Exploring the Dynamics of Consumerism in Developing Nations Ayantunji Gbadamosi University of East London, UK A volume in the Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services (AMCRMES) Book Series Published in the United States of America by IGI Global Business Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2019 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gbadamosi, Ayantunji, editor Title: Exploring the dynamics of consumerism in developing nations / Ayantunji Gbadamosi, editor Description: Hershey PA : Business Science Reference, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references Identifiers: LCCN 2018037396| ISBN 9781522579069 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781522579076 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Consumer behavior Developing countries Case studies | Consumption (Economics) Developing countries Case studies Classification: LCC HF5415.33.D48 E97 2019 | DDC 339.4/7091724 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc gov/2018037396 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and EServices (AMCRMES) (ISSN: 2327-5502; eISSN: 2327-5529) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@igi-global.com. Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services (AMCRMES) Book Series Eldon Y Li National Chengchi University, Taiwan & California Polytechnic State University, USA Mission ISSN:2327-5502 EISSN:2327-5529 Business processes, services, and communications are important factors in the management of good customer relationship, which is the foundation of any well organized business Technology continues to play a vital role in the organization and automation of business processes for marketing, sales, and customer service These features aid in the attraction of new clients and maintaining existing relationships The Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services (AMCRMES) Book Series addresses success factors for customer relationship management, marketing, and electronic services and its performance outcomes This collection of reference source covers aspects of consumer behavior and marketing business strategies aiming towards researchers, scholars, and practitioners in the fields of marketing management Coverage • Social Networking and Marketing • Web Mining and Marketing • Telemarketing • CRM and customer trust • CRM strategies • Data mining and marketing • B2B marketing • Relationship marketing • CRM in financial services • Electronic Services IGI Global is currently accepting manuscripts for publication within this series To submit a proposal for a volume in this series, please contact our Acquisition Editors at Acquisitions@igi-global.com or visit: http://www.igi-global.com/publish/ The Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services (AMCRMES) Book Series (ISSN 2327-5502) is published by IGI Global, 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-1240, USA, www.igi-global.com This series is composed of titles available for purchase individually; each title is edited to be contextually exclusive from any other title within the series For pricing and ordering information please visit http://www.igi-global.com/book-series/advances-marketing-customer-relationship-management/37150 Postmaster: Send all address changes to above address Copyright © 2019 IGI Global All rights, including translation in other languages reserved by the publisher No part of this series may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems – without written permission from the publisher, except for non commercial, educational use, including classroom teaching purposes The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global Titles in this Series For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: www.igi-global.com/book-series Evaluating the Gaps and Intersections Between Marketing Education and the Marketing Profession Margarida M Pinheiro (University of Aveiro, Portugal) Ana Estima (University of Aveiro, Portugal) and Susana Marques (University of Aveiro, Portugal) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 252pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522562955) • US $190.00 (our price) Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Digital Marketing and Entrepreneurship Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A (Information Resources Management Association, USA) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 818pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522577669) • US $315.00 (our price) Multifaceted Explorations of Consumer Culture and Its Impact on Individuals and Society David J Burns (Kennesaw State University, USA) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 318pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522561200) • US $215.00 (our price) The Role of Language and Symbols in Promotional Strategies and Marketing Schemes Manuela Epure (Spiru Haret University, Romania) and Lorena Clara Mihăeş (University of Bucharest, Romania) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 333pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522557784) • US $205.00 (our price) Application of Gaming in New Media Marketing Pratika Mishra (Presidency University Bangalore, India) and Swati Oberoi Dham (New Delhi Institute of Management, India) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 312pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522560647) • US $215.00 (our price) Strategic Perspectives in Destination Marketing Mark Anthony Camilleri (University of Malta, Malta) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 411pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522558354) • US $215.00 (our price) Corporate Social Responsibility and Strategic Market Positioning for Organizational Success Carlton Brown (University of Plymouth, UK) and Uzoechi Nwagbara (Sunderland University, UK & Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 301pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522554097) • US $195.00 (our price) Optimizing Millennial Consumer Engagement With Mood Analysis Sabyasachi Dasgupta (O.P Jindal Global University, India) and Priya Grover (Symbiosis International (Deemed University), India) Business Science Reference • copyright 2019 • 351pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522556909) • US $215.00 (our price) 701 East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033, USA Tel: 717-533-8845 x100 • Fax: 717-533-8661 E-Mail: cust@igi-global.com • www.igi-global.com Editorial Advisory Board P S Koku, Florida Atlantic University, USA B E A Oghojarfor, University of Lagos, Nigeria S Sait, University of East London, UK List of Reviewers Rula Al-Abdulrazak, University of East London, UK Chahid Fourali, London Metropolitan University, UK Aidan J Kelly, University of East London, UK Vish Maheshwari, Staffordshire University, UK Diliara Mingazova, University of East London, UK Table of Contents Preface xv Acknowledgment .xxiii Chapter A Conceptual Overview of Consumer Behavior in the Contemporary Developing Nations Ayantunji Gbadamosi, University of East London, UK Chapter Measuring Consumer Behavior Using Neuroscience Methods in Marketing 31 Cynthia A Bulley, Central University, Ghana Veronica Adu Brobbey, University of Education – Winneba, Ghana Esther O Duodu, ABL Intel Consulting Ltd., Ghana Chapter Country-of-Origin Effect and Consumer Ethnocentrism: The Brand Perception of Romanian Consumers of a Danish Beer Brand 53 Andreea I Bujac, Aalborg University, Denmark Lartey G Lawson, The Ministry of Transport, The Danish Road Directorate, Denmark Chapter Perfume Consumption in India: An Exploratory Study 76 David James Bamber, University of Bolton, UK Clay Gransden, Liverpool Hope University, UK Chapter Regulatory Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Marketing Malpractices of “Big” Tobacco 101 Nnamdi O Madichie, Centre for Research and Enterprise, UK Promise A Opute, Independent Researcher, Germany Chapter The New Consumers of India: Children as Learners and Teachers 124 Adya Sharma, Symbiosis International University (Deemed), India Chapter Celebrity Credibility Influence on Cosmetic Product Purchase Intention: The Moderating Role of Ethnocentrism 153 Fatima Zohra Chekima, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Brahim Chekima, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Chapter The Effect of Celebrity Endorsements on Consumers’ Buying Behavior in South West Nigeria 176 Stella Amara Aririguzoh, Covenant University, Nigeria Emmanuel Mogaji, University of Greenwich, UK Odion Oscar Odiboh, Covenant University, Nigeria Chapter Social Class and Consumer Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Cross-Cultural Marketing 195 Ayodele Oniku, University of Lagos, Nigeria Chapter 10 Place Consumption: Interrogating the Relationship Between Nation Brand and City Brand 218 Sanya Ojo, University of East London, UK Chapter 11 Facilitating Consumers’ Adoption of E-Government in South Africa: Supply Side-Driven Virtuous Cycles 243 Richard Shambare, University of Venda, South Africa Chapter 12 The Impact of Human Values and Knowledge on Green Products Purchase Intention 266 Brahim Chekima, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Khalifa Chekima, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Chapter 13 Expanding Research Agenda for Sustainable Consumption and Social Institutions: A Case of South Africa 284 Neha Purushottam, University of South Africa, South Africa Chapter 14 Marketing Solar Energy in Ghana: A Relational Perspective 301 John Kuada, Aalborg University, Denmark Esther Mensah, Premier Resource Consulting, Ghana Andreea I Bujac, Aalborg University, Denmark Jeanne S Bentzen, Aalborg University, Denmark Chapter 15 Market Relational Mediation Practices: Exploring Nigerian Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ Responses to Consumer Needs in Ghana 321 Thomas Antwi Bosiakoh, Macquarie University, Australia Vera Williams Tetteh, Macquarie University, Australia Christian T Djamgbah, Macquarie University, Australia Phyllis Antwi Bosiakoh, S Antonio Da Padova Village, Australia Chapter 16 Consumerism and Entrepreneurial Opportunity: The Case of MMM 339 Adedayo Abinusawa, University of East London, UK Compilation of References 356 About the Contributors 421 Index 426 Detailed Table of Contents Preface xv Acknowledgment .xxiii Chapter A Conceptual Overview of Consumer Behavior in the Contemporary Developing Nations Ayantunji Gbadamosi, University of East London, UK Consumption is a global phenomenon that permeates virtually every walk of life in developed and developing nations Consequently, extant literature is awash with postulations on consumer behavior in these contexts in varying forms Most of the perspectives relating to developing nations explicate various issues that revolve around how the lower economic development in these nations affects their consumption when compared to what is in place in developed countries Nonetheless, this chapter which classifies the key influences on consumer behavior into three factors, namely personal factors, socio-cultural factors, and marketing stimuli, argues that the consumption pattern of consumers in the contemporary developing nations tend to mirror that of developed nations in many ramifications Thus, the chapter suggests that the consumption pattern of consumers in these nations is changing significantly by the day from what it used to be in response to the pace of changes in the global marketing environment such as the interconnectedness of people through technological advancement Chapter Measuring Consumer Behavior Using Neuroscience Methods in Marketing 31 Cynthia A Bulley, Central University, Ghana Veronica Adu Brobbey, University of Education – Winneba, Ghana Esther O Duodu, ABL Intel Consulting Ltd., Ghana Neuromarketing is providing the leverage for marketers to delve into consumers’ subconscious minds to determine behavior Marketers, economists, and other consumer-related disciplines are looking to science to accurately determine consumer behavior The purpose of this chapter is to provide insight into a burgeoning field of study, neuromarketing, documenting various research studies and applications of mechanisms in determining brain activities and other uses of science to benefit marketing research Data for the study is derived from impartial cross-referencing of conceptual and empirical articles published in major journals The application of neuroimaging technique in research have provided marketers with concrete evidence of brain activation that signal increased activities during stimulation Further, the implication and causes of concern in using neuroscience methods in marketing are highlighted Developing country studies on neuromarketing are examined to determine its application and use as a marketing research tool Chapter Country-of-Origin Effect and Consumer Ethnocentrism: The Brand Perception of Romanian Consumers of a Danish Beer Brand 53 Andreea I Bujac, Aalborg University, Denmark Lartey G Lawson, The Ministry of Transport, The Danish Road Directorate, Denmark This chapter examines the impact of consumer ethnocentrism and country of origin of a low involvement product on consumer brand perception and purchase behavior in a transitional market setting of Central and Eastern Europe Data were collected from 317 respondents from an urban population in three large cities in Romania The results show that country of origin has a significant impact on the consumers’ perception of the Danish beer brand Tuborg The results show statistically significant associations between consumer ethnocentrism taxation and buying Romanian products as well as between demographic characteristics and brand perception Chapter Perfume Consumption in India: An Exploratory Study 76 David James Bamber, University of Bolton, UK Clay Gransden, Liverpool Hope University, UK Perfumes have been important in India for millennia and so have the stories connected with them The perfume business in India is worth billions ($) A background from which the Indian perfume industry can be understood in terms of the Berger’s STEPP model, the consumers’ cognitive schemas, consumers’ behaviors, and the story of the product, brand, and their customers’ stories Three sets of themes—product perceptions, concerns, and consumers’ lifestyle—are identified, each with their own sub-themes that are antecedents to perfume purchasing behavior Segments in the Indian perfume market are also identified Each consumer segment has their own behavioral nuances and they consider different aspects of the perfume product taking into account their own income and aspects of the three themes and 19 sub-themes It is important for perfume marketing managers to consider each aspect of the STEPPs modeland for the Indian government to locate and develop a “Place of Perfume” within India that will eventually challenge the region of Grasse in France as the global perfume marketplace Chapter Regulatory Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Marketing Malpractices of “Big” Tobacco 101 Nnamdi O Madichie, Centre for Research and Enterprise, UK Promise A Opute, Independent Researcher, Germany The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the implications of the marketing activities undertaken by tobacco companies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and especially as it pertains to vulnerable groups such as children Using illustrative cases of two SSA countries—notably Malawi and Nigeria—with disparate economic sizes but nonetheless critical for the discussion in question Consequently, the chapter posits that the marketing practices of tobacco giants (i.e., Big Tobacco), exploiting the weak regulatory environment in SSA, is worthy of scholarly and policy attention The chapter focuses primarily on the promotion element of the traditional marketing-mix (which also includes the production and its packaging and branding attributes, pricing strategies, and distribution/place elements) as well as the public policy implications of these four Ps It also touches upon some of the institutional elements that handicaps governments from undertaking necessary corrective measures/action such as in the case of Malawi where tobacco accounts for a substantial part of the GDP Compilation of References UN Economic and Social Council (2009) Africa Review Report on Sustainable Consumption and Production Retrieved March 15, 2018 from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/AfricanReviewReport-on-SustainableConsumptionSummary.pdf UNEP (2014) United Nations Environment Programme Annual Report Retrieved January 31st, 2015 from http://www unep.org/annualreport/2014/en/index.html UNESCO (2001) Youth, sustainable consumption patterns and lifestyles Retrieved July 31st, 2018 from http://unesdoc unesco.org/images/0012/001242/124238e.pdf United Nations (2014) United Nations e-government survey 2014 Available from: http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/ egovkb/Documents/un/2014-Survey/E-Gov_Complete_Survey-2014.pdf United Nations (2018) United Nations e-Government Survey 2018 Available from: https://publicadministration.un.org/ egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2018 Urs, A (2015) eBay emerges largest online perfume mall in India Retrieved July 19, 2015, from http://www.thehindubusinessline.com Usunier, J C., & Lee, J A (2005) Marketing Across Cultures Harlow: Prentice Hall Utomi, P (1985) Legitimacy and Governance: One More Year of Military Rule in Nigeria A Journal of Opinion, 14, 39-42 Uusitalo & Takala (1993) Developmental Stage and Children’s reaction to T.V advertising European Advances in Consumer Research, 1, 360-365 Uzuegbunam, C E (2017) Between media celebrities and the youth: Exploring the impact of emerging celebrity culture on the lifestyle of young Nigerians Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies, 6(2), 130–141 Vadehra, S (2004) Advertising to children in India Young Consumers, 6(1), 75–78 van der Boor, P., Oliveira, P., & Veloso, F (2014) Users as innovators in developing countries: The global sources of innovation and diffusion in mobile banking services Research Policy, 43(9), 1594–1607 doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.003 Van der Waldt, D., Van Loggerenberg, M., & Wehmeyer, L (2009) Celebrity Endorsements versus Created Spokespersons in Advertising: A Survey among Students SAJEMS, 12(1), 110–114 Van Ham, P (2010) Social Power in International Politics Abingdon, UK: Routledge doi:10.4324/9780203857847 Van Tosh, L., Ralph, R., & Campbell, J (2000) The Rise of Consumerism Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 4(3), 383–409 doi:10.1080/10973430008408630 van Weenen, H (2000) Towards a vision of a sustainable university International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 1(1), 20–34 doi:10.1108/1467 630010307075 Vanguard Newspaper (2017) Buhari signs agreements with UAE to strengthen FG’s anti-corruption campaign Available at: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/buhari-signs-9-agreements-uae-strengthen-fgs-anti-corruption-campaign/ Varey, R J (2011) A sustainable society logic for marketing Social Business, 1(1), 69–83 doi:10.1362/204440811X570563 Vasilchenko, E., & Morrish, S (2011) The Role of Entrepreneurial Networks in the Exploration and Exploitation of Internationalization Opportunities by Information and Communication Technology Firms Journal of International Marketing, 19(4), 88–105 doi:10.1509/jim.10.0134 Vaughn, R (1986, February) How Advertising Works: a planning model revisited Journal of Advertising Research, 57-66 414 Compilation of References Vaughn, R (1980) How Advertising Works: A planning model Journal of Advertising Research, 20(5), 27–33 Veblen, T (1899) The preconceptions of economic science The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 13(4), 396–426 doi:10.2307/1883645 Verlegh, P., & Steenkamp, J (1999) A review and meta-analysis of country-of-origin research Journal of Economic Psychology, 20(5), 521–546 doi:10.1016/S0167-4870(99)00023-9 Versus.com (2018) Dubai city versus Lagos Available at: https://versus.com/en/dubai-city-vs-lagos Vida, I., Damjan, J., & Fairhurst, A (1996) Ethnocentric tendencies and consumer purchase behavior in Central and Eastern Europe: the case of Slovenia Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science: Multicultural Marketing Conference 1996, 49-55 Vida, I., & Damjan, J (2000) The role of consumer characteristics and attitudes in purchase behavior of domestic vs foreign made products: The case of Slovenia Journal of East-West Business, 6(3), 111–131 doi:10.1300/J097v06n03_06 Vida, I., & Fairhurst, A (1999) Factors underlying the phenomenon of consumer ethnocentricity: Evidence from four central European countries International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 9(4), 321–337 doi:10.1080/095939699342444 Vida, I., & Reardon, J (2008) Domestic consumption: Rational, affective or normative choice? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(1), 34–44 doi:10.1108/07363760810845390 Vien, C V., Yun, C T., & Fai, P L (2017) The Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Brand Attitude and Purchase Intention Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship, 1(4), 141–150 Vining, J., & Ebreo, A (1992) Predicting recycling behaviour from global and specific environmental attitudes and changes in recycling opportunities Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(20), 1580–1607 doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992 tb01758.x Von Bormann, T., & Gulati, M (2014) The food energy water nexus: Understanding South Africa’s most urgent sustainability challenge WWF-SA Retrieved on July 7th, 2018 from http://awsassets.wwf.org.za/downloads/wwf_few_report_3.pdf Wabwile, M (2010) Implementing the Social and Economic Rights of Children in Developing Countries: The place of International Assistance and Cooperation International Journal of Children’s Rights, 18(3), 355–385 doi:10.1163/157181810X494308 Waldman, D A (2013) Interdisciplinary Research is the key Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, doi:10.3389/ fnhum.2013.00562 PMID:24062664 Walle, A H., & Ryans, J K (1992) SIA, Developing Countries and Marketing Opportunities: A Primer Management Decision, 30(7), 25–29 doi:10.1108/00251749210019405 Wall, M., Hofstra, G., & Heslop, L A (1990) Imported Versus Domestic Car Owners: Demographic Characteristics and Attitudes Paper Presented at the Conference of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada Wall, M., Liefeld, J., & Heslop, L (1991) Impact of country-of-origin cues on consumer judgments in multi-cue situations: A covariance analysis Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 19(2), 105–1 doi:10.1007/BF02726002 Wam (2014) UAE ranks among most developed countries Available at: http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/ uae-ranks-among-most-developed-countries-2014-12-06-1.572337 Wang, C K (1978) The Effect of Foreign Economics, Political and Cultural Environment on Consumers’ Willingness to Buy Foreign Products (PhD Dissertation) 415 Compilation of References Wang, D (2007) Adolescents perception of their influence in family decision making in China (Dissertation in MA Marketing) University of Nottingham Wang, C L., Siu, N Y M., & Hui, S Y (2004) Consumer decision-making styles on domestic and imported brand clothing European Journal of Marketing, 38(1/2), 436–447 doi:10.1108/03090560410511212 Wang, H., Hsieh, A.