This page intentionally left blank Crime, Gender and Social Order in Early Modern England This is the first extended study of gender and crime in early modern England It considers the ways in which criminal behaviour and perceptions of criminality were informed by ideas about gender and order, and explores their practical consequences for the men and women who were brought before the criminal courts Dr Walker’s innovative approach demonstrates that, contrary to received opinion, the law was often structured so as to make the treatment of women and men before the courts incommensurable For the first time, early modern criminality is explored in terms of masculinity as well as femininity The household is shown to have a direct relation to the nature and reception of all sorts of criminal behaviour for men and for women Illuminating the interactions between gender and other categories such as class and civil war have implications not merely for the historiography of crime but for the social history of early modern England as a whole This study therefore goes beyond conventional studies of crime, and challenges hitherto accepted views of social interaction in the period g a rt h i n e wa l k e r is Lecturer in History, School of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History Series editors anthony fletcher Victoria County History, Institute of Historical Research, University of London jo h n g u y Visiting Research Fellow, Clare College, Cambridge jo h n m o r r i l l Professor of British and Irish History, University of Cambridge, and Vice-Master of Selwyn College This is a series of monographs and studies covering many aspects of the history of the British Isles between the late fifteenth century and the early eighteenth century It includes the work of established scholars and pioneering work by a new generation of scholars It includes both reviews and revisions of major topics and books, which open up new historical terrain or which reveal startling new perspectives on familiar subjects All the volumes set detailed research into our broader perspectives and the books are intended for the use of students as well as of their teachers For a list of titles in the series, see end of book CRIME, GENDER AND SOCIAL ORDER IN E A R LY M O D E R N ENGLAND G A RT H I N E WA L K E R Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521573566 © Garthine Walker 2003 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2003 ISBN-13 978-0-511-06786-0 eBook (EBL) ISBN-10 0-511-06786-0 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-57356-6 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-57356-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Kevin 300 Bibliography: books and articles Nussbaum, Felicity A., The Brink of All We Hate: English Satires on Women, 1660–1750 (Lexington, 1984) Oldham, James C., ‘On pleading the belly: a history of the jury of matrons’, Criminal Justice History (1985), 1–64 Orlin, Lena Cowen, ‘Women on the threshold’, Shakespeare Studies 25 (1997), 50–9 Pateman, Carole, The Disorder of Women (Oxford, 1989) Pateman, Carole, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, 1988) Pelling, Margaret, ‘Old age, poverty and disability in early modern Norwich’, in Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith eds., Life, Death and the Elderly: Historical Perspectives (London, 1991), 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England, with special reference to Cheshire c 1590–1630’, Ph.D thesis, University of Cambridge (1993) Kerby, G.A., ‘Inequality in a pre-industrial society: a study of wealth, office