Globalization and food sovereignty global and local change in the new politics of food

GLOBALIZATION AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY Global and Local Change in the New Politics of Food In recent years, food sovereignty has emerged as a way of contesting corporate control of agricultural markets in pursuit of a more democratic, decentralized food system The concept unites individuals, communities, civil society organizations, and even states in opposition to globalizing food regimes This collection examines expressions of food sovereignty ranging from the direct action tactics of La Vía Campesina in Brazil to the consumer activism of the Slow Food movement and the negotiating stances of states from the global South at WTO negotiations With each case, the contributors explore how claiming food sovereignty allows individuals to challenge the power of global agribusiness and reject neoliberal market economics With perspectives drawn from Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia, Globalization and Food Sovereignty is the first comparative collection to focus on food sovereignty activism worldwide (Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy) peter andrée is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Carleton University jeffrey ayres is a professor in the Department of Political Science at Saint Michael’s College in Colchester, Vermont michael j bosia is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Saint Michael’s College in Colchester, Vermont marie-josée massicotte is an associate professor in the School of Political Studies at the University of Ottawa Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy Editors: MICHAEL HOWLETT, DAVID LAYCOCK (Simon Fraser University), and STEPHEN MCBRIDE (McMaster University) Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy is designed to showcase innovative approaches to political economy and public policy from a comparative perspective While originating in Canada, the series will provide attractive offerings to a wide international audience, featuring studies with local, subnational, cross-national, and international empirical bases and theoretical frameworks Editorial Advisory Board Jeffrey Ayres, St Michael’s College, Vermont Neil Bradford, Western University Janine Brodie, University of Alberta William Carroll, University of Victoria William Coleman, University of Waterloo Rodney Haddow, University of Toronto Jane Jenson, Université de Montréal Laura Macdonald, Carleton University Rianne Mahon, Wilfrid Laurier University Michael Mintrom, Monash University Grace Skogstad, University of Toronto Leah Vosko, York University Kent Weaver, Georgetown University Linda White, University of Toronto Robert Young, Western University For a list of books published in the series, see page 377 Globalization and Food Sovereignty Global and Local Change in the New Politics of Food EDITED BY PETER ANDRÉE, JEFFREY AYRES, MICHAEL J BOSIA, AND MARIE-JOSÉE MASSICOTTE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press 2014 Toronto Buffalo London www.utppublishing.com Printed in Canada ISBN 978-1-4426-4375-8 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-4426-1228-0 (paper) Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper with vegetable-based inks Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Globalization and food sovereignty: global and local change in the new politics of food/ edited by Peter Andrée, Jeffrey Ayres, Michael J Bosia, and Marie-Josée Massicotte (Studies in comparative political economy and public policy) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4426-4375-8 (bound) – ISBN 978-1-4426-1228-0 (pbk.) Food sovereignty.  Agriculture – Economic aspects.  Globalization.  I Andrée, Peter, 1970–, editor of compilation  II Ayres, Jeffrey McKelvey, editor of compilation  III Bosia, Michael J., editor of compilation  IV Massicotte, Marie-Josée, 1971–, editor of compilation  V Series: Studies in comparative political economy and public policy HD9000.5.G585 2014  338.1'9  C2013-907475-9 This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for its publishing activities Contents Contributors  vii Acknowledgments  ix Introduction: Crisis and Contention in the New Politics of Food  peter andrée, jeffrey ayres, michael j bosia, and marie-josée massicotte Part One: Food Sovereignty in Theory and Policy Debates Food Sovereignty and Globalization: Lines of Inquiry  23 peter andrée, jeffrey ayres, michael j bosia, and marie-josée massicotte The Territory of Self-Determination: Social Reproduction, Agro-Ecology, and the Role of the State  53 michael menser Exploring the Limits of Fair Trade: The Local Food Movement in the Context of Late Capitalism  84 noah zerbe Local Food: Food Sovereignty or Myth of Alternative Consumer Sovereignty?  