International Political Economy Series Series Editor: Timothy M Shaw, Visiting Professor, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA and Emeritus Professor, University of London, UK The global political economy is in flux as a series of cumulative crises impacts its organization and governance The IPE series has tracked its development in both analysis and structure over the last three decades It has always had a concentration on the global South Now the South increasingly challenges the North as the centre of development, also reflected in a growing number of submissions and publications on indebted Eurozone economies in Southern Europe An indispensable resource for scholars and researchers, the series examines a variety of capitalisms and connections by focusing on emerging economies, companies and sectors, debates and policies It informs diverse policy communities as the established trans-Atlantic North declines and ‘the rest’, especially the BRICS, rise Titles include: Jewellord New Singh and France Bourgouin (editors) RESOURCE GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENTAL STATES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Critical International Political Economy Perspectives Tan Tai Yong and Md Mizanur Rahman (editors) DIASPORA ENGAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH ASIA Leila Simona Talani, Alexander Clarkson and Ramon Pachedo Pardo (editors) DIRTY CITIES Towards a Political Economy of the Underground in Global Cities Matthew Louis Bishop THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT Xiaoming Huang (editor) r MODERN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN AND CHINA Developmentalism, Capitalism and the World Economic System Bonnie K Campbell (editor) r MODES OF GOVERNANCE AND REVENUE FLOWS IN AFRICAN MINING Gopinath Pillai (editor) r THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SOUTH ASIAN DIASPORA Patterns of Socio-Economic Influence Rachel K Brickner (editor) r MIGRATION, GLOBALIZATION AND THE STATE Juanita Elias and Samanthi Gunawardana (editors) THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE HOUSEHOLD IN ASIA Tony Heron PATHWAYS FROM PREFERENTIAL TRADE The Politics of Trade Adjustment in Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific David J Hornsby RISK REGULATION, SCIENCE AND INTERESTS IN TRANSATLANTIC TRADE CONFLICTS Yang Jiang CHINA’S POLICYMAKING FOR REGIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud (editors) DISCIPLINING THE TRANSNATIONAL MOBILITY OF PEOPLE Michael Breen THE POLITICS OF IMF LENDING Laura Carsten Mahrenbach THE TRADE POLICY OF EMERGING POWERS Strategic Choices of Brazil and India Vassilis K Fouskas and Constantine Dimoulas GREECE, FINANCIALIZATION AND THE EU The Political Economy of Debt and Destruction Hany Besada and Shannon Kindornay (editors) MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN A CHANGING GLOBAL ORDER Caroline Kuzemko THE ENERGY-SECURITY CLIMATE NEXUS Hans Löfgren and Owain David Williams (editors) THE NEW POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PHARMACEUTICALS Production, Innnovation and TRIPS in the Global South Timothy Cadman (editor) r CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL POLICY REGIMES Towards Institutional Legitimacy Ian Hudson, Mark Hudson and Mara Fridell FAIR TRADE, SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE Andrés Rivarola Puntigliano and José Briceño-Ruiz (editors) RESILIENCE OF REGIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Development and Autonomy Godfrey Baldacchino (editor) r THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DIVIDED ISLANDS Unified Geographies, Multiple Polities Mark Findlay CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES IN REGULATING GLOBAL CRISES International Political Economy Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0–333–71708–0 hardcover Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0–333–71110–1 paperback You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Resource Governance and Developmental States in the Global South Critical International Political Economy Perspectives Edited by Jewellord Nem Singh Lecturer in Development, University of Sheffield, UK and France Bourgouin Advisory Services Manager, BSR, Copenhagen, Denmark ISBN 978-1-137-28678-9 DOI 10.1057/9781137286796 ISBN 978-1-137-28679-6 (eBook) Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Jewellord Nem Singh and France Bourgouin 2013 Remaining chapters © Respective authors 2013 Reprint of the original edition 2013 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-137-28678-9 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface x Acknowledgements xiii Notes on Contributors xv Introduction: Resource Governance at a Time of Plenty Jewellord Nem Singh and France Bourgouin The new context of resource dependency in the Global South Extractive capital and economic development Neoliberalism in the resource sector The plan of the book k Note 12 18 Part I Theoretical Debates in Natural Resource Politics States and Markets in the Context of a Resource Boom: Engaging with Critical IPE Jewellord Nem Singh and France Bourgouin Resource exploitation from systemic perspectives Global commodity chains research The resource curse, rentier politics and good governance Re-engaging with critical IPE concepts Authority in the global resource economy Conclusions Notes Neoliberalism, Mineral Resource Governance and Developmental States: South Africa in Comparative Perspective Andrew Lawrence The spectre of the developmental state in South Africa The present neoliberal conjuncture Developmental state theory Extractive economies in Southern Africa BEE as substitute for a qualitative approach Conclusions v 21 22 26 29 32 35 39 39 