-T., Yeh, Y.-C., & Tsai, C.-W (2004) Who is the decision maker: The parent or the child in group package tour? Tourism Management, 25(2), 183–194 doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00093-1 Wang, S W., Kao, G H Y., & Ngamsiriudom, W (2017) Consumers’ attitude of endorser credibility, brand and intention with respect to celebrity endorsement of the airline sector Journal of Air Transport Management, 60, 10–17 doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.12.007 Wanjiru, E (2006) Branding African countries: A prospect for the future Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 2(1), 84–95 doi:10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990047 Warde, A (2005) Consumption and theories of practice Journal of Consumer Culture, 5(2), 131–153 doi:10.1177/1469540505053090 Warde, A (2015) The Sociology of Consumption: Its Recent Development Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 117–134 doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043208 Ward, S (1972) Children’s reactions to commercials Journal of Advertising Research, 12, 37–45 Ward, S (1974) Consumer Socialization The Journal of Consumer Research, 1(2), 1–14 doi:10.1086/208584 Ward, S., Wackman, D., & Wartella, E (1977) The Development of Consumer Information- Processing Skills: Integrating Cognitive Development and Family Interaction Theoris Advances in Consumer Research Association for Consumer Research (U S.), 4(1), 166–171 Watne, Lobo, & Brennan.(2011) Children as agents of Secondary Socialization for their parents, Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for responsible marketers Doi:10.1108/17473611111185841 Watson, J J., & Wright, K (2000) Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward domestic and foreign products European Journal of Marketing, 34(9/10), 1149–1166 doi:10.1108/03090560010342520 Weick, K (1995) Sensemaking in Organizations Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(6), 62–83 Wei, K K., & Li, W Y (2013) Measuring the impact of celebrity endorsement on consumer behavioural intentions: A study of Malaysian consumers International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 14(3), 157–177 Welch, C., Piekkari, R., Plakoyiannaki, E., & Paavilainen-Mäntymäki, E (2010) Theorising from case studies: Towards a pluralist future for international business research Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5), 740–762 doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.55 Wells, W., & Gubar, G (1966) Life Cycle concept in Marketing Research JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 3(4), 355–363 doi:10.2307/3149851 Werner, J., & Alvensleben, R V (2011) Consumer Attitudes towards Organic Food in Germany (F.R.) Symposium on Horticultural Economics, 8, 155 Western Cape (2001) The Cape Online E-government Programme Provincial Government of the Western Cape Available from: https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2014/October/capeonline_strategy_aug2001.pdf 416 Compilation of References White, C (2012) Brands and national image: An exploration of inverse country-of-origin effect Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 8(2), 110–118 doi:10.1057/pb.2012.6 Wicker, A W (1969) Attitude vs Actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioural responses to attitude objects The Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41–78 Wilke, W L., & Dickson, P R (1991) Shopping for Appliances: consumers’ Strategies and pattern for Information search In Perspectives in Consumer Behaviour (4th ed.) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Academic Press Wilkues, R E (1995) Household Life-Cycle Stages Transitions And Product Expenditures The Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1), 27–42 doi:10.1086/209433 Williams, L A., & Burns, A C (2000) Exploring the Dimensionality of Children’s Direct Influence Attempts Advances in Consumer Research Association for Consumer Research (U S.), 27(1), 64–71 Williamson, J (1978) Decoding advertisements: Ideology and meaning in advertising (Vol 13) London: Marion Boyars Wilska, T.-A (2003) Mobile phone use as part of young people’s consumption styles Journal of Consumer Policy, 26(4), 441–463 doi:10.1023/A:1026331016172 Wilson, C (2010) Eating, eating is always there: Food, consumerism and cardiovascular disease Some evidence from Kerala, south India Anthropology & Medicine, 17(3), 261–275 doi:10.1080/13648470.2010.526699 PMID:21153961 Wilson, G., & Wood, K (2004) The influence of children on parental purchases during supermarket shopping International Journal of Consumer Studies, 28(4), 329–336 doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2004.00393.x Wilson, J A J., & Liu, J (2010) Shaping the Halal into a brand? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(2), 107–123 doi:10.1108/17590831011055851 Wilson, J A J., & Liu, J (2011) The challenges of Islamic branding: Navigating emotions and halal Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(1), 28–42 doi:10.1108/17590831111115222 Wilson, M., Gaines, J., & Hill, R (2008) Neuromarketing and Consumer Freewill The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 42(3), 389–410 doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2008.00114.x Wimalasiri, J (2004) A cross-national study on Children’s purchasing behavior and parental response Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(4), 274–284 doi:10.1108/07363760410542183 Winston, E., & Dadzie, K (2002) Market orientation of Nigerian and Kenyan firms: The role of top managers Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 17(6), 471–480 Wirtz, D., Kruger, J., Scollon, C N., & Diener, E (2003) What to on spring break Psychological Science, 14(5), 520–524 doi:10.1111/1467-9280.03455 PMID:12930487 Wisenblit, & Priluck, & Pirog (2013) The influence of parental styles on childrens consumption Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(4), 320–327 doi:10.1108/JCM-02-2013-0465 Witt, U (2001) Learning to consume–A theory of wants and the growth of demand Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 11(1), 23–36 doi:10.1007/PL00003851 Wo-lap, W L (2016) Getting lost in ‘One Belt, One Road’ Available at: http://www.ejinsight.com/20160412-gettinglost-one-belt-one-road/ 417 Compilation of References Wong, C Y., Polonsky, M J., & Garma, R (2008) The impact of consumer ethnocentrism and country of origin subcomponents for high involvement products on young Chinese consumers’ product assessments Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(4), 455–478 doi:10.1108/13555850810909759 Wong, K K K (2013) Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS Marketing Bulletin, 24, 1–23 Wongtada, N., Rice, G., & Bandyopadhyay, S K (2012) Developing and Validating AFFINITY: A New Scale to Measure Consumer Affinity toward Foreign Countries Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 24(3), 147–167 i:10.1080/08961530.2012.682037 Wonsun, S (2010) Consumer Socialization Online: Antecedents And Consequences of Children’s Skepticism Toward Online Advertising American Academy of Advertising Conference Proceedings, 115 Retrieved from EBSCOhost Wonsun, S (2010) The role of Parental mediation in children’s consumer socialization on the web (PhD thesis) University of Minnesota Retrieved from https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/95674/Shin_umn_0130E_11299 pdf?sequence=1 Wood, M., & Mckinley, W (2010) The production of entreprenurial opportunity: A constructivist perspective Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(1), 66–84 doi:10.1002ej.83 Wood, N T., & Burkhalter, J N (2014) Tweet this, not that: A comparison between brand promotions in microblogging environments using celebrity and company-generated tweets Journal of Marketing Communications, 20(1-2), 129–146 doi:10.1080/13527266.2013.797784 Woodside, A G., & Lysonski, S (1989) A General Model of Traveler Destination Choice Journal of Travel Research, 27(Spring), 8–14 doi:10.1177/004728758902700402 World Advertising Trends (2001) NTC Publications World Bank (2015) Global Economic Prospect, Middle East and North Africa World Bank World Bank (2018) The World Bank Statistics Retrieved from www.data.worldbank.org World Economic Forum (2013) Sustainable Consumption: Stakeholder Perspectives Retrieved on February, 25th, 2014 from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ENV_SustainableConsumption_Book_2013.pdf World Wide Worx (2015) South African Social Media Landscape 2015 Available at: http://www.worldwideworx.com/ wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Exec-Summary-Social-Media-2015.pdf Wright, A (2009) Eco-friendly perfumes: Top Brands Retrieved July 2, 2015, from http://voices.yahoo.com/ecofriendly-perfume-4-top-brands-4677815.html?cat=69 Wright, E., & Rogers, J (2015) American Society: How it really works (2nd ed.) Norton Sociology WTO (2018) Special and differential treatment provisions World Trade Organisation Retrieved from https://www wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/dev_special_differential_provisions_e.htm#legal_provisions Wu, C., & Shaffer, D (1987) Susceptibility to Persuasive Appeals as a Function of Source Credibility and Prior Experience with the Attitude Object Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 677–688 doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.677 Wu, J H., Wu, C W., Lee, C T., & Lee, H J (2015) Green purchase intentions: An exploratory study of the Taiwanese electric motorcycle market Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 829–833 doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.036 418 Compilation of References Yagci, M I (2001) Evaluating the effects of country-of-origin and consumer ethnocentrism: A case of a transplant product Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 13(3), 63–85 doi:10.1300/J046v13n03_05 Yamoah, F A (2005) Role and Impact of Product-Country Image on Rice Marketing: A Developing Country Perspective The Journal of American Academy of Business, 7(2), 265-276 Yang, Z., Kim, C., Laroche, M., & Lee, H (2014) Parental Style and Consumer Socialization among Adolescent: A cross Cultural Investigation Journal of Business Research, 67(3), 228–236 doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.05.008 Yani-de-Soriano, M., & Slater, S (2009) Revisiting Drucker’s theory: Has consumerism led to the overuse of marketing? Journal of Management History, 15(4), 452–466 doi:10.1108/17511340910987347 Yaveroglu, I S., & Donthu, J (2002) Cultural influences on the diffusion of products Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 14(4), 49–36 doi:10.1300/J046v14n04_04 Ying, F., & Li, Y (2009) Children’s buying behavior in China: A study of their information sources Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 28(2), 170–187 doi:10.1108/02634501011029673 Yin, R K (2003) Case Study Research Design and Methods London: Sage Publications Yin, R K (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research (Vol 5) London: Sage Publications, Inc Yolal, M., Emeksiz, M., & Cetinel, F (2009) Marketing of SMHEs in Turkey: A comparative analysis Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(4), 372–385 doi:10.1080/19368620902799577 Yoo, B., Donthu, B., & Lenartowicz, T (2011) Measuring Hofstede’s Five Dimensions of Cultural Values at the Individual Level: Development and Validation of CVSCALE Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3/4), 193–210 Youn, S (2008) Parental Influence and teen’s attitude toward online privacy protection The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 42(3), 362–388 doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2008.00113.x Yousaf, S., & Huaibin, L (2013) Profiling Consumer Behavior in the Context of Involvement Level and Demographic Factors: Evidence of Within-Country Differences From a Developing Economy Journal of Global Marketing, 26(1), 1–17 doi:10.1080/08911762.2013.779404 Zaharah, G (2011) The influence of Socialisation agents and demographic profiles on brand consciousness International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 4(1), 19–29 Zahid, M., Abdul, R., Jainthy, N., & Samsinar, M S (2002) Perceptions of advertising and celebrity endorsement in Malaysia Asia Pacific Management Review, 7(4), 535–554 Zahra, S., Rawhouser, H., Bhawe, N., Neubaum, D., & Hayton, J (2008) Globalisation of Social Entrepreneurship Opportunities Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(2), 117–131 doi:10.1002ej.43 Zahrnt, V (2005) Enhancing the internal legitimacy of WTO negotiations: Representations of member states through common interest groups and integrated regions Working paper Zaichkowsky, J L (1985) Measuring the Involvement Construct The Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341–352 doi:10.1086/208520 Zaichkowsky, J L (1986) Conceptualizing Involvement Journal of Advertising, 15(2), 4–14 doi:10.1080/00913367 1986.10672999 419 Compilation of References Zaidan, E., & Kovacs, J F (2017) Resident Attitudes towards Tourists and Tourism Growth: A Case Study from the Middle East, Dubai in United Arab Emirates European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(1), 291–307 doi:10.14207/ ejsd.2017.v6n1p291 Zaltman, G (1997) Rethinking Marketing Research: Putting people back in JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 34(4), 424–427 doi:10.2307/3151962 Zaltman, G (2003) How Consumers think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the Markets Boston: Harvard Business School Press Zamil, A (2011) The impact of word of mouth (WOM) on the purchasing decision of the Jordanian consumer Research Journal of International Studies, 20, 24–29 Zenker, S., & Braun, E (2010) The Place Brand Centre – A Conceptual Approach for the Brand Management of Places In EMAC (European Marketing Academy), 39th European Marketing Academy Conference Brussels: EMAC Zhao, W., & Schroeder, P (2010) Sustainable consumption and production: Trends, challenges and options for the AsiaPacific region Natural Resources Forum, 34(1), 4–15 doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2010.01275.x Zinkhan, G M., & Hong, J W (1991) Self Concept and Advertising Effectiveness: A Conceptual Model of Congruency Conspicuousness, and Response Mode In R H Holman & M R Solomon (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research (Vol 18, pp 348–354) Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research 420 421 About the Contributors Ayantunji Gbadamosi (BSc [Hons], MSc, PhD, FHEA, FCIM, FCMI) is the Research Coordinator and The Chair of the Research and Knowledge Exchange Committee at Royal Docks School of Business and Law, University of East London, UK He received his PhD from the University of Salford, UK and has taught marketing courses at various institutions including University of Lagos (Nigeria), University of Salford (UK), Manchester Metropolitan University (UK), Liverpool Hope University (UK), and various professional bodies Dr ‘Tunji Gbadamosi has several research outputs in the form of Journal articles, chapters in edited books, co-edited books, monograph, conference papers, and Case studies His papers have been published in a variety of refereed journals including Journal of Brand Management, Thunderbird International Business Review, International Journal of Market Research, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Marketing intelligence and Planning, Social Marketing Quarterly, Nutrition and Food Science, Young Consumers, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Society