111 martha mcmahon vi Contents Part Two: Food Sovereignty in Comparative Perspective Citizen-Farmers: The Possibilities and the Limits of Australia’s Emerging Alternative Food Networks  141 peter andrée From Food Security to Food Sovereignty in Canada: Resistance and Authority in the Context of Neoliberalism  173 sarah j martin and peter andrée Food Sovereignty in Practice: A Study of Farmer-Led Sustainable Agriculture in the Philippines  199 sarah wright Free Markets for All: Transition Economies and the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy  228 irena knezevic Part Three: Food Sovereignty in Contentious Politics Feminist Political Ecology and La Vía Campesina’s Struggle for Food Sovereignty through the Experience of the Escola Latino-Americana de Agroecologia (ELAA)  255 marie-josée massicotte 10 Food Sovereignty, Trade Rules, and the Struggle to Know the Origins of Food  288 elizabeth smythe 11 Food Sovereignty as Localized Resistance to Globalization in France and the United States  319 jeffrey ayres and michael j bosia Conclusion: The Food Sovereignty Lens  345 philip mcmichael Index  365 Contributors Peter Andrée, Department of Political Science, Carleton University, Canada Jeffrey Ayres, Department of Political Science, Saint Michael’s College, USA Michael J Bosia, Department of Political Science, Saint Michael’s College, USA Irena Knezevic, Department of Communication and Culture, York University, Canada Sarah J Martin, Program in Global Governance, University of Waterloo, Canada Marie-Josée Massicotte, School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada Martha McMahon, Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Canada Philip McMichael, Department of Development Sociology, Cornell University, USA Michael Menser, Department of Philosophy, Brooklyn College, CUNY, USA viii Contributors Elizabeth Smythe, Faculty of Arts and Political Science, Concordia University College of Alberta, Canada Sarah Wright, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Newcastle, Australia Noah Zerbe, Department of Politics, Humboldt State University, USA Acknowledgments Today, the study of food as a political phenomenon has become a hot topic in and outside of academia, with political scientist James Scott, best known for his work on peasant politics, featured in the New York Times as much for his scholarship as for his organic farm Moreover, over the past several years, food prices have skyrocketed in many places around the world, accompanied by expanding food protests and extended policy debates about the health and safety of the food being consumed by the general public In response to these events, the activists, organizations, and movements behind the call for food sovereignty have won many struggles to put a new vision of food and agriculture on the international public agenda, including on that of some powerful institutions such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Because these changes result in part from the constant work and efforts of small farmers, peasants, and food activists, the editors of this collection have turned their attention to the links between food, globalization, and politics For Peter Andrée and Marie-Josée Massicotte, this project is a direct result of their research in the field and scholarship on peasant politics and food movements as well as the commitments they hold in their lives For Jeffrey Ayres and Michael J Bosia, this volume is as much a product of the commitments in their families and communities in the small state of Vermont, with both of their spouses directly involved in local farming and production, as it is a reflection of their own interest in social justice and responses among social movements to global forces Therefore, we owe our greatest debt to the many local activists and movements involved in food struggles in the North and South, some of whom have been essential sources of analysis, Index accession, 228–9, 231–7, 242–8; candidacy, 248n5; effects on inequality, 237–8, 247; enlargement policy (Copenhagen Criteria), 233, 235–8; in the Eastern bloc, 338–41; pre-accession deals, 236–7 See also Acquis Communautaire Acquis Communautaire, 233–4, 236, 246 Adams, Jason, 333 Africa, 85, 88, 97, 329; and food scarcity, 6, 7; Green Revolution, 43–6, 121, 123; rural vulnerability, 11 See also AGRA AGRA (Gates Rockefeller Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa), 123 agrarian citizen, 13, 124–8, 131–2, 192, 349, 357, 360n6 agrepreneurialism, 41–2 Agriculture & Rural Development (SAPARD), 236 agro-ecology training, 273–5, 277, 282n6 alienation, of Fair Trade workers, 88, 98–9 See also Marx, Karl alternative economies, 272–5 alternative food systems, 84, 86, 127, 144–6, 166, 206, 221, 289; and the environment, 156, 167n8; in Australia, 13, 141–60, 164–6, 263; local food, 101–3; limitations, 13, 85–6, 98–9, 103–4, 157, 291; opposition, 119, 143, 148, 200, 289, 312 See also food movements Altieri, Miguel, 78n11, 206, 271, 274 Alvarez, 65–6, 68 American Flatbread, 319 American Political Science Association, 10 Americanization, 91 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 257 Atamanenko, Alex, 189 Australia, 31, 33, 47, 167n6, 301, 360n8; alternative food networks, 13, 141–60, 164–6, 263; and agrifood landscape, 149–52; and food tourism, 163; collective action, 160–2, 219; environmental factors, 7, 30, 356; farming trends, 10, 150, 247 See also citizen-farmers autogestão, 264 Avery, Dennis, 29–30 366 Index Balkans: and EU enlargement, 14, 232, 238, 248n2; foodscape, 24, 229, 238–48 Barber, Dan, 42 Bassett, T., 99 bayanihan, 202, 218, 219 BC Food Systems Network (BCFSN), 134n4 BCFSN (BC Food Systems Network), 134n4 Beers, Sampson, 234 Bennett, Carolyn, 189 Berndt, C., 100 Beyond Factory Farming, 190 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 43–4, 121 Bill C-474, 188–9 BIOTECanada, 297, 302 Block, F., 93–4 Boehm, Terry, 187 Bolivarian Alliance of Our Americas trade pact, 78n19 Borras, Saturnino, Jr, 74 Bourrigaud, René, 330 Bové, José, 319–20, 325–6, 330–1, 334–6, 352–4, 356 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 9, 295, 305 Braudel, Fernand, 24, 176 Brazil, 68, 72, 73, 255, 264, 266, 275, 277–8, 282, 300, 337 See also Landless Rural Workers Movement, La Vía Campesina, Movimento Sem Terra Brenner, N., 165, 167n2, 167n4 British Columbia, 13, 35, 113–17, 123, 128, 134n5, 174 See also BCFSN Broadman, Harry G., 237 Brodie, Janine, 33, 282n2 Brown, Lester, 6–7, 96, 181 BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), 9, 295, 305 Buckingham, Don, 296 Burg, Ines, 276, 277 Buse, Kent, 298 Bush, G.W., 58, 305, 307, 333 Cabello, Gaspar Real, 268, 269 Canada: and food insecurity, 181–6, 190; and food sovereignty, 113, 134n5, 134n6, 173–4, 178–9, 187–90, 193, 356; and governmentality, 177–8; and labelling, 15, 296, 299–300, 303, 306, 308, 311, 312, 320, 354; foodscape, 114–15 See also National Farmers’ Union, People’s Food Policy Project Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program, 184 Canada-U.S Free Trade Agreement, 33 Canadian Biotechnology Action Network (CBAN), 311 Canadian Federation of Agriculture (CFA), 134n6, 188, 190, 308 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 311 Canadian Political Science Association, 10 Canadian Wheat Board Act, 34 CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) See Common Agricultural Policy CBAN (Canadian Biotechnology Action Network), 311 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CFA (Canadian Federation of Agriculture), 134n6, 188, 190, 308 Index 367 chambres d’agriculture, 327 China, 6, 7, 10, 298, 301; food safety, CI (Consumers International), 297, 300, 301, 306 citizen-consumer, 153, 156, 168n10 citizen-farmers, 13, 142, 152–5, 161, 166 City Market, 337 CJN! (Climate Justice Now), 267 Clapp, Jennifer, 5, 48n2 Climate Justice Now (CJN!), 267 CLOC (Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizacion), 264 Cocklin, C., 157, 164 Codex Alimentarius, 295–306, 309, 310, 311 Coelho, Saroja, 228, 242 Cold War, 32, 33, 230, 321, 322, 324, 326 collective action, 103, 122, 144, 152, 161–2, 166, 219, 270, 355; in Brazil, 263–4; in