Urban Planning in the Digital Age Intellectual Technologies Set coordinated by Jean-Max Noyer and Maryse Carmès Volume Urban Planning in the Digital Age Nicolas Douay First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK John Wiley & Sons, Inc 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2018 The rights of Nicolas Douay to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018903142 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-290-8 Contents Foreword ix Introduction xi Acknowledgments xxiii Chapter Algorithmic Urban Planning: The Return of Experts 1.1 Introduction 1.2 From technological breakthroughs to urban planning transformations 1.2.1 City and technique: centralization or decentralization? 1.2.2 Cities in the age of Big Data 1.2.3 Big Data to better understand the territories and urban planning actors 1.3 What is the genesis of the smart city? 1.3.1 Origins of the smart city 1.3.2 Dissemination of the models 1.3.3 Local acceptance of models 1.4 The return of rational planning under a smart veneer 1.4.1 Actors: behind the geek urban planner aspect, the return of the engineer 1.4.2 Processes and methods: toward an algorithmic governance? 1.4.3 Projects: the dominance of smart 1.5 Conclusion 14 14 16 20 28 29 30 32 35 vi Urban Planning in the Digital Age Chapter Uberized Urban Planning: Extension of the Area of Urban Capitalism 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A new stage in the privatization of cities: from the enhancement of large groups to uberization 2.2.1 Capitalism in the age of digital technology 2.2.2 GAFA: Internet giants 2.2.3 Development of a “sharing” economy 2.3 Territorial effects on the ability of public actors to develop and manage the city 2.3.1 Paris, the world capital of Airbnb 2.3.2 The legitimacy of planning challenged by the sharing economy 2.4 No longer planning against but with the sharing economy? 2.5 Renewal of strategic planning under an innovative veneer 2.5.1 Actors: behind the start-up’s figure, challenging the planner 2.5.2 Processes and methods: from disintermediation to the city of offer 2.5.3 Projects: the dominance of private technological devices 2.6 Conclusion 37 37 38 38 43 47 53 53 57 58 60 62 63 64 65 Chapter A Wiki-Urban Planning: Searching for an Alternative City 67 3.1 Introduction 3.2 New digital resources for non-governmental actors 3.2.1 Review of the liberal and libertarian origins of the Internet 3.2.2 From an expansion of public space and activist resources to the development of solutions 3.2.3 Digital and common goods in the city 3.3 Civic mobilizations 2.0 for spatial planning 3.3.1 Controversies and resistances 2.0 in planning, the example of China 3.3.2 Public debate 2.0 on planning, the example of Marseille 67 68 68 69 76 79 79 85 Contents 3.4 The renewal of communicative planning under a veneer 2.0 3.4.1 Actors: behind the image of the hacker, the return of an activist urban planner 3.4.2 Processes and methods: towards an urban cyberdemocracy? 3.4.3 Projects: the challenge of platform design creating the conditions for deliberation 3.5 Conclusion vii 96 97 100 102 103 Chapter Open-Source Urban Planning: The Renewal of Planning Institutional Practices 105 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Introduction of planning processes 4.2.1 From the increase in challenges to the emergence of participatory mechanisms 4.2.2 The digital, new imagination of participation 4.3 The challenge of defining and testing the sociotechnical devices of online participation: the case of Paris 4.3.1 From participatory to digital milestone 4.3.2 Public debate on social networks: the case of exchanges around the Paris Council on Twitter 4.3.3 The digitization of a regulatory urban planning procedure: the case of the consultation for the modification of the PLU 4.3.4 Creation of a new digital device: the case of the participatory budget and “Madame la Maire, j’ai une idée!” (Madam Mayor, I have an idea) platform 4.4 New tools to make the collaborative milestone of planning effective? 4.4.1 Actors: behind the figure of Civic Tech, the evolution of the urban planner’s role as a digital mediator 4.4.2 Processes and methods: from the platform to participatory urban planning? 4.4.3 Projects: in search of the public 4.5 Conclusion 105 106 106 109 117 117 119 125 132 137 138 139 142 143 Conclusion 145 Bibliography 153 Index 173 Foreword Over the last 10 years, the status of the digital or smart city has changed from promotional discourse to multifaceted, invasive reality: a wide range of projects and achievements worldwide, which ignore the distinction between developed and developing countries Although the first works devoted to this phenomenon aimed to define the digital city before attempting to find out what was appropriate to think about it, positively and negatively, Nicolas Douay’s work testifies to the maturation of the views of the social sciences on the phenomenon It is no longer a matter of praising or condemning, but of understanding in a critical way what is happening and as such by going into the field to examine the situation One of the original aspects of this work is that it focuses less on the a priori definition of the digital city and more on the concrete consequences of its advent on urbanism and urban planning In fact, the author points out after others the persistence of polarities in the interpretations of the digital city, between open and closed systems and between institutional and non-institutional actors, for example The identification of these polarities lead him to deploy four basic trends, namely algorithmic, uberized, wiki and Open Source urban planning, where his predecessors, Anthony Townsend, Adam Greenfield or myself, simply opposed the top-down approaches, often inspired by an essentially neocybernetic belief in integrated and efficient systems, in bottom-up approaches of more collaborative orientation x Urban Planning in the Digital Age We find this opposition in Nicolas Douay, but it is enriched by significant nuances These are partly dictated by the analysis of a series of concrete French and foreign cases Besides Paris or Marseille, the author uses his in-depth knowledge of Asian cities, especially Chinese, in discussing the four trends at work according to him in the contemporary digital city We can but welcome the alliance that operates in this way with an ambitious theoretical framework and detailed understanding of varied fields As a scientific production resulting from a professional thesis, Nicolas Douay’s book is also considered as a committed book In a context marked by strong tendencies toward privatization of services, individualistic atomization and their corollary of accelerated uberization, where infrastructure is often transformed into platforms, its author seeks indeed, with courage that should be recognized, to redefine the role of public authorities and planners The Open Source perspective that he examines in the last part of this book is at the same time a call for reconsideration as regards those who wish to save the planning ideals that are both rational and democratic in the age of triumphant digital technology Antoine PICON Introduction The purpose of this book is to discuss the challenges posed by digital technologies1 and their uses in city development processes Indeed, technological changes have often produced significant social changes that are reflected in space and question planning practices Thus, communication issues play an important role in territorial dynamics, such as the introduction of the printing press, which allowed a widespread dissemination of information, then the telegram, radio, telephone and television More recently, the invention of the Internet has offered both an ability to disseminate information worldwide and a means of collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers, regardless of geographic location Beyond technological innovation, this concerns a profound societal change This no longer really corresponds to a “technical system” in the sense of the works of Maurice Daumas [DAU 62] or Bertrand Gille [GIL 78] In effect, the digital is “pervasive” [BOU 16]; it cannot actually be located because it penetrates all our activities, from the most intimate to the most collective The practice of spatial planning is therefore affected by these changes Thus, the topic smart city is currently widely discussed in the city and development actors’ professional, academic, civic or political fields It is one of the essential or even dominant (mainstream) concepts of contemporary urban development In an era marked by competition between major cities, the city should be smart or digital, as well as sustainable, creative and resilient Digital means the representation of information by a finite number of discrete values With digitization, these signals are coded and form computer files xii Urban Planning in the Digital Age This book is not intended to cover all aspects of the smart city It aims to present, based on our research, an analysis of the effect of the use of digital technologies on city actors, urban planning methods and processes In this regard, we are not concerned with a study of the digital city, but of digital urban planning through the critical assessment of different digital mechanisms and their effects in the practice of planning I.1 Rethinking the theories of urban planning in light of digital breakthrough Our challenge is to overcome the divide between “technophiles” and “technophobes” and to focus on the effects, in order to revisit the theories of urban planning in light of this technological breakthrough The theoretical corpus of planning is of rather Anglophone origin and has not (yet) really been imposed in a sustainable way in French academic debates We believe, however, that it can be useful to understand the impact of these technologies, not on the city in general, but on the development of the latter through its planning and management The definition of planning is subject to debate For John Friedmann [FRI 87], it concerns the use of knowledge in collective decision-making or simply the link between knowledge and action Jacques Lévy and Michel Lussault gave a more technical definition, considering it as “a political mechanism aimed at predicting the context and making public and private actions consistent, in a domain and/or space, for a fixed period and time” (translated from Lévy and Lussault, [LÉV 03, p 720]) Pierre Merlin and Franỗoise Choay [PIE 00] emphasized the prospective dimension, with the production of plans and resulting decisions Planning exercises power or at least influences many aspects of future development, including economic development, natural resources, culture, planning or any other territorial dimension From a theoretical point of view, planning has developed under the influence of a broad spectrum of ideologies, ranging from the most conservative to the most radical, passing through pragmatism [FRI 87] In order to delimit the scope of the planning theories field, Andreas Faludi [FAL 73] distinguished between, on the one hand, theories in planning, which cover the substantive and material dimension of planning, that is, the objects of planning and, on the other hand, theories of planning, which 168 Urban Planning in the Digital Age [PEU 14] PEUGEOT V., “Collaborative ou intelligente ? La ville entre deux imaginaires”, in CARMÈS M., NOYER J.M (eds), Devenirs urbains, Presses des Mines, Paris, 2014 [PEY 14] PEYROUX E., Circulation des modèles urbains, développement économique et géopolitique : la stratégie des relations internationales de Johannesburg, Circulation des modèles urbains, LabEx DynamiTe, UMR