Unit3. A PARTY. - Infinitive and gerund. - Passive infinitive and gerund. A. Infinitive and gerund. A.1. Infinitive: I. Form: a) Present simple infinitive ( nguyên mẫu hiện tại ). * Active: TO + VINF Vi du: to give, to describle… * Passive: TO BE + PP Vi du: to be given, to be describle… b) continuous infinitive ( nguyên mẫu tiếp diễn ). * Active: TO BE + VING. Vi du: to be going, to be writing… * Passive: TO BE + BEING + PP Vi du: to be being built,… c) Perfect infinitive ( nguyên mẫu hoàn thành ). *Active: TO HAVE + PP Vi du: To have built,… * Passive: TO HAVE + BEEN + PP Vi du: to have been built,… II. Cách dùng: Động từ nguyên mẫu có To được dùng làm: 1) Chủ ngữ của câu ( subject is a sentence). Vi du: To enter the university now seems difficult. 2) Làm bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ ( subject complement ). Vi du: The main thing is to stay calm. 3) Làm tân ngữ của động từ ( object of a verb). S + V + TO VINF Gồm các động từ sau: afford beg decide hesitatemean agree begin expect hope neglect appear care fail intend offer arrange choose forget learn prefer ask consenthappen like prepare attempt continue hate love pretend can’t bear dare help manage promise propose remember swear want refuse seem trouble wish regret start try … Vi du: I want to learn English better. They expected to have a happy life. 4) Dùng sau tính từ ( = làm tân ngữ của tính từ ). S + BE + ADJ + TO - VINF Dùng làm tân ngữ của một số tính từ chỉ phản ứng, cảm xúc, tính cách, nhận thức, và một số tính từ thông dụng khác… agreeable good/nice strange awful horrible terrible delightful lovely wonderful disagreeable marvelous brave dreadful splendid careless cowardly selfish idiotic cruel wicked intelligent generous wrong kind sensible morally silly mean clever stupid rude foolish able careful certain due fit likely luckly sure welcome … Vi du: I am glad to say that you’ve passed the exam They were brave to tell him 5) Dùng sau danh từ (= làm bỗ ngữ cho danh từ). NOUN + TO -VINF Vi du: They advised Lan not to call him. She doesn’t want anybody to know. 6) Sau đại từ bất định ( something, anything, somewhere…) chỉ mục đích. Vi du I need the money to pay the phone bill. I’d like something to stop my toothache 7) Sau danh từ có các lượng từ: enough/ to much/ many/ little/ few/ plenty…đứng tước. Vi du: I am not old enough to make up scube diving He is too young to get married We’ve got plenty of time to see the Quang Trung museum 8) Thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ. Vi du: We’ve got a few job to do ( = jobs that we must do) III. Một số mẫu câu. 1) S + V + O + TO – VINF Vi du: My parents expected me to have a happy life. 2) S + BE + ADJ + TO-VINF Vi du: We are glad to meet you again. 3) IT + BE + ADJ + TO –VINF Vi du: It’s easy to say. 4) Question word + TO-VINF Vi du: People want to know how to solve the corruption. (tham nhung) NOTICE: “Why” ít khi dùng trong mẫu câu này. Sau WHICH, WHAT, HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, WHOSE có thể có một danh từ. The driver isn’t sure which way to go. They can’t estimate how much money to loan. (ước tính) 5) FOR/OF + NOUN + TO-VINF It’s nice of you to help me. ( Bạn tử tế giúp đỡ tôi). 6) S + BE + TOO + ADJ/ADV + TO- VINF: Qúa đến nỗi không thể). He’s too young to ride a motobike. 7) S + BE + ADJ/ADV + ENOUGH + TO-VINF: (Không đủ để) He’s strong enough to carry that can. A.2. GERUND: Là hình thức “ động từ + ing” được dùng như một danh từ. Danh động từ được dùng trong câu với chức năng như sau: 1) Gerund được dùng như một chủ ngữ: Ví dụ: Studying English is fun. Jogging can help you keep the healthy. 2) Gerund được dùng như một túc từ sau một số động từ: Ví dụ: I dislike working on Sunday. Most children enjoy watching cartoon films. 