The main contents of the chapter consist of the following: Introduction, the operating point and biasing stability, fixed-bias circuits, fixed bias with emitter resistance, voltage-divider bias circuits.
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Virtual campus Islamabad Dr. Nasim Zafar Electronics 1: EEE 231 Fall Semester – 2012 Transistor Biasing Circuits and Thermal Stability Lecture No: 18 Nasim Zafar References: Ø Microelectronic Circuits: Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith. Ø Electronic Devices : Thomas L. Floyd ( Prentice Hall ). Ø Integrated Electronics Jacob Millman and Christos Halkias (McGrawHill) Ø Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory: Robert Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky ( Prentice Hall ) Ø Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits: Nasim Zafar Robert T. Paynter. References for this Lecture: Chapter No. 9 Ø Microelectronic Circuits: Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith. Ø Integrated Electronics : Jacob Millman and Christos Halkias (McGrawHill) Nasim Zafar Objectives: Ø Ø Ø Ø Discuss the concept of dc biasing of a transistor for the linear operation in the active region Establish an operating point Q in this active region to provide appropriate potentials and currents Analyze the voltagedivider bias, base bias, and collector feedback bias circuits. Establish a criterion for comparing the stability of different biasing circuits. Nasim Zafar Transistor Biasing Circuits: an Introduction Ø Ø Biasing refers to the establishment of suitable dc values of different currents and voltages of a given transistor Through proper biasing, a desired DC operating point or quiescent point; QPoint of the transistor amplifier, in the active region (linear region) of the characteristics is obtained. Ø The goal of amplification, in most cases, is to increase the amplitude of an ac Nasim Zafar signal without distortion or clipping the wave form. Transistor Biasing Circuits: an Introduction Ø The selection of a proper DC operating point or quiescent point, generally depends on the following factors: (a) The amplitude of the ac signal to be handled by the amplifier and distortion level in signal. Applying large ac voltages to the base would result in driving the collector current into saturation or cutoff regions resulting in a distorted or clipped wave form. (b) The load to which the amplifier is to work for a corresponding supply voltage Nasim Zafar The DC Operating Point: Biasing and Stability Ø The goal of amplification, in most cases, is to increase the amplitude of an ac signal without distortion or clipping the wave form. Nasim Zafar Transistor Output Characteristics: IC IB = 40µA IC IB = 30µA IB = 20µA IB = 10µA Early voltage Ø Nasim Zafar Cutoff region At a fixed IB, IC is not dependent on VCE VCE Transistor Output Characteristics: Load Line – Biasing and Stability The requirement is to set the Qpoint such that that it does not go into the saturation or cutoff regions when an a ac signal is applied. Nasim Zafar 10 2. FixedBias with Emitter Resistance Single Power Supply Nasim Zafar 24 2. FixedBias with Emitter Resistance: Ø 1. BaseEmitter Loop: KCL: IE = IC + IB The emitter current can be written as: From the above two equation we get: FixedBias Circuit with Emitter Resistance Nasim Zafar 25 2. FixedBias with Emitter Resistance. Ø 2. CollectorEmitter Loop with the base current known, IC can be easily calculated by the relation IC = β IB FixedBias Circuit with Emitter Resistance Nasim Zafar 26 3. 3. VoltageDividerBias Circuits Nasim Zafar 27 3. VoltageDividerBias Circuits: VoltageDivider Bias Circuits: R2 10 β RE – Sometimes referred to as UniversalBias Circuit: 28 Nasim Zafar 3. VoltageDividerBias Circuits: Ø Voltagedivider biasing circuit is the most widely used type of transistor biasing circuit Ø Ø Only one power supply is needed. and voltagedivider bias is more stable ( independent) than other bias types. Nasim Zafar 29 3. VoltageDividerBias Circuits: Ø Ø Ø For the transistor circuit shown here, R1 and R2 set up a voltage divider on the base, voltage to the point A (base). The resistance to ground from the base is not significant enough to consider in most cases. Remember, the basic operation of the transistor has not changed. Nasim Zafar 30 3. VoltageDividerBias Circuits: VoltageDivider Bias circuit Nasim Zafar Simplified VoltageDivider circuit 31 3. VoltageDividerBias Circuits: Determination of VTh – the Thevenin Voltage 32 Nasim Zafar 3. VoltageDividerBias Circuits: 1. Base Emitter Loop: The Thevenin equivalent Voltage for the input circuit is given by: Ø Ø and Resistance for the input circuit: Nasim Zafar 33 3. VoltageDivider Bias Circuits: Ø Ø 1. BaseEmitter Loop: The KVL equation for the input circuit: Nasim Zafar 34 3. VoltageDivider Biasing Circuits: Ø 2. CollectorEmitter Loop: VE IE = RE IC VCE ≅ VCC − ( RC + RE ) I C 35 Nasim Zafar 3. VoltageDivider Biasing Circuits: Voltage Divider Equations: VE IE = RE IC VCE ≅ VCC − ( RC + RE ) I C VBB − VBE IB = RBB + RE ( β + 1) IC = β I B VCE = VCC − ( RC + RE ) I C 36 Nasim Zafar Emitter Biased Transistor Circuits: Ø Ø Ø Ø This type of circuit is independent of making it as stable as the voltagedivider type, The drawback is that it requires two power supplies Two key equations for analysis of this type of bias circuit are given below. With these two currents known we can apply Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff's law to solve for the voltages. IB ≈ IE/ IC ≈ IE ≈ ( VEEVBE)/(RE + RB/ DC) Nasim Zafar 37 Summary: Ø β dc Dependent on: – Operating Point Q – Temperature – R For stability of the Qpoint: 10 β RE – Make Nasim Zafar 38 ... Greatly reduces effects of change of β – Equations – highly dependent on dc Nasim? ?Zafar 18 1. FixedBiased Transistor Circuits. Single Power Supply Nasim Zafar 19 DC Voltages and Currents in a BJT: v Active region Amplifier: BJT acts as a signal amplifier... of an ac signal without distortion or clipping the wave form. Nasim Zafar Transistor Output Characteristics: IC IB = 40µA IC IB = 30µA IB = 20µA IB = 10µA Early voltage Ø Nasim? ?Zafar Cutoff region At a fixed IB, IC is not dependent on VCE... saturation or cutoff regions when an a ac signal is applied. Nasim Zafar 10 The DC Operating Point: Biasing and Stability Slope of the Load Line: VCC = VCE + VRC VCE = VCC VRC VCE = VCC IC RC Ic ( )VCE Rc VCC RC Nasim Zafar 11 The DC Operating Point: