CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTURE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND Crime, Gender and Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century England TAMMY C WHITLOCK University o f Kentucky, USA Q Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2005 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon X 4RN 711 Third Avenue, N ew York, N Y 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint o f the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright© Tammy C Whitlock 2005 The author has asserted her moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work A ll rights reserved N o part o f this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Whitlock, Tammy C Crime, gender and consumer culture in nineteenth-century England - (The history o f retailing and consumption) Female offenders - England - History - 19th century Women consumers - England - History -19th century Shoplifting - England - History - 19th century Fraud England - History - 19th century Retail trade - England - History - 19th century Consumerism - England - History - 19th century Kleptomania England - Social life and customs - 19th century I Title 364.374'0942'09034 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whitlock, Tammy C., 1967Crime, gender, and consumer culture in nineteenth-century England / Tammy C Whitlock, p cm - (The history of retailing and consumption) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7546-5207-6 (alk paper) Retail trade - England - History - 19th century Consumption (Economics) England - History - 19th century Women consumers - England - History - 19th century Consumer behavior - England - Sex differences - History - 19th century Crime - England - History - 19th century England - Social life and customs History - 19th century I Title II Series HF5429.6.G72E69 2005 306.3’0942’09034— dc22 2004016884 ISBN 13: 978-0-754-65207-6 (hbk) Contents G en eral E d ito r's P refa ce L ist o f F igures A ckn ow ledgem en ts Introduction vii ix xi PART Is DESTROYING THE ‘NATION OF SHOPKEEPERS’ Ready Money Only: Small Shops and New Retail Methods 17 Vanity Fairs: The Growth of Bazaars and Fancy Fairs 41 ‘Mothers Beware!’: Fraud by the Retailer 71 The Culture of Fraud and the Female Consumer 103 PART II: CRIMINAL CONSUMPTION Shoplifting in Early Nineteenth-Century England 127 Mrs McGregor’s Sealskin Jacket: Female Frauds and the Art of Buying Without Paying 153 Solving the Problem of the Criminal Consumer: Women and Kleptomania 185 Conclusion 213 B ibliograph y Index 227 237 The History of Retailing and Consumption General Editor’s Preface It is increasingly recognised that retail systems and changes in the patterns of consumption play crucial roles in the development and societal structure of economies Such recognition has led to renewed interest in the changing nature of retail distribution and the rise of consumer society from a wide range of academic disciplines The aim of this multidisciplinary series is to provide a forum of publications that explore the history of retailing and consumption Gareth Shaw University of Exeter, UK List