Vermont, 334–5 Collier, Paul, 29–31, 48n2 Columbian Exchange, 88–9 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 14, 24, 235–7, 242, 249n8 Common Market, 233 community food security, 14, 103–4, 122, 129, 173, 178, 185–6 community-supported agriculture (CSA), 37, 101–2, 141, 144, 154, 336, 355, 358 See also food movements: local food Cone, C.A., 101, 272 Confédération Paysanne, 330, 334, 336 Consumer Right to Know Act, 306–7 Consumers International (CI), 297, 300, 301, 306 Convention on Food Sovereignty and Trade in Food and Agriculture, 353 COOL (country-of-origin labelling), 305–10 See also labelling Coordinadora Latino-americana de Organizacion (CLOC), 264 Copenhagen Criteria, 233 See also accession Corn Laws, 87 Corntassel, Jeff, 69–70, 78n17 country-of-origin labelling (COOL), 305–10 See also labelling CPE (cultural political economy), 260 Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Croatia, 244, 248n2; foodscape, 14, 229, 238–40; Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development, 236–7 CSA (community supported agriculture), 37, 101–2, 141, 144, 154, 336, 355, 358 See also food movements: local food Cuba, 55; and agro-ecology, 65; and state-supported food sovereignty, 64–8 cultural political economy (CPE), 260 Dalhberg, 130 De Schutter, Olivier, 10, 359 de-peasantization, 35 dela Rosa, Marcelino, 214, 218–19, 220 DeLind, Laura, 129, 130, 291 Delta Holding, 239–40, 249n9 Department of Health and Welfare, 184 Desmarais, Annette Aurélie, 180, 193n1, 193n6 368 Index Diaz, Gabriel, 210, 220 Dibden, J., 157, 164 Dobson, Andrew, 142 Doha, 303 Dufour, Franỗois, 331 Dumont, René, 24 Dutch East India Company, 89 Eastern and Central Europe (ECE), 14, 228–38, 236, 241–3, 245–7 Eastern Bloc foodscape, 238–42, 246 ECE (Eastern and Central Europe) See Eastern and Central Europe Eckersley, Robyn, 79n20 ecological citizenship, 126, 142, 153 Edmonton Food Policy Council, 183–4 Eggleton, Art, 184 ELAA (Latin American School of Agro-ecology), 257, 271–8, 281, 282n6 Elshtain, Jean Bethe, 57, 77n6 embedded market, 94, 103, 146–7, 158 embeddedness, 93, 103, 146–7 See also Polanyi, Karl Enlargement Strategy, 233, 235–8 Escobar, Arturo, 176, 260, 261, 282n3 Escola Latino Americana de Agroecologia, 257, 265, 271–8, 281, 282n6 Esteva, Gustavo, 258 EU (European Union): and labelling, 295, 299–301, 303–4, 305, 306 See also accession EurepGAP, 148 European Coal and Steel Community, 233 European Economic Community See Common Market European Union (EU) See EU fair trade, 13, 39, 87, 94–101, 105n3, 220, 313, 355; limitations of, 13, 85–6, 98–9, 103–4, 291; networks, 96, 148–9, 162 Fairbairn, Madeleine, 58, 122, 181, 194n9 FAO (Food and Agriculture), 60, 280, 296, 298, 347 Farm Bill, 305; labelling, 15, 291, 298–303, 305–11 See also Food Conservation and Energy Act farmer-driven agriculture, 305, 307, 308, 309 Farvar, 60 Federaỗóo nica dos Petroleiros, 273 Fộdộration Nationale des Syndicats d’Exploitants Agricole, 328 Fieldhouse, P., 101–2 FINE, 105n3 Fisher, Alexandria, 27 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 60, 280, 296, 298, 347 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 9, 280 Food Conservation and Energy Act, 308 See also Farm Bill Food First, 27 food insecurity, 212; in Canada, 181–6, 190; in the EU, 238, 280 food movements: fair trade (see fair trade); local food, 85, 101–4, 115–20, 124–8, 289, 291–2, 355, 358 (see also localism, localvore, Vermont); organics, 27, 84, 102, 148, 164, 200, 204, 213–14, 218, 221, 308, 326; Slow Food, 12, 39, 40, 42, 309, 333; small-scale farming, 67, 94, 113–14, 131, 256, 266, 274, 338 Food Not Bombs, 337 Index 369 food production, and gender dynamics, 91, 94; and market society, 92; and the U.S economy, 94; in non-market societies, 92 food recalls, food regulations: farming, 237; labelling, 294–312; safety, 114, 192, 289, 294; trade, 186 See also labelling food riots, 85, 359 food scares, 8–9, 118, 120, 151, 288, 299, 311 Food Secure Canada / Sécurité alimentaire Canada (FSC–SAC), 186 food security, 58–60, 121–4, 173–4, 188, 190–3, 194n9, 208, 211, 351–2; and Canada, 122–4, 129, 180–6, 190, 356; and EU, 235–6; and sustainable agriculture, 209–10; community food security, 14, 103, 178; compared to food sovereignty, 58, 121–4; early food security, 122; future food security, 6, 30; urban food