40 41 42 43 48 54 56 vi Contents Notes 57 Citizenship, Democratisation and Resource Politics Jean Grugel and Jewellord Nem Singh The resource wealth-democratisation debate The limits of ‘oil impedes democracy’ thesis Political economy of development approaches Resistance politics, natural resources and patterns of citizenship Diffusion of codified international agreements Political incorporation of mining workers Bringing back politics in resource governance: the role of citizenship studies Conclusions: challenges in claiming rights Notes Part II 61 63 63 66 69 70 73 77 81 82 Interrogating ‘Good Governance’ in Resource Management From ‘Good Governance’ to the Contextual Politics of Extractive Regime Change France Bourgouin and Håvard Haarstad d The good governance framework and the resource curse The good governance of extractive industries Good governance policy initiatives Beyond the good governance criterion Expanding the analytical scope Processes of change in extractive politics beyond good governance Macroeconomic and ideological trends Conflict driven governance change Organisation of social interests Conclusion: towards a contextual theory of extractive regime change 87 89 89 91 92 95 96 96 100 102 104 The EITI Transparency Standard: Between Global Power Shifts and Local Conditionality 107 Ana Carolina Gonzalez-Espinosa and Asmara Klein A sociological approach to the EITI: between norms and agency y 108 The EITI and its evolution towards an international standard for resource-rich states 112 Contents The challenge of local implementation: a transparency standard weakened from below Conclusion Notes vii 118 121 122 Part III Neoliberalism, Resource Management and the Diversity of National Experiences in the Global South ‘The Chilean Wage’: Mining and the Janus face of the Chilean Development Model Jonathan R Barton, Cecilia Campero and Rajiv Maher Development and export-oriented production A ‘Chilean miracle’: development models and mining policy, 1990–2010 The resource curse of marginalised voices at the community level Conclusion: the janus face of mining and dependency y Notes Sustainable v Development? Mining and Natural Resources Governance in Colombia Olga L Castillo-Ospina Sustainable v development? A false dilemma The Colombian environmental policy: between utilitarian conservationism and environmentalism Sustainability, extractivism and new-extractivism Conclusions Notes Mining Governance in India: Questioning the Neoliberal Agenda Matilde Adduci Reforming mining policies in India under a new paradigm Combining privatisation and socio-economic sustainability in the mining sector India’s mining governance: between developmentalism and neoliberalism Bringing power relations back in: Odisha amidst India’s neoliberal turn Conclusions Notes 127 131 134 139 145 148 149 150 154 164 169 170 172 173 176 179 181 188 189 viii Contents Part IV Moving the Debate Forward: The Role of Critical IPE Studies Conclusions: Shifting Authority in the Age of the Resource Boom France Bourgouin, Andrew Lawrence and Jewellord Nem Singh Changing patterns of state–market relations in extractive sectors Depoliticisation, good governance and resistance politics Taking the debate forward with IPE Notes 195 196 202 205 209 Bibliographyy 211 Index 237 List of Illustrations Figures I.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.3 Current resource boom Copper exports and all mining exports (percentage by value) Contribution of the mining sector to GDP (percentage at current prices) Electricity consumption in Chile (GWh) Non-consumptive water use by sector (M3/s/year) Metal mining production (baseline: 2003 average = 100) Mining employment, 1992–2011 Hours worked, by principal and sub-contracting firms, 2002–2011 Share of extractive resources in terms of FDI, 2000–2011 Map No 1: Colombia valid mining permits (17 May 2011) Map No 2: Colombia mining permits application (1 February 2011) 128 129 130 130 133 137 138 158 162 163 Tables 1.1 2.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 Patterns of political authority Growth rate of real value added per manufacturing worker, by country, 1970–1999 Colombian mining production, 2000–2009 (revenues percentage over ten-year revenue) Mining exports, 1990–2010 (selected years) in FOB million USD Growth of Colombian export sectors, 2007–2011 (percentage over previous year) Sectoral net state domestic product (NSDP) growth rates, Odisha ix 37 50 156 157 158 185 Index Abacha, Sani, 113 accountability, 3, 30–1, 83, 102 good governance and, 15, 28, 91, 111 lacking in resource-rich states, 30, 64 private corporations and, 68, 115–16 Acemoglu, Daron, 44–5, 102 Acosta, Alberto, 165–6, 168 Adduci, Matilde chapter by, 172–91 advocacy politics, 62, 70, 73 Africa, adoption of EITI in, 112–14 capital flight from, 91 civil society participation in, 117 corruption scandals in, 107 developmental states and, 41 EITI compliance in, 110 extractive economies in, 48–54 ‘hyper-privatisation’ in, 82 liberalisation in, 99 limits on democratisation of, 29 manufacturing in, 49–50 meaning of citizenship in, 83 mineral exporting nations in, 43 nationalisation in, 25 neoliberalism in, 2, political mobilisation in, 82 privatization in, 67, 97 renationalisation and, 10 resource curse in, 2, 14, 25 structural adjustment in, 43 see also South Africa; individual nations African National Congress (ANC), 41–2, 50, 54, 57n7 agriculture as conducive to redistribution, 208 contrasted with resource extraction, 31 Allende, Salvador, 129, 131, 145 Alyansa Tigil Mina (Alliance Against Mining), 72 Andes region see Bolivia; Chile; Latin America; Peru Anglo-American, 26, 109–10, 115, 123n19 Angola capital flight from, 91 resource curse and, 147 transparency and, 113–14 Antofagasta (Chile), 133, 140–1, 146 Areva, 115 Argentina democratic transition in, 65–6 labour unions in, 84 nationalisation in, 167, 170 oil industry in, 156 resistance to extractivism in, 166–7, 170 resource nationalism in, 197 state enterprises in, 25 Armenia, 208 Asia EITI compliance in, 110 resource curse in, 25 see also individual nations Atacama region (Chile), 133, 142, 144, 146 Australia EITI compliance and, 110 exceptionalism of, extractive industries in, 199 implementation of EITI in, 114 as Liberal Market Economy, 200 manufacturing in, 49–50 organisation of mine workers in, 75 political authority in, 37 authoritarian regimes, 31, 33–4, 61, 85, 90 in Latin America, 65, 98, 136 oil wealth and, 63–5, 85 authority see political authority 237 238 Index Autonomous Regional Corporation of Cauca Valley (CVC), 154 Aylwin, Patricio, 132 Azerbaijan, 113 Bagua (Peru), 101 Bangladesh, 208 Barbier, Edward, 45 Barros, A., 143 Barton, Jonathan, 203 chapter by, 127–48 Becker, Howard, 110 beneficiation initiatives, 53–5 Bermudas, 159 BHP Billiton, 26, 140, 143, 146, 160 Black Economic Empowerment policy (BEE), 54–6, 59n22, 59n23 Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas (ALBA), 166 Bolivia democratic transition in, 65 as extractivist state, 68 indigenous mobilisation in, 84 nationalisation in, 167 privatisation in, 127–8 regressive wealth distribution in, 208 resistance to extractivism in, 166–8, 170 resource curse in, 203–4 resource nationalism in, 197 Bolivian Mining Corporation (COMIBOL), 128 Botswana dependence on mining, 43 exceptionalism of, as extractive economy, 48–9 institutional success of, 93, 102 The Bottom Billion (Collier 2008), 87–8 Bourgouin, France, 12, 82 chapters by, 1–18, 21–39, 87–106, 195–210 Brazil foreign direct investment and, as interventionist state, 198 mining workers in, 74 oil industry in, 156 political authority in, 37 resistance to extractivism of, 166 resource nationalism in, 197 as resource-seeking state, state enterprises in, 10, 25, 207 successful redistribution in, 208 Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs), 3, 99 Bridge, Gavin, 26 British Department for International Development (DFID), 107, 109, 114 British Petroleum (BP), 26, 123n19 Büchi, Hernan, 132 Bumiputera policy, 46 Burkina Faso, 58n6, 208 Burma, 110 Los Caimanes (Chile), 141–2 Cambodia, 208 Cameroon, 113, 119–20 Campero, Cecilia chapter by, 127–48 Campusano, Sergio, 144 Canada development of industrial capacity in, 23 exceptionalism of, extractive industries in, 199 investment in Colombian mining, 159–60 as Liberal Market Economy, 200 manufacturing in, 49–50 organisation of mine workers in, 75 political authority in, 37 capital flight, 51, 56, 91 Castilio-Ospina, Olga Lucia chapter by, 149–71 Chang, Ha Joon, 102 Chevron, 123 Chile, 15–16, 127–48, 203–4 copper mining in, 11, 15–16, 128–9, 131–4 democratisation in, 66, 85n2, 134–6 dependence on mining, 43, 127–8, 131, 140, 145 electricity consumption in, 130 embrace of private capital by, 197–8 exceptionalism of, 7, 15 export-oriented economy of, 131–4 Index negative impacts of mining in, 141–4 nitrate mining in, 74, 127, 134, 139 organised labour in, 74, 76, 84 political authority in, 35, 37 resource curse and, 129, 133–4, 139–41, 147 state enterprises in, 10–11, 25, 207 water use in, 129–30, 134, 139, 141–6 China economic strength of, 1, 4, 206 foreign direct investment and, as importer, 48, 128, 133–4, 145, 189n8 mining in, 189n3 political authority in, 37 state-controlled enterprises in, 4, 207 citizenship, 13–14, 16–17, 69, 71–2, 77–85, 208 active citizenship, 82 contested nature of, 61 liberal rights agenda and, 77 neoliberalism and, 62–3, 67, 84 organised labour and, 75 resource booms and, 84 citizenship struggles, 14, 16, 62, 69, 71, 77, 204 civil rights, 62, 81–2 civil society mobilisation, 69–70, 82–3 demobilisation and, 81 civil society organisations, 14, 17, 33, 83, 117 developmental states and, 59n1 oil wealth and, 68 revenue management and, 91–2 claims-making, 14, 62–3, 70, 77–82, 84 class politics, 62, 74–88, 81 coal mining, 156, 160–1, 174–5, 180, 189n5, 189n6 CODELCO, 11, 25, 127, 135, 143, 146–7, 198 Cold War, 23, 28, 97–8 collective bargaining, 73–88, 201 collective development, 98 Collier, Paul, 87–8, 92 239 Colombia, 16, 149–50, 154–64, 169–70 embrace of private capital by, 197 environmental policy in, 150–1, 154–5, 161, 169 export economy of, 157–8 foreign direct investment and, 158–60, 166, 169 mining and oil industries in, 155–63 mining permits in, 161–3 regressive wealth distribution in, 208 commodity prices, 1, 4, 6, 26, 56, 64, 131, 206 community development, 73, 132, 143 community organisation, 61, 73 conflict-driven change, 100–2 see also social conflict Congo see Democratic Republic of Congo constructivist perspective, 33, 109 Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs), 200–2, 209n4 copper mining, 11, 15, 127–34 Chilean dependence on, 128–9, 131–4, 145–6 employment in, 137 environmental effects of, 141–3 opposition to, 143–4 see also mining corporate political strategy (CPS), 111, 116 corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes, 68, 99, 119, 140, 143, 145 corruption, 30, 93, 160 in Colombian mining, 160–1 EITI and, 93, 116 good governance as solution to, 90 as hindrance to development, 107 in Indian mining, 182–3 in South African mining, 55 Cosatu, 57n4, 58n5 Costa Rica, 66 Cox, Robert, 21, 111 critical IPE approach see International Political Economy (IPE) 240 Index cultural recognition, 62, 77–81, 83, 204 demands for, 70–3 depoliticisation and, 10 limits of neoliberalism and, 14, 62 cultural rights, 73, 77, 85, 135 Currie, Lauchlin, 154 Decree Law 600 (Chile), 135–6 deep marketisation, democratic developmental states (DDC), 40–1, 44, 57, 204 see also developmental states