Outliers T H E S T O R Y OF S U C C E S S MALCOLM G LAD W E L L # bestselling author of The Tipping Point and Blink $27.99 $30.9 in Canada W h y d o s o m e p e o p l e s u c c e e d far m o r e than o t h e r s ? T h e r e is a story that is u s u a l l y told a b o u t e x t r e m e l y s u c c e s s f u l p e o p l e , a s t o r y that f o c u s e s o n i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d a m b i t i o n I n Outliers Malcolm G l a d w e l l a r g u e s that the true story o f s u c c e s s is v e r y d i f f e r e n t , a n d t h a t if w e w a n t to understand h o w s o m e p e o p l e thrive, w e s h o u l d s p e n d t i m e l o o k i n g around more t h e m — at s u c h t h i n g s a s t h e i r family, t h e i r b i r t h p l a c e , o r e v e n t h e i r b i r t h d a t e T h e s t o r y o f s u c c e s s is m o r e c o m p l e x — a n d a l o t m o r e i n t e r e s t i n g — t h a n it initially a p p e a r s Outliers explains what the B e a t l e s a n d G a t e s h a v e in c o m m o n , the e x t r a o r d i n a r y o f A s i a n s at m a t h , the h i d d e n Bill success advantages o f star a t h l e t e s , w h y all t o p N e w Y o r k l a w y e r s h a v e s a m e r é s u m é , a n d the r e a s o n y o u ' v e never the heard o f t h e w o r l d ' s s m a r t e s t m a n — all i n t e r m s o f g e n e r a t i o n , family, c u l t u r e , a n d c l a s s I t m a t t e r s what y e a r y o u w e r e b o r n if y o u w a n t to b e a S i l i c o n V a l l e y b i l l i o n a i r e , G l a d w e l l a r g u e s , a n d it matters w h e r e y o u w e r e b o r n if y o u w a n t to b e a s u c cessful p i l o t T h e lives o f outliers — those p e o p l e w h o s e a c h i e v e m e n t s fall o u t s i d e n o r m a l experi e n c e — follow a p e c u l i a r a n d u n e x p e c t e d l o g i c , a n d in m a k i n g that l o g i c p l a i n G l a d w e l l p r e s e n t s a fascinating and provocative blueprint the m o s t o f h u m a n for making potential (continued on back flap) In The Tipping c h a n g e d the I n Blink he Point Malcolm w a y we u n d e r s t a n d the understand will t r a n s f o r m the w a y G L A D W E L L is the # i n t e r n a t i o n a l b e s t s e l l e r s The a n d w a s formerly a b u s i n e s s Washington L O O K author of Tipping H e is a staff writer for The New Malcolm we success M A L C O L M at the world c h a n g e d the w a y w e think a b o u t t h i n k i n g Outliers Blink Gladwell Point the and Yorker and science reporter Post F o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t G l a d w e l l , g o to w w w g l a d w e l l c o m FOR The T I P P I N G • ==; P O I N T blink MALCOLM GLADWELL Malcolm Also available from Jacket design Jacket photograph Author Visit in the V"*"" Allison © photograph o u r Web Printed by site Gladwell Andy by at U.S.A J Warner Crawford/Dorling Brooke Kindersley/Getty Williams www.HachetteBookGroup.com © 2008 Hachette Book Group, Inc Images Two of the most influential books of the past THE TIPPING decade POINT H o w Little T h i n g s C a n M a k e a Big Difference "A fascinating b o o k that makes you see the world in a different way." — Fortune "GladwelPs theories could b e u s e d to run businesses more effectively, to turn p r o d u c t s into runaway bestsellers, and p e r h a p s m o s t important, to alter human behavior." — New York Times BLINK T h e Power o f T h i n k i n g W i t h o u t T h i n k i n g "A real pleasure B r i m s with surprising insights about our world and ourselves." — Salon.com "Royally entertaining." — Time ISBN 978-0-316-01792-3 OUTLIERS A L S O BY M A L C O L M GLADWELL Blink The Tipping Point OUTLIERS The Story of MALCOLM Success GLADWELL L I T T L E , BROWN AND C O M P A N Y NEW YORK • BOSTON • LONDON C o p y r i g h t © 2008 by Malcolm Gladwell A l l rights