of Figures 1.1 This elaborate bill heading from Nias and Company clearly illustrates ladies both ‘window shopping’ and counter shopping in the large retail establishment Nias and Co Wholesale and Retail Linen Drapers, 1825 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford: John Johnson Collection; Bill Headings 22 (71) 29 2.1 The Pantechnicon, Halkin Street, London Bodleian Library, University of Oxford: John Johnson Collection; Bazaars and Sales 48 3.1 ‘FIRE! In St Paul’s Churchyard’ (poster), 1853 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford: John Johnson Collection; Bazaars and Sales 91 6.1 Girl o f the Period Miscellany (cover), 1869 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford: John Johnson Collection; Fashion 14 156 7.1 Ladies Don’t Go Thieving’ (ballad), Mullins, Red Cross Street Printer Bodleian Library, University of Oxford: John Johnson Collection; Johnson Ballads 1308 This ballad directly refers to the Ramsbotham case 195 230 CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTUE IN 19™ C ENGLAND Hosiery, Haberdashery, Woollen and Linen Drapery, Are Pointed Out fo r Domestic Economy, and Which Will Be Found o f Great Advantage to the Heads o f Families and Charitable Institutions fo r Clothing the Poor 65, St Paul’s Churchyard, London: T Hurst, 1834 ‘Plea of Kleptomania, The.’ The Lancet II, no 3026 (1881): 390 Pollard, James ‘Poultry Market.’1819 Yale Center for British Art - ‘The Fruitmarket (The Greengrocer).’ 1819 Yale Center for British Art - ‘The Meat Market.’ 1819 Yale Center for British Art Ray, Isaac M D A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence o f Insanity London: G Henderson, 1839 - A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence o f Insanity Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1860 Sala, George Augustus Twice Round the Clock: Or The Hours o f the D ay and Night in London New York: Humanities Press, 1971 Sampson, Henry History o f Advertising: From the Earliest Times London: Chatto and Windus, 1874 Sankey, W.H.O, M.D ‘Illustrations of the Different Forms of Insanity.’ British M edical Journal (1865): 136-37 Saturday Review, The (London) 26 September 1868 Science o f Dress, The London: Groombridge and Sons, 1857 ‘Shop-Lifting-Female Weakness.’ Punch (1844): 149 ‘Shoppers and Shopping.’ Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine 26 N S, no May (1859): 291-97 ‘Shopping in London.’ The Living Age 1, no (1844): 250-254 Smith, Eliza Memoir o f Eliza Smith Who Was Transported fo r Shoplifting, Written By Herself Dublin: Hardy & Walker, 1839 Stekel, William Peculiarities o f Behavior: Wandering Mania, Dipsomania, Cleptomania, Pyromania and A llied Impulsive Acts New York: Boni and Liverwright, 1924 Stevenson, Robert Louis The Charity Bazaar: An Allegorical Dialogue Edinburgh: 1866 Stirling, Edward Grace Darling, or, The Wreck at Sea: a Drama in Two Acts London: Chapman and Hall, n.d Story o f O ld Soho, The London: T Pettitt & C o, 1893 Sutherland, Alexander John M.D.F.R.S ‘Patholoy of Mania and Dementia.’ MedicoChirurgical Transactions 38 (1855): 261-88 Tallis, John London Street Views London: John Tallis, 1838-1840 Thackeray, William Makepeace Vanity Fair; A Novel Without a Hero New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, 1991 Thackeray, William Makepeace, Albert Smith, Gilbert A’Beckett, and The Brothers Mayhew The Comic Almanack: An Ephemeris Containing Merry Tales, Humorous Poetry Quips and Oddities vols First Series London: Chatto & Windus, 1912 Times (London) 11 September 1811-16 December 1896 Trade Protection Record, April 1849-30 September 1849 Trial o f Mrs Jane Leigh Perrot at Taunton Assizes, on Saturday the 29th o f March, 1800; Charged With Stealing a Card o f Lace, in the Shop o f Elizabeth Gregory , Haberdasher & Milliner, o f the City o f Bath, The British Trial Series London: Chadwyck-Healey, Ltd, 1990 Trollope, Anthony Can You Forgive Her? 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see also Panorama Barkworth, Caleb 98 Bath 1–2, 8, 10, 33, 104–05, 140, 142, 171, 175, 185 bazaars 3–6, 13, 20, 39, 41–9, 51–71, 100, 103, 118, 121, 127–9, 134, 146, 151, 207– 8, 214, 218, 221, 225 Beattie, J.M 10, 130, 133, 155 Becky Sharp 52, 65 Belgrave Square 47 Bell,Mary Ann 163, 183 Bennett, Tony 47 Benson, John Bentley’s Miscellany 74 Bemay, Adelaide 207–8, 221 Bingham, Sarah 140 Blackwood's Magazine 142, 176 Blenkinsop, Adam 66–7 Bon March6 8–9, 19, 35, 68, 100, 152, 189, 206, 214– 16; see also department store Bond, Jane 162, 164 Bond Street 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 38, 46, 164; see also Old Bond Street Bowlby, Rachel 8, 104 Bradbury, Greatorex, and Co 160 Brewer, John 8–9, 18, 42, 72, 77 Briant and Field’s 149 Briggs, Asa 42, 68, 90, 151 Briggs, Joseph 52 British Medical Journal 201, 203, 206–7 British Orphan Asylum 55 238 CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTURE IN 19™ C ENGLAND Brookes, Wilson 78 Brown, John 133–4, 197 Bucknill, John Charles 198–9, 202–03, 209– 10, 216, 218–20 Bullock, William 55 Burford’s 58; see also panorama Burlington Arcade, 24–7, 38–9, 46 Calico, see cotton Camhi, Leslie 8–9 capitalism 3, 5, 9– 12, 44, 85, 89, 99, 103, 193, 224– 25 Catnatch, James 41, 43– 4–, 50, 53 Cavendo Tutus 144– 46 Chamber’s 34– 7, 75, 84, 86–90, 95, 113 charity bazaars 4, 8, 13, 42–3, 51–4, 56, 61–3, 65–7, 218 cheap shopkeepers, see cheap shops cheap shops 72–5, 84, 87–9, 94– 5, 96, 99, 100– 101, 104, 110– 13, 115, 120–21, 146–7, 151, 218 Cheapside 22, 27, 186 City of London Trade Protection Society 132, 155, 157, 158, 166, 168 Clarke, Mary 136 cleptomania 176, 191–2, 196, see also kleptomania Collins, Mabel 103 Collins,Wilkie 108, 122 Armadale 108 Basil 19, 122, 150 Comic Almanack 5, 64, 65, 66 Copestake and Moore 87, 94, 95, 161 Cornwallis, 65 cosmetics 62, 111 cotton 36, 107, 109– 11, 160, 162 Countess Manvers 65 Cowlam 31 Cowper, Florence 169, 170 credit 6–7, 10, 13, 18, 30, 33– 4, 43, 53, 76–9, 95– 101, 105, 123, 128, 137, 154, 157– 162, 164– 71, 174, 177, 179, 183, 193, 222 Crystal Palace 19–20, 37, 56–7, 61, 134 Dance, Charles 25 Davidoff, Leonore 3, 20, 21, 50, 51, 127, 150 De Grazia, Victoria De Quincey, Thomas 1–2, 142, 147, 151 De Rutzen, Magistrate 207–8, 213 Debenhams 22 debt 10, 97, 105, 135, 150, 154, 