ben Ali Era (II) The Arab Spring and the Islamists’ Access to Power 9.4 Enlightened Despots in Modern Afghanistan The Bold Reformism of King Amanullah A Renewed Attempt by the Left The Taliban Regime 9.5 Drawing Lessons: Radical versus Moderate Reforms 351 352 355 356 359 364 368 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com 372 375 378 379 382 388 391 395 398 400 400 403 404 406 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Frontmatter More Information Contents Avoidable Flaws of the Reform Programs The Way Forward: A Middle Road between Assertive Secularism and the Status Quo The “Magnet Efect” of Progressive Reforms: Theoretical Insights The Moderate Road Illustrated: The Case of Morocco The Moderate Road Illustrated: The Case of Indonesia 9.6 Conclusion 10 Islam, Politics, and the Challenge of Enforcement 10.1 Institutional Change and the Enforceability Issue The Theory of the “Institutional Trap” in a Nutshell An Important Caveat The Enforcement Problem Politics in Kuran’s Work 10.2 Islam in a Comparative Perspective A Novel Approach to State-Religion Interactions A Reasoned Typology of Country Case Studies The Ingredients of a Severe Modernization Crisis 10.3 Persistence of Tribalism Islam’s Failure to End Tribalism Back to Western Europe 10.4 Final Thoughts xi 406 409 411 416 418 422 426 426 427 428 431 435 438 438 441 446 452 453 457 462 Bibliography 465 Index 497 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 514 Index Levtzion, N., 22, 483 Lewis, B., 2, 86–90, 96, 98, 210, 357, 359, 364, 447, 448, 483 Lewis, I M., 105 liberalism, 90, 130, 260 Libya, 321, 395, 448, 450, 455 Lieven, D., 223, 483 Lilla, M., 39, 50, 63, 78, 81, 87, 483 Lille, 54 limited morality, 461 Limongi, F., 29, 488 Lister, T., 302, 491 Lithuania, 84 Littell, J., 254, 483 Locke, J., 63 Long, N., 483 Lopez-de-Silanes, F., 24, 482 Los Angeles, 82 Louis XIV, 130 Louis XIV, king of France, 66 Low Countries, 35, 36, 37, 43, 54, 67, 433 low Islam, 8, 30, 91, 108, 113, 114, 143, 297, 311, 410, 440, 445 lower Islam, Lugan, B., 99, 135, 483 Luizard, P J., 171, 172, 178, 483 Lustig, S., 130, 429, 430, 482 Luther, 15, 36, 37, 41, 60, 61, 62, 83, 210, 294 Lutheranism, 41, 45, 47, 48, 55, 84 church, 55 German peasants, 58 League, 58 Swedes, 58 Lutherans, 76 Polish, 55 Lydon, G., 22, 99, 428, 429, 483 Lynch, M., 320, 484 ma’sum, 139 Macfarlane, A., 68, 484 Macrides, R J., 484 madrasa, 96, 97, 98, 130, 135, 141, 219, 360, 362 Magd, Kamal Abu, 192 Magdeburg, 55 Maghreb, 116, 224 Magna Carta, 56, 64, 65 magnet efect theory, 411–15, 422, 446 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Magnus, R H., 104, 119, 123, 140, 141, 143, 213, 484 Magyar tribes, 460 Magyars, 294 Maha Nikaya, 345 Maha Sangha Sabha, 338 Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP), 337, 338 Maharashtra, 328 Mahavamsa, 339 Mahdi, 139, 164, 179, 184, 279, 280 Mahdists, 179 political movement, 204 revolt, 179 Mahjoubi, A., 379, 484 Mahmut II, 360 Mahoney, J., 431, 484 Maila, J., 90, 484 Majelis Ulama Indonesia, 232 majlis, 157 Makdisi, S., 26, 96, 467, 473, 482, 484, 489, 493 Makiya, K., 90, 119, 233–5, 484 Maklouf, Rami, 254 Malacca, 277 Malawi, 110 Malay supremacists, 259 Malaysia, 258–9, 277, 278, 299 Maleki school, 93, 99, 136, 383 Mali, 108, 109, 123, 280, 285, 413 Malik, A., 134, 211, 438, 456, 484 Malthus, T R., Malwatte, 342 Mamluk institution, 454 rulers, 160, 161, 162 sultanate, 119, 454 Mamluks, 120, 121, 125, 128, 145, 160, 429, 454, 455 Mandalay, 345 Mandate of the Jurist, 184 Manghit dynasty, 139 Mansield, P., 290, 484 Mao Tse-Tung, 349 Maoist tenets, 310 marabouts, 124, 280, 305, 457 Maradi, 306 Mardin, Muslims of, 181 Mardin, S., 188, 274, 275, 276, 484 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information Index Margaret of Parma, 59 marja, 168, 172, 178, 184, 238 marja-e taqlid, 168 Marnef, G., 36, 43, 44, 47, 53, 54, 67, 484 Maronite militias, 253 Marri tribe, 212 marriage, 67–71, 74, 106, 108–10, 135, 238, 277, 279, 307, 308, 311, 354, 367, 383, 401, 410, 416–18, 423, 457, 458, 459, 460 adolescent, 307 age at irst, 308 age of, 239 forced, 238 late, 71, 75 Marsot, A L., 92, 116, 121, 123, 158, 160, 161, 187, 189, 194, 196, 289, 293, 313, 484 Martin, H.