and Business Review, International Journal of Consumer Studies, The Marketing Review, International Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Journal of Management Development, Industry and Higher Education, and Journal of Place Branding and Public Diplomacy He is the author of the book entitled Low-income Consumer Behaviour and the editor of Young Consumer Behaviour (Routledge, 2018) and The Handbook of Research on Consumerism and Buying Behaviour in Developing Nations (IGI Global, 2016) His co-edited books are: (a) Principles of Marketing – A Value-Based Approach (Palgrave, 2013), and (b) Entrepreneurship Marketing: Principles and Practice of SME Marketing (Routledge, 2011) Dr Gbadamosi is a member of the editorial board of several academic journals He has supervised several undergraduate and postgraduate students including PhD students to successful completion and served as an examiner for several doctorate degree examinations He is the current Programme Chair of the International Academy of African Business Development (IAABD) His research interest revolves around Consumer Behaviour, SME Marketing, Marketing to Children, and Marketing Communications He is the author of the paper entitled ‘Symbolic Consumption among Black African Women in the UK’ that won the EMERLAD Best paper award at the International Academy of African Business Development (IAABD) 2014 He is listed in Who’s Who in the World *** Veronica Adu Brobbey is a lecturer in human resource management at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana In her teaching and research work she covers a wide range of topics in human resource and marketing research She is currently completing her PhD at the Open University of Malaysia About the Contributors through Accra Institute of Technology, Ghana She has published widely in the field of human resource and marketing Her research interest focus on counterproductive work behaviour and research methods Thomas Antwi Bosiakoh is an Honorary Postdoctoral Associate at the Department of Sociology, Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia in recognition for his academic achievement, expertise, and excellence in his field of study His research and publications intersect migration, criminology, political economy and family studies He recently completed his doctoral studies on the Mixed embeddedness of Nigerian immigrants informal entrepreneurship in Ghana, receiving the Vice Chancellor’s Commendation for academic excellence He was also the Valedictorian during his graduation in April 2018 Thomas has held teaching positions and delivered conference papers in Ghana and Australia He has also delivered conference papers in New Zealand, Mali and Morocco Stella Aririguzoh obtained her Ph.D in Mass Communication from Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Nigeria She has a B.A (Mass Communication) and M.B.A (Management) degrees from the famed University of Nigeria, Nsukka She also has the M.A (Broadcasting) and M.Sc (Industrial Relations/ Personnel Management) from the Abia State University, Uturu and the University of Lagos, Akoka respectively She has been teaching mass communication since 2000 with emphasis on broadcast courses She has deep interest in political communication At present, she teaches in the Department of Mass Communication in Covenant University David Bamber is Director of PhD studies, at the University of Bolton, UK He is Visiting Professor of Management & Education at the Organisational Learning Centre for higher education in Bolton in the UK He is also Research Fellow at Christ University, Bangalore, India He is researching aspects of international marketing including the development of Qatar as a destination of choice for global brands and the role of social media on national security in Qatar and Bamber has an international career in business and academia, and is a management consultant for senior executive clients from developing countries working with with Projacs International and the Organizational Learning Centre Ltd He has over 15 years experience as a senior lecturer in Marketing, as an External Examiner in several UK Universities, as a reviewer for international journals such as “Studies in Higher Education” and “Social Responsibility Journal” Bamber earned his Ph.D in “Orgnaizational Learning” at the University of Salford, having co-founded the Centre for Research into Organizational Excellence there He holds a B.Sc (Dunelm) from Durham University and a M.Ed (Ed.Psych.) from the University of Manchester He has published over 70 peer reviewed articles concerning International Marketing, Place Branding, Corporate Social Responsibility and International Business Ethics in International Journals and at International Conferences He holds two Emerald Literati Awards Jeanne Bentzen is Research Assistant at Aalborg University Her research interest is in consumer choice theories Andreea I Bujac is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Business and Management, International Business Centre at Aalborg University Andreea received her PhD in International Marketing from Aalborg University in 2014, and her Msc in International Business Economics from Aalborg University in 2010 Her primary research interests are in the field of consumer marketing Specifically, she 422 About the Contributors is interested in branding, consumer behaviour, country-of-origin effects and consumer ethnocentrism She is the co-author of the paper titled Relationships between Brand Perception, Ideology and Consumer Ethnocentrism in Post-Communist Romania which was published in the Journal of Euromarketing, issue 23, vol.1&2 in 2014 Cynthia A Bulley is a senior lecturer and head of Department (Marketing) at the Central University, Ghana Her current research interests are in the area of consumer behaviour, experiential marketing, and international business Brahim Chekima is a Senior Lecturer in the Marketing programme of the Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah His research interests include green marketing, consumer behavior, consumer culture and digital marketing He has published several articles in various international peer-reviewed journals, chapters in edited books and presented at various international and national conferences Fatima Zohra Chekima is a faculty member where she is pursuing her Master degree in International Business in the Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah She has published in an international peer-reviewed journal and presented at international conferences Her research interest includes consumer culture, advertising, consumer behaviour, and international marketing Khalifa Chekima is a Lecturer at Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah since 2017 Currently he has been appointed as a Researcher at the Center of Data and Information Management, Universiti Malaysia Sabah in January 2018 Christian Djamgbah holds MPhil in Marketing from the University of Ghana He is currently pursuing Master of Research in Marketing at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia His research interests are in political marketing, branding, and service innovation Esther O Duodu received her BSc degree in administration (marketing option) from the Central University Following a stint as a research assistant at the Central University, she proceeded to the University of Aberdeen, UK to pursue her master’s degree She gained her MSc degree in Oil and Gas Enterprise Management in 2012 Her current research interests are focused on consumer behaviour, experiential marketing and supply chain management Clay Grandsen has been involved with Liverpool Hope University since 2004 His PhD concerns customer delight Dr Gransden has over 10 years’ experience working in the Hospitality and Marketing sector