167, 170–174, 182–3, 222 DeNiceville, Mr and Mrs 171–2, 174 department store 4, 7–9, 19, 32, 35, 39, 50, 68–71, 99, 109, 114, 121–3, 127–9, 151–2, 179, 185, 209– 11, 214– 15, 219, 222–3, 226 Dickens, Charles 5, 46, 52, 65, 134, 210 Dillon, Mary 161 diorama 47, 58, 59 Dixon, Lydia 149–50, 175–6, 183–5, 191, 194 doctors 85, 129, 147, 189–90, 193, 200, 217–20 Donovan’s Irish Linen Company 34 Doodewaarde, Madame 79 Doyle, Richard 72, 79– 84, 88, 92, 94, 100, 113, 115, 119, 120, 123; see also Percival Leigh drapers 4, 17, 27–8, 30–9, 50, 64, 73–4 , 78, 80–82, 83–9, 94, 98–9, 103, 111– 13, 116– 19, 122–3, 128–9, 132, 136, 147–9, 158, 161–2, 169–71, 186–88, ^ , 202– 1, 214, 217 drapery 4, 13, 22–23, 28, 30, 32–8, 53 54, 69–5, 78–83, 86–7, 90–95, 98, 100– 101, 107– 10, 117–21, 149–51, 160– 163, 167, 172, 178, 186–9, 208, 215, 218 dressmaker 45, 117, 160; see also seamstress Dublin 138, 191, 193 Duchess of Kent 55, 63 INDEX Duke of Monmouth 44 Duke of Norfolk 169 Duncan, James 191 Early Closing Movement 117 Edgar, William 23, 107 Edinburgh Magazine, 5, 95, 119, 142; see also Chamber’s and Tate’s Egyptian Hall 55 Eliot,George 63 The Mill on the Floss 63 Elizabethan 11, 112, 130 Elliot, Mary 141 emporium 13, 23, 33–35, 37–9, 43, 71, 73, 76, 81, 92, 95–6 , 99, 103–04, 107–09, 120–21, 145, 151, 163, 172, 175, 178, 214, 219 Esther Wyatt, 200 Everington, 30, 37, 73 exhibitions 20, 47, 55, 57, 129 fancy fairs, see charity bazaars Farmer & Roger’s 108 fashion 23–25, 35, 38–9, 43, 56–7, 66–7, 90, 94, 100, 103– 12, 124, 140, 164, 179, 220–221 Faultless, Grace 162, 164 Feaver, William 58, 59 femme sole 21 Filby, Charles 2; see also Jane Perrot Finn, Margot 6, 8, 10, 97, 104–5, 121, 135, 154, 170–71, 182 fire 25, 51, 58–9, 68, 71, 81–3, 86, 92, 101, 218 First World War 19 Flash Poll 136, 138; see also Saucy Nan Fleet Street 17, 22, 30 Flint, Mr 30, 167 Fortnum and Mason 23 France 8– 10, 18– 19, 21, 35, 42, 68, 110 11, 122, 129, 185, 190–193, 206–7, 214– 16 Fraser, W Hamish 8, 19, 177 239 fraud 2, 3, 7, 10– 13, 44, 72–93, 96, 100 101, 112, 118– 124, 129, 152–85, 218, 221–22, 225–6 French, see France Fry, Elizabeth 161 Furlough, Ellen 8, 60, 106, 224 Gardner, John 78–9 Gaskell, Elizabeth 11 Gatrell, V.A.C 10, 128, 130 George, Jane 139, 140, 141 Girl o f the Period Miscellany 81, 156 Grafton House 30, 167, see Mr Flint grand magasins, see department store Gregory, Elizabeth 2, 140 Greig, Teresa Billington 213, 224– 25 Guardians, see Society for the Protection of Trade Gunby and Co 57 haberdasher, 1, 27, 80, 81, 86, 140, 161, 167, 186 Haberdasher’s Company, 27 haberdashers, 4, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39, 71, 74, 80, 81, 103, 119, 128, 187, 217 Hall, Catherine 3, 20, 21, 50, 51, 127, 150 Hammond, William 207 Harding & Co 83 Harker, Mrs Sarah 51–2, 143–4 Harrods 22 Harvey Nichols 22 Hayes, J.W 36, 87, 186 Hayman and Youngman 109, 172, 187–88 Hayman, Pulsford & Company 109, 172 Hayward’s 108–9 Henry VI 105, 170 Highworth Association for the Prosecution of Felons and Other Thieves 157 Hill, Frederic 128 Hobhouse, Hermione 23, 74 240 CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTURE IN 19™ C