PRODIG, Paris, February 2014 [PIC 98] PICON A., La ville territoire des cyborgs, Les éditions de limprimeur, Besanỗon, 1998 [PIC 09] PICON A., Ville numộrique, ville événement”, Flux, vol 78, no 4, pp 17–23, 2009 [PIC 13] PICON A., Smart cities : théorie et critique d’un idéal auto-réalisateur, Éditions B2, Paris, 2013 [PIC 15] PICON A., Smart Cities: a Spatialised Intelligence, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2015 [PIE 00] PIERSON P., “Increasing returns, path dependency, and the study of politics”, American Political Science Review, vol 92, no 4, pp 251–267, 2000 [PIN 05] PINSON G., “Le projet urbain comme instrument d’action publique”, in LASCOUMES P.P., LE GALES P.P (eds), Gouverner par les instruments, Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, 2005 [PIN 09] PINSON G., Gouverner la ville par projet Urbanisme et gouvernance des villes européennes, Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, 2009 [PLA 14] PLANTIN J.C., MONNOYER-SMITH L., “Ouvrir la bte outils de la recherche numérique, trois cas de redistribution de méthodes”, TIC et Société, vol 7, no 2, available at: http://ticetsociete.revues.org/1527, 2014 [POL 16] POLLIO A., “Technologies of austerity urbanism: the “smart city” agenda in Italy (2011–2013)”, Urban Geography, vol 37, no 4, pp 514–534, 2016 [POP 14] POPELIN A., “Digital serious game for urban planning: ‘B3–design your marketplace!’”, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol 41, no 3, pp 493–511, 2014 [PRO 08] PROULX M.U., “40 ans de planification territoriale au Québec”, in GAUTHIER M., GARIEPY M., TREPANIER M.O (eds), Renouveler l’aménagement et l’urbanisme Planification territoriale, débat public et développement durable, Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, 2008 Bibliography 169 [PRO 13] PROULX S., “La puissance d’agir des citoyens l’ère numérique”, in NAJAR S (ed.), Le Cyberactivisme au Maghreb et dans le monde arabe, IRMCKarthala, 2013 [PRZ 99] PRZEWORSKI A., STOKES S., MANIN B., Democracy, Accountability and Representation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999 [PUR 09] PURCELL M., “Resisting neoliberalization: communicative planning or counter-hegemonic movements?”, Planning Theory, vol 8, no 2, pp 140–165, 2009 [RAB 15] RABARI C., The digital skin of cities: urban theory and research in the age of the sensored and metered city, ubiquitous computing, and Big Data, Master’s thesis, UCLA, 2015 [RAN 13] RANCŒUR P., Urbanisme et jeux vidéo : analyse et déconstruction des city builders, Master’s thesis, University of Paris-Est, 2013 [RAT 16] RATTI C., CLAUDEL M., The City of Tomorrow: Sensors, Networks, Hackers, and the Future of Urban Life, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2016 [RIF 12] RIFKIN J., La troisième révolution industrielle Comment le pouvoir latéral va transformer l’énergie, l’économie et le monde, Les Liens qui Libèrent, Paris, 2012 [ROG 13] ROGERS R., Digital Methods, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2013 [ROS 06] ROSANVALLON P., La contre-démocratie, la politique l’âge de la défiance, Le Seuil, Paris, 2006 [ROU 11] ROUVROY A., “Technology, virtuality and utopia Governmentality in an age of autonomic computing”, in HILDEBRANDT M., ROUVROY A (eds), Law, Human Agency and Autonomic Computing Philosophers of Law Meet Philosophers of Technology, Routledge, London, 2011 [ROU 13] ROUVROY A., BERNS T., “Gouvernementalité algorithmique et perspectives d’émancipation Le disparate comme condition d’individuation par la relation ?”, Réseaux, vol 1, no 177, pp 163–196, 2013 [SAD 15] SADIN E., La vie algorithmique Critique de la raison numérique, L’échappée, Paris, 2015 [SAD 16] SADIN E., La siliconisation du monde L’irrésistible expansion du libéralisme numérique, L’échappée, Paris, 2016 170 Urban Planning in the Digital Age [SAL 00] SALET W., FALUDI A (eds), The Revival of Strategic Spatial