-J., 34 Martin, V., 34, 61, 166, 467, 474, 484, 485, 490 Marx, Karl, 90, 349 Marxism, 12, 252, 337, 344, 352, 400, 403, 444 Marxists, 192, 349 Mary of Burgundy, 53 Mary Stuart, 57 Marzouki, Moncef, 393, 399, 400 Masalit people, 209 mashaikh, 222 Masina, 124 maslahat, 137 Massassi people, 124 Masud, 405 Masuma, J., 350, 484 Matsusaka, J G., 461, 481 Matthew, S., 484 Mauritania, 179 Southern, 179 Mauritz of Nassau, 54 Mavbima Surakime Vyaparaya (MSV), 342 Mawdûdi, Maulana, ix, 210, 211, 266, 283, 284, 285, 450, 451 Mazalim court, 129 Mazari, 405 Mazar-i-Sharif, 406 McCants, W., 249, 484 McCleary, R M., 24, 467 McDaniel, T., 296, 484 McHugo, J., 235, 252, 253, 254, 256, 305, 484 Mecca, 88, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121–4, 139, 142, 232, 236, 252, 266–70, 271, 277, 278, 289, 350, 392, 432 Meccan aristocracy, 118 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 515 establishment, 117 merchants, 117 Meccans, 117 Mecham, Q., 398, 399, 484 Meddeb, A., 119, 121, 181, 268, 284, 285, 288, 485 Medina, 86, 116–18, 120, 122, 123, 142, 201, 266, 267, 269, 350, 432 Medinan tribes, 123 Medinese, 117 Mehmed I, 177 Mehmed II, 120 Mehmed IV, 273 Mehmed Ali Pasha, 161 Meier, G., 38, 485 Meiji Japan, 315 movement, 374 Restoration, 21 Menderes, Adnan, 365, 366 Mercier Ythier, J., 487 Meredith, M., 206, 208, 485 meshverret, 126, 149 Mesopotomia, 239, 240 Mestiri, Ahmad, 391 Meyersson, E., 307, 485 Miceli, T., 13, 130, 186, 433, 434, 471 Middle Ages, 51, 72, 433, 458, 460, 461, 462 Middle East crisis, 320 Milante, G., 26 Milet, E., 123, 124, 485 Mill, J S., Miller, R I., 24, 90, 485, 489 millet system, 411 Minangkabau, 106, 107, 278 Ministry of Education of Iraq, 242 Ministry of Endowments of Iraq, 242 Ministry of Interior of Iraq, 247 Ministry of Religion of Indonesia, 421 Ministry of Religious Afairs and Pious Foundations, 360 Ministry of Religious Afairs of Algeria, 224, 226 Ministry of Religious Afairs of Sudan, 212 Minvielle, J P., 485 Miran, M., 305, 306, 485 Mirza Hosain Khan, 169 Mirza Hussein Shirazi, 170 Mirza, R A., 211, 456, 484 Mishra, P., 485 Mitchell, R., 485 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 516 Index Mitterauer, M., 485 mixed courts, 161 Modi, Ashok, 331 Mohammadzai clan, 143 Mohammed VI, 416 Mohsen-Finan, K., 379, 485 Mokus-Su, church of, 104 Mokyr, J., 461, 472, 485 monastery, 432 Monastir, 391 Mongol invasion, 142, 181 occupiers, 181 principalities, 138 threat, 181 Mongols, 120, 181, 276, 289, 454 Montazeri, Hussein Ali, 184 Montenegro, 463 Moore, R I., 35, 46, 58, 70, 485 Mormons, 84 Morocco, xi, 100, 104, 124, 145, 165, 299, 311, 352, 353, 395, 406, 416–17, 423 intellectuals, 312 precolonial, 136, 145 sultans, 135 Morris, C., 361, 375, 485 Morrow, J D., 472 Morsi, Muhammad, 200, 201 Moscow, 61, 145, 318, 485 Moses, 195, 309 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 319 Mosse, G L., 42, 481 Mossi people, 105 Mosul, 236 Motahhari, 173 Mottahedeh, R., 101, 165, 171, 485 Moudawana, 417 Mount Athos, 432 Mouride brotherhood, 124 Mourou, Abd al-Fattah, 389, 390 Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique (MTI), 389–92 Movement for the Enforcement of Muhammad’s Law, Pakistan, 221 Movement for an Islamic Society in Algeria, 229 Movement for Restoration of Democracy, Pakistan, 216 Movka, city of, 104 Muammar Gaddai, 395 Muawiya, 118 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Mubarak, Hosni, 152, 157, 192, 196–200, 202, 203, 241, 448 mudarri, 92 mufti, 61, 92, 197, 202, 270, 276, 360, 386, 432 grand mufti, 199 oice of, 162 Mughal emperors, 132, 276, 290, 347 empire, 103, 116, 120, 131, 145, 271, 273, 333 India, 166, 274 judicial organization, 133 people, 103, 333 rule, 103, 271–3 Muhammad, 4, 10, 30, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 112, 114, 116–23, 125, 126, 139, 142, 168, 180, 181, 190, 194, 201, 210, 216, 217, 232, 267, 269, 271, 279, 289, 309, 315, 350, 419, 426, 427, 433, 437, 452, 453 Muhammad Ali, governor of Egypt, 161, 162, 182 Muhammad Ali, shah of Iran, 171 mujahiddin, 285, 319, 321, 452 Mujeeb, M., 103, 485 mujtahid, 140, 167, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 321 mukhâbarât, 198, 253, 255 Mullah Omar, 405 mullahs, 61, 104, 109, 137, 171, 175, 211, 222, 289, 299, 309, 317, 348, 410 munaiqun, 241 munkar, 195 Munro, L., 253, 489 Münzer, 83 Muridism, 276 murids, 456 Murray, J J., 35, 36, 473, 485 Murtopo, 231 Musahibans, 352, 400, 402, 410 Musharraf, 222–3 Muslim Brotherhood, 48, 90, 152, 189–93, 194, 196–202, 204–5, 227, 231, 241, 252, 253, 262, 263, 271, 282, 284, 285, 303, 305, 313, 316–19, 450 Syrian, 256 Muslim polity, 210 Mustafa Kemal Pasha, 356 Mustawi, 175 mutaween, 268 Mutazila, 94 Myanmar, 15, 31, 343–6 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information Index Naby, E., 104, 119, 123, 140, 141, 143, 213, 484 nachetchiki, 295 Nadir Khan, 404 Nadir Shah, 402 Nahavandi, F., 299, 485 Naipaul, V S., 210, 299, 300, 485 Najaf, 172, 183, 184, 241, 286, 287 Najd province, 269, 270 tribes, 270 Nakshibendi doctrine, 274, 275 leaders, 276 order, 274 reaction, 275 shaykhs, 276 sheikh, 275 Nakshibendism, Inner Russia, 274–6 Namur, 44, 467 Nanautawi, Maulana, 