ENGLAND Hodge and Lowman 23, 31, 39, 74– 5, 87, 96, 100 Hogarth, Mary and Ann 20 Hogarth, William 20 Holland, John 56, 61, 67 hospital 54, 61, 199, 203 Houghton & Co 83 Howell & Co 78 Howell and James 33–5, 145, 148, 163, 166, 183 Howell, John, see Howell and James Humphrey Hedgehog, see John Agg Hunt & Co 83 India Depot 107 Indian Army 180 insanity 129, 147–8, 174– 5, 178, ISO– 185, 189–93, 196, 200, 202, 206–207, 210, 222–24 Irish 34, 54– 5, 114, 138 James, Reverend J.A 61 Jay’s General Mourning Warehouse 35, 36, 179, 181 Jeffrey, J.R 99 Jerrold, Douglas 80– 1, 84, 93–6 John Johnson Collection 6, 13, 20–7, 31–6, 47–8, 50–5, 59, 68, 71, 74, 81, 83, 91–8, 108– 109, 112, 117, 127, 156–7, 195–7 Johnson, Mary 161, 164, 177, 179, 183 Johnson, Mary Elizabeth 176 Judge Bodkin, 203, 207 Kelly, Andrew 31, 36 Kendal, Milne and Faulkner, 34 kleptomania 2–3, 7– 13, 127–9, 135, 141, 145, 148, 153, 185–6, 189–93, 199–26 La Belle Assembled 103 Lacassagne, Emile 215, 219, 222 Lady Alice Peel 163; see Sir Robert Peel Lady Dacre 63 Lady Hawarden 65 Lady Katharine Stewart 65 Lady Radstock 65 Lambert, E 59 Lancaster, William 19, 24, 33–5, 62, 72, 93–4, 100, 104–6, 116– 17, 122, 128, 210, 214– 15 Leach, William 8–9, 19, 68, 72, 105, 135, 171, 206, 216 Lee, Mary 168 Leeds, 62 Leicester Square, 24, 31, 32, 46, 47, 49, 58, 69 Leigh, Percival 72, 79–80, 113, see also Richard Doyle Leigh Perrot, Jane, see Jane Perrot Lewis and Allenby 33, 175, 179 Lewis’s 68, 151 Lifting Law 130 Linton, Eliza 104 Lloyd, Mary 162 Lord Derby 202 Lord George Cavendish 25 Louis–Phillipe 148 Lowther Arcade 26, 31, 46 Lowther Bazaar 46 Ludgate Hill 30, 107 MacGregor, Emily 178–83, 221–22 mad doctors 202, 226, see also doctors Madame Rachel 111 Madame Tussaud’s 49 magicians 57 Manchester 28, 34, 56, 58, 68, 77, 78, 97, 108, 151, 157, 206, 218 mania 58, 66–7, 115, 142, 176, 181, 183, 190, 192–206, 211, 222; see also kleptomania Mare, Samuel 25 married women 10, 21, 79, 104, 141–4 , 146, 153, 168–78, 180–83, 201, 204, 224 INDEX Marshall and Snelgrove 22, 121, 178, 181 Martin, John 58–59 Belshazzar’s Feast 58–9 Martineau, Harriet 56 Marvin, Jane, see Harriet Pregnall Matthey, Andre 148, 189 Maudsley, Henry 202, 205–206 McKendrick, Neil 8, 18 Mead, Jane 159 Mechanics’ Institute 47 Melford, Mark 185, 199, 201, 216, 217 Melrose Abbey 58 Messrs Holmes and Co 166 Messrs Nicoll and Company 23 Metropolitan Institute for the Protection of Trade 157 Middlesex Sessions 13, 138, 143–4 , 148, 159–60, 173, 187, 194, 197, 200, 203, 207, 209 Miller, Thomas 77, 98, 158, 165 Milliner’s and Dressmaker’s Provident and Benevolent Institution 117 Moore, Mrs 17, 27 Moses and Sons 74, 75, 87 Moule, John 193 Murphy, Daniel 127, 152, 197, 223 Mui, Hoh–cheung and Loma 17–20, 30, 38, 106, 110 Mutual Communication Society 157, 168 Napoleonic wars 4, 41, 42, 43, 54, 190 Nash, Thomas 23, 33, 204 necessaries 12, 104– 105, 153, 170–74, 182–83, 222 Neve, Augustus 98 New Royal Bazaar 47, 49 Nias and Company 29 Nightingale, Joseph 42–51, 53, 95 Nunn, Susan 137–8 241 O’Brien, Patricia 8–9, 129, 148, 185, 189, 191, 206, 215, 219, 221–23 Old Bailey 13, 136–8, 142, 146, 149, 161, 177, 208–9, 