and taxation in Tudor and Stuart England, with particular reference to Cheshire’, Ph.D thesis, University of Cambridge (1983) Rabin, Dana Y., ‘“Of persons capable of committing crimes”: law and responsibility in England 1660–1800’, Ph.D dissertation, University of Michigan (1996) Todd, Sarah Annice, ‘The representation of aggression in the seventeenth-century English broadside ballad’, Ph.D thesis, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (1998) Walker, Garthine, ‘Crime, gender and social order in early modern Cheshire’, Ph.D thesis, University of Liverpool (1994) INDEX Abortion 61 Accidental death 116, 130, 132–4, 142–3, 157–8, 272 Acton near Nantwich 108 Adlington 226 Adultery 66, 100, 143 Agden 242 Agency 8, 32, 33, 48, 75, 84, 111, 212–13, 226, 248, 262, 271, 274 Alehouses 47, 219–21, 226, 264 Altrincham 18, 108 Amazons 86, 94, 96 see also warrior-women Amussen, Susan 44, 101 Apprentices 36–7, 47, 49 Assault indictments, nature of 24, 25–6, 27–9, 31 narratives, nature of 7, 26–7, 29–33, 97 recognisances, nature of 24–5 see also domestic violence; violence Astbury 219, 240 Authority 11, 40, 63, 67, 68–9, 71, 87, 89, 92, 95, 101, 111, 210–69, 274, 275 men’s 11, 40–4, 49, 64, 92, 140 women’s 30, 52, 53, 62, 66, 77, 88, 90, 91, 98, 111, 112, 236, 255, 261, 274 see also correction; domestic violence; household Babington, Zachary 140, 148 Bacon, Sir Francis 114, 132 Bakhtin, M.M Ballads 47, 65, 71–3, 74, 82, 87, 110, 117, 142, 148, 190, 253 Barratry 31, 100, 104–6, 107–8 Bastardy 62, 96, 148, 150, 226, 227–37, 260, 274–5 Beard, Thomas 158 Beattie, J.M 2, 136, 140, 141, 142, 171 Benefit of belly 62, 113, 184, 197–201, 208, 274 Benefit of clergy 113, 116, 121, 123, 137–8, 178, 181, 184, 186, 188, 197–201, 208, 272, 274 partially extended to women 111, 182–3, 200–1, 274 Blackden 243 Blackstone, Sir William 139, 185 Body, the 42–3, 91–2, 120 female 53, 54, 61–2 male 34, 64, 82, 85, 192 see also hair; household, representing the body Bollin Fee 19 Booth, Sir George 15, 42, 213 Bowden 267 Bradshaw, John 14, 70 Branding, see benefit of clergy Branks 108 see also scolding Brereton, Sir William 15, 43, 132, 215 Bridgeman, Sir John 147, 155 Bridgeman, Sir Orlando 125, 126, 127 Broxton hundred 16, 257 Bryson, Anna 46 Buckinghamshire 190 Bucklow hundred 16, 215 Bulwer, John 27 Burgess, Glen 48 Burglary 54, 159, 160–7, 171–2, 176, 177, 181–5, 187, 195, 208, 273 Burton 196 Carrington 108 Castration 92–3 Charles I 15, 68–9, 70 Charlton, Sir Job 126, 263 Chelford 246 Cheshire 13–22 as a ‘dark corner of the land’ 13–15 economy 18–22 Palatinate status 13–14 306 Index Chester 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 93, 98, 108, 174 population 18 Children 12, 27, 49, 64, 66–7, 71, 88, 90, 124, 134, 135, 140, 237, 256, 272 Church Hulme 242 Civil wars 15, 42, 43, 48, 77, 218–19, 224, 238, 242 changing ideas and practices 67, 93–5, 98–9, 174, 196–7, 215, 239, 240–1, 244, 263, 265–7, 277–9 Civility 41, 42, 46, 270 Class 2–3, 24, 32, 36, 40, 41–2, 44, 46, 54, 115, 125–30, 131, 192, 193–4, 195, 211, 213, 214–17, 221, 225, 226, 265, 267–9, 270–1, 272, 274, 275, 278 Clothing 42–3, 54, 58, 82, 90, 98–9, 140, 162, 163–5, 169–75, 191–2, 214, 215, 235, 273 Cockburn, J.S 131 Coke, Sir Edward 144 Congleton 16, 18, 19, 21, 108, 110, 171, 213 population 18 Correction 27, 32, 49, 63, 64–5, 87, 98, 111, 122, 140 see also domestic violence Cottagers 237–49, 275, 278 ‘County study’ 13 Courts chancery 230 common pleas 155 consistory 17, 65, 107, 232, 266 county 250–1, 253 manorial 16, 25, 30, 103, 104, 106, 109, 215, 216, 250–1, 255 Palatinate of Chester exchequer 