security, 14, 174–5, 177–8, 190 food sovereignty: and British Columbia, 13, 111–12, 116–17, 174 (see also British Columbia); and Canada (see under Canada); and Cuba, 55, 64–8; and France, 15, 319–20, 324, 325–6, 327 (see also France); and La Vía Campesina (see under La Vía Campesina); and Mexico, 268–9, 347; and MASIPAG, 205–6; and movements (see food movements, transnational movements); and the Philippines (see Philippines); and the U.S., 17n4, 75, 121–2, 311, 320–7, 334–40; concept emergence, 12, 15, 25, 53–4, 58, 200, 273, 348, 350; definitions, 3, 11, 25, 53, 59, 177, 265, 320; feminist analysis, 26, 28–9, 74, 127, 132; versus food security, 58–60, 121–4, 129, 173–4, 178, 188, 191, 352 See also sovereignty foodscapes, 14, 229, 248n1; of future EU members, 238–48 Ford: Fordist model of agriculture, 86, 87–8, 90 Forum for Food Sovereignty, 28, 180 Foucault, Michel, 149, 176, 183 France, 10, 96, 167, 246, 319, 330–2; 30 Glorious Years, 327–8; response to industrialized agriculture, 329; rural transformation, 327 See also Bové, José, Larzac movement Fransescone, Kirsten, 44 Freire, Paulo, 274 Fridell, G., 96–7, 98, 100 Friends of the Earth International, 297 FSC-SAC (Food Secure Canada / Sécurité alimentaire Canada), 186 GAP (good agricultural practices), 114 Gates Rockefeller Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), 123 Gaylord, Connie, 319 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) See GMOs GHG (greenhouse gas emissions), 54, 151, 350 Gibson-Graham, J.K., 4, 203, 204, 257, 260, 261–3, 272 Gill, Stephen, 33 Gills, Barry, 339 370 Index Global Days of Action, 335 global food crisis, 351; in 2007–8, 179, 346–50; and financial crisis, 6, 59; early 1970s, 58, 181 See also food security global governance, 33, 257–60, 281, 282n2, 294; definition, 258 globalization, 59, 86, 88–90, 118, 292, 324, 331; and obesity, 8; definition, 11; of agriculture, 43, 88, 142; opposition, 325, 326, 332–3, 335, 339, 355 See also Green Revolution, neoliberal globalization globalized localism, globalizing food regime, 3–6, 23, 34, 37, 47, 268, 288–9 GM (genetically modified) See GMOs GMOs (genetically modified organisms), 61, 264, 266, 290, 293, 354; and Europe, 21, 30, 295, 298, 299; in the U.S., 298–300; labelling, 296, 298–300; opposition, 40, 58, 73, 261, 278, 293, 319–20, 334, 335; support, 434, 45, 295 Goebel, Roger, 2334 Gonỗalves, Giovane, 275 good agricultural practices (GAP), 114 Goodyear, Gary, 189 governmentality, 167n7, 175, 177–8 Gramsci, 178 Granovettor, Mark, 148–9 Green Revolution, 43–6, 207, 208, 215, 256, 265, 278, 281 See also Green Revolution Redux Green Revolution Redux, 44 greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), 54, 151, 350 Greenpeace, 297, 299, 301 Grinspun, Ricardo, 360n5 Grocery Manufacturers of America, 306, 307 Guthman, Julie, 119, 122, 124–5, 141, 144, 149, 161–3, 165–6, 193, 205, 355 Hae, Lee Kyung, Halpin, D., 205 Haraway, Donna, 115 Harris, Edmund, 129–30, 132 Harvey, David, 85, 88, 104, 105n1, 269 Haukanes, Haldis, 241 Heasman, Michael, 26 Heffernan, W., 90 Heifer International, 178, 193n4 Held, David, 56 Hendrickson, M., 90 Higgins, Vaughan, 157, 164 Hinrichs, C Clare, 101–2 Hoffman, S., 327 Holt-Giménez, Eric, 121–3, 125, 180, 263, 267, 270 Hudson, I., 96–7 Hudson, M., 96–7 Human Rights Council of the UN General Assembly, 359 Hunt, Scott, 122, 125 hypermarkets, 240, 249n10 IAASTD (International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science, and Technology for Development), 31 ICTSD (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development), 310 Index 371 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 33, 34, 234, 237, 257, 348 INCRA (Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform), 266 indigenous sovereignty See under sovereignty Institute for Social Ecology (ISE), 334 Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), 266 Instrument of Pre-accession Assistance, 236 See also Common Agricultural Policy instrumentalism, 93–5, 102, 147 integrated pest management (IPM), 159 Intention Protocol, 272 International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science, and Technology for Development (IAASTD), 31 International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), 310 International Court of Justice, 353 International Day of Farmers’ Struggle, 335 