214 open pricing 30 Opera Colonnade 46 overproduction 11 Oxford Street 22, 24, 32, 46–7, 51–2, 59, 68, 79, 86, 88, 117, 162, 173, 175, 178 Padorama, see panorama Palais Royale 45 Pall Mall Gazette 37, 104, 118, 119 Panorama 46 Pantechnicon 47–8 Pantheon 8, 19, 46, 52 Pantheon Bazaar 46 Pawnbroker, see pawning pawning 137, 140, 187 Pawson & Co 71 Peck, Linda Levy Peel, Sir Robert 86, 163; see also Lady Alice Peel Perkins, E.E 28, 33–5, 96–7, 103, 107 10, 119 Perrot, Jane 1, 2, 111, 140, 142, 151, 185, 189, 210, 213, 222, 226 Peter Robinson, 22, 179, 181 Piccadilly 22–3, 74, 107, 111 plate–glass 35–7, 72, 75, 86–7, 100, 103, 114, 161, 186, 218 police court, 149, 161, 164, 177, 188, 194, 201, 204, 208 Porter, Roy 8–9, 18, 42, 72, 190 Pregnall, Harriet 160 pregnancy, 138, 199, 201, 224 pregnant, see pregnancy Price, Henry James 202 Princess Victoria 63 prostitution 49, 60, 67, 206 puerperal mania 200, 206; see also pregnancy 242 CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTURE IN 19™ C ENGLAND Punch 46, 80, 94, 118, 140– 142 Quakers 56 Queen’s Bazaar 47, 57–9, 68 Ragan, Ellen 161 Ragan, Mary Ann 159, 161 Ramsbotham, Mary 185, 193–200, 205, 209, 216, 224, 226 Rappaport, Erika 8– 10, 24, 104, 119, 123, 214, 215 Ray, Isaac 190, 193, 198, 201 ready money 4, 27, 30–, 31, 33, 34, 38 39,72, 74, 95–7, 100–101, 164, 166– 167, 217, 226 ready–money, see ready money Rees, Mary 145, 149–50, 175 Reeve, E 31, 83, 96 Regent Street 22–4 , 33–8, 74, 79, 84, 86, 88, 108, 113, 117, 119, 145, 163, 166, 171, 175, 179, 202 Regent’s Park 23, 55 Ribbans 83, 84, 92 Richards,Thomas 8, 19, 90, 134– Richardson, Mary Jane 172–4 , 222 Robinson, Peter, see Peter Robinson Romilly, Sir Samuel 10, 130, 132 Roper, Leah Mary 139 Rowley, George William 169; see also Mary Rowley Rowley, Mary 169 Royal Dispensary for Diseases of the Ear 55 Royal Ophthalmic Hospital 63 Royal Victoria Bazaar 52–3, 55 Ryan, Louisa 213, 216, 225 Sackville Street 157, 168 Sala, George Augustus 26 Saturday Review, 104 Saucy Nan 136, 138 Saville House 49 seamstress 21, 116– 17, see dressmaker Selfridge’s 100 sentencing 188, 189 separate spheres 135, 152 set–pricing, see open pricing Scott, Sir Walter 58 Shaw, Donald 8–9, 49, 58, 68–9 Sherborne Association for the Protection of Property 157 Shoolbred, James, see Shoolbred’s Shoolbred’s, 32–3, 35, 187 shoplifting 2, 5– 13, 42, 123, 127–58, 164, 175–6, 181–93, 197–201, 204– 23, 226 Shoplifting Act of William and Mary 130 silk 1, 4, 33–5, 64, 74, 78, 99, 103, 106–8, 110– 11, 120–21, 132, 137, 145 8, 160, 163–76, 179–81, 187–8, 191, 220 Sloane Street 109, 172, 174, 187 Smith, Adam 11 Smith, Eliza 134– Society for the Protection of Trade 77–8, 98, 131–2, 155–8, 161, 165–8, 175 Soho 41, 43–7, 50–1, 53, 60, 68–9, 95, 137, 143–4, 151–2, 175, 207, 219 Soho Bazaar 41, ^ , 47, 51, 53, 60, 69, 95, 143^1, 152, 175, 207, 219 St Paul’s Churchyard 28, 35, 71, 78, 91, 107, 179 status 1, 11– 13, 21, 26, 35, 42, 50–52, 66–7, 103, 105, 110, 122–4, 135, 139–40, 145–6, 151–53, 161–7, 170, 174, 178–83, 211, 219–21, 225 Stevenson, Robert Louis 5, 62–3, 98 Stewart, Mrs., see Jane Tyrwhitt Strahan, S.A.K 210, 220 Strand 17, 22, 26, 