reserved E x c e p t as permitted under the U S C o p y r i g h t A c t of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher Little, B r o w n and C o m p a n y Hachette B o o k G r o u p 237 Park Avenue, N e w Y o r k , N Y 0 Visit our Web site at w w w H a c h e t t e B o o k G r o u p c o m First Edition: N o v e m b e r 2008 Little, B r o w n and C o m p a n y is a division of Hachette B o o k G r o u p , Inc T h e Little, B r o w n name and logo are trademarks of Hachette B o o k G r o u p , Inc T h e author is grateful for permission to use the following copyrighted material: American Prometheus, by K a i B i r d and Martin J Sherwin, copyright 2005 by K a i Bird and M a r t i n J Sherwin Used by permission of Alfred A Knopf, a division of R a n d o m H o u s e , Inc.; Unequal Family Childhoods: Class, Race, and Life, by Annette Lareau, copyright 2003 Regents of the University of California Published by the University of California Press; "Intercultural Communication in C o g n i t i v e Values: A m e r i c a n s and Koreans, by H o - m i n Sohn, University of H a w a i i Press, 1983; The Happiest Borgenicht Man: The Life of Louis ( N e w Y o r k : G P Putnam's Sons, 1942) Used by permission of L i n d y Friedman Sobel and A l i c e Friedman H o l z m a n L i b r a r y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data G l a d w e l l , Malcolm Outliers : the story of success / M a l c o l m Gladwell — 1st ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index H C I S B N 978-0-316-01792-3 Int'l ed I S B N - - - 6 - Successful people Success I Title B F S G 3 2008 302 — d c 2 2008032824 10 RRD-IN B o o k designed by M e r y l Levavi Printed in the United States of A m e r i c a For Daisy Contents INTRODUCTION The "These Roseto people were That's PART ONE: Mystery dying it." of old age O P P O R T U N I T Y ONE The "For shall unto be which shall he Effect everyone given, abundance not Matthew and But from be t a k e n that he shall him away hath that even hath." — Matthew have hath that 25:29 NOTES Karl L Alexander, Doris R Entwisle, and Linda S Olson's study on the impact of summer vacation is called "Schools, Achievement, and Inequality: A Seasonal Perspective," published in Education Evalua tion and Policy Analysis , no (Summer 0 ) : - Much of the cross-national data comes from Michael J Barrett's "The Case for More School Days," published in the Atlantic Monthly in November 9 , p EPILOGUE: A J A M A I C A N STORY William M MacMillan details how his fears came to pass in the preface to the second edition of Warning from the West Indies: A Tract for Africa and the Empire (U.K.: Penguin Books, ) The sexual exploits and horrific punishments of Jamaica's white rul ing class are detailed by Trevor Burnard in Mastery, Tyranny and Desire: World Thomas Thistlewood and His Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican Press, 0 ) (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina The intermediary color class in the West Indies, not seen in the Ameri can South, is described by Donald L Horowitz in "Color Differentia tion in the American Systems of Slavery," Journal of Interdisciplinary History , no.3 (Winter ) : - Population and employment statistics among the different-colored classes in s Jamaica are taken from Leonard Broom's essay "The Social Differentiation of Jamaica," American Sociological Review , no (April ) : 1 - Divisions of color within families are explored by Fernando Henriques in "Colour Values in Jamaican Society," British Journal of Soci ology , no (June ) : 1 - Joyce Gladwell's experiences as a black woman in the UK are from Brown Face, Big Master (London: Inter-Varsity Press, 9 ) It is a wonderful book I recommend it highly—although, as you can imag ine, I could be a bit biased 296 Acknowledgments I'm happy to say that Outliers conforms to its own thesis It was