International Life Sciences Institute, 298 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 33, 34, 234, 237, 257, 348 international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), 297 International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty, 55, 293, 360n3 international political economy (IPE), 176, 179, 259–60 InterPares, 190 IPE (international political economy), 176, 179, 259–60 IPM (integrated pest management), 159 ISE (Institute for Social Ecology), 334 JA (Jeunes Agriculteurs), 330 Japan, 33, 154, 167n6, 301, 302, 306 Jefferson, Thomas, 153, 167n9 Jeunes Agriculteurs (JA), 330 Jeunesse Agricole Chrétienne, 330 Johnson, Tim, 307 Johnston, Josée, 153, 185–6 Jonsén, J., 59–60 Jornada de Agroecologia, 275–6 Joseph, Alun E., 118 Kafkaesque, 233 Karnataka State Farmers’ Association, 73–4 Kenny, Meaghan, 44 Kingsolver, Barbara, 332 Kirwan, J., 146, 147 Kneen, Cathleen, 129, 173, 193 Kopka, Matt, 338 Kuisel, 330–1 La Vía Campesina, 55, 76n2, 77n3, 180, 263–5, 282n1, 292, 347, 352–3; as a transnational movement, 25, 35, 39, 53, 59, 74, 173, 257; and food sovereignty, 27, 53, 278–9, 289, 292, 360n3; and Canada, 187–90; and Vermont, 334–6; definition of food sovereignty, 53, 179, 193n6; Jornada de Agroecologia, 275–8 See also ELAA labelling, 15, 45, 161–2, 288–314; Canada, 15, 296, 299–300, 303, 306, 308, 311, 312, 320, 354; Commission on Food Labelling, 372 Index 296, 297, 300, 305; country-oforigin labelling, 305–10; EU, 295, 299–301, 303–4, 305, 306–8; General Guidelines on Labelling of Prepackaged Foods, 305; mandatory labelling, 289, 291–2, 296, 299, 301–7, 311; U.S opposition, 291, 299–301, 302–3, 306; U.S support, 299, 309, 311, 314n6 See also technical barriers to trade Lacher, Hannes, 167n5 Lambert, Bernard, 330 land grabs, 9–10, 29, 112, 179, 346, 348, 350, 358; effects of, 3, 9, 10; in Poland, 242; opposition, 59 Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST), 15, 255–7, 263–5, 271–3, 276, 278, 282, 357 Lang, Tim, 26–7 Larzac movement, 15, 319–21, 323, 325–30, 332–3, 340, 354 Latin American School of Agroecology (ELAA), 257, 271–8, 281, 282n6 Lavin, Chad, 119 Lebovics, Herman, 329 Lee, Kelley, 298 Lee, R., 203 LETS (local exchange training systems), 204 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 28 Levkoe, C.Z., 183, 191, 192 Liefert, William, 231, 248n4 local exchange trading systems (LETS), 204 local food See under food movements local food networks, 115–17, 124, 126, 128, 132, 167n3, 247, 357 localism, 13, 37–9, 129, 141, 206, 322– See also under food movements: local food, localized globalism, localvore localized globalism, localvore (locavore), 35, 320, 322, 336–8 See also localism Lockie, S., 205 Luna Bleu, 336 Macours, Karen, 231 Magasaka at Siyentipiko para sa Pag-unlad ng Agrikulture (Farmer-Scientist Partnership for Agricultural Development) See MASIPAG malbouffe, 325, 331 Manitoba Alternative Food Research Alliance, 189 Mao’s Red Guard, 329, 332 Marsden, T.K., 147, 282n3, 290 Martin, Hillary, 335 Marx, Karl, 28, 73, 327; and alienation of labour, 61, 105n1; and commodities, 85, 98, 99 MASIPAG, 14, 200–22, 350; and economic status (income), 211–17; and food sovereignty, 205–6; and marketing, 220; health status, 214; social and environmental outcomes, 217; survey, 201–2, 208–19, 222n1 Mauritania, effects of agribusiness, 10–11 McDonaldization, 91 McKibben, Bill, 39 McWilliams, James, 132 Mexico, 68, 78n17, 105n2, 114, 268–9, 300; and labelling, 309; food insecurity, See also La Vía Campesina microencounters, 324 Index 373 Miele, M., 118 Mills, C Wright, 112; and sociological imagination, 111 Mincyte, Diana, 245 Mišković, Miroslav, 240 Mittelman, James, 324 MON810 See Monsanto Monsanto, 123, 297, 320 Mooney, Patrick, 122, 124–5 Moore, Hilary, 189 Morais, Ariulino Alves, 276 Movimento Sem Terra (MST), 61, 73 MST (Landless Rural Workers Movement) See Landless Rural Workers Movement MST (Movimento Sem Terra), 61, 73 Murdoch, Jonathan, 117, 290 Murray, D., 96 Myhre, A., 101, 102 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 33, 34, 36, 76n2, 257, 269 Napoleon, Louis, 327 National Association of Small Farmers, 67–8 National Coalition for Family Farming in the United States, 292 National Family Farm Coalition, 334 National Farmers’ Union (NFU), 90, 131, 134n6, 143, 187–92, 292, 308, 311–12 Navdanya, 