Planning, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, 2000 [SAL 07] SALMON C., Storytelling La machine fabriquer les images et formater les esprits, La Découverte, Paris, 2007 [SAS 11] SASSEN S., “Open source urbanism”, The New City Reader: A Newspaper of Public Space, no 14, 2011 [SCH 83] SCHÖN D., The Reflective Practitioner How Professionals Think in Action, Basic Books, New York, 1983 [SCH 14] SCHOLL H.J., SCHOLL M.C., “Smart governance: a roadmap for research and practice”, iConference 2014 Proceedings, pp 163–176, 2014 [SEV 12] SEVERO M., GIRAUD T., DOUAY N., “The Wukan’s protests: just-in-time identification media events”, Just-In-Time Sociology, available at: http://jitsociology.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/the-wukans-protests-just-in-timeidentification-of-international-media-events-revised/, 2012 [SEV 15] SEVERO M., ROMELE A (eds), Traces numériques et territoires, Presses des Mines, Paris, 2015 [SHO 10] SHOVE E., “Beyond the ABC: climate change policy and theories of social change”, Environment and Planning A, vol 42, no 6, pp 1273–1285, 2010 [SIN 08] SINTOMER Y., HERZBERG C., ROCKE A., Les budgets participatifs en Europe, des services publics au service du public, La Découverte, Paris, 2008 [SIN 14] SINTOMER Y., HERZBERG C., ALLEGRETTI G., Les budgets participatifs dans le monde : une étude transnationale, Dialog Global, Bonn, 2014 [STI 12] STIEGLER B., Réseaux sociaux : culture politique et ingénierie des réseaux sociaux, FYP, Limoges, 2012 [STI 16] STIEGLER B., Dans la disruption : comment ne pas devenir fou, Les Liens qui Libèrent, Paris, 2016 [STO 89] STONE C., Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta (1946–1988), Kansas University Press, Lawrence, 1989 [STO 04a] STOCK M., “L’habiter comme pratique des lieux géographiques”, EspacesTemps.net, available at: http://www.espacestemps.net/articles/habitercomme-pratique-des-lieux-geographiques/, 2004 [STO 04b] STONE D., “Transfer agents and global networks in the ‘transnationalization’ of policy”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol 11, no 3, pp 545–566, 2004 Bibliography 171 [STR 13] STRENGERS Y., Smart Energy Technologies in Everyday Life Smart Utopia?, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2013 [SUB 07] SUBRA P., Géopolitique de l’aménagement du territoire, Armand Collin, Paris, 2007 [SUN 01] SUNSTEIN C., Democracy and the Internet, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001 [TAI 06] TAI Z., The Internet in China: Cyberspace and Civil Society, Routledge, New York, 2006 [TAN 16] TANG W.S., “Smart city? Civic engagement?”, Big Data and Civic Engagement, HKBU-CEFC, Hong Kong, 2016 [TEB 15] TEBOUL B., PICARD T., Uberisation = Économie déchirée?, Kawa, Paris, 2015 [TIE 56] TIEBOUT C., “A pure theory of local expenditures”, Journal of Political Economy, vol 64, no 5, pp 416–424, 1956 [TOU 78] TOURAINE A., La Voix et le regard, Le Seuil, Paris, 1978 [TOW 14] TOWNSEND A., Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers and the Quest for a New Utopia, W.W Norton & Company, New York, 2014 [TUR 06] TURNER F., From Counterculture to Cyberculture Steward Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2006 [VED 94] VEDEL T., “Sociologie des innovations technologiques et usagers: introduction une socio-politique des usages”, in VITALIS A (ed.), Médias et nouvelles technologies: Pour une socio-politique des usages, Apogée, Rennes, 1994 [VIE 12] VIENNE F., Les territorialités du numérique : mobilité et territoires en réseaux dans la métropole parisienne, Master’s thesis, University of Paris 1, 2012 [VIE 13] VIENNE F., Territoires de densités intermédiaires et réseaux sociaux numériques, Master’s thesis, University of Paris 1, 2013 [VIE 14] VIENNE F., DOUAY N., LE GOIX R et al., “Lieux et hauts lieux des densités intermédiaires : une analyse par les réseaux sociaux numériques”, 51e colloque 2014 de