very much a collective effort I was inspired, as I seem to always be, by the work of Richard Nisbett It was reading the Culture of Honor that set in motion a lot of the thinking that led to this book Thank you, Professor Nisbett As always, I prevailed upon my friends to critique various drafts of the manuscript Happily, they complied, and Outliers is infinitely better as a result Many thanks to Jacob Weisberg, Terry Martin, Robert McCrum, Sarah Lyall, Charles Randolph, Tali Farhadian, Zoe Rosenfeld, and Bruce Headlam Stacey Kalish and Sarah Kessler did yeoman's work in research and fact-checking Suzy Han sen performed her usual editorial magic David Remnick graciously gave me time off from my duties at The New Yorker to complete this book Thank you, as always, David Henry Finder, my editor at The New Yorker, saved A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S me from myself and reminded me how to think, as he always does I have worked with Henry for so long that I now have what I like to call the "internal Finder," which is a self-correcting voice inside my head that gives me the benefit of Henry's wisdom even when he is not there Both Finders—internal and external—were invaluable Bill Phillips and I have been two for two so far, and I'm very grateful I was able to enlist his Midas touch once more Thank you, Bill Here's hoping we go three for three Will Goodlad and Stefan McGrath at Penguin in England, and Michael Pietsch and—especially—Geoff Shandler at Little, Brown saw this manuscript through, from start to finish Thanks to the rest of the team at Little, Brown as well: Heather Fain and Heather Rizzo and Junie Dahn My fellow Canadian Pamela Marshall is a word wizard I cannot imagine publishing a book with out her Two final words of appreciation Tina Bennett, my agent, has been with me from the very beginning She is insightful and thoughtful and encouraging and unfail ingly wise, and when I think of what she has done for me, I feel as lucky as a hockey player born on January i I owe thanks most of all, though, to my parents, Graham and Joyce This is a book about the meaning of work, and I learned that work can be meaningful from my father Everything he does—from his most com plex academic mathematics to digging in the garden—he tackles with joy and resolve and enthusiasm My earliest memories of my father are of seeing him work at his desk and realizing that he was happy I did not know it then, but that was one of the most precious gifts a father can 298 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S give his child My mother, for her part, taught me how to express myself; she taught me that there is beauty in say ing something clearly and simply She read every word of this book and tried to hold me to that standard My grandmother Daisy, to whom Outliers is dedicated, gave my mother the gift of opportunity My mother has done the same for me 299 Index Accidental Millionaire (Butcher), 66 "accumulative advantage," - "achievement gap," affirmative action, , 89 age: relative, and suicide, 2911 See also birth dates Air Florida crash, - , ^ See also plane crashes Air France, Albion's Seed (Fischer), Alexander, Karl, 5 - , Alger, Horatio, Allen, Paul, , 65 Altair 8 0 (personal computer), I 29n, 267 Auchincloss, Louis, i n Auerbach, Jerold, Avianca crash, - , , 198-202, 206-9, I - See also plane crashes baby boomers, See also birth dates Baker-Howard feud, Ballmer, Steve, - 6 Bangor, Pennsylvania, - , - Barnsley, Paula, 2 Barnsley, Roger, - , > baseball, 63-64 Alteon training programs, Alvarez, Luis, ambiguity, toleration of, , American Lawyer magazine, American Prometheus (Bird and Sherwin), - 9 , Appalachia, - , athletic success, birth date and, 165-67, i69n speech patterns, i n Apple Computer, 65 Arkush, David, Arps, Leslie, 1 Asian Americans: Achievement Beyond IQ (Flynn), 23 m Asian "persistence," n