276 Naphy, W G., 40–2, 46, 53, 54–8, 65, 80, 81, 82, 84, 486 Napoleonic Code, 110, 354 Naqrashi, 189 Naqshbandis, 103 Nash bargaining solution, 150 Nasiri, O., 302, 321, 486 Nasr, V., 183, 486 Nasser al-Din, 170, 174, 179 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 189–91, 198, 203, 271, 280, 316, 448 Nasserites, 192, 194 National Charter of Algeria, 226 National Intelligence Organization of Turkey (MIT), 367, 466 National Islamic Front of Sudan (NIF), 204–8 National Order Party of Turkey (NOP), 367 National Party of Indonesia (PNI), 230 National Salvation Party of Turkey (NSP), 367, 368, 371 National Unity Committee of Turkey (NUC), 366 National Vision (“Milli Gưrü¸s”), 367, 369 nationalism Arab, 11 Nationalist Action Party of Turkey (NAP), 368 national-socialism, 295 Naus, Joseph, 171 Navarre, Anthony of, 59 Ne Win, 344 Nejd region, 432 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 517 Neo-Dustur Party, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 387 neo-Muslim Brethren, 293 Netherlands, 36, 42–5, 54, 59, 66, 80 Burgundian, 53 Netherlanders, 54 United Provinces of, 54 Nevo, J., 268, 486 new bishoprics scheme, 54 New Order, Indonesia, 231 New Philosophes, 63 New Testament, 350 New York, 406 Nicholas I, tsar of Russia, 61 Nichols, S J., 62, 486 Nidaa Tounes, 399, 400 Nielsen, R., 309, 486 Niger, 22, 110, 124, 306 Nigeria, 281, 285, 306 Northern, 106, 353 Nikon, Patriarch, 295 Nirankaris, 334 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 302 Noland, M., 24, 26, 486 Nomani, F., 173, 213, 216, 268, 432, 486, 488 Norberg, K., 64, 478 Norse tribes, 460 North Africa, 3, 29, 99, 100, 104, 121, 135, 139, 281 North, D C., 16, 65, 486 Northern Alliance, 406 Northern and Eastern Provinces, Sri Lanka, 338, 342 North-Western Frontier Province, 213, 223, 276 Norton, S W., 3, 486 Nowell-Smith, G., 34, 474 Ntampaka, C., 105, 486 nuclear family, 68, 72, 75 Nugent, E R., 400, 468 Nugent, J., 400 Nugrohoa, E B., 232, 471 Nursi, Sait, 363 Nussbaum, M., 324–8, 449, 486 Nyooro, 280 O’Daly, G., 50, 486 Oberoi, H., 331–4, 486 Objectives Resolution, Pakistan, 218 Obolonsky, V., 12, 65, 296, 297, 361, 425, 438, 486 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 518 Index obscurantism, 41, 188, 215 obscurantist deadlock, 9, 186, 187, 320, 422 Olcott, 336 Old Believers, 295, 296 Olofsgard, A., 472 Oman, 258 omitted variables, 23 opposition confrontation equilibrium, 261, 262 opposition confrontation strategy, 5, 19, 147, 149, 156, 159, 186, 260 opposition suppression strategy, 5, 19, 147, 149, 159 Orange, House of, 66 Orange, William III of, 66 Orange, William of, 44, 54, 59 Orenburg Assembly, 61 Organization for the Enforcement of Good and Prevention of Evil, 268 Organization of Islamic Conference, 21 Orontes valley, 305 Osaka, 21 Osman, K., 247, 248, 486 Otsuka, K., 488 Ottoman authorities, 353 caliphate, 364 Christians, 123 economy, 429 empire, 27, 93, 116, 119, 123, 127, 130, 131, 134, 141, 145, 158, 164, 165, 269, 274, 294, 353, 356, 360, 375, 377, 415, 430, 432, 449, 454 era, 376 inancial institutions, 27 institutions, 411 Islamic reformers, 273 legacy, 359, 377 legal system, 133 legitimacy, 134 merchants, 438 military, 273 people, 411 policies, 358 rulers, 27, 134, 434, 439, 455 sultans, 123, 130, 180 Turkey, 375, 415, 429, 433 Owen, R., 223, 392, 393, 394, 396–7, 432, 486 Özal, Turgut, 368, 369, 370, 373 ệzek, ầetin, 364, 487 â in this web service Cambridge University Press Padri movement, 278 Padro i Miquel, G., 148, 487 pagoda, 342 Pahang, 277 Pahlavi dynasty, 444 Pahlavis, 452 Pakistan, 9, 31, 98, 188, 203, 209–23, 226, 250, 256, 258, 262, 264, 266, 285, 315, 318, 330, 334, 369, 444, 445, 456, 457 Pakistan Muslim League, 210, 221 Pakistan National Alliance, 214, 215 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 215, 221 Pakistani army, 211, 213, 214, 220, 221, 222, 223 Palestine, 257–8, 263, 318, 320 Palestinian cause, 189, 194, 253 people, 448 question, 194 revolutionaries, 253 Palestinian Authority, 257, 263 Pamuk, S., 435, 487 pan-Islamism, 141 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), 258, 259 Panagoda, 342 Pancasila program, 230 Pargeter, A., 487 Parkin, D J., 487 Parti de la Justice et du Développement of Morocco (PJD), 311, 417 Parti Socialiste Dusturien of Tunisia (PSD), 381, 388–92 Parvati, 326 Paschal II, pope, 51 Pasdaran, 183 Pashtun heartland, 406 nationalists, 213 people, 213, 223, 285, 401, 403, 405, 406 state, 213 tribes, 213 Pashtunistan, 213 Pashtunwali, 104, 285, 406 Patani, 277 path dependence, 15, 18, 428 Pathan people, 276 patriarchal customs, 431 power, 416 society, 414 Patriarchate in Constantinople, 145 Patriarchate in Moscow, 145 