Dr Gransden published in the award-winning text ‘Social Media Marketing’ titled ‘Pokemon Go: A revolution in social gaming’ Currently, Clay is involved in several research and consultancy projects, providing guidance and expertise in marketing and social media at a local, regional and international level John Kuada has two doctorate degrees – a PhD from Copenhagen Business School and Dr Merc from Aalborg University He is Professor of International Management at the Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University in Denmark He is author and/or editor of some 20 books on 423 About the Contributors management and internationalization of firms and has written about 150 articles in refereed scholarly and professional journals on issues of enterprise development, management, marketing and cross-border inter-firm relations in Europe and Africa Nnamdi O Madichie is the Director of the Centre for Research & Enterprise at the London School of Business and Management His research interests straddle the general areas of marketing (consumer behaviour, events, film, music, sports), and entrepreneurship (women, diaspora, international and ethnic entrepreneurship) In addition to having published a textbook on Consumer Behaviour (by Tata McGraw Hill 2012), Dr Madichie has also contributed materials for leading business and management textbooks used across UK universities – notably Marketing, Real People, Real Decisions (Solomon, 2009); Entrepreneurship Marketing: Principles and Practice of SME Marketing (Nwankwo & Gbadamosi, 2010); International Marketing Strategy (Doole & Lowe, 2012; Doole, Lowe, & Kenyon, 2016); and Strategic Marketing: Creating Competitive Advantage (West, Ford, & Ibrahim, 2015) He has published in reputable business and management journals such as Thunderbird International Business Review, Management Decision, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research as well as Marketing Intelligence & Planning Esther Mensah holds an MSc degree in International Business from Aalborg University She is currently a management consultant at Premier Resource Consulting in Ghana and an undergraduate thesis supervisor at Valley View University, also located in Ghana Esther is involved in cutting edge research in international management and has published with Contemporary Social Science: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, on the topic “Knowledge transfer in the emerging solar energy sector in Ghana” She is also aspiring to start her doctoral degree in 2019 Emmanuel Mogaji is a Lecturer in Advertising and Marketing Communications in the Department of Marketing, Events and Tourism, Greenwich University, London He has a strong focus on service brands He is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy Odion Odiboh is an acclaimed professional with strong academic drive His areas of specialization include Integrated Marketing Communication, Advertising, Public Relations and Philosophy of Mass Communication Sanya Ojo holds a PhD in Entrepreneurship He is an accomplished entrepreneur with forty years’ experience This informs his research interests in diaspora/ethnic entrepreneurship, international business strategy and management, and marketing He has the privilege of mobility in career choices, exploring options critically, establishing educational preferences, and placing bets on multiple knowledge paths, as a consequence of his capacity to benefit from high-end knowledge and research Currently, he operates a goal-oriented consultancy in business and entrepreneurship both in practice and the academic field He is a Fellow of Higher Education Academy (FHEA) and a visiting Research Fellow at the University of East London, UK As an award-winner, he has published in reputable academic journals and resources 424 About the Contributors Ayo Oniku teaches Marketing and related business courses at University of Lagos Nigeria He is a seasoned consultant in Sales and other Marketing and Business areas; a Senior Consultant with Ayo Oniku & Associates His experiences in recent years cover consulting for Europe-based organisations on market entry into West African markets and training of Sales staff of firms in financial and FMCG sectors Abdullah Promise Opute is a Researcher and highly qualified Freelance Academic Consultant Dr Opute has extensive working experience (industrial and academic) from the UK, Germany and Nigeria Currently, Dr Opute works as freelance academic consultant Amongst others, Dr Opute works as Examiner and PhD and Masters theses supervisor at various universities Dr Opute has a multi-disciplinary academic rooting in the areas of Accounting, Entrepreneurship, Marketing and Organisational Behaviour His researches have been well-received and recognised at international Conferences He received the Best Paper Award at the Academy of Marketing Conference in 2007 in Westminster, London, UK Dr Opute’s research interests include (but not limited to) Cross Cultural Management, Relationship Management, Entrepreneurship, Identity Behaviour, Consumer Behaviour, Organisational Socialisation, Strategic Management Accounting, and Strategic Human Resource Management Dr Opute has published widely and has also served as a reviewer for publishing houses (and Conferences) such as IGI Global Publications, NOVA Science Publishers Inc., Team Performance Management Journal, Australasian Marketing Journal, International Journal of Emerging Markets, African Journal of Business and Economic Research, International Journal of Marketing Studies, Academy of Marketing Conference, European Marketing Academy Conference, European Academy of Management, and British Academy of Management Richard Shambare is an Associate Professor in the Department of Business Management at the University of Venda He teaches business management courses and has a special interest in research in the areas of marketing and entrepreneurship Adya Sharma is a professional who has the capability to transform vision into reality She is a perfect blend of corporate and academic experience She is a PhD holder, double Post Graduate and an alumna of St Stephens College She has been part of the Academic team instrumental in restructuring Marketing syllabus at university level She brings with her two decades of rich practical experience from the corporate and academic world which perfectly blends with the theories as an academician She is connected to the corporate industry as a corporate trainer in companies like Goldman Sachs Women Entrepreneurship Program, Tata Motors, Amdocs, McDonalds, Wipro etc She also has a number of case studies to her credit which are based on real time companies An avid researcher, she has many acclaimed International Publications to her credit and continues to also write case studies for International Repositories like the Europe based Case Centre Dr Sharma has also been the second supervisor for Master thesis of students conducted under Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany Her areas of research include Consumer Behaviour, Sales Management and Services Marketing She has also edited a book titled “Marketing Techniques for Financial Inclusion and Development” with IGI Global – an International Publishing House 425 426 Index A Adoption 8, 17, 113, 200, 208, 243-244, 251-253, 255, 257-259, 261, 264, 277, 302-303, 306, 310, 314-315, 351 advertisement 42, 108, 114, 127, 130-131, 155, 158, 169, 177-181, 188, 229, 257, 329, 331-332 Africa 6, 13, 19, 33, 45-46, 52, 61, 101, 103, 105-106, 108, 111-113, 121, 178, 195, 197-198, 201-202, 207-209, 211, 214-215, 217, 219, 228-229, 232, 244-245, 247-257, 259-262, 264, 284-286, 289, 292-293, 295, 300, 302, 304-305, 310-311, 322, 325, 344-345 African Religions 217 African Society 197, 199-200, 202-209, 217 Antecedents 76-77, 83, 126, 342 