46, 132, 155, 158, 216 Street, Elizabeth 117 INDEX sumptuary laws 11, 111– 12 Surrey 77, 130, 136, 180, 204 Swan, George 22, 23, 35, 74, 107, 122; see also Swan and Edgar Swan and Edgar 22, 35, 74, 107, 122 Sweeney, Ellen 204 Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine 73, 94– 5, 120, 128, 134, 197 Tallis, John 5, 23–4 Thackeray, William Makepeace 3, 5, 60, 64– 5, 134 The Draper 21, 27, 33, 64– 5, 78–9, 85, 87, 94– 9, 117, 121, 165, 168, 170–73, 178–81, 186 The Frauds o f London 76, 154, 160, 164–65 The Gentleman’s Magazine 43, 47, 49 50 The Journal o f Mental Science 203, 216 The Lancet 198–9, 201–208, 210, 213 The Living Age 22, 33, 38, 74, 108, 115 16 The Science o f Dress 61 The Young Englishwoman 112 Thomas Christie & Sons 83 Thompson, Mary 63 Times, The 5, 7, 25, 41–6, 50–9, 61, 63, 65, 74– 5, 78, 94, 105, 111, 113, 118– 19, 132–9, 141, 143–52, 159–69, 172–3, 175–81, 187–88, 192–204, 207– 11, 213– 14, 216, 220 Tolfrey, Mary Ann 169 Tothill Street 136 Tottenham Court Road 32, 49 trade cards 20, 31 trade protection 6, 76, 155, 157–8, 181, 187 transportation 10, 95, 118, 130, 133, 138, 159, 163, 181–2, 188 transported, see transportation 243 Trollope, Anthony 3, 6, 13, 22, 37, 46, 71–2, 82, 84, 88, 92–99, 101, 104, 110– 11, 114– 15, 118–21, 123, 168, 178–9, 186, 215, 218, 220 Can You Forgive Her? 168 The Struggles o f Brown, Jones, and Robinson 13, 22, 82, 92, 99, 110, 114, 186 Trotter, John 43–7, 49, 50, 55, 68; see also Soho Bazaar Truefitt, P 25 Tulley’s Bazaar 57 Tyrwhitt Jones, Charles 150 Tyrwhitt, Jane 7, 142–51, 175–9, 181–5, 189, 207, 210, 213, 216, 219, 221–2, 226 United States, 8– 11, 18– 19, 46, 105, 150, 191, 197, 207 urban legend, 163, 193, 216 Urling’s 108 Van Dieman’s Land 133, 182, 188; see also transportation Varley, Mary 166–7 Waitham, Robert 30, 73 Wakefield, Priscilla 21, 98, 117– 18 Walkowitz, Judith 5, 8, 10, 60, 67–8, 90, 106, 151–2 Watson, Elizabeth 141 Wellington Barracks Riding School 64 Welsh 145 West End 10, 22–6, 32, 35, 38, 49, 58, 67, 107, 157, 164–8, 175–8 Westboume Grove 49 White and Greenwell 32, 138 Whitechapel 35, 73, 81, 100 Whiteley’s 90, 101, 109, 160, 213– 15 wholesale 28, 32, 35–6, 53, 71, 73, 83, 96, 132, 160, 167 Wiener, Martin 10, 85, 99, 128–9, 141, 155, 202, 223 244 CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTURE IN 19™ C ENGLAND William III 130 Williams and Sowerby 24 Wilson, Elizabeth, see Mary Johnson Wittingham, Richard 77, 79 Wordsworth, William 1, 142, 213 Wyatt, Esther 200 Zedner, Lucia 10, 129, 133, 141, 154, 181–2, 188–9, 192, 223 .. .CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTURE IN NINETEENTH- CENTURY ENGLAND Crime, Gender and Consumer Culture in Nineteenth- Century England TAMMY C WHITLOCK University o... shoplifters in the nineteenth century in Patricia O ’Brien, ‘The Kleptomania Diagnosis: Bourgeois Women and Theft in Late Nineteenth- Century 10 CRIME, GENDER AND CONSUMER CULTURE IN 19™ C ENGLAND British... Cataloguing in Publication Data Whitlock, Tammy C Crime, gender and consumer culture in nineteenth- century England - (The history o f retailing and consumption) Female offenders - England - History