l’ASRDLF, Marne-la-Vallée, France, 2014 172 Urban Planning in the Digital Age [VIE 17] VIENNE F., DOUAY N., LE GOIX R et al., “Les territoires du réseau social facebook : le cas des pratiques de géoréférencements”, Territoire en mouvement, Revue de géographie et aménagement, no 34, 2017 [WAC 11] WACHTER S., “La ville numérique : quels enjeux pour demain ?”, Métropolitiques, available at: http://www.metropolitiques.eu/La-ville-numeriquequels-enjeux.html, 28 November 2011 [WAI 11] WAINTROP F., “Écouter les usagers : de la simplification linnovation, Revue franỗaise dadministration publique, vol 1, nos 137–138, pp 209–215, 2011 [WEB 65] WEBER M., Essai sur la théorie de la science, Plon, Paris, 1965 [WIE 52] WIENER N., Cybernétique et société, Éditions des Deux-rives, Paris, 1952 [WRI 10] WRIGHT S., “The internet and the democratic citizenship”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol 61, no 11, pp 2374–2375, 2010 [YAN 09] YANG G., The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online, Columbia University Press, New York, 2009 [ZAZ 16] ZAZA O., “L’e-gouvernance pour la participation citoyenne : imaginaires du futur, nouvelles compétences et impacts territoriaux”, Pyramides, nos 26–27, 2016 [ZIK 12] ZIKOPOULOS P.C., EATON C., DEROOS D et al., Understanding Big Data, McGraw Hill, New York, 2012 [ZIT 06] ZITTRAIN J., “The generative internet”, Harvard Law Review, vol 119, pp 1974–2040, 2006 Index A, B, C D, E, F Airbnb, 37, 50, 52–58, 60, 78 algorithm, 29–32, 34, 35, 50, 53, 79 bike, 47–49 blockchain, 75 breakthrough, 2, 3, 62, 63, 117 building information modeling (BIM), capitalism, 35, 37–39, 42, 50, 60, 61, 68, 77 car, 3, 48, 50, 92 China, 47, 49, 68, 79, 81–83 citizens, 15, 17–21, 23, 24, 36, 42, 44, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 79, 82, 85, 87, 93, 96, 98, 100, 103, 105, 108–112, 115–119, 123, 129, 130, 132, 135, 137, 139, 141–143 Civic Tech, 70, 71, 73–75, 105, 112, 116, 138, 141, 143 Cloud, 7, 22, 23 common, 76, 78, 87 cybernetics, 14, 20 disruption, 37, 51, 57, 143 elected, 35, 72, 85, 91, 101, 107, 117, 119–123, 125, 134 Facebook, 9–11, 43, 47, 58, 80, 87, 88, 90–92, 95, 113 G, H, I GAFA, 43, 45, 47, 50 Google, 43, 45, 47, 77, 78, 82, 84, 113, 115 Hong Kong, 26, 27, 59, 72, 77 IBM, 4, 15, 18–22, 26, 40 Issy-les-Moulineaux, 23–25 M, N map, 76, 78, 81–84, 92, 93, 95, 126–129 Marseille, 67, 79, 85–94, 96 mobilization, 63, 69, 80, 83, 85, 87, 94–96, 98, 103, 129, 142 modeling, 21, 30, 32, 33, 41 NATU, 50, 52, 64 Nice, 23 Urban Planning in the Digital Age, First Edition Nicolas Douay © ISTE Ltd 2018 Published by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc 174 Urban Planning in the Digital Age O, P, R S, T, U Open Data, 110, 111 OpenStreetMap, 76, 77 Paris, 13, 17, 23, 44, 48, 53–55, 107, 111, 112, 117–123, 125–128, 130, 133, 135–137, 141, 142 participation, 27, 72, 75, 92, 94, 95, 100–103, 106–109, 112–114, 117–119, 125, 126, 132, 137, 139–142 petition, 85–87, 123 planners, 32, 63, 99 planning collaborative, 97 communicative, 68, 96, 97 rational, 28, 30, 63 strategic, 38, 60, 61, 63, 65, 96, 138 private actors, 37, 60–65, 67, 96, 100, 105, 110, 141 public actors, 37, 53, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 105 choice, 58, 101, 115 debate, 70, 84, 85, 92, 95, 103, 107, 108, 118–120, 125 services, 47, 49, 59, 60, 62–64 rationality, 28, 30, 35 Rio de Janeiro, 20–23 sharing economy, 37, 50, 57, 58, 60, 78 Silicon Valley, 16, 22, 32, 46, 47, 57 simulation, 8, 32, 41 Singapore, 41 smart city, 13–16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 42, 142 grid, 6, 24, 26, 35 social networks, 6, 9, 11, 13, 70, 79, 84, 85, 92, 95, 119, 122, 125, 127, 131, 140 solutionism, 75 start-up, 24, 33, 34, 36, 37, 47, 49, 50, 54, 61, 62 surveillance, 8, 23, 44, 80, 84, 85, 105 sustainable, 2, 15, 23, 26–28, 38, 42, 85, 91, 117, 119 Twitter, 43, 79, 92, 119, 120, 123, 125, 129 Uber, 37, 50, 53, 59, 78 