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information Index patrimonial absolutism, 416 patrimonialism, 454 Paul, T V., 213, 223, 315, 452 Payongayong, E., 488 Peace of Augsburg, 55, 58 Peace of Westphalia, 66 Peccoud, R., 493 Peebles, P., 341, 487 Pennington, D H., 45, 53, 55, 63, 81, 83, 487 Pentecostalism, 281 People’s Assembly, 192, 194 People’s Defence Forces of Sudan, 208 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), 138, 400, 403–4, 405, 407, 408 Perkins, K J., 379–82, 383, 385, 386, 389, 390, 391–5, 487 Perle, Richard, 447 Permanent Islamic Congress, 196, 197 Perrie, M., 474 Persia, 145, 454 empire, 456 Persian Gulf, 269 Personal Status Code of Tunisia, 383, 390 Peru, 310 Peter the Great, 295, 361 Petition of Rights, 64, 65 Pettegree, A., 34, 36, 43, 44, 47, 54, 59, 60, 487 Pharisees, 142 Philip Augustus, king of France, 56 Philip I, king of France, 51 Philip II, king of Spain, 54, 57, 59, 67 Philpin, C H E., 470 Pincus, S., 57, 59, 64, 65, 66, 487 Pipes, R., 90, 487 Piquard, B., 98, 216, 219, 487 Pir-Dovgan, shrine of, 104 pỵrs, 456, 457 Pius IV, pope, 57 PKK, 256 Platas Izama, M., 17, 155, 469 Platteau, J.-P., 2, 20–4, 107, 110, 111, 115, 147, 148, 411, 458, 461, 462, 465, 467, 469, 474, 476, 488, 493 Plokhy, S., 488 Podor, 109 Poewe, K., 488 Poland, 54, 66, 84 polarized preferences, 151 Poles, 55 political economics, 12, 15, 19, 434, 437 politico-religious equilibrium, 5, 7, 19, 30, 32, 116, 131, 135, 145–7, 149, 163, 176, 444 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 519 Polizeistaat laws, 61 Polk, W R., 117, 233, 239, 241, 488 polygamy, 238 polygyny, 69 Pomerania, 66 Ponang, Judge, 419 Portugal, 51 Portuguese exploration, 277 Posner, R., 187, 314, 488 Potrafke, N 26 Prak, M., 64, 492 predestination doctrine, 74 Presbyterian church, 82, 84 printing press, 34, 339, 433, 434 Privy Council, 44 priyayi landlords, 278 Professional Associations Syndicate, 192, 303 Prophet Muhammad, Prosperous Justice Party of Indonesia, 232 Protestant, 42, 44 Baptists, 45, 84 Diggers, 45 Levellers, 45 Mennonites, 48 missionaries, 275 Quakers, 45, 84 Ranters, 45 sects, Protestantism, vii, 1, 2, 14, 20, 24, 29, 33–42, 43, 45–8, 53, 54–60, 61, 63, 66, 73–5, 77, 79, 80, 82–5, 96, 115, 231, 277, 294, 336, 340 American, 14, 81, 439 provincial assemblies, of Holland, 67 Provisional Constitutional Order, Pakistan, 218 Prussia, 37, 66, 359 Brandenburg, 55 Pryor, F., 24, 488 Przeworski, A., 29, 488 Punjab, 102, 210, 315, 331, 333, 335, 336 puritanism, 348 in Islam, 268, 270, 273, 311, 312, 434 movements, 9, 14, 30, 45, 46, 81, 82, 83, 85, 346 Puritans, 42, 43, 46, 83, 84 Dutch artisans, 43 Dutch soldiers, 42 English, 42 immigrants, 84 Putin, Vladimir, 396, 449 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 520 Index qadi, 61, 92, 106, 128–9, 143, 162, 175, 278, 309, 385, 401 Qadiris, 103, 124 Qajar government, 171 nobility, 167 people, 156, 165, 166, 167, 176–7, 178 rulers, 169, 444 Qalqilya, 257 Qandahar, 140, 143, 406 Qarawiyin University, 312 Qasim, 237–8, 245, 443 Qazan, 181 qazi, 218 Qazvin, 166 qiyas, 92 Qizilbash leaders, 165 tribesmen, 165, 266, 456 Qom, 171 Quataert, D., 133, 479 quietism, 126, 178, 182 Quisumbing, A., 107, 488 Quran, 43, 89, 91–7, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108–13, 116, 118, 126, 132, 142, 143, 173, 179, 181, 187, 195, 199, 212, 216, 217, 241, 252, 257, 267, 269, 279, 283, 285, 291, 293, 350, 371, 390, 404, 419, 420, 427, 437, 439, 451 classes, 242 Quranic schools, 224, 226, 383 Quraysh, 117 clan, 117, 118 Qutb, Sayyid, ix, 90, 192, 226, 266, 282–4, 286, 450, 451 rabbi, 96 racketeering, 14, 260, 397, 409 Radwan, S., 388, 488 Raef, M., 488 Raghavan, S., 343, 488 Rahman Khan, Abdul, 140 Rahman, F., 88, 94–7, 140, 141, 172, 217, 283, 285, 293, 488 Rahman, Khan Abdul, 140, 141, 143 Rahnema, A., 173, 213, 216, 268, 432, 486, 488 raison d’état, 126 Raiwind, 277 Rakhine riots, 345 state, 345 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Ram, 328 Ram Rajya, 330 Ramadan, A A., 193, 194, 195, 197, 488 Ramirez, A., 311, 488 Rangile, Mohammed Shah, 290 Rasanayagam, A., 137, 140, 141, 143, 146, 213, 401, 402, 404, 488 Rashid, A., 220, 320, 488 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 325, 326, 329 raskol, 295 Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique of Tunisia (RCD), 391–4, 396 Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (RDA), 280 rationalism, 356, 449 rationalist theology in Islam, 94 Rawalpindi, 220 Razak, Najib, 259 Reagan, Ronald, 319 redistributive pressures, 115 Reformation, vii, 14, 29, 30, 33–41, 45–7, 48, 49, 51–4, 55, 56–7, 58, 59, 60, 61–3, 75, 78, 79–80, 82, 83, 84, 115, 460 Swedish, 55 Reid, A., 277, 488 Relief