14, 129 Palatinate of Chester great sessions 14, 15–16 quarter sessions 16, 17 Queen’s/King’s bench 17, 25 requests 230 sheriff’s court 250 Star Chamber 17, 25, 92, 129, 132 Coverture 12, 76, 147, 201–5, 206, 209, 277 Credit 10, 31, 66, 89, 106, 129, 206, 233–5, 237, 252–3, 257, 275 see also reputation ‘Crisis in gender relations’ 8, 101 Cutpursing, see pocketpicking Dalton, Michael 116, 144, 184 Daresbury 228 Davis, Natalie Zemon 97 Dearth 21, 220, 254 307 Debt 10, 30, 31, 79, 216, 250, 251, 252–3, 256 Defamation 36 Delamere forest 18, 194, 265 Derbyshire 167, 221 Derrida, Jacques Disseisin 77 Distraint 30, 89, 95, 206, 224, 249, 250–5, 264, 276 Domestic violence 63–74, 118–24, 145–8, 272, 278 see also correction Drowning 133 Duelling 37, 42, 46, 47, 114, 131–2 Dugdale, Gilbert 117 Dunham Massey 268 Eddisbury hundred 16 Elizabeth I 87–8, 129 Enclosure 226, 242, 268–9 Equity 216, 218, 229–30, 241, 243, 265, 267, 275 Essex 151 Fathers 12 Feme covert, see coverture; wives Feme sole, see servants; single women; widows ‘Feminine’ crimes 4, 163 Fletcher, Anthony 262 Forcible entry, see disseisin Forcible rescue 30, 76–7, 89–90, 95–6, 249–62, 275–6 Foucault, Michel 6–7, Frodsham 19 Gatrell, V.A.C 118 Gender as an analytic category 3, 8–9, 12, 279 Giddens, Anthony 212 Gouge, William 109 Great Budworth 16 Green, Thomas A 147, 198 Grosvenor, Sir Richard 117, 207, 210, 217 Hair 42–3, 90–1 see also the body; clothing Hale 220 Hale, Sir Matthew 55, 156 Halton 19 Hanawalt, Barbara A 171 Harman, Thomas 90 Hay, Douglas Heale, William 73 308 Index Heresy 139 Herrup, Cynthia 119, 186, 198, 207–8 Hertfordshire 11 Heteroglossia Highway robbery 82–3, 118, 159, 176, 190–4 Homicide 38, 39, 113–58 legal categories of 114–16 see also accidental death; infanticide; manslaughter; murder; self-defence, killing in Honour feminine 33–7, 157, 230–3, 271 household 33–7, 44 masculine 33–9, 43, 44, 49, 97, 124, 127–8, 132, 157, 230–3, 270, 272 Horse-theft 41, 159, 160, 162, 167–9, 177, 185, 187, 195–7, 202, 208, 273 Housebreaking 159, 160–7, 171–2, 176, 181–5, 187, 208, 273 Household 9–13, 52, 61, 62, 65, 89–90, 135, 213, 217–18, 223, 250, 274, 276 boundaries 35, 52, 53, 59, 271, 276 ideology 9, 10–11, 67, 68, 87, 88, 101, 276 implicated in criminal activity 5, 11, 12–13, 35–7, 80, 88, 98, 166–7, 168–9, 170, 175–6, 206, 208, 249, 254, 255–9, 261–2, 276, 277 representing the body 34, 35, 44, 52, 53, 59, 82 violation of security 32, 34–5, 53–4, 135–8, 181–2, 276 women’s authority 30, 53, 66, 88, 90, 98, 111, 112, 236, 255, 271, 276 see also correction; honour Hudson, Geoffrey L 240 Hunsterson 268 Hunt, Margaret 67 Husbands 11, 12, 34, 35, 63–74, 111, 175–6, 201–5, 274 Infanticide 4, 8, 36, 148–58, 272–3 committed by men 153, 154–5 Infanticide Act (1624) 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 272–3 Ingram, Martin 103 Innes, Joanne Insanity 133, 155–6 Jackson, Mark 148, 149 James I 15 Jeffreys, Sir George 153 Jurors 102, 126, 147, 178, 207–8 Justice 115, 116, 118, 120, 127, 129, 130, 210, 216, 217, 218, 229, 240, 262, 267, 274, 275 Justices of the peace 214–17 in Cheshire 41, 45, 69–70, 210, 215, 219–20 in Chester 17 Kent 18, 25, 172 King, Gregory King, Peter Knafla, L.A 18 Knutsford 16, 18, 108 heath 18 Lancashire 20, 184, 205 Larceny 159, 160, 161–7, 172, 177–81, 195, 208, 273 Levellers, the 9, 93–4, 101, 217 Lincolnshire 16 Linebaugh, Peter ‘Long Meg of Westminster’ 87 Lyme 99 Lymm 246 Macclesfield 16, 18, 19, 20, 84, 108 forest 18 hundred 16 population 18 Malpas 19, 257 Manhood 33–48, 49, 66, 80, 82–5, 97, 98, 124–5, 127–8, 141, 157, 168–9, 191–2, 272 Manslaughter 