40–1 NDP, 189 Nelson, V., 97 neoliberal globalization, 11, 16, 24, 86, 174, 321–4, 345; and disempowerment, 35–6; opposition, 38, 84, 86, 142, 148 neoliberalism, 11, 32–4, 88, 167, 192–3, 348; theory, 176–8; responses, 37, 53, 85, 338, 339, 349 See also neoliberal globalization neoliberalized re-regulation, 148 new peasantry See re-peasantization New Zealand, 33, 167n6, 311; and labelling, 301, 306 NFU (National Farmers’ Union) See National Farmers’ Union Ngcwangu, S.U., 97 NGO, 127, 148, 173–5, 184–5, 192, 276, 297, 303; and MASIPAG, 207, 209; in Canada, 181–2; urban food security NGOs, 173–5, 177–8, 180, 186, 190, 191–3 NGO GRAIN, 10 Nicholson, Erik, 127 Nicholson, Paul, 25, 347–8, 357 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) See NAFTA North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 230 Northeast Organic Farming Association of Vermont, 337 Nyéléni conference, 59; Nyéléni Declaration, 77n8, 320 Obama, Barack: administration, 302, 303, 314n6 Obama, Michelle, obesity, 3, 7–8, 54, 112, 249n8; in the United States, OECD, 30, 149, 167n8 Oliver, Jamie, Our World Is Not for Sale, 292, 313n2 Paarlberg, Robert, 29 Paglumotan, Elpidio, 212–13 374 Index Paglumotan, Jojo, 220 Panes, Eddie, 208, 219, 220, 221 Patel, Raj, 7, 39, 74, 77n4, 263, 270 Patnaik, 347 Peck, J., 165, 176 Pellerin, Laurent, 288 People’s Food Policy Project (PFPP), 175–6, 178–80, 186, 190–3, 193n3, 193n4; six pillars of food sovereignty, 180 People’s Food Revolution, 128 people’s organizations (PO), 207–8, 218 People’s Summit, 325 PFPP (People’s Food Policy Project) See People’s Food Policy Project Philippines, 14, 76, 124, 200, 208, 209, 222 See also MASIPAG Philpott, Tom, 76 Pilgrim’s Pride Corporation, 268 Pimbert, 60, 267, 270 PO (people’s organizations), 207–8, 218 Poland, 242–3; economic reform, 242 Polanyi, Karl, 23, 39–40, 85, 152, 260, 345, 355–6; and embeddedness, 92– 4, 142–3, 146–8, 167n5, 260; concept of protection, 23, 40, 93, 167, 288, 289; and self-regulating commodity capitalism, 39, 40, 148, 355 Pollan, Michael, 118, 119, 309, 332–3 Pound, B., 97 Prakash, Mahdu Suri, 258, 299 privatization, 231–2, 237–8, 249, 347 Program for African Seed Systems, 44 Programa Nacional de Educaỗóo na Reforma Agrỏria (PRONERA), 272 PRONERA (Programa Nacional de Educaỗóo na Reforma Agrỏria), 272 property: private versus public and common, 63–4 protectionism, 23, 40 Provincial Back-up Farm, 219 puissance, 263 Raynolds, Laura, 96, 97, 147 re-localization, 15, 35, 144, 321, 322–3 re-peasantization, 4, 35, 350 Reagan, Ronald, 32, 88 recalls, 8–9 See also food scares Redwood Roots Community Farm, 102 regulation See food regulations, labelling relationship of co-production, 132 Ries, Nancy, 241 Right to Know, 177, 290–1, 295–6, 300, 302–5, 310–12; Consumer Right to Know Act of 2001, 306–7; Right to Know campaign, 303 See also labelling Roberts, Wayne, 192–3 Rocheleau, Dianne, 260, 266; and gender, 362 Rossett, Peter, 324 Ruggie, John Gerard, 56, 167n5 Rural Vermont, 334–6; and Vía Campesina, 334–6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), 294–5, 303, 304–5, 307 Santos, 261–2, 272, 282n2, 282n4, 349 SAPARD (Special Accession Programme for Agriculture & Rural Development), 236 Sarkozy, President Nicolas, 327 Scarborough Hunger Coalition, 184 Schenk, George, 319 Schmidhuber, Josef, 235, 249 Index 375 Schwartz, Harrison, 231 Second World War, 12, 87, 89, 123, 167n5, 181, 185, 230, 256 self-determination, 55–61, 67–71, 76, 258, 267–9, 351; definition, 60 Serova, Eugenia, 238 Setchell, Linda, 335 Shattuck, Annie, 121, 123 Shiva, Vandana, 40, 78n10 Silvia, Stephen J., 234 Slow Food See under food movements: Slow Food Slow Money, 42 Smith, Dorothy, 112 Smithers, John, 118, 138 sociological imagination, 111–12 Soninno, Roberta, 147 South Korea, 36; U.S.