Democratic Republic of Congo, 43 democratisation, 13–14, 56, 61–70, 77–81, 83–5, 208 in Chile, 134–6 civil society and, 69–70 dissatisfaction with elite-led, 81 indigenous peoples and, 72 in Latin America, 65–7, 85n2 limits of, 29 neoliberalism and, 33 oil wealth and, 63–6, 68 resource wealth-democratisation debate, 62–5 ‘return of the state’ and, 83 Denmark, 209n4 dependency theory, 22–4, 145 depoliticisation, 10, 17, 67, 202 good governance and, 90, 92, 94–5 neoliberal emphasis on, 202 deregulation, 36, 77, 94, 173, 201, 202 neoliberal emphasis on, 202 development-aid sector, 98–9 developmental coalitions, 32, 207 developmentalism, 3, 13, 33, 35, 82–3, 173, 179 new developmentalism, 17, 167 state developmentalism, 35 developmental states, 13, 40–1, 48, 57n1 civil society and, 59n1 developmental state theory, 40, 43–8 in East Asia, 66 India as, 183 South Africa as, 40–1, 50–1, 204 see also democratic developmental states (DDC) development paradoxes, 208 development theory, 12, 21, 25–6, 196, 198 Di John, Jonathan, 66 disembedded markets, 200–1 Doornbos, M., 91 Drummond, 159–60 Dubash, N.K., 96 Dunning, Thad, 65 Dutch Disease, 6, 89, 129, 165 East Asia industrialisation in, 47 state interventionism and, 34 state-led development in, 50 see also China; individual nations economic indices, 152 economic liberalisation see liberalisation economic restructuring, 3, 34, 75 Ecuador, 166, 168, 170, 197, 203–4 egalitarian outcomes, 48, 58n13 employment generation, 25, 186–7, 190n14 in extractive states, 48 foreign direct investment and, 33 in gold mining, 52 used to justify investment, 146–7 Energy Resource, Inc., 160 England, 159 entrepreneurship, 45, 175 norm entrepreneurs, 108–9 environmental degradation mining and, 15–16, 129, 141–6, 148, 161–4 social conflict and, 100–1 environmentalism, 16, 150–5, 177–8 contrasted with utilitarian conservation, 153–5 in Latin America, 168 environmental policy, 150–1, 154–5, 161, 169 see also sustainable development Equatorial Guinea, 115 Escobar, Arturo, 166, 170n2 export diversification, 24, 29, 47 in Malaysia, 46 export-led growth, 22, 25, 47, 128, 164 Index in Chile, 131–4, 147 in Latin America, 164–5 export patterns, 49 extraction rights, extractive capital, 5–8, 26 Extractive Industries Review (EIR), 91, 122n2 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), 10, 15, 88, 91–3, 100, 107–21, 203–4 apolitical nature of, 112, 117, 121 corporate support for, 109–10, 114–17, 123n18, 123n19 creation of, 107–8 implementation of, 108, 110–16 internal contradictions of, 120–1 as international norm, 108–10, 118 local implementation of, 118–20 as source of legitimacy, 115–17 extractive orders, 17, 37, 44–5 extractive regime change, 95–6, 100–2 ideal-type vs contextual theories of, 104–6 extractivism, 74, 164–9 neo-extractivism, 150, 164–8, 204 resistance to, 166–8 unsustainability of, 166 ExxonMobil, 114–15, 123n19 Figueroa, E., 144 financial crisis (2008), 1, 4, 43, 55 Fine, Ben, 179 Finland, 209n4 Finnemore, Martha, 109 Florini, Ann, 96, 110 foreign direct investment (FDI), 4–5, 27, 33, 98, 206–8 Colombia and, 158–60, 166, 169 FDI-led development, 37, 206 incentives to attract, 27, 38, 159 in Indian mining, 175 neoliberalism and, 9, 26, 169 prioritised over local communities, 169–70 privatisation and, 33 forestry, 131–2 gender rights, 77 241 Geology and Mines National Institute (INGEOMINAS), 161 Germany, 200 Gigaba, Malusi, 55 global commodity chains (GCC) theory, 22, 26–8, 142, 165 global governance institutions, 8, 10–11, 13, 15, 70–1 emergence of following Cold War, 28 transparency and, 36 globalisation, 13, 22, 24, 27–8, 32, 37, 197 commodification of nature and, 83, 168 transparency and, 109 global value chains, 27–8 Global Witness, 91, 109 gold mining, 52, 160 Goldstein, Andreas, Gomez, Edmund Terence, 68 Gonzalez-Espinosa, Ana Carolina, 204 chapter by, 107–23 good governance, 3, 10, 14–113, 30–1, 87–96, 99–105, 202–5 critiques of, 88, 92–5 depoliticisation and, 90, 94–5 EITI and, 112 extractive industries and, 89–91 extractive regime change and, 104–5 global governance practices as, 36 inadequacy of good governance reforms, 12 institutional reform and, 93–4 neoinstitutionalist theory and, 46 neoliberalism and, 94, 202, 207 objectivist connotation of, 90 organisation of social interests and, 102–4 resource curse thesis and, 38, 87–9, 91–2, 95 revenue transparency and, 107, 121 social conflict and, 100–2, 204 technocratic nature of, 70 governance changes, 95–6, 104–5 role of social conflict in, 96, 100–1 see also extractive regime change 242 Index greenfield investment, 98 Greenland, 37 greenwashing, 143, 150–1 Grindle, M.S., 95 Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), 41–2, 50 Grufides, 123n31 Grugel, Jean, 204, 208 chapter by, 61–86 Guatemala, 120 Gudynas, Eduardo, 168 Guinea-Bissau, 208 Haarstad, Håvard, 12 chapter by, 87–106 Habib, Adam, 58n5 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC), 112–13 Hertog, Steffan, 68 Hinson, G., 93 Historically Disadvantaged South Africans (HDSAs), 54–5, 59n21 Humala, Ollanta, 101 human rights, 71, 142, 166 illegal mining, 178, 182–3, 187, 190n13 Import-Substitution Industrialisation (ISI), 23–4, 26, 46, 58n12, 127 inclusive coalitions, 56 inclusive dialogue mechanisms, 178 India, 172–6, 181–8 economic growth of, 1, 4, 206 embrace of private capital by, 197 foreign direct investment and, as importer, 48 mineral policy of, 174–6, 179 mining in, 16, 172, 179–88, 189n5, 189n6, 189n8, 189n15, 190n9 privatisation in, 173, 183, 186–8 indigenous development areas (ADIs), 145–6 indigenous people, 71–3 citizenship and, 84–5 conflict-driven social change and, 100–1 CSR programmes and, 68 excluded from ETTI participation, 120–1, 123n31, 204 impact of mining on, 141–4 indigenous rights legislation, 