38, 39, 115, 121–30, 133, 134, 136–8, 157–8, 272 Marton 267 Masculinity 4, 27 see also manhood Matthew, Henry 148 Mayhem 27, 28 McIntosh, Marjorie 103 McLynn, Frank 201 Mercer, Sarah 18 Middlewich 15, 16, 18, 19, 197, 267 Milton, John 68 Miscarriage 30, 31, 60 see also pregnancy Mobberley 234 Mocking rhymes 91, 100 More, Thomas 192 Motherhood 61, 69, 88, 90 see also infanticide; pregnancy Mottram-in-Longdendale 21 Muldrew, Craig 10 Multivocality 7–8, 211, 216 Index Murder 39, 115, 116–21, 122, 126–7, 157–8, 272 Mutilation 31, 91–2, 94, 100 Nantwich 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 79, 93, 94, 106, 119, 123, 125, 173, 174, 220, 267 population 18 Nantwich hundred 16 Neston 20, 257 New-born child murder, see infanticide Newcastle-upon-Tyne 109 Norfolk 151 Northwich 16, 18, 19 Northwich hundred 16, 263 Over 30 Over Tabley 265, 267 Over Whitley 245 Pardons 116, 119, 121, 126, 131, 136, 152, 155–6, 179, 185, 195, 198, 199, 200, 205, 273 Parliamentarians 42, 43, 48, 68, 70, 94, 241, 265–6, 278 Parricide 138 Patriarchy 9, 12, 49, 63–4, 66, 67, 75, 85, 86, 87, 206 Patronage 116, 125–8, 129–30, 215–16, 221, 224, 239, 244, 274 Pawning 165, 166, 167, 174, 273 Petitions 222, 237 Petty treason 64, 70, 113, 138–48, 150, 156 Pocketpicking 159, 160–1, 185–90, 201, 208 Poisoning 85, 118, 141, 143, 186, 272 Porter, Roy Poststructuralism 3, Pownall Fee 19 Poynton 20 Pregnancy 60–3, 121, 243, 271 see also benefit of belly; miscarriage Prestbury 16 Puddington 196 Pulton, Ferdinando 123 Puritans 41, 46, 219 Quakers 225 Qualitative approach Quantification 1, 4–5, 12, 18, 24–5, 75, 177, 277 Rage 41, 46, 73, 85, 96, 141 Rainow near Bollington 19 Rape 55–60, 62, 70, 174 Receiving stolen goods 165–7, 168–74, 204, 214, 273 309 Recognisances for the peace or good behaviour 4, 24–5, 63, 99, 107–8, 215, 263 Recusancy 106 Regicide 70, 218–19 Reputation 10, 31, 32, 45, 54, 55, 62, 91, 128, 206, 233, 235, 245, 252–3 see also credit Rescue, see forcible rescue Riot 214 Robbery 59–60, 160, 177, 187, 208, 273 see also highway robbery Roberts, Michael 167 ‘Robin Hood’ 192 Rowton Moor 15 Royalists 42, 43, 48, 67, 70, 94, 174, 219, 241, 265–6, 278 Rudheath 18 Sailors 173 Sandbach 18, 19 Saussure, Ferdinand de Scolding 4, 31, 65, 81, 82, 100–11, 271, 276 scold’s bridles, see branks Scot, Reginald 144 Scotland 93 Scott, Joan Wallach Second-hand market 163, 165–6 Seldon, Sir John 132 Self-defence female 49, 56–8, 60, 141–3, 271, 272 killing in 116, 130–2, 133, 141–3, 157–8 male 45, 46, 49, 116, 130–2, 133 Sequestration 241, 263, 266 Servants 9, 34, 36–7, 49, 64, 77, 138, 256 maidservants 82–3, 89, 101, 163, 164, 166, 167, 172, 174–5, 179, 185, 217, 222 manservants 44, 84, 175, 217 Settlement Act (1662) 237, 238 Sex 50–5, 66, 100, 109, 227–8 see also adultery; bastardy; rape Sexual insult 53, 54, 97, 231 Shakerley, Sir Geoffrey 194 Sharpe, J.A Shrewishness, see scolding Shropshire 179 Single women 20, 62, 77, 98, 111, 148, 163, 205–6, 227–35, 254–5, 258, 260–1 see also servants, maidservants Slack, Paul 226 Slander 99, 100, 103, 106, 107 Social history Soldiers 37, 48, 92, 94, 173–4, 196–7, 240–1 310 Index Speech 7–8, 23, 32–3, 40, 55, 81, 84, 95, 97, 99–111, 213, 214–15, 218, 225 Spierenburg, Pieter Stabbing Statute (1604) 38–9, 115, 122, 125 Staffordshire 16, 129, 167, 188 Stevenson, John 262 Stockport 18, 20, 108, 173, 214 population 18 Styles, John Subjectivity 8, 32, 62, 279 Suicide 89, 144 Surrey 135, 141, 142, 157, 186 Sussex 151, 186 Sutton near Macclesfield 19 Swearing 223–4, 226 Tarporley 43, 133 Tarvin 19, 266 Tattenhall 264 Taxation 9, 14, 20, 21, 249, 256, 266, 