-South Korean Free Trade Agreement, 36 sovereignty: indigenous sovereignty, 55, 68–71, 72, 73, 78n15, 78n18; negative, 57; positive, 57 Special Accession Programme for Agriculture & Rural Development (SAPARD), 236 Spice Islands, 89 SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures), 294–5, 303, 304–5, 307 Starr, Armory, 333 state supported food sovereignty, 12, 55, 64–8, 72, 76, 86 Stoneman, Scott, 119 Strange, Susan, 258 Swinnen, Johan, 231, 248n5 Tariff Act of 1930, 306–7 Taylor, P., 96 TBT (technical barriers to trade), 294–5, 303, 304–5, 307, 310 technical barriers to trade (TBT), 294–5, 303, 304–5, 307, 310 terroir, 304 Thatcher, Margaret, 32, 88 Theodore, N., 165, 167n2, 167n4 There Is No Alternative (TINA), 14, 200 Thomas-Slayter, Barbara, 260 Thompson, E.P., 84–5 Tickell, A., 145, 176 TINA (There Is No Alternative), 14, 200 TNC (transnational corporations), 67, 259, 269 Tokar, Brian, 336 Toronto Food Charter, 183–4 transition economy, 230–2; agricultural transition, 231 transnational corporations (TNC), 67, 259, 269 transnational movements, 292–4, 309; 100-mile diet, 37; La Vía Campesina (see La Vía Campesina); localism, 13, 37–9, 129, 141, 206, 322–3 Treaty of Westphalia, 56–7 UDF, 329 UN (United Nations) See United Nations UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 9, 53, 90, 235 UN Millennium Development Goals, Union des Producteurs Agricoles (UPA), 188, 190, 356 Union paysanne, 187–90, 292 United Farm Workers of America, 127 United Nations (UN), 6, 327, 353; UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 9, 53, 90, 235, 280 See also FAO United States Social Forum (USSF), 75, 311 376 Index UPA (Union des Producteurs Agricoles), 188, 190, 356 USC Canada, 190, 193n4 USDA, 307–9 USDA Economic Research Service, 248n4 U.S Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S Food and Drug Administration, U.S Food Sovereignty Alliance, 311, 354 U.S.-South Korean Free Trade Agreement, 36 Van Rooy, A., 181–2 Vergara-Camus, Leandro, 61 Vermont, 15, 42, 319, 340n5, 341n9; and localism, 323; and localvores, 35, 39, 320; farming demographics, 335, 336, 339; food movements, 41, 323–5, 332–8, 354; similarities to the Larzac movement, 320–2, 333–4, 340 See also Rural Vermont Vermont Agency of Agriculture, 337; Buy Local campaign, 337 Vermont Fresh Network, 337, 341n8 Victoria Food Act, 162 Vilsack, Tom, 309 Wangari, Esther, 260 Waters, Alice, 42 Wehrheim, Peter, 235 Weismann, Doris, 235 Westfailure system, 258 Westphalian state system, 12, 54, 56–7, 132, 258, 351 Wiebe, Nettie, 187, 193n6, 314n7 Wilson, B.R., 97 Windfuhr, 59–60 Winson, Anthony, 133n2, 248n1 Wittman, Hannah, 126, 193n1, 280, 349, 360n6 World Bank, 10–11, 30, 33, 34, 237, 257, 259, 346–8 World Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Sovereignty, 353 World Food Conference, 181, 186 World Food Programme, World Food Summit, 186, 347 World Health Organization, 295 World Social Forum, 35, 264, 272, 282n4 World Trade Organization (WTO), 33, 76n2, 173, 233–4, 256, 321, 339; Agreement on Agriculture, 26; and Codex Alimentarius, 295–7, 299– 300, 304–5; and labelling, 307–12; and the EU, 348, 351; and the NFU, 187; opposition, 256–7, 292–3, 338, 356; WTO Technical Barriers to Trade, 294–5, 303, 304–5, 307, 310 Young, Iris Marion, 51, 127 Ziegler, Jean, 280 Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy The Search for Political Space: Globalization, Social Movements, and the Urban Political Experience / Warren Magnusson Oil, the State, and Federalism: The Rise and Demise of Petro-Canada as a Statist Impulse / John Erik Fossum Defying Conventional Wisdom: Political Movements and Popular Contention against North American Free Trade / Jeffrey M Ayres Community, State, and Market on the North Atlantic Rim: Challenges to Modernity in the Fisheries / Richard Apostle, Gene Barrett, Peter Holm, Svein Jentoft, Leigh Mazany, Bonnie McCay, Knut H Mikalsen More with Less: Work Reorganization in the Canadian Mining Industry /  Bob Russell Visions for Privacy: Policy Approaches for the Digital Age / Edited by Colin J Bennett and Rebecca Grant New Democracies: Economic and Social Reform in 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Marie-Josée Massicotte ... blank GLOBALIZATION AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY Global and Local Change in the New Politics of Food This page intentionally left blank Introduction: Crisis and Contention in the New Politics of Food. . .GLOBALIZATION AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY Global and Local Change in the New Politics of Food In recent years, food sovereignty has emerged as a way of contesting corporate control of agricultural... University For a list of books published in the series, see page 377 Globalization and Food Sovereignty Global and Local Change in the New Politics of Food EDITED BY PETER ANDRÉE, JEFFREY AYRES,