See also mathematics ASR-33 Teletype, , 52 A T & T (American Telephone and Telegraph), n basketball, - , Beatles, the, - , 5 , , , Bechtolsheim, Andy, 68 Bedard, Kelly, , Belgium, , , 8 n Berlin Academy of Music, 38 Best, Pete, Bias in Mental Testing (Jensen), n Bickel, Alexander, - Bird, Kai, , 9 , birth dates: cutoff dates, - , , ; disregard of importance of 33 demographic trough, , , 138, 156 and opportunity, - , 62-68, , ; "Termites" group, 131-32 INDEX Caviedes, Laureano, , 8 , birth dates (cont.) perfect, - , - , - 0 , 208 156-57 of richest people, - , Cawood family, Chance, Mr (Chinese merchant in 65-68 of sports figures, 2 - , , - ; and athletic success, Jamaica), - , , Chicago Bulls (basketball team), 2911, 6 and success, - , 122 China: counting system in, birthrates, 3 - Blackett, Patrick, - Blinco, Priscilla, n Bliznak, Mario, Bloomingdale brothers, 227-30 and math scores, n , n rice cultivation in, 2 - , - 3 , 235"39> 254 B o e , Erling, - wealth in, 58, Chomsky, Noam, 1 City College (New York), 1 , , Boeing Company, , 2 - Bolivia, wealth in, 58 Bonneville Power station, 53 Borgenicht, Louis and Regina, 136, 157 Claflin, H B , and Company, Clinton, Bill, 1 clothing trade See garment industry - , 154 Brazil, PDI in, Bray, Francesca, 3 Brenner, Malcolm, - Brill, Steven, Brindle, Katie, , , - Brown Face, Big Master (Gladwell), Cohen, Dov, - , , , Colombia, PDI in, - , color prejudice, - Commonwealth Foundation, communication: cultural 283 Bruhn, John, 7, , Brunei, wealth in, 58 Buffett, Warren, 56 Bush, George H W., 1 Bush, Jeb (John Ellis), Business Roundtable, Byzantine Empire, wealth in, miscommunication, 100-101; in plane crashes, , 8 - , 192-202, 207-9, I 6> 221-22 mitigated speech, - 0 , , 213-16 Power Distance Index (PDI) and, 204-9,216-17 speech patterns, Appalachian, California Achievement Test, i75n Western, transmitter orientation in, community, sense of See cultural legacy Computer Center Corporation (C-Cubed), , , 55, 65 computer programming, , - , 255-58 Campbell, Gordon, Campbell, J K., Canadian Hockey League, - , 41, 268 Caplan, Lincoln, Carnegie, Andrew, Carnegie Hall concerts, , Carter, Hodding, Caudill, Harry, 5 - 5 , 67, 4 concerted cultivation, - , 1 , 257 Cavaliers, the, i n convergence test, - , $9 302 INDEX Czech junior hockey team, - , Czechoslovakian National Junior soccer team, - , » Corcoran, Frank, - Cowell, Henry, , Cox Broadcasting Inc., Cravath, Paul, Cravath, Swaine and Moore, , 127 criminality, Southern pattern of, 168-70 cultural legacy, - of British immigrants, i - n community and, - , 1 - , 204,266 cultural advantages/disadvantages, 108-10, 1 - , 120 and cultures of honor, 6 - differences between cultures, see a s 202-9 ( l communication) and emphasis on hard work, o 247-48,260 116-17, 131-32, divergence test, - 8 280-81; color prejudice, - ; extended family, - importance of, , , , , 219, - , Dae-jung, Kim, Daily Gleaner (Jamaican newspaper), Days of Darkness (Pearce), Dehaene, Stanislas, 2 Delta Air Lines, , , demographic trough See birth dates de Nisco, Father Pasquale, Denmark, , den Uyl, Joop, Dhuey, Elizabeth, - differentiated experience, Discovery of France, The (Robb), 234 family background, - , 103-12, ecology, - Egypt, ancient, wealth in, Einstein, Albert, England: math scores in, 23 m wealth and sources of wealth in, 57» S» English language, - , ; result of ignoring, 2 in Jamaica, - Korean, 6 , ; and Korean language, - entitlement, - , , nationality and behavior, no environment See cultural legacy Ericsson, K Anders, - , Ethical Culture School, , 200-209 parenting philosophies, - , , 258 family background See cultural legacy Farkas, Louise, - Federal Aviation Authority, Feinberg, Michael, peasant culture, 9, , - , ; Russian vs Chinese, - ; working year, n Power Distance Index (PDI), - ; and pilot behavior, 206-9, I feuds, - - i , 266 retraining for