267 Theft, see burglary, highway robbery, horse-theft, housebreaking, larceny, pocketpicking, robbery Thompson, E.P 2, 212 Townshend, Sir Henry 15 Treason 70, 93, 106, 131, 143, 218 see also petty treason Treason Act (1649) 218 Trespass 105, 108 Truth 25, 114, 210 Underdown, David 101, 110 Uxoricide 118, 121–4, 135–8, 140, 145, 146 Vauts, Moses 100, 111 Violence 7, 8, 11, 23–74 female 75–112, 135–58, 271–2 male 23–74, 116–35, 270–1 relationship between non-lethal and lethal 39 relationship between verbal and physical 23, 81, 97, 99, 107 ‘righteous’ 32, 38, 48, 49, 125, 132, 134 terminology 27, 77–8, 114–16 see also accidental death; assault; correction; domestic violence; homicide; infanticide; manslaughter; murder; petty treason; self-defence Wages 21, 195 Wales 20 Warrington 194 Warrior-women 86–8, 93, 96, 112, 156, 271, 272, 276 Weapons 27–9, 38, 78–9, 100, 122, 141, 145 Weaverham 256 Whateley, William 64 Whitelocke, Bulstrode 101 Whitelocke, Sir James 15, 123 Widows 52, 53–4, 62, 77, 111, 143, 221, 238, 240, 242, 247, 254–5, 258 Williamson, Sir Joseph 194 Wilmslow 19, 20, 48 Wing, John 64, 138 Wirral 18 Wirral hundred 16, 257, 266 Witchcraft 4, 36, 85, 98, 101, 144, 150, 186 as insult 97 Witnesses 128 Wives 52, 53, 62, 63–6, 71–3, 74, 76–7, 88, 98, 101, 111, 138, 163–4, 175–6, 201–6, 209, 235–6, 254–5, 258, 259–61 see also household, women’s authority Women as property 12, 140 in the salt industry 19–20 Irish women 94, 99 Scottish women 93 Welsh women 92, 94 see also Amazons; coverture; household, women’s authority; motherhood; single women; warrior-women; widows; wives Wood, Andy Woodchurch 244 Wrightson, Keith 211, 226 Wybunbury 125 Yorkshire 20 Youth 40, 43, 46–7, 90, 184–5, 189, 220 see also apprentices; servants Titles in the series The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth-Century England* cy n t h i a b h e r ru p Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660* ann hughes London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration to the Exclusion Crisis* tim harris Criticism and Compliment: The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I* kevin sharpe Central Government and the Localities: Hampshire, 1649–1689* andrew coleby John Skelton and the Politics of the 1520s* g r e g wa l k e r Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, 1623–1677 jo n at h a n s c o t t Thomas Starkey and the Commonweal: Humanist Politics and Religion in the Reign of Henry VIII* t h o m as f m ay e r The Blind Devotion of the People: Popular Religion and the English Reformation* ro b e rt w h i t i n g The Cavalier Parliament and the Reconstruction of the Old Regime, 1661–1667* pau l s e awa r d The Blessed Revolution: English Politics and the Coming of War, 1621–1624* t h o m as c o g sw e l l Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule* l j r e e v e George Lawson’s ‘Politica’ and the English Revolution* conal condren Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the Civil War jac q u e l i n e e a l e s An Uncounselled King: Charles I and the Scottish Troubles, 1637–1641* peter donald Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550–1640* t e s sa wat t The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London* i a n w a rc h e r Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c 1660–1725 ro b e rt b s h o e m a k e r Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677–1683* jo n at h a n s c o t t Exile and Kingdom: History and Apocalpyse in the Puritan Migration to America* av i h u z a k a i The Pillars of Priestcraft Shaken: The Church of England and its Enemies, 