3) Gerund thường được dùng sau giới từ. Ví dụ: They are thinking about buying a new house. I earn money by teaching English. II. VERBS + GERUND: Một số động từ được theo sau bằng danh động từ. Admit : thừa nhận imagine: tưởng tượng Avoid: tránh keep (on): cứ tiếp tục Consider: cân nhắc (not) mind: (không) ngại, quan tâm Delay: hoãn lại miss: bỏ lỡ Deny: từ chối postpone: hoãn lại Dislike: không thích practise: luyện tập Enjoy: thích put off: trì hoãn Feel like: cảm thấy thích suggest: đề nghị Finish: hoàn thành can’t stand: không chịu nổi Give up: từ bỏ stop: ngừng Can’t help: không nhịn được NOTICE: Một số trường hợp đặc biệt: *Stop. Stop + to- vinf:Ngừng việc này để làm việc khác Ví dụ: She stoped to answer the phone. Stop + ving: Ngừng không làm nữa. Ví dụ: We stop working at 5 p.m every day. * Try. Try + to –vinf: Cố gắng Ví dụ: You should try to do this exercise. Try + ving: Thử làm cía gì đó/ việc gì đó. You try asking her some question about her life . *Remember. Remember + to- vinf: Nhớ phải làm điều gì đó. Ví dụ: You must remember to lock the door before going to bed. Remember + ving: Nhớ hành động đã làm trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: I remember meeting her some where but I can’t remember her name. *Forget. Forget + to – vinf: Quên điều gì phải làm. Ví dụ: The clothes are still durty because I forgot to switch on the machine. Forget + ving: Quên điều gì đã làm. Ví dụ: I will never forget flying over the Grand Canyon. It was wonderful. * Mean. Mean + to – vinf: dự tính làm ( intend to do …) Ví dụ: I mean to open central language in Phu Cat. Mean + ving: Nghĩa là ( expressing the idea of one thing.) Ví dụ: Pamela is applying for a visa. It means filling in this form. * Go on. Go on + to – Vinf: Điều gì được thực hiện sau khi một việc hoàn thành. Ví dụ: He goes on to work in a company after leaving school. Go on + Ving: Tiếp tục. Ví dụ: He goes on studying English after leaving school. * Catch Find + O + Ving Leave Keep Ví dụ: - I catch him stealing those shose. * Make Help + O + Vinf. Let Have Ví dụ: Please let him go. * Advise, allow, permit, recommend, …, + Ving Advise, allow, permit, recommend,…, + O + To Vinf. * Need, want, require + Ving = Need, want, require + to be + P.P. B. Passive infinitive and gerund. B.1. Passive infinitive: ( TO BE P.P.) 1.1. Verbs of “liking/ wanting” ( Động từ chỉ sự thích/ muốn) như: like/ would like/ love/ would love/ wish/ dislike/ expect/ desire,… Có cấu trúc như sau: Ví dụ: - He wants his brother to put garbage in the dustbins. He wants garbage to be put in the dustbins by his brother. - People expect everyone to observed traffic laws. People expect traffic laws to be observed. NOTICE: Nếu tân ngữ (O2) và chủ ngữ của câu cùng chỉ một người hay một vật,… chúng ta bỏ O2 ở câu bị động. Ví dụ: - He expected his uncle to meet him at the station. He expected (him) to be met at the station by his uncle. 1.2. Những động từ như: Advise, Beg, Recommend, Urge,…có hai dạng bị động: a) Ví dụ: - My teacher advised me to study English. I was advised to study English by my teacher. Active : S + V (like/ expect…) + O1 + Infinitive + O2… Passive : S + V (like/ expect…) + O2 + TO BE + P.P +…by + O1 Active: S + V (advised,…) + O1 + Infinitive + O2 + … Passive: S(O1) + be + PP (V(advised,…))+ Infinitive + O2 …+by + O (S) b) Ví dụ: - They urged the governmant to build more roads. They urged the government ( that) more road should be built. c) Những động từ như: Decide, agree, disagree, determine, demand, be anxious, be determined ( quyết định): cụm động từ nguyên mẫu được thay thế bằng SHOULD BE + P.P. Ví dụ: - They agreed to ban impracticable projects. ( Họ động ý hủy những dự án bất khả thi) They agreed that impracticable projects should be banned. * Với động từ ARRANGE, ta có: FOR + NUON + TO BE +P.P Ví dụ: - They arranged to hold a competition . ( Họ sắp xếp tổ chức một cuộc thi đấu). They arranged for the competition to be held. B.2. Passive gerund. (Danh động từ bị động). ( BEING + P.P). 2.1. V + GERUND + O. Ví dụ: - They suggested fixing lights in classrooms. ( Họ đề nghị lắp đèn vào các phòng học) They suggested that lights should be fixed in classrooms. 2.2. V + O1 + gerund +O2 + … Ví dụ: - I remember Mr John telling him that matter. ( Tôi nhớ ông John nói cho ông ấy vấn đề đó). I remember him being told that matter by Mr John. * Khi O2 và chủ ngữ cùng chỉ một người hoặc một vật, , O2 được bỏ ở câu bị động. Ví dụ: - He recalls his brother giving him some advice. ( Anh ấy nhớ anh ấy đã khuyên anh). He recalls being given some advice by his brother. 