71–3, 135–6, 138, 143–7 resistance to neoliberalism from, 81, 84, 170 Indonesia, 4, 208 industrial learning, 47 inequality, 81, 102, 203–4 efforts to reduce, 67–8 generated by resource extraction, 208 in South Africa, 41–2 infrastructural development, 45, 143 infrastructural power, 31 institutional capacity, 31, 83, 161, 169 institutional change, 44, 93–4, 104–5 institutional complementarities, 201, 209n6 institutional reform, 8, 87, 92–4, 99, 104–5 in developmental states, 44 institution-building, 29, 64, 72 international aid associations, 99–100 see also non-governmental organisations (NGOs) International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), 123n18, 139–41 international financial institutions, 3, 5, 32–3, 87, 165 importance of in resource governance, 95 see also International Monetary Fund (IMF); World Bank International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS), 114 International Labor Organisation (ILO) Convention No 71–3, 135–6, 138, 143–7, 167 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 33, 88, 198 revenue transparency and, 107 International Political Economy (IPE), 13, 22, 32–6, 38–9, 195, 205–8 EITI and, 108–9 neoliberalism and, 198 see also political economy Ireland, 139 Index 243 iron ore mining, 174–5, 180, 184, 186, 189n5, 189n8, 190n15 Japan, 23, 50, 139 Kazakhstan, 208 Keck, M., 111 Keynesianism, 25 Kirchner, Cristina, 167 Klein, Asmara, 204 chapter by, 107–23 knowledge transfers, Korea, 50 Kuwait, 65 Kyrgyzstan, 208 labour conditions, 71, 74, 76, 177 labour market segmentation, 202 labour unions, 75 aiding democratisation in Latin America, 65–6 in Chile, 132–3 citizenship and, 84 in Coordinated vs Liberal Market Economies, 200–1, 209n4 good governance and, 102–3 institutional change and, 105 neoliberalism and, 202 in Norway, 103 political incorporation of mining workers, 73–6 in South Africa, 51 Lander, Edgardo, 168 ‘late’ industrialisers, 47–8 Latin America, 14 civil society participation in, 117 class politics in, 74 Cold War in, 98 democratisation in, 33, 65–7, 85n2 developmentalism in, 82–3 environmentalism in, 168 export-led growth in, 22 extractivism in, 74, 164–9, 204 ‘indigenous peoples’ rights in, 71–3 labour history, 73 meaning of citizenship in, 77, 83–5 nationalisation in, 25 new developmentalism in, 17 political resistance in, 37 privatisation in, 67, 74, 127–8 resistance to extractivism in, 166–8 resource curse in, 2, 25 ‘return of the state’ in, 2, 204 state interventionism and, 34 structural adjustment in, 44 see also Chile; Colombia; individual nations Lavandero, Jorge, 136 Law of Consultation (Peru), 100–1 Lawrence, Andrew chapters by, 40–63, 195–210 learning processes, 45–6 Ley Reservada de Cobre, 127, 146 liberalisation, 8–9, 33, 47, 85 in Africa, 26, 85, 97, 99 in Asia, 85 in Chile, 135 costs of, disenchantment with, 81 in India, 173, 186 in Latin America, 9, 129 neoliberal emphasis on, 202 opposition to, 201 rent-seeking and, 64 in South Africa, 42 liberalism, 59n20 Liberal Market Economies (LMEs), 200–2, 209n4 liberal rights, 73, 77, 84–5 lignite mining, 175, 180, 189n5 linkage formation, 22, 31, 47, 166 between different sectors of economy, 66, 95, 166, 207 lithium mining, 134, 146 Logan, O., 94 Maconachie, R., 93 Maher, Rajiv chapter by, 127–48 Malawi, 49–50 Malaysia, 7, 46–7 institutional success of, 93 state enterprises in, 10, 207 Malema, Julius, 59n22 Mali, 208 Mandela, Nelson, 57 Mann, Michael, 31 manufacturing, 22–3, 45–6 244 Index manufacturing – continued as conducive to redistribution, 208 contrasted with resource extraction, 5–6, 10, 31 in extraction-dependent economies, 4, 12, 24, 48 gold and, 54 resource curse and, 204 in South Africa, 49–51 varieties of capitalism perspective and, 199 marginalised social groups, 61–2, 72–3, 81, 105, 139 depoliticisation and, 10 neoliberalism and, 70 social conflict and, 100–1 marketisation, 9–10, 14, 70, 98 citizenship and, 63 of social relations, 81 market societies, 70, 83 Mauritius, 49–50 Mbeki, Thabo, 42, 57 McNeish, John, 94 Mehlum, H., 7, 90, 103 Mexico democratic transition in, 65 foreign direct investment and, investment in Colombia by, 159 as OECD state, 209n5 oil industry in, 156 political authority in, 37 Meza-Lopehandía, M., 138 Middle East, 12, 31, 67–8, 83 meaning of citizenship in, 83 resistance to democratisation in, 29, 63–5, 67, 85 Minera Escondida, 11, 140, 143–4 mineral concessions, 176 mineral extraction see mining mineral law reform, 97 mineral resource governance, 172, 174, 176, 188 Mineral Sector Development Technical Assistance Project, 98–9 Mineral Sector Policy, 98–9 mining anti-mining movements, 72–3, 82 applications for mining permits, 161–4 in Chile, 11, 15, 127–38, 140–8 in China, 189n3 in Colombia, 149, 155–63 contribution to development of, 17, 139–40, 144, 146–7 corruption and, 160–1 environmental impact of, 15–16, 129, 141–6, 148, 161–4 environmental policy and, 161 export diversification and, 49 export revenues and, 58n6 gold mining, 52 illegal mining, 178, 182–3, 187 impact of on indigenous people, 71–3, 141–4 in India, 16, 172, 177–88, 189n5, 189n6, 189n8, 189n15, 190n9 labour and, 52, 73–6, 159, 177 land acquisition and, 178 lignite mining, 175, 180, 189n5 nationalisation of, 166–7 neoliberal ideology and, 203 platinum mining, 52, 55–6 political mobilisation and, 82 privatisation of, 26, 97–9, 127–8, 172, 186–8 resistance to, 8, 16, 141–4 resource curse and, 45, 89 social issues as technical issues, 177–9 in South Africa, 42, 52, 54–5, 59n21 in southern Africa, 49 state control of, 25, 97, 180 subcontracting in, 137–8 support for EITI of private companies, 123n18 sustainable development and, 176–8 unsustainability of, 165–6 voluntary codes of conduct and, 68 see also coal mining; copper mining mining concessions, 