uberization, 51, 53 V, W video games, 33 Web 2.0, 5, 6, 80, 85, 95, 115, 125 Wikipedia, 77, 102 Other titles from in Information Systems, Web and Pervasive Computing 2018 ARDUIN Pierre-Emmanuel Insider Threats (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 10) CHAMOUX Jean-Pierre The Digital Era 1: Big Data Stakes FABRE Renaud, BENSOUSSAN Alain The Digital Factory for Knowledge: Production and Validation of Scientific Results GAUDIN Thierry, LACROIX Dominique, MAUREL Marie-Christine, POMEROL Jean-Charles Life Sciences, Information Sciences GAYARD Laurent Darknet: Geopolitics and Uses (Computing and Connected Society Set – Volume 2) IAFRATE Fernando Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: The Birth of a New Intelligence (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 8) LE DEUFF Olivier Digital Humanities: History and Development (Intellectual Technologies Set – Volume 4) MANDRAN Nadine Traceable Human Experiment Design Research: Theoretical Model and Practical Guide (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 9) SEDKAOUI Soraya Data Analytics and Big Data SZONIECKY Samuel Ecosystems Knowledge: Modeling and Analysis Method for Information and Communication (Digital Tools and Uses Set – Volume 6) 2017 BOUHAÏ Nasreddine, SALEH Imad Internet of Things: Evolutions and Innovations (Digital Tools and Uses Set – Volume 4) DUONG Véronique Baidu SEO: Challenges and Intricacies of Marketing in China LESAS Anne-Marie, MIRANDA Serge The Art and Science of NFC Programming (Intellectual Technologies Set – Volume 3) LIEM André Prospective Ergonomics (Human-Machine Interaction Set – Volume 4) MARSAULT Xavier Eco-generative Design for Early Stages of Architecture (Architecture and Computer Science Set – Volume 1) REYES-GARCIA Everardo The Image-Interface: Graphical Supports for Visual Information (Digital Tools and Uses Set – Volume 3) REYES-GARCIA Everardo, BOUHAÏ Nasreddine Designing Interactive Hypermedia Systems (Digital Tools and Uses Set – Volume 2) SAÏD Karim, BAHRI KORBI Fadia Asymmetric Alliances and Information Systems:Issues and Prospects (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 7) SZONIECKY Samuel, BOUHAÏ Nasreddine Collective Intelligence and Digital Archives: Towards Knowledge Ecosystems (Digital Tools and Uses Set – Volume 1) 2016 BEN CHOUIKHA Mona Organizational Design for Knowledge Management BERTOLO David Interactions on Digital Tablets in the Context of 3D Geometry Learning (Human-Machine Interaction Set – Volume 2) BOUVARD Patricia, SUZANNE Hervé Collective Intelligence Development in Business EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI Amal, ISHIKAWA Fuyuki, HÉRAULT Laurent, TOKUDA Hideyuki Enablers for Smart Cities FABRE Renaud, in collaboration with MESSERSCHMIDT-MARIET Quentin, HOLVOET Margot New Challenges for Knowledge GAUDIELLO Ilaria, ZIBETTI Elisabetta Learning Robotics, with Robotics, by Robotics (Human-Machine Interaction Set – Volume 3) HENROTIN Joseph The Art of War in the Network Age (Intellectual Technologies Set – Volume 1) KITAJIMA Munéo Memory and Action Selection in Human–Machine Interaction (Human–Machine Interaction Set – Volume 1) LAGRAÑA Fernando E-mail and Behavioral Changes: Uses and Misuses of Electronic Communications LEIGNEL Jean-Louis, UNGARO Thierry, STAAR Adrien Digital Transformation (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 6) NOYER Jean-Max Transformation of Collective Intelligences (Intellectual Technologies Set – Volume 2) VENTRE Daniel Information Warfare – 2nd edition VITALIS André The Uncertain Digital Revolution (Computing and Connected Society Set – Volume 1) 2015 ARDUIN Pierre-Emmanuel, GRUNDSTEIN Michel, ROSENTHAL-SABROUX Camille Information and Knowledge System (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 2) BÉRANGER Jérôme Medical Information Systems Ethics BRONNER Gérald Belief and Misbelief Asymmetry on the Internet