Act, 77 religion centralized, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 150, 153, 154, 155 decentralized, 13, 15, 17, 19, 150, 153, 154, 188, 440 Religious Legal Verdict, 194 religious minorities, 166, 428 remarriage, 69, 71, 459 rent capture, 14, 441 repatrimonialization, 455 Republican Brothers, 206 Republican Guard, 254 Republican People’s Party of Turkey (RPP), 355, 359, 365–7 Re¸sid Mehmet, 359 Resnick, J., 488 resource curse, 26 reverse causality, 23, 64 revivalism, 282 Revolutionary Command Council, 190 Revolutionary Guard, 183 Reynolds, V., 490 Riasanovsky, N V., 295, 488 riba, 217 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information Index Richelieu, 58 Rithambra, 328 Rivera, M., 148 Riyadh, 269, 271 Robbins, M., 398, 399, 400, 491 Robert II, king of France, 51 Robertson, H M., 38, 40, 489 Robinson, D., 105, 281, 492 Robinson, J., 12, 26, 148, 269, 465, 487, 489 Rodinson, M., 170, 430, 431, 433, 440, 489 Rohingyas, 345 Roman Church, 70 Empire, 49, 50, 72, 87, 142, 462 gens, 458 government, 72 law, 69, 70, 87 papacy, 50 Romania, 463 Romanov, 12 Rome, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 60, 72, 80 Rosen, L., 100, 489 Rowley, C K., 26 Roy, O., 104, 126, 127, 137, 141, 143, 159, 179, 182, 213, 276, 277, 291, 294, 299, 309–11, 401, 403, 404, 489 Rubin, R., 13, 431, 433, 434, 471, 489 Rumsfeld, Donald H., 320, 448 Russia, 1, 12, 40, 60, 66, 169, 171, 178, 276, 287, 294–7, 321, 322, 361, 374, 396, 438, 449, 456, 472 army, 275, 276 church, 295 civilization, 275 elite, 296 Empire, 123 imperial claims, 296 imperialism, 274, 275 Inner, 61, 276 Muscovites, 295 Muslims, 123 people, 235 revolution, 130 rule, 296 society, 295, 296 White, 295 Russo-Turkish war, 276 Rustamid dynasty, 139 Rustow, D A., 376, 474, 479, 492 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 521 Ruthven, M., 96, 123, 126, 489 Rwanda, 110 Saad, R., 301, 467, 478, 485 Sacred Combat group, 196 Sadat, Anwar, 152, 191–8, 227, 263, 274, 292, 303, 448 Saddam Center for the Reciting of the Quran, 242 sadhu, 330 Sadiqi college, 135 Sadoulet, E., 487 Sadr, Baqir, 286, 287 Sadr, Musa, 286 Sadra, Mulla, 287 Sadrists, 247 Safadi, R., 253, 489 Safavid dynasty, 139, 164, 166, 176, 444 Empire, 120, 131, 145 era, 177 people, 87, 163–4, 166, 167, 170, 176, 430, 443 state, 163–7, 176, 443, 456 Sageman, M., 301, 302, 489 Sahnoun, H., 490 Saint-Prot, C., 92, 93, 126, 142, 181, 267, 489 Saladin, 289 Salai Islam, 285, 406 Salaists, 5, 197, 201, 284, 317, 399 Salah al-Din province, 245 Sala-i-Martin, X., 24, 489 Saleh, Abdullah, 177 Saleh, M., 79, 178, 489 Salem, N., 385, 386, 387, 388, 489 Sall, I A., 280, 490 Salman, Saudi king, 442 Salzburg, archbishopric of, 76 Samuelsson, K., 38, 490 Sanaa, 180 sanctuary, viii, 135, 136, 143, 145, 146, 160, 171, 174 privileges 136 sangha, 344 Sangha council, 345 Sapienza, 476 Sapienza, P., 24 Saqqao, Bacha, 401, 404 Sardar, Z., 268, 490 Sarekat Islam, 230 Sarkar, J., 133, 490 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 522 Index Sarro, R., 105, 280, 306, 490 Sassanian empire, 142, 437, 453 monarchy, 119 Sasson, D., 461, 476 Saud, Muhammad Ibn, 269 Saudi Arabia, 9, 11, 19, 93, 100, 157, 178, 216, 218, 241, 258, 266, 268–71, 285, 292, 317, 319, 330, 353, 432, 434, 441, 442, 448, 451, 456 corruption, 243 elite, 435 jihadists, 292 people, 268, 269, 270, 271, 434, 441, 456 regime, 442 rulers, 434, 441, 451 Saved Ones (the “Balokole”), 282 Sayeed, K bin, 216, 490 Sayon, Asekou, 280 Sayyid, B., 90, 192, 276, 361, 490 Scheuer, Michael, 321 Schifbauer et al, Schifbauer, M., 490 schism, 13, 40, 51, 58, 295 Sunni-Shi’a, 241 Schleitheim Confession, 43 Schmemann, A., 490 scholasticism, 94, 285 Schumpeter, J., 38, 76, 490 Scotland, 57 scripturalism, 10 Sebsi, Beji Caïd, 399 Seccombe, W., 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 490 Secret Apparatus, 193 sectarianism, 41, 205, 219, 234, 235, 236, 256, 389 religious, 246–50 secular law, 204, 238, 409 nationalism, 316 secularization, 1, 90, 189, 355, 356, 360, 362, 384, 404, 442 secularism, xi, 9, 84, 205, 228, 234, 238, 246, 252, 293, 312–13, 318, 320, 325, 335, 357, 361, 363–5, 371–3, 376, 377, 408, 409, 411, 415, 424, 428, 443, 445, 464 Security Council of the UN, 322 Seddik, Y., 490 Sediction Act of Malaysia, 259 Segu, 280 Sekeris, P G., 148, 469, 490 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Sékou Touré, 280 Seligman, A B., 34, 475, 490 Selim I, 123 Seljuk sultanate, 119 Seljuks, 120, 266, 456 Senegal, 108, 109, 110, 124, 413 September Laws, 205 Serbia, 463 Seven Days of the Sword, 324 Seveners, 164 Sfax, 390 shabiha, 254 Shafei school, 93 Shahin, Emad, 202 Shahroudi, 183 Shamil, 275 Shari’ati, A., 87, 490 sharia, 