135, 159, 198 mining unions, 74–6 Mkandawire, T., 95 modernisation theory, 23 Mohamed, Mahathir, 46 Mohanty, M., 181–2 monetarism, 42, 202 Index 245 moral economies, 70 Morales, Evo, 128, 167 Mozambique, 43, 208 multiculturalism, 73, 77, 84 multinational corporations (MNCs), 2–3, 206–7 corporate social responsibility (CSR) and, 68, 99, 119, 140, 143, 145 corruption and, 160–1 GCC theory and, 28 growth of influence under neoliberalism, 32–4, 207 investment in Colombia by, 159 political authority and, 37 rank of extractive industries in market value, 199–200 replacing state-owned enterprises, 26–7 role in mining economies, 82 seen as exploiters, 38 support for EITI, 109–11, 114–17, 123n18, 123n19 transfer of authority to, 197 voluntary codes of conduct and, 35, 68, 116 Myanmar, 208 Namibia, 48–50, 208 National Code of Renewable Natural Resources and Environmental Protection (CRNR), 155–6 National Corporate Actors, 37 National Institute for the Development of Renewable Natural Resources (INDERENA), 155–6 nationalisation, 25, 82, 147 countered by neoliberalism, in Latin America, 166–7, 170 of mineral resources, 57, 74, 129 renationalisation, 10, 128 National Party (NP), 57, 59n19 National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), 53 natural resource capital, 6–7, 11, 168 commodification of, 70 Natural Resource Charter, 15, 92 Natural Resources Charter, 88 Nem Singh, Jewellord, 204, 208 chapters by, 1–18, 21–39, 61–86, 195–210 neoclassical trade theory, 46 neo-extractivism, 150, 155, 164, 167–8, 204 neo-extractivist regimes, 2, 150 neoinstitutionalist theory, 46 neoliberal democracy, 62, 66 neoliberalism, 2–3, 8–11, 16–18, 21, 42, 67, 70, 164, 195–7, 201–2 in Africa, amelioration of costs of, 73 in Chile, 132, 135–6 citizenship and, 77–81, 84 in Colombia, 159, 166, 169–70 consequences of neoliberal reform, 67, 170 consolidation of, 70, 97–8 contested nature of, 11, 36, 197–9, 205 developmental state theory and, 40, 43–8 dissatisfaction with, 84 EITI and, 112 emergence of, 26, 96 end of, 198 environmentalism and, 152–3 exacerbation of inequality by, 204 financial crisis of 2008, 43 as global hegemonic ideology, 26, 33, 203 good governance and, 94 ideological dominance of, 11 in India, 172–4, 183, 188 liberal democracy and, 33 limits of, 40 multinational corporations and, 33–4 neoliberal democracy, 62, 66 neoliberal resource management, 8–9, 11, 155, 172, 196–7 political authority and, 36–7 rentier politics and, 31 resistance to, 3, 11, 61, 69–70, 81, 84, 168, 170 resource boom and, 206 resource governance and, resource management and, 155, 172, 196–7 state activism and, 14 246 Index the Netherlands, 209n4 Newmont Mining, 107 Nicaragua, 208 Niger, 115, 208 Nigeria, 107, 113, 139, 147 night watchman states, 43, 44 nitrate mining, 74, 127, 134, 139 non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 140, 142–5 governance reform and, 95, 96 indigenous people and, 72, 123n31, 142, 144 transparency and, 91, 107, 109, 117, 120 norm cascades, 110 norm diffusion, 32, 115 norm entrepreneurs, 108–9 norms, 32–6, 38, 108–15, 206–8 EITI as, 108–10, 118 emergence of, 108, 111 of good governance, 10, 15, 28, 69, 207 internalisation of, 10, 34, 110–12, 202 multinational corporations and, 111, 115 neoliberalism as, 36, 40, 188, 202 for self-governance, 35 strategic potential of, 109 transparency as international norm, 108–10, 114–15 Norway, 7, 207 implementation of EITI in, 114 institutional success of, 93–4, 102–3 NTAX sectors, 131–2, 134 OObservatorio de Conflictos Mineros de America Latina (OCMA), 143 Observatorio Latinoamericano de Conflictos Ambientales (OLCA), 143 Odisha (India), 16, 172, 180–8, 190n9, 190n12, 190n13, 190n17 Oil for Development Programme, 94, 103 oil industry in Brazil, 198 in Colombia, 149, 155–8 in Congo, 112–13 contribution to development of, 17 contribution to social welfare, 102–3 illegal practices of, 91 as impediment to democracy, 63–6, 68 importance of in resource governance, 95 labour organisation in, 74 in Latin America, 155–6 nationalisation of, 167 negatively associated with growth, 58n9 Norwegian, 103 political mobilisation and, 82 privatisation of, 26 production and price manipulation, 171n9 resource curse and, 45 revenue transparency and, 107 state developmentalism and, 35 support for EITI of oil companies, 123n18 in Venezuela, 85n2 open access exploitation hypothesis, 6, 30, 58n8 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) states, 48, 199–200, 209n5 Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 1, 157, 171n9 organisation of social interests, 96, 102–4 organised labour see labour unions The Outsiders (Becker 1963), 110 over-extraction, 90, 101 ownership rights, 2–3, 35, 38 pact-making, 61, 66, 69, 85n2 Panama, 159 Papua New Guinea, 208 party alteration, 48 path dependency, 24, 83 patronage networks, 30, 64, 67, 90 Pelambres mine (Chile), 141–2 persuasion, 33, 110–11, 113 Peru Index 247 adoption of EITI in, 115–16, 119–20, 123n21, 123n24 corruption scandals in, 107 as extractivist state, 68 privatisation in, 127 regressive wealth distribution in, 208 resistance to extractivism in, 166, 170 social conflict in, 100–1 Petoro, 103 PETROBAS, 25 petroleum rents, 63, 65, 103 Philippines anti-mining movements in, 72, 82 Piñera, Sebastián, 145 Pinochet, Agosto, 132, 136, 145, 148n2 place consciousness, 75 platinum mining, 52, 55–6 The Plundered Planet, t 88 policy learning, 48 political authority, 3, 5, 17, 22, 32–3, 35–7, 115, 197–8 patterns of, 37 state vs private, 34–5, 205–6 political autonomy, 2, 11, 17 of social groups, 14 political development, 22, 32, 64, 83 political economy, 8, 13, 21–4, 32, 49, 84, 195–7, 205 authority and, 35 collective action and, 62 constructivist perspective on, 109 depoliticisation of, 92 of development, 