success, 2 Culture's Consequences (Hofstede), Fire That Changed America, The (Von Drehle), 15 m Fischer, Bobby, Fischer, David Hackett, , 205 Cumberland Plateau, - , I75n 165, 47 cutoff dates See birth dates Fischer, Ute, 303 194-95 INDEX "grinds," Groves, General Leslie, , 9 - 0 Guatemala, , Flom, J o e , 1 - , , , disadvantages facing, , success of, 1 - , - , i n , , - 5 , , ; timing and, , Haar, Charles, 1 Happiest Man, The (Borgenicht), flu epidemic ( ) , - Flynn, James, 23 m , n i49n Harlan, Kentucky, and Harlan football, - Forbes magazine, 56 Ford, John and William, and Ford County, - , , , 174 family, , , - , impact of coal mining on, n Harrison, George, Harvard Law Review, 1 Harvard University, , n , , France, , ~ n , - math scores in, m , Franklin, Benjamin, French-Eversole feud, 95-97 : Law School, 1 , Hatfield-McCoy feud, Hay, Archdeacon, , Hay, Don, Helm, Darren, Helmreich, Robert, - , Henriques, Fernando, Hewlett, Bill, and Hewlett-Packard Company, 6 Friedman, Ted, - , Fuson, Karen, 2 - Garfinkel, Barry, garment industry, - , - , 151» 153-54 Gates, Bill, , , , birth date of, , , opportunities for, - 5 , 6 , , hockey, - , n 268,284-85 birth dates of players, - , Gelernter, David, Genetic Studies of Genius (Terman), - , 34 Hoeflin, Ronald K., m Hofstede, Geert, and Hofstede's 75,9° genius, , See also "Termites" Genius Explained (Howe), Dimensions, 2 - , 2 Hollingworth, Leta Stetter, n Holy Cross, n , 89 Hong Kong, math scores in, 23 m, Germany, , , , ~ n , m Gershwin, George, 1 gifted group, - , 3^» — , See also IQ; "Termites" Gladwell, Graham, - Gladwell, Joyce Nation, - , 248,249 hostile corporate takeovers, - , 155 Howard-Turner feud, - , , glorious misconception, - Gold, Kenneth, Google, , Gordon, H Scott, Great Depression, the, 1 , 1 , , i3*-35> 139 Greenberg, David, - 173 Howe, Gordie, Howe, Michael, Hudson, Liam, , 84, - 8 human hibernation, , hunter-gatherers, 3 - Hyderabad, wealth in, 56 304 INDEX professional IBM (International Business Machines), 64 immigrants: British, i - n Chinese, math scores of, Irish, , Italian, , ; from Roseto, population categorized, 279-80 slavery in, - , - , ; làjn abolished, Janklow, Maurice and Mort, , 129-33» 137-39» Janklow and Nesbit (literary 4-10 agency), i o n Jewish, , - , Japan: children solving puzzles, , Mexican, - Scotch-Irish, in Kentucky, , India, wealth in, 59, individualism-collectivism scale, individual merit, , 3 , industrial accidents, i n See also plane crashes intelligence: analytical, 1 - practical, see social knowledge See also I Q 249" counting system and math, 2 , 230, 249n Internet, the, - , length of school year, rice farming, , wealth in, Jarvis, Edward, Java (computer language), Jensen, Arthur, n Jewish immigrants, 1 , , , IQ: Asian, family background vs., 1 - Jewish lawyers, - , 129, 135, - , 157 heritability of, I n 132-33, 156-58 success related to, - Terman's study of, see Terman, Lewis; "Termites" threshold of, , , 88; threshold Jobs, Steve, - Jordan, Michael, , 2 Joy, Bill, - , - , , , birth date, - effect, - opportunities for, - , , 5 , unimportance of level of, n , 89 IQ tests, - , Kalahari Desert, 3 Katz, George, - , Khosla, Vinod, 68 kindergarten, , , 84, , 1 divergence test vs., - 8 Raven's Progressive Matrices, 7 - , 86 Stanford-Binet, Ireland, , Irish immigrants, , ISI (Information Sciences Inc.), , K I P P schools, - , - Klotz, Mauricio, , 8 - , 192-94,198-99,202, 207-8 Kmart takeover case, 5 See also hostile corporate takeovers knowledge, social See social knowledge Korea, 2 counting system in, 2 , Korean Airlines ( K A L ) , later 53» 54» 65 Italian immigrants, - , , Jamaica, , - Chinese population, - "color game" played in, - educational system, ; Korean Air, 7 - , , 210-23, scholarships, - 305 INDEX "Matthew Effect," maturity confused with ability, 29 Medicine Hat Tigers (hockey team), Korean language, - , , Kramer, Morris, 