2.3. Danh động từ bị động cos thể theo sau một giới từ. Ví dụ: - He went to the party without being invited. ( Anh ấy đi dự tiệc không được mời). Exercise. I. Choose the correct form ( Infinitive with to or without to or gerund). Active: S + V(advised,…) + O1 + Infinitive + O2+… Passive: S + V(advised,…) +O1 + (that) +S(O2) + Should be + PP + … Active: S +V + GERUND + O Passive: S + V + that + S(o) + should be + P.P( gerund) Active: S + V + O1 + Gerund + O2 Passive: S + V + O2 + being + P.P (gerund) + …+ O1 1. We can (trust) trust him. 2. I am glad (see) to see you. 3. Give up (smoke) smoking. 4. It is difficult (answer) to answer the question. 5. I enjoy (be) being with you. 6. John is fond of (eat) eating ice – cream. 7. We will (be) be famous one day. 8. I am interested in (learn) learning karate. 9. We can not (park) park our car here. 10. Gareth is bath at (give) giving compliments. 11. We managed (arrive) to arrive in time. 12. We asked her (repeat) to repeat her question. 13. He insisted on (pay) paying the bill. 14. I used to (get) get up early. 15. I am used to (get) getting up early. 16. I would rather (stay) stay at home. 17. I spent a lot of time (write) writing the essay. 18. Why should they (do) do this? 19. I am looking forward to (hear) hearing from you soon. 20. You had better (take) take the bus. II. Complete the second sentence so that has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and five words, including the word given. 1. My teacher wouldn’t let me leave early. (refused) My teacher refused to let me leave early. 2. Jill sang without stopping for an hour. (continued) Jill continued to sing/ singing for an hour without stopping. 3. Richard thinks he’s going to do well. (expects) Richard expects to do that he’ll do well. 4. What are your plans for the summer? (intend) What do you intend to do for the summer? 5. Clearing up my room is something I dislike! (hate) I hate clearing up my room. 6. Liz said she’d go to the cinema with me. (agreed) Liz agreed to go to the cinema with me. 7. See you late, I hope. (hope) I hope to see you late. 8. What do you fancy doing this evening? (want) What do you want to do this evening? III. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 1. The thief forced her to hand over the money. The thief made her hand over the money. 2. We didn’t have enough money to buy the car. We couldn’t afford to buy the car. 3. Tina and Brian are getting married. Tina and Brian have decided to get married. 4. “Let’s go out for some fresh air!” said she. She suggested going out for some fresh air. 5. Jane said:” Remember to come home early, Tim.”. Jane reminded Tim to come home early. 6. What are you thinking of doing? What do you intend to do? 7. I’ll see you in the morning, I expect. I expect to see you in the morning. 8. “ I won’t help!” said Tom. Tom refused to help. 9. They are pulling down the old theatre. The old theatre are being pulled down. 10. The floor needs cleaning. The floor needs to be cleaned. 11. He doesn’t want the other people to see him. He hates being seen by the other people. 12. She’s interested in skiing. She’s fond of skiing. IV. Select the correct answer for each sentence. 1. Whenever we meet, Jack avoided________ at me. A. to look B. looking 2. Most people enjoy _______ to different parts of the world. A. to travel B. traveling 3. Maria needs ______ another job. Her present company is going out of business. A. to find B. finding 4. May I change The TV channel, or do you want _______ more of this programme? A. to watch B. watching 5. Joan is considering ______ her major from American studies to psychology. A. to change B. changing 6. Although Joe slammed on his brakes, he couldn’t avoid _____ the small dog that suddenly darted out in front of his car. A. to hit B. hitting 7. I hope _____ my autobiography before I die. Do you think anyone would read it? A. to write B. writing 8. Joyce thanked us for _____ them to dinner and said that they wanted to have us over for dinner next week. A. to invite B. inviting 9. If you delay _____ your bill, you will only incur more and more interest charges. A. to pay B. paying 10. My lawyer advised me not _____ anything further about the accident. A. to say B. saying . brother giving him some advice. ( Anh ấy nhớ anh ấy đã khuyên anh) . He recalls being given some advice by his brother. 2 .3. Danh động từ bị động cos thể theo. you’ve passed the exam They were brave to tell him 5) Dùng sau danh từ (= làm bỗ ngữ cho danh từ). NOUN + TO -VINF Vi du: They advised Lan not to call him.