66–9 focused on elites, 69 political processes and, 32 see also International Political Economy (IPE) political entrepreneurs, 111–12 political mobilisation, 62, 69–70, 82–4 political rights, 81–2 Polokwane Conference, 42, 58n5, 59 populism, 66–7 Post-Development paradigm, 69, 170n2 Postero, N G., 73 post-Keyne sian theories, 46 post-Washington Consensus paradigm, 11 poverty alleviation, 12, 29, 67, 73, 95, 99, 203 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), 47 Prebisch, Rual, 24 Prebisch-Singer hypothesis, 24, 26 privatisation, 26, 33, 36 in Africa, 67, 82 in Chile, 135, 137 of extractive industries, 97–9, 183, 186–8 ‘hyper-privatisation,’ 82 in India, 173, 183, 186–8 in Latin America, 67, 74, 127–8 neoliberalism and, 9, 67, 202 state autonomy and, 197 structural reform and, 70 technocratic standards and, 71 uneven implementation of, 196–7 productivism, 10, 136, 138–9 protectionism, 24–5 protests, 8, 67, 74, 77–81, 143 see also strikes Publish What You Pay (PWYP) coalition, 91, 107, 109 Punto Fijo system, 66 Rreciprocal control mechanisms (RCMs), 45, 47, 56 Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), 41 redistribution, 2, 10, 14, 48, 66, 81, 83, 204 CSR programmes and, 68 extractive sector as hindrance to, 208 neoliberalism and, 73, 197 resource rents and, 29–30 ‘social groups’ demand for, 62 social redistribution, 2, 14, 17, 66 Regional Environmental Corporations (Colombia), 154 renationalisation, 10, 128 rentier politics, 17, 28–31 rentier states, 29–31, 93 rents, 6–7, 15, 29–31 248 Index rents – continued ability of states to collect, 37 allocation of, 47 distribution of, 68 extractive orders and, 45 nationalisation and, 25 neoliberalism and, rent-seeking behavior, 7–8, 45, 47, 64, 90 resistance to democratisation and, 63–4 resource curse and, 87 sovereign control of, 97 transformed into manufacturing capacity, 45 transparency and, 108 used to stimulate economic growth, 11, 14, 17 rent-seeking behaviour, 90 rent-seizing, 30 representation, 30–1, 62, 64, 73, 81, 84, 204 Republic of Congo, 112–13 reputational risk management, 117 resistance politics, 16, 61, 67, 69–70, 82, 202, 205 resource abundance, 12 resource boom of 2003, 1, 4–5, 21, 26, 185–96, 199 citizenship and, 84–5 civil rights and, 70 critical IPE and, 32 foreign investment and, 98 national development strategies and, 12 neoliberalism and, sharing of resource wealth, 61–2 unprecedented nature of, 1, 206 resource curse thesis (RCT), 2, 16, 29, 30, 38, 45, 90, 139–41, 202–3 ability of nations to avoid, 139–41 Chile and, 129, 133–4, 139–41, 147 EITI and, 112 good governance and, 38, 87–9, 91–2, 95 institutional reform and, 93 as insufficient explanation, 17, 32, 196, 205–6 internalisation of, 14 mineral extraction and, 89 ‘oil impedes democracy’ thesis, 63–6 resource dependency, 4–5, 8, 24, 75, 196, 204 attempts to mitigate effects of, 44 Chile as example of, 15, 127–8, 132 efforts to mitigate, 44 Resource Endowment Initiative, 140–1, 144 resource extraction, 1–3, 6–10, 109, 203–4, 208 changes in politcs of extraction, 96–7, 100 dependence on, 43, 47, 52 development and, 3, 38, 87, 112, 195, 203, 207 environmental costs of, 16, 203 globalisation of, 13, 27, 40 good government and, 87–8, 90, 92, 95 international banks and, 165 managment of revenue from, 29, 90–1 neoliberalism and, 9–10, 14, 32, 40, 70, 205 new developmentalism and, 17 poverty alleviation and, 12, 95, 203 privatisation of, 26, 33 public vs private, 10, 15, 34–6, 70 resource curse and, 45, 139, 203 social conflict and, 100–1, 116 state enterprises and, 34–5, 40 unsustainability of, 6–7, 26 resource governance, 12–14, 22, 28, 36–9, 77–82, 101–2, 196–8 democratisation and, 61, 63 depoliticised nature of, 21, 32–3, 70 EITI and, 108 good governance and, 70, 88, 92, 94 mineral resource governance, 172, 174, 176, 188 neoliberalism and, 8, 10, 204 political authority and, 36, 198 political resistance and, 37, 67 social change and, 95 vareity of approaches to, 36 resource management, 3, 7, 13–14, 32–77 democratisation of, 69–70, 83 Index environmental policy and, 150, 155 global standards for, 70–1, 114 ‘governance problem’ of, 196 neoliberalism and, 8–9, 11, 14, 36, 67, 70, 155, 168, 172, 196–7, 205 post-neoliberal, 170 resistance against, 61, 63 state-led, 25, 34 tranparency and, 92, 114 resource nationalism, 2–3, 11, 82, 167, 197–8 resource ownership, 2, 10, 17, 75, 100, 166 contested meanings of, 69 resource politics, 3–4, 13–14, 36–8 neo-institutionalist analysis of, political economy perspective on, 13–14, 32–3 ‘return of the state,’ 2, 80, 206 revenue management, 7, 28, 87, 95 NGO oversight of, 87–8, 91, 107 resource curse and, 65, 87 for social welfare, 47, 102–3 transparency and, 62, 99 see also transparency revenue sharing, 11 Revenue Watch Institute (RWI), 118 Richardson, N., 66 Robinson, James, 44, 90, 102 Rosser, A., 67–8, 93 Ross, Michael, 30, 32, 90 royalty taxes, 10, 38, 136–7 Rudas, Guillermo, 161 Russia, 4, 37, 207, 208 Save the Children, 109 Sawyer, Suzana, 68 Schilling-Vacaflor, A., 68 Shell Oil, 26, 107, 109–10 Sierra Leone, 43 Sikkink, Kathryn, 109, 111 Silver, B., 202 Singer, Hans, 24 social change, 95, 104 see also extractive regime change social conflict, 8, 62, 72–3, 96, 116–17, 204 Chilean mining and, 141–4 249 Colombian mining and, 160 leading to governance change, 100–2 management of, 67, 76 mineral wealth and, 63, 116, 169 social development, 62, 67, 147 social interests see organisation of social interests social mobilisation, 61–3, 68–9, 72, 100–1, 204 social movements, 14, 17, 69–72, 77–83, 204 excluded from ETTI participation, 204 importance of in resource governance, 95 labour unions and, 75 in Latin America, 62, 66 social redistribution, 2, 14, 17, 66 social rights, 57, 77, 135 social spending, 84, 204 