1 Kreisky, Bruno, !Kung bushmen, 3 - , - , - , 34 Memorial Cup hockey Langan, Christopher, 7 , , 1 - , championships, - , Merritt, Ashleigh, Merton, Robert, n , Mexican immigrants, - Mexico, 58 Microsoft, , 50, , , , Mills, C Wright, n minority students, - , 89 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of 267 cultural legacy of, - ; lack of social skills, - , , 0 - 1 , 108, 17, 34 no intelligence of, - , , n o , 1 ; I Q , , ; on T V show, - , 80 Langan, Jeff and Mark, , , , no language See communication Lareau, Annette, - , , 258 Lempert, Richard, 85 Lennon, John, 47, , 55 Lethbridge Broncos (hockey team), Levantin, Lillian, - Levin, David, , - , Levitin, Daniel, Lipton, Martin, , , Lynn, Richard, Technology), 9 , n mitigated speech See communication Montana State University, - , 96, 0 Morris, Errol, Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, - , 42 Mudge Rose (law firm), - 2 , 125, 157 mulattoes, - murder rate (southern US), , 168-70 Myhrvold, Nathan, 64 McCartney, Paul, - , 55 MacMillan, William M., - , Nation, Donald, - , - 276,281 Nation, Daisy Ford, - , McNealy, Scott, 68 Manhattan Project, - 0 Mann, Horace, Martin-Tblliver feud, Massachusetts Teacher (journal), mathematics: Asian advantage in, , - ; number system, - , , - , , 285 Nation, Faith, - , , - National Hockey League, 2 National Transportation Safety Board ( N T S B ) , - , 209-10 "naturals," Nazareth, Pennsylvania, New York City public schools, , 227-31 K I P P Academy and, - ; meaningful, problem solving in, 4 ; attitude toward, ; Renee's math 137, , , 158 K I P P Academy, - , - New York State Regents, New York University Law School, problem, - , rankings in, predicted by TIMSS 157 Nisbett, Richard, - , , results, - 306 INDEX Nixon, Richard, Nobel Prize, - , - , , 1 N o Child Left Behind policy, n Normal Accidents (Perrow), i n Norman, Philip, , 50 Norton, John, 54 Novell Inc (software firm), numbers, Asian-Western differences in, 2 - See also mathematics Number Sense, The (Dehaene), 2 Powell, Colin, practice time, - , - 5 , , 10,000-hour rule, - , 4 , , 55, , 4 Principia Mathematica (Whitehead), proxy fights, - Pulitzer Prize, 1 Puritans, the, i n Quakers, the, i n vs 100 (TV show), - , - , 80 Ontario Junior Hockey League, 2 Oppenheimer, Robert, - 0 , 1 , - , , 285 opportunity, - , , adversity turns into, , , i n birth dates and, see birth dates and relationship to work, , and success, 5 , , , - Orasanu, Judith, - outlier(s), definition of, factors producing, genius and, , 1 Joe Flom as, opportunity and, , , (see also opportunity) significance overlooked, 7 parenting See cultural legacy Patterson, Orlando, - Paul Revere's Ride (Fischer), i n PDI (Power Distance Index), - , 216-17 Pearce, John Ed, peasant culture See cultural legacy Pembroke, Bud, , 54 Perrow, Charles, i n "persistence," Asian vs American, 9n plane crashes, - 2 , , 2 - seven errors per accident, Pomerantz, Kenneth, Popular Electronics magazine, 63 rags-to-riches stories, 1 , Ratwatte, Suren, , - , 197-98, 201-2, , Ravitch, Diane, 135 Reed, John Shelton, Reed College, - , , - , 0 Revere, Paul, i n Rhodes Scholarships, Rifkind, Robert, , 129 riots in the Caribbean ( ) , , 281, 285 Robb, Graham, Rockefeller, John D., 64 Roman Republic, wealth in, Rona, Monique, Rosen, Leonard, , , Roseto, Italy, and Roseto, Pennsylvania, - Russell, Bertrand, Russia, , , Saget, Bob, , Saint Hilda's school (Jamaica), , 274, 276 Salk, Jonas, 1 Santos, Goncalo, 2 Scarlet Letters, The (Auchincloss), i25n Schmidt, Eric, Schoenfeld, Alan, - Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), , 71, 75, n Schonberg, Harold, 4 307 INDEX school year, length of, summer vacation, 5 - , 6 ; achievement gap, Schwartz, Barry, - Scotland, 56 selection, 25 maturity differences and, self-fulfilling prophecy, n Sexsmith, Tyson, Sherwin, Martin, , 9 , Shockley, William, Shout! (Norman), 