9, 61, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 109, 126–31, 132, 134, 139, 140, 141, 173, 180, 190, 193, 200, 204–7, 216, 220, 237, 238, 243, 252, 261, 271, 275, 276, 278, 279, 284, 353, 354, 402, 450 courts, 106, 129, 190, 218, 238, 246, 268, 354, 383, 384 Shariati, Ali, 286 Sharif, Nawaz, 220–2 Shariians, 236 Shaw, S J., 490 Shawqat, Assef, 254 Shaykh ul-Islam, 123 sheikhulislam, 133 Sheremetev, 361 Shi’a believers, 232, 347, 452 clerics, 236, 239, 242, 286, 443 community, 246 doctrine, 167, 178, 252 irebrand, 184 foot soldiers, 240 holy cities, 241 Islamist parties, 247 leaders, 183, 239 legislation, 238 militia, 247 mosques, 241 notables, 236 orthodoxy, 121 religious hierarchy, 87, 167, 444 revolt in Iraq, 244 Shi’a-Sunni conlict, 217 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information Index symbolism, 243 ulama, 170, 239 underground movements, 239 Shi’ism, viii, ix, 23, 87, 112, 113, 119, 138, 164, 165, 167, 168, 184, 236, 267, 286 Iraqi, 119 political, 286–7 Shillington, K., 490 Shin Beth, 318 Shining Path, 309 Shintoism, 21 Shirazi, Ali Mohammed, 177 Shỵrâzỵ, Muhammad Taqỵ, 178 shirk, 83, 267 Shirvan, 166 Shiv Sena, 328 Shiva, 326 Shleifer, A., 24, 107, 468, 482 Shrine of the Cloak, 140 shrine-related families, 456 Shukri, Ibrahim, 192 Shukri, Mustafa, 188, 192 Siberia, 61 Sicily, 51, 56 Sid-Ahmed, 448 Siddiqa, A., 212, 220, 490 Sieder, R., 485 Sikasso, 108 Sikh sects, 332 tradition, 332 Sikhism, 332, 346 Sikhs, 276 Simms, B., 60, 294, 490 Simon, R., 63 Sinai Peninsula, 202, 284 Sine-Saloum, 115, 124 Singapore, 279 Singh, Sant Sunder, 334 Sinhalese civilization, 336 Siverson, R M., 472 Six Day War, 293 Skinner, Q., 58, 490 slave armies, 154 Slavic tribes, 460 Slavophiles, 296 Smith, Adam, 1, 472, 490 Smith, N., 26 Smith, R., 71 Soares, B F., 105, 490 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 523 Social Gospellers, 84 socialism, 173, 224, 227, 253, 297, 325, 344, 381, 388, 389, 405 Arab, 189, 191 Socialist Union of Egypt, 294 Socialist Youth Organization, 192 Socialists, 192 Society of the One Almighty God (the “Bamalaki”), 282 Sokoto empire, 281 soldiers of the Christ, 281 Soleiman, shah of Iran, 166 Somalia, 282 Songhai people, 123, 124 Soninke people, 124 Sousse, 391 Soviet army, 285, 321 imperialism, 319 occupation, 405 republics, 319 Soviet Union, 11, 219, 282, 316, 318, 319, 403, 449, 452, 463 Spain, 35, 53–8, 66, 77, 91, 433, 456 Spanish explorers, 277 rule, 67 troops, 44, 54 war, 54 Spencer, N., 3, 491 Spinoza, 63 Springborg, R., 395, 398, 491 Sri Lanka, 15, 31, 336–43, 347 army, 340, 341 St Petersburg, 61 St George, 104 Stalinism, 405 Star Chamber, 65 Stark, R., 3, 22, 35, 36, 67, 90, 491 State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), 344 State General, 67 statutory law, 70, 110, 173, 238, 411–14, 422, 424, 446, 463 Stone, L., 68, 491 Stora, B., 224, 491 Storck, J., 493 Storm, M., 302, 491 Strachey, John, 316 strategic complements, 151 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 524 Index Stuart Mary, 57 Stuart rule, 66, 157 sub-Saharan Africa, 17, 105, 110, 413 Sudan, 31, 105, 188, 203–9, 256, 258, 281, 282, 330, 444, 457 north-south civil war, 203 Western, 124 Sudanese Armed Forces, 208 nationalism, 179 penal code, 208 Socialist Union, 204, 206 state, 179 Sudanization, 203 Suez Canal, 190, 193, 201, 274, 448 Sui doctrine, 275 groups, 207 lineages, 105 masters, 103, 127, 451, 456 mysticism, 280 orders, brotherhoods, 9, 61, 101–3, 105, 111, 134, 160, 165, 177, 204, 267, 271, 280, 306, 315, 362, 365, 401, 457 orders, Chisti, 103 orders, dervish, 177, 273, 362 orders, Shattariya, 278 orders, Suhrawardi, 103 orders, Tijâni, 124, 280, 457 rituals, 234, 279 shaykhs, 130 shrines, 456 Tatar master, 276 Sui Iqbal, 220 Suism, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 114, 124, 127, 177, 216, 267, 274, 280, 406, 470 deviant, 177 Suharto, 231–2 Sukarno, 230–1, 278, 418 Sumangala, 336 Sumatra, 106, 107, 278 Sumerian empire, 357 Summers, L H., 107, 468 sunnah, 92, 112 Sunni believers, 347 clerics, 242, 243, 444 elite, 305 fanatics, 254 © in this web service Cambridge University Press heartland, 244 Iraqis, 243 Islam, 165 Islamists, 245 merchant classes, 253 populations, 111, 166 religious leaders, 252 Salais, 246 ulama, 121, 239 Sunnism, 23, 100, 138, 142, 165, 168, 236, 370, 462 Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), 247 Supreme Court, 61, 218, 222, 233, 418–21 Susu traders, 306 Sutherland, N M., 58, 491 suttas, 339 Svolik, M W., 148, 491 Sweden, 37, 47, 55, 57 Swedes, 55, 66 Switzerland, 34, 37, 433 civil code, 360 Sy, A., 490 syndicate engineers’, 303 medical, 303 Synnott, H., 216, 221, 222, 223, 491 Syria, 11, 31, 82, 118, 