social welfare, 47, 102–3 Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter, 59n21 Solli, A., 94 South Africa, 40–2, 48–59 Black Economic Empowerment policy (BEE) and, 54–6 as developmental state, 40–1, 50–1, 204 effects of economic crisis in, 56–7 as extractive economy, 48–51 foreign direct investment and, gold mining in, 52, 54–5 labour strikes in, 76, 82 liberalisation in, 42 manufacturing in, 49–51 as resource-seeking state, South African Communist Party (SACP), 41, 42 South America see Latin America; individual nations Southern outward FDI, 4–5 South Korea, 139 South-South investment, 4–5 sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), 7, 103 Soviet Union, 23 Spain, 158 state autonomy, 36, 40–1, 44, 82–3, 197 250 Index state autonomy – continued developmental state theory and, 40 state-controlled enterprises, 4, 10–11, 25, 35–6, 207, 209 in Chile, 127, 135–6, 147 decline of, 26, 96–9 in Latin America, 166–7 ‘national development’ and, 36 Norwegian, 103 political authority and, 34–5, 37 private corporations and, 198, 209 privatisation of, 67, 97–9, 127–8, 155 state developmentalism, 35, 49 state intervention, 10, 34, 37, 67, 173, 179, 198, 203, 207 state-led development, 49–50, 53, 153, 155, 173, 207 state-market relations, 3, 10, 13, 17, 36, 39, 196–9, 205–7 diversity of, 196 GCC theory and, 28 mining policy and, 82 neoliberalism and, 67, 202, 205 state monopolies, 26, 97 Statoil, 103 steady-state economies, 152 Stockholm Conference, 150–3, 155 strikes indigenous people and, 101 in Latin America, 73–4, 76, 137 in South Africa, 42, 53, 76, 82 structural adjustment, 43, 47, 50, 90 structural reform, 67, 70 subcontracting, 135–8, 145 in Liberal Market Economies, 200 subsistence rights, 77 sustainable development, 16, 47, 149–54, 172, 176–7 in Chile, 139, 141 in Columbia, 166 liberalisation and, 98 mining and, 139, 175–8 nature and, 168 privatisation and, 176, 188 Sustainable Development Framework (SDF), 176–7 sustainable mining, 176–7 Swaziland, 48 Sweden, 209n4 Tanzania, 37, 82, 98–9 taxation, 7, in Chile, 136–7 in Latin America, 166 low tax regimes in developing regions, 27, 116 in rent-dependent states, 31, 64, 90 in resource-poor states, 30 social redistribution and, used to expand social welfare, 48, 137 technocratic governance, 14, 40, 61, 94, 203–4 depoliticisation and, 63, 67 good governance and, 70–1, 94 technocratic reforms, 68, 87 technology transfer, 23, 25, 33, 97 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 154, 171n5 Thailand, 207 Thompson, EP, 70 Thurber, M.C., 94 Topical Trust Fund for Managing Natural Resource Wealth, 88, 91–2 transnational advocacy networks, 71–2 transparency, 3, 28, 91–2, 99, 107–16 in Angola, 113–14 in Colombia, 160 competing standards for, 119 EITI and, 108–11 good governance and, 107, 121 as international norm, 108–10, 114–15 in oil revenue-dependent states, 64 private corporations and, 68, 115–16 promoted by global governance institutions, 7, 15, 36, 91–2 ‘social groups’ demand for, 62, 68 see also Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Transparency International UK, 109 Turkey, 209n5 underdevelopment, 23–5, 29, 89, 164 Index unearned income, 31 see also resource rents unemployment in India, 181 in South Africa, 41, 50 unionisation see labour unions; mining unions Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), 166 United Kingdom, 200 United Nations, 198 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 139–40 United States of America as capital importer, 48 development of manufacturing in, 22–3 extractive industries in, 199 implementation of EITI in, 114 investments in Colombia, 158–9 as Liberal Market Economy, 200 political authority in, 37 relations with Chile, 131, 133 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and, 171n5 World Systems Theory and, 23 Uruguay, 66, 166 utilitarian conservationism, 150, 153–5 contrasted with environmentalism, 153–5 value addition in Africa, 47 in India, 184, 186 see also manufacturing Van der Ploeg, F., 147 varieties of capitalism (VoC) perspective, 199–202, 209n4 Venezuela, democratisation in, 65–6, 85n2 La Via Campesina, 72 oil industry in, 156 251 political authority in, 37 resistance to extractivism of, 166, 170 resource curse and, 139, 147, 203–4 resource nationalism in, 197 wealth distribution in, 208 Vollrath, D., 68 voluntary codes of conduct, 34–5, 68, 116 Wall Street Reform Act, t 114, 119 Washington Consensus, 131, 197 Water Code (Chile), 135, 138 water use (Chilean), 129–30, 134, 139, 141–6 Watts, M., 95 welfare provision, 30, 61, 81, 204 Western Europe, 23 see also individual nations Weszkalnys, Gisa, 92 windfall profits, 6–7, 29–30, 61, 72, 90 Wolford, W., 70 ‘workers’ rights, 75, 85n2 see also labour unions World Bank, 33, 73, 88, 139, 198 good governance and, 89 projects of, 88, 98–9, 122n2 revenue transparency and, 107 World Commission on Environment and Development, 153 World Systems Theories, 22–8 World Trade Organisation (WTO), 49, 133 Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs), 43 Yom, Sean, 65 YPF (mining company), 25 Zambia, 25, 48, 208 Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, 25 Zimbabwe, 48–50 ... demonstrate the importance of linking actual changes in the global resources industry and the intellectual thinking in realising the developmental potentials of mineral and oil wealth We posit that the. .. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Resource Governance and Developmental States in the Global South Critical International Political Economy Perspectives Edited by Jewellord Nem Singh... paradigm Combining privatisation and socio-economic sustainability in the mining sector India’s mining governance: between developmentalism and neoliberalism Bringing power relations back in: Odisha