48 Silicon Valley, , , 6 , 67, , 4 Singapore, 2 , m , Skadden, Marshall, 1 Skadden (Caplan), Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom (law firm), 1 , 1 , , 127-28,154-55 Slate, John, 1 slavery See Jamaica Slim, Carlos, 56 Smigel, Erwin, Smith, "Bad Tom," soccer, birth dates and, - , » social heritance, I n and,30-31 athletic, n , disregard of lessons of, factors contributing to, 1 , - , , 285 {see also birth dates) individual merit and, , 3 , IQ and, - opportunity and, 5 , , , 267-68 predictability of, 5 - , retraining for, 2 suicide, age and, n summer vacation See school year, length of Sun Microsystems, , 68 Supreme Court, US, 85, 1 , 2 , 7 Sweden, Taiwan, 2 , m , , n talent, innate, , , , 55, , , 0 - h o u r rule See practice time social knowledge, 1 - , , i n Langan's lack of, - , , Terman, Lewis, - 7 , 89-90, 1 - , 131 0 - 1 , 108, n o See also communication social structure (community) See cultural legacy Sohn, Ho-min, , Sorokin, Pitirim, South Africa, black population in, southern US: murder rate, , "Termites," - , , , 1 - , 119, 131-32 Thistlewood, William, Thompson, A H., 2 Three Mile Island, i n threshold effect See I Q time See practice time; work time time-sharing, 4 - , - 5 , 6 168-70 and "southernness," Starr, Ringo, Steinberg, Stephen, 145 Sternberg, Robert, 1 streaming, 25 success: "accumulative advantage" TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science i74~75n South Korea, - , , math scores in, , Soyer, Daniel, , speech patterns, i n See also communication Stanford-Binet test, See also I Q tests Study), , - Tipping Point, The (Gladwell), i n Townsend Harris public high school, 1 T R W (technology company), , 54, 55 308 I N D E X Turner-Howard feud, - , (TV news show), Wald, Eli, i n Wall Street Lawyer, The (Smigel), uncertainty avoidance, United Airlines, United States: children solving Warning from the West Indies (Macmillan), Wasden, Gord and Scott, wealth and sources of wealth (worldwide), - Weener, Earl, 185 Whitehead, Alfred N o r t h , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (TV show), 9 20/20 puzzles, n counting system in, 2 individualism of, math scores in, m power distance culture of, public school system in, - ; and summer vacation, - , Williams, Alex, - , , - Winthrop, Robert, Wolf, Stewart, - 1 work: belief in, cultural emphasis on, - , 266 wealth and sources of wealth in, 56-61 University of Michigan, , - 260 Computer Center, - , 4 - , meaningful, - , 64 248-49, 269, 280 Law School, - , 89 satisfying, qualities necessary for, University of Washington, - , 54 U N I X (software system), , Vancouver Giants (hockey team), 15-16, 23-24 Von Drehle, David, 15 m VOR beacon, 1 - , 2 Wachtell, Herbert, , , Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz (law firm), , - 156, - , 149-50 work time, - , , garment industry work week, m opportunity to change relationship to, , peasants' working year, n ~ n school summer vacation, - , 266 World War I, World War I I , - , 309 MALCOLM GLADWELL is the author of the #i international bestsellers The Tipping Point and Blink He is a staff writer for The New Yorker and was formerly a business and science reporter at the Washington Post For more information about Malcolm Gladwell, visit his Web site at www.gladwell.com ... entertaining." — Time ISBN 978-0-316-01792-3 OUTLIERS A L S O BY M A L C O L M GLADWELL Blink The Tipping Point OUTLIERS The Story of MALCOLM Success GLADWELL L I T T L E , BROWN AND C O M P A... l , Malcolm Outliers : the story of success / M a l c o l m Gladwell — 1st ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index H C I S B N 978-0-316-01792-3 Int'l ed I S B N - - - 6 - Successful... H e is a staff writer for The New Malcolm we success M A L C O L M at the world c h a n g e d the w a y w e think a b o u t t h i n k i n g Outliers Blink Gladwell Point the and Yorker and science