123, 164, 181, 188, 192, 223, 229, 252–6, 262, 263, 305, 313, 318, 353, 395, 396, 445, 455 Arab tribes, 119 Baathists, 252 government, 322 regime, 255 society, 235 Szadjali, Munawir, 419 Szirmai, A., 35, 38, 491 Tabatabai, 171 Tabellini, G., 455, 461 Tabligh, 276, 277 Tablighi Jama’at, 219 Tabriz, 164, 170 Tadelis, S., 12 Taha, Mahmud Muhammad, 206 Tahir, Muhammad, 278 Tahmap Mirza, 166 tajdid, 274 Tajiks, 401, 405 Takir wa-l Hijra, 192 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information Index Takriti clan, 235 Talbot, 170 Taleb, Hassan, 189 Talib, Abu, 192 Taliban, x, 219, 220, 221, 285, 309, 315, 400, 406, 452 regime, 404–6 talibés, 124, 280 Tambiah, S J., 336–43, 491 Tamil Federal Party, Sri Lanka, 338 guerillas, 341, 342 Tamil Tigers, 340, 341 Tamils, 337, 338, 340–2, 347 Tamzali, W., 224, 225, 491 Tan, C M., 24, 473 Tanjung Priok riot, 231 Tantawy, Sayyed, 199 Tanzimat reforms, 360, 376 Tarabishi, G., 350, 491 tarikats, 362 Tatars, 181 mullahs, 61 Tawney, R H., 38, 40, 491 Taylor, K L., 471 Taymiyya, Ibn, viii, 125, 142, 180, 181, 226, 252, 266, 270, 276, 290 Tehran, 167, 170–1 Temple of the Tooth Relic, 342 terrorist militias, 217 Tessler, M., 26, 398, 399, 400, 491 Tezcan, B., 455 Thailand, 15, 345, 346 Thein Sein, 345 Thelen, K., 431, 484 theocracy, 182, 210 Theravada Buddhist orders, 345 Thirty Years War, 58, 65, 66 Throsby, D., 488 Ticchi, D., 23, 465 Tilly, C., 64, 156 Timbuctu, 124 Timur the Lame, 138 Timurid Empire, 139 Tisza, 309 Tobacco Protest, 170 Todd, E., 37, 491 Tokugawa, 21 Toleration to All Faiths, 61 Tomal, A., 3, 486 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 525 Tordof, W., 108, 124, 474 Torvik, R., 26, 489 Toucouleur people, 124 Toumi, M., 379–82, 384, 385, 387–91, 491 Toynbee, A., 42, 491 Tozy, M., 312, 491 Tracy, J D., 67, 492 trading diasporas, 21 Transitional Military Council of Sudan, 207 Transjordan, 269 trans-Saharan trade, 22 Transylvania, 55 Treaty of Westphalia, 66 Triaud, J.-L., 492 tribalism, xi, 9, 24, 30, 32, 117, 118, 122, 142, 234, 243, 244, 426, 452–62 areas, 104, 223 boundaries, 244 chiefdoms, 131 communities, 104, 204 confederations, 166, 269, 434 cultures, 244 customs, divisions, 17, 122, 404, 453 fragmentation, 426, 452 groups, 268, 401 heirs, 238 identity, 244 leaders, 163, 167, 246, 262, 406 sensitivities, 214, 246 shaykhs, 251 values, 246 tribes hill, 281 nomadic, 163 Trinity, Christian doctrine of, 89 Tripoli, 162 Tripp, C., 233, 239, 240, 241, 492 Trubek, D M., 38, 470 Tuanku Nan Tua, 278 Tuaregs, 110 Tumart, Abdallah, 139 Tunis, 194, 224, 255, 383, 384–6, 388, 390, 392 Tunisia, 31, 286, 352, 353, 378–400, 406–9, 423, 442, 443 army, 379 League of Human Rights, 393 precolonial, 135 Tuqoi, J P., 396, 468 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 526 Index Turkey, 18, 19, 26, 31, 66, 101, 135, 180, 230, 252, 256, 276, 307, 314, 352, 355–78, 406, 407, 408, 409, 425, 428, 442, 443, 449, 454, 456 army, 365, 369, 378 Constitutional Court, 361 Historical Society, 357 Kemalist, 352, 408, 423, 442 military regime, 369 Ottoman, 93, 177, 273 Republic, 358–61, 366, 373, 376, 415 Turkishness, 358, 374 warrior elite, 125 Turkish-Islamic Synthesis, 369 Turkistan, 139, 140 Türkmen, B., 376, 492 Turkmens, 130 Turkoman migrations, 177 Twelver orthodoxy, 164 Shi’ism, 164, 165 theologians, 164, 165 U Nu, 344 U Ottama, 343 U S Patriot Act, 199 Uganda, 282 Ukraine, 295, 396 ulama-bazaari alliance, 173 ul-Haq, Zia, 214, 222, 226, 309 ulu’l emr, 126 Umar, 118, 122 Umar, Abu Hafs, 139 Umayyads, 5, 92, 116–21, 128, 186, 437, 453 umma, 89, 91, 140, 141, 142, 180, 284, 453 Umma party, 179, 207 Umma party of Sudan, 204 Union Générale des Travailleurs Algériens, 225 Union Nationale des Etudiants Algériens, 225 Union Nationale des Femmes Tunisiennes (UNFT), 383 United Development Party, Indonesia, 231 United Front of Monks, 337, 338 United Iraqi Alliance (UIA), 247 United Kingdom, 11, 321 United Malays National Organization, 258, 259 United National Party (UNP) of Sri Lanka, 337, 338, 341 United Nations, 209, 317 United Provinces, 54, 66 © in this web service Cambridge University Press United States, 1, 2, 10, 11, 82, 84, 194, 196, 209, 223, 241, 246, 249, 251, 261, 263, 282, 292, 317–22, 363, 406, 447, 448, 449, 452 army, 448, 449 invasion, 183 University Grants Commission of Pakistan, 218 University of Islamic Sciences, Algeria, 227 Upanishads, 132 Urals, 160 Urban II, pope, 51 Ushurma, 275 USSR, 142, 282, 318–19, 452 usul, 168 Usuli school, 112, 168 Utaiba, Matir, and Yam tribes 270 Uthman, 118 Uthman Ismail, Muhammad, 192 Utrecht, 44 Uzbek Empire, 120 lodge, 276 rulers, 139 Uzbekistan, 319 Uzbeks, 139, 165, 405 Vaisov brotherhood, 276 Vaisov’s Holy Regiment