IAFRATE Fernando From Big Data to Smart Data (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 1) KRICHEN Saoussen, BEN JOUIDA Sihem Supply Chain Management and its Applications in Computer Science NEGRE Elsa Information and Recommender Systems (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 4) POMEROL Jean-Charles, EPELBOIN Yves, THOURY Claire MOOCs SALLES Maryse Decision-Making and the Information System (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 3) SAMARA Tarek ERP and Information Systems: Integration or Disintegration (Advances in Information Systems Set – Volume 5) 2014 DINET Jérôme Information Retrieval in Digital Environments HÉNO Raphaële, CHANDELIER Laure 3D Modeling of Buildings: Outstanding Sites KEMBELLEC Gérald, CHARTRON Ghislaine, SALEH Imad Recommender Systems MATHIAN Hélène, SANDERS Lena Spatio-temporal Approaches: Geographic Objects and Change Process PLANTIN Jean-Christophe Participatory Mapping VENTRE Daniel Chinese Cybersecurity and Defense 2013 BERNIK Igor Cybercrime and Cyberwarfare CAPET Philippe, DELAVALLADE Thomas Information Evaluation LEBRATY Jean-Fabrice, LOBRE-LEBRATY Katia Crowdsourcing: One Step Beyond SALLABERRY Christian Geographical Information Retrieval in Textual Corpora 2012 BUCHER Bénédicte, LE BER Florence Innovative Software Development in GIS GAUSSIER Eric, YVON Franỗois Textual Information Access STOCKINGER Peter Audiovisual Archives: Digital Text and Discourse Analysis VENTRE Daniel Cyber Conflict 2011 BANOS Arnaud, THÉVENIN Thomas Geographical Information and Urban Transport Systems DAUPHINÉ André Fractal Geography LEMBERGER Pirmin, MOREL Mederic Managing Complexity of Information Systems STOCKINGER Peter Introduction to Audiovisual Archives STOCKINGER Peter Digital Audiovisual Archives VENTRE Daniel Cyberwar and Information Warfare 2010 BONNET Pierre Enterprise Data Governance BRUNET Roger Sustainable Geography CARREGA Pierre Geographical Information and Climatology CAUVIN Colette, ESCOBAR Francisco, SERRADJ Aziz Thematic Cartography – 3-volume series Thematic Cartography and Transformations – Volume Cartography and the Impact of the Quantitative Revolution – Volume New Approaches in Thematic Cartography – Volume LANGLOIS Patrice Simulation of Complex Systems in GIS MATHIS Philippe Graphs and Networks – 2nd edition THERIAULT Marius, DES ROSIERS Franỗois Modeling Urban Dynamics 2009 BONNET Pierre, DETAVERNIER Jean-Michel, VAUQUIER Dominique Sustainable IT Architecture: the Progressive Way of Overhauling Information Systems with SOA PAPY Fabrice Information Science RIVARD Franỗois, ABOU HARB Georges, MERET Philippe The Transverse Information System ROCHE Stéphane, CARON Claude Organizational Facets of GIS 2008 BRUGNOT Gérard Spatial Management of Risks FINKE Gerd Operations Research and Networks GUERMOND Yves Modeling Process in Geography KANEVSKI Michael Advanced Mapping of Environmental Data MANOUVRIER Bernard, LAURENT Ménard Application Integration: EAI, B2B, BPM and SOA PAPY Fabrice Digital Libraries 2007 DOBESCH Hartwig, DUMOLARD Pierre, DYRAS Izabela Spatial Interpolation for Climate Data SANDERS Lena Models in Spatial Analysis 2006 CLIQUET Gérard Geomarketing CORNIOU Jean-Pierre Looking Back and Going Forward in IT DEVILLERS Rodolphe, JEANSOULIN Robert Fundamentals of Spatial Data Quality ... up digital technology to open urban planning processes I.6 Hypothesis 4: The opening up of urban planning institutions The issue regarding the digitization of urban planning processes refers to. .. xvi Urban Planning in the Digital Age I.4 Hypothesis 2: Urban planning under the pressure of an extension of the urban capitalism sphere The issue regarding the evolution of actors by the emergence... 8 Urban Planning in the Digital Age 1.2.2.2 From Big Data to digital models Big Data at the urban scale allow us to consider the creation of digital models, or building information modeling