1660–1730 j a i c h a m p i o n Steward, Lords and People: The Estate Steward and his World in Later Stuart England d r h a i n swo rt h Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms: The Career of Randal MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim, 1609–1683 ja n e h o h l m e y e r The Family of Love in English Society, 1550–1630 c h r i s to p h e r w m a rs h The Bishops’ Wars: Charles I’s Campaign against Scotland, 1638–1640* mark fissell John Locke: Resistance, Religion and Responsibility* jo h n m a rs h a l l Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement, c 1640–1649* dav i d l s m i t h Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, 1660–1685* a l a n m a rs h a l l The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland, 1536–1588* c i a r a n b r a dy Politics and Opinion in Crisis, 1678–1681 mark knights Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought, 1604–1640* a n t h o n y m i lto n Sir Matthew Hale, 1609–1676: Law, Religion and Natural Philosophy* a l a n c ro m a rt i e Henry Parker and the English Civil War: The Political Thought of the Public’s ‘Privado’* michael mendle Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668* steven c a pincus Gender in Mystical and Occult Thought: Behmenism and its Development in England* b j g i b b o n s William III and the Godly Revolution to n y c l ay d o n Law-Making and Society in Late Elizabethan England: The Parliament of England, 1584–1601* dav i d d e a n The House of Lords in the Reign of Charles II* a n d r e w swat l a n d Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580–1625 michael c questier Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions: The Mind of Samuel Rutherford* jo h n c o f f e y King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom* w b pat t e rs o n The English Reformation and the Laity: Gloucestershire, 1540–1580* c a ro l i n e l i t z e n b e r g e r Godly Clergy in Early England: The Caroline Puritan Movement, c 1620–1643* to m w e b s t e r Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England* j u d i t h m a lt b y Sermons at Court, 1559–1629: Religion and Politics in Elizabethan and Jacobean Preaching peter e mccullough Dismembering the Body Politic: Partisan Politics in England’s Towns, 1650–1730* pau l d h a l l i day Women Waging Law in Elizabethan England t i m o t h y s t r e t to n The Early Elizabethan Polity: William Cecil and the British Succession Crisis, 1558–1569* stephen alford The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex pau l j h a m m e r The Politics of Social Conflict: The Peak Country, 1520–1770 a n dy wo o d Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England* m a l c o l m g as k i l l The Church in an Age of Danger: Parsons and Parishioners, 1660–1740 d o n a l d a s pa e t h Reading History in Early Modern England d r wo o l f The Politics of Court Scandal in Early Modern England: News Culture and the Overbury Affair, 1603–1660 a l as ta i r b e l l a n y The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland ja n e e a daw s o n Treason and the State: Law, Politics and Ideology in the English Civil War d alan orr Preaching during the English Reformation s u sa n wa b u da Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain joa d r ay m o n d Popular Politics and the English Reformation* e t h a n h s h ag a n Patterns of Piety: Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England c h r i s t i n e p e t e rs Crime, Gender and Social Order in Early Modern England g a rt h i n e wa l k e r *Also published as a paperback