of the Old Believer Muslims, 276 Vajpayee, 330 Valenciennes, 54 Vallance, E., 57, 64, 65, 492 values collectivist, 23 individual-centered, 23 van Nierop, H., 43–4, 60, 67, 492 van Zanden, J L., 36, 37, 64, 433, 435, 465, 492 Vatican, 51, 76, 97, 144, 187 vava, 339 velayat-e faqih, 184 Velio˘glu, Huseyin, 256 Venice, 277 Verdier, T., 26, 489 Vesak, 339 vezir, 273 Vickers, A., 230, 231, 232, 492 Villalon, L A., 457, 492 Vindigni, A., 23, 486 Virgin Mary, 293 Virtue Party of Turkey (VP), 372 Vishny, R W., 24, 482 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information Index Voigtlander, N., 74 Voigtländer, N., 492 Volga-Ural, 61 Vorontsov, 296 vote rigging, 198 Voth, H J., 74, 492 Wade, R., 14, 492 wafd, parliament of Egypt, 189, 198 Wahhabism, 93, 216, 245, 266–71, 282, 284–6, 305, 434, 451 attacks, 306 clerics, 451 doctrine, 280, 305, 451 inluence, 124 Islamic reformers, 273, 280 mosques, 451 movement, 305 sectarianism, 306 Wahhaj, Z., 107, 411, 465, 488 Wales, 80 Waliallah, 271 Walicki, A., 296, 297, 492 Walker, P C G., 38, 492 Walloon provinces, 44, 54 Walloons, 36 Walton, M., 481 waqf, 107, 129, 134, 136, 137, 141, 146, 161, 162, 166, 173, 224, 238, 420, 427, 432, 435, 436, 437, 438 Ward, R E., 376, 492 Washington, 320 Weber, E., 415 Weber, M., 2, 33–5, 38–40, 62, 64, 75, 77–9, 492 Weingast, B R., 64, 65, 156, 486 Weiss, A., 458 Welfare Party (WP), 372 West Africa, 21, 281, 431, 467 West Bank, Palestine, 257, 258 Western civilization, 10, 49, 90, 284, 356, 357, 376, 447, 449, 450 powers, 449 Western countries, 10, 21, 30, 97, 170, 275, 281, 282, 288, 290, 293–6, 301, 315–18, 320, 322, 339, 344, 354, 356, 361, 364, 379, 422, 430, 445, 447–50, 485 Westernization, 31, 194, 270, 299, 362, 378, 408, 411, 416 of elites, 189, 408, 409, 424, 443 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 527 White, J., 295, 357, 358, 366, 367, 369, 371, 374, 492 White, S D., 68, 492 Wickham, C R., 301, 303, 493 Widodo, 233 William I, king of Sicily, 51 William the Conqueror, 56 Wilson, M C., 478 Winslow, D., 338, 477, 493 Wirathu, Ashin, 345 Woessmann, L., 37, 468 Wolfowitz, Paul, 448 women’s organizations, 236, 383, 416 women’s rights, 246, 354, 402, 412, 418, 422, 458, 462, 463 Woodberry, R., 37, 493 Woods, T., 3, 50, 70, 90, 493 Woost, M D., 338, 477, 493 World Bank, 3, 26, 29, 389, 395, 465, 493 World Council of Muslim Ulama, 257 World War I, 294 World War II, 364, 448 Wurmser, David, 448 Yahya Khan, 211, 212, 215, 276 Yahya, imam, 180, 211 Yanhapyo, 344 Yapp, M E., 161, 167, 493 Yavuz, M H., 369, 373–5, 493 yaya, 339 Yazbek, S., 256, 493 Yazid, 118 Ye˘geno˘glu, M., 376, 493 Yemen, 11, 104, 177, 180, 276, 353, 442, 455 Yemenis, 180 Yesevi, Ahmed, 139 YÖK, 368 Young Men’s Buddhist Association, 339 Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 282 Young Men’s Muslim Association (YMMA), 282 Young Monks movement, 344 Young Ottomans, 352, 376 Young Turks, 349, 352, 356–60, 363, 365, 376, 425, 428, 442, 449 Yousef, T M., 472 Yousi, H., 1, 493 Yousif, B., 235–7, 493 Yudhoyono, 232, 233 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information 528 Index Yumul, A., 366, 493 Yusuist rebellion, 379, 380, 400 stronghold, 386 Zaatsha, 279 Zafar, Bahadur Shah, 290 Zaghawa people, 209 Zahid, M., 189, 303, 349, 493 Zaidis, 164 Zaituna Mosque, 383, 384–5 Zakaria, F., 188, 216, 313, 493 zakat, 88, 122, 126, 173, 183, 217, 218 Zakheim, Dov, 448 Zakri, Ibnou, 108 Zaman, M Q., 213, 219, 468, 494 zaouïa, 124 Zarqawi, 255 zawiya, 145 Zaydi imams, 180 radicalization, 178 sect, 178 © in this web service Cambridge University Press tribes, 180 uprising, 180 Zeeland, 44 Zeghal, M., 384, 494 Zeroual, Liamine, 229 Ziadeh, R., 253, 254, 489, 494 Zian, Bu, 279 Zia-ul Millat wa Din, 140 Zilibotti, F., 36, 473 Zingales, 476 Zingales, L., 24 Zionism, 191, 194, 236 Zionist state, 448 Ziring, L., 215, 494 Zisenwine, D., 494 Zitouna, 224 Zoabi, H., 458, 477 Zubeida, S., 134, 144, 494 zulmiyya, 175 Zürcher, E., 356–68, 370, 371, 373, 376, 494 Zweig, S., 41, 83, 494 Zwingli, 83 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org ... War and the struggle against emerging left-wing and nationalist movements in developing countries, and the unflinching support of Israel by the United States in particular Factors pertaining... power and influence, most notably Calvin in Geneva and Luther in Germany, political absolutism and intolerance prevailed Given that, like Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism are decentralized religions,... Relations in Islam: A Historical Perspective 4.1 First Insights from the Early History of Islam 4.2 The Archetypal Model of Politico-Religious Interactions in the Lands of Islam Subordination of