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) 41, 50 Attitude 13-15, 18, 29, 43, 60, 86, 115, 127, 131, 141, 158-159, 168-169, 181, 264, 267, 269-271, 276-277, 328 B Barriers 16, 209, 244, 252, 257 Batho Pele 249-250, 264 Big Tobacco 101-103, 105, 116, 121 Brand Perception 53-54, 56-61, 63-67, 69, 75, 158 Brands 5, 7-8, 13, 16-17, 19, 47, 53-61, 63, 66, 6970, 76, 79-82, 85-88, 90-92, 95, 107, 111-112, 154-155, 157, 159, 177-181, 209, 219, 223-224, 231, 233, 285 buying behaviour 16, 177-179, 187-188, 205-206 C Celebrity 77, 88-90, 92, 100, 153-161, 167-169, 176-191 Central Eastern Europe 75 Chieftaincy 197, 213, 217 children as consumers 124-125, 137, 142 Children’s influence 130, 132, 134-137, 139 Clientele attraction 321-326, 329, 333 Cognitive Schema 77, 86, 94, 100 colonial era 197, 205-206 Concept-Oriented Communication 130, 151 Consumer behaviour 1-2, 5-7, 9, 12, 16, 19-20, 32-36, 38-39, 41, 43-44, 46-47, 55, 57, 69, 106, 180, 244, 307, 324, 326, 333-334 consumer ethnocentrism 5, 8, 53-57, 59, 62-63, 66-69, 114-115, 153, 155-156, 167-168 Consumer needs 12, 20, 66, 321-326, 333-334 Consumer Protection 44-45, 102, 105, 111, 115, 121 Consumer Socialization 124-133, 137-138, 140-142, 151 Consumerism 13, 102, 105, 109-110, 121, 287, 289, 334, 339-344, 346, 349-351 Consumption 1-20, 30, 41-42, 54, 56, 58, 60-61, 7677, 88, 91, 106-108, 111, 115, 129-131, 133, 136, 138-139, 162, 164, 179, 181, 196-198, 201, 203210, 213-214, 218-219, 222, 266-267, 275-277, 284-293, 295, 300, 302, 311, 315, 321-322, 324, 326, 328, 334, 339-341, 344, 349-350 Contemporary 1-2, 197, 199, 203-207, 209, 214, 322, 324, 334, 344 Cosmetic Products 153, 155, 157, 161-162, 164, 168-169 Country-of-Origin Effect 53-54, 56-58, 63, 75 D Danish brand 63 Developing Countries 2-6, 8-14, 16-17, 20, 33, 46, 57-59, 81, 108-109, 155, 243-244, 252-253, 262, 284-287, 289-290, 295, 315-316, 329, 332 Developing nations 1-5, 7-9, 11-16, 18-20, 55, 77, 92-93, 124, 137 Disposition to Trust 264 Dubai 80, 218-221, 223-227, 229-233 Index E EEG 35-37, 39, 42, 44, 47 E-Government 243-262, 264-265 Emerging Markets 54-55, 69-70, 103, 116, 138, 154, 260, 306, 344-346 Emotions 34-35, 37, 40, 43, 77, 92-93, 95, 100 endorsement 88, 100, 114, 153-159, 161, 168, 177-178, 180-181, 185-191 Entrepreneurship 77, 88, 92, 213, 321, 339, 343 Environmental Knowledge 266, 268-269, 272-273, 275, 277, 283 E-tax 245, 251, 257-258 Ethnocentrism 5, 8, 13, 20, 53-57, 59, 61-64, 66-69, 75, 86, 114-115, 153, 155-156, 160-161, 165-168 Experiential Perfume Marketing 100 F family 4, 6-7, 13, 19-20, 77, 81, 86, 90-92, 95, 111, 124-130, 132-143, 151-152, 177, 180, 196-197, 200-202, 204, 206-209, 213-214, 217, 220, 255, 311, 340 Family Communication 128-130, 134, 136-137, 142, 151-152 fMRI 36-37, 39, 41, 44, 47 G Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) 50 Ghana 11, 19, 51, 178, 197-198, 301-303, 308, 310316, 321-326, 328-329, 332-334, 345 Glial 32, 50 Grasse 76-77, 79, 92-94, 100 Green Purchase Intention 268, 275, 277, 283 Green Purchasing Intention 273, 283 I Imagining 47 income 1-5, 10, 13, 15, 19, 57, 60-62, 64, 76, 79, 88-90, 92, 106, 110, 130, 136-138, 163, 196, 198-202, 204-206, 208-211, 213, 215, 217, 272, 284-285, 287, 289, 300, 340, 347 India 2, 10, 12, 15, 52, 58-59, 76-90, 92, 94-95, 100, 108, 111, 116, 124, 137-141, 143, 155, 268, 287 Indigenous Africans 198, 204, 217 Individual 2, 4-7, 9, 12-14, 18, 30, 35, 57, 60, 64, 77, 81, 88, 91, 94, 128, 140-141, 158, 160, 177, 179180, 182, 195-196, 199-201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 217, 223, 232, 247, 266-270, 276-278, 288, 300, 304, 313-314, 340-343, 345-346 Iris League 93, 95, 100 Ittar 78, 91, 100 L Lagos 114, 176, 178, 182, 218-220, 223-226, 228-234 Lifestyle 4-5, 19, 76, 78, 83, 94, 114, 196-200, 203205, 213, 275, 285, 290, 292, 328 local government 253, 260-261 Long-Term Orientation 9, 268, 270-273, 275-277, 283 M Malawi 101-103, 106, 111, 113, 115-116, 302 Man-Nature Orientation 268-270, 272-273, 275-277, 283 Marketing 1-6, 8-20, 30-33, 35-36, 38-47, 53, 55, 57, 59-60, 67, 69, 76-77, 81, 85, 87-88, 92, 94-95, 100-103, 105-108, 110-116, 124-126, 133, 137, 142, 153-157, 162, 178, 181, 195-196, 201-203, 207, 210-215, 218, 220-222, 226, 228-229, 233, 255, 257, 266-267, 270, 277-278, 288, 290, 301-308, 310, 312-315, 323-325, 329, 332-333, 339-341, 351 Marketing Malpractices 101-102, 115-116 Marketing research 20, 31, 33, 35-36, 40, 45-47, 53, 67, 126 Marketing Stimuli 1, 12, 14-15, 19-20, 30, 32-33, 41-43 M-Government 262, 264 municipality 243, 254, 261 N Nation Brand 218-221, 223, 225-227, 231-234 Neuroimaging 31-32, 36, 38, 41, 45, 47 Neuroscience 31-34, 36-40, 43-47 Nigeria 6, 55, 101-103, 105-108, 111, 113, 115-116, 176, 178-179, 183, 197, 202-203, 205, 209, 214, 218-220, 223-224, 226, 228-234, 284, 302, 325, 329, 332, 345, 347 Nigerian immigrants 321-323, 325 427 Index O occupation 3-5, 10, 19, 57, 197, 200, 203-208 Opportunity Production 339, 342-344, 346, 349, 351 P Perfume 76-83, 85-95, 100 Perfume (Latin: Perfumare “To Smoke Through”) 100 Personal Factors 1, 3, 9, 19-20, 30 Place brand 218-220, 222, 224, 226, 229, 231-234 Place Branding 95, 100, 219-220, 222, 224, 229-230, 233 Political Class 205, 211, 214-215, 217 Practical Value 77, 86, 91, 94, 100 Product Perception 40 Public 5, 15, 17, 44, 77-79, 85-87, 94, 100-102, 106108, 115-116, 131, 142, 156, 177-178, 182, 206, 212, 214, 217, 224, 243-248, 250-251, 257, 259, 264, 303, 311, 340, 346-348 Public-Private Partnership 264 Purchase Intention 153-159, 161-162, 164-169, 266, 268, 270, 275, 277, 283 R Receptors 32, 50, 89 Relational mediation 321-323, 333 Religion 9-10, 81, 84, 178, 183, 190, 195, 198, 205, 221, 328 Renewable Energy 301-304, 311, 314-316 Reverse Socialization 124-125, 137, 142, 152 Romania 52-53, 56, 61, 67, 69-70, 75, 155 rural 67, 176, 178-179, 182-191, 202, 253, 262, 285, 302, 315 S Scientific process 32, 36 segmentation 8, 11, 16, 60, 196, 200, 203-204, 215 Social class 6-7, 10, 19, 126, 195-209, 211-215 Social Currency 77, 94, 100 Social Factors 30, 127 Social Institutions 140, 208, 284, 286, 292-293, 295, 300 social status 196-199, 201-202, 204-205, 209, 215 428 Socio-cultural factors 1, 20 Socio-Oriented Communication 129, 152 Solar Energy 301-302, 309-311, 314, 316 South Africa 13, 45-46, 52, 61, 106, 108, 113, 243-245, 247-257, 259-262, 264, 284-286, 289, 292-293, 295, 300, 302, 345 STEPPS 76-77, 83, 94, 100 Stories 76-78, 83, 85, 88-89, 94-95, 100, 181, 190, 223 Structural Equation Modeling 266, 271, 273, 283 Sub-Saharan Africa 101, 121, 195, 198, 201-202, 208, 214-215, 217, 259-260 sub-urban 176, 188, 285, 325 Sustainable consumption 267, 275-276, 284-293, 295, 300, 341 Sustainable Consumption (at Macro Level) 300 Sustainable Consumption (at Micro Level 300 T Technological Poverty 252-254, 265 the UAE 220, 227 Theory of Source Credibility 168 Trigger 20, 44, 89, 92, 100 Triggers 77, 89, 94, 254 Trust of Government 265 Tuborg 53, 56, 61-67, 75 U Ubuntu 6, 249, 264-265 urban 10, 53, 61, 80, 82, 107, 114, 138-141, 176, 178179, 182-191, 199, 224, 285, 293, 343 V vicious cycles 253-254 virtuous cycles 243, 253-254, 261 W West Africa 197, 219, 302 Western Education 198, 202, 204-205, 217 Y youths 129, 177, 214-215 ... invaluable to policy makers with interest in developing nations STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK This book, Exploring the Dynamics of Consumerism in Developing Nations, significantly extends understanding... for developing nations context while using the phenomenon to make sense of marketing transactions in these marketing environments Income is a defining factor in how consumers in developing nations. .. Acknowledgment As the editor of Exploring the Dynamics of Consumerism in Developing Nations, I am greatly indebted to numerous people for their contributions in one way or another for the successful