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In this chapter, students will be able to understand: Commits international community to an expanded vision of development, promotes human development as key to social and economic progress, creates global partnership for development, consolidates targets established by international conferences into eigth essential goals, first seven mutually reinforcing, aimed at reducing poverty in all forms, eigth goal – global partnership for development – is about means to achieve first seven – “a grand bargain”.
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) A global agenda for development Lecture 10 MDG FRAMEWORK ― COMMITS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO AN EXPANDED VISION OF DEVELOPMENT ― PROMOTES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AS KEY TO SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS ― CREATES GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT ― CONSOLIDATES TARGETS ESTABLISHED BY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES INTO EIGTH ESSENTIAL GOALS ― FIRST SEVEN MUTUALLY REINFORCING, AIMED AT REDUCING POVERTY IN ALL FORMS ― EIGTH GOAL – GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT – IS ABOUT MEANS TO ACHIEVE FIRST SEVEN – “A GRAND BARGAIN” The Millennium Development Goals Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day [i] the proportion of people whose income is Poverty gap ratio less than one dollar a day Share of poorest quintile in national consumption Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people Growth rate of GDP per person employed Employmenttopopulation ratio Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day Proportion of ownaccount and contributing family workers in total employment Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, Prevalence of underweight children underfive years the proportion of of age people who suffer from hunger Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption For monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available [i] The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling Net enrolment ratio in primary education Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary Literacy rate of 1524 yearolds, women and men Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Share of women in wage employment in the non agricultural sector The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Target 4.A: Reduce by twothirds, between Underfive mortality rate 1990 and 2015, the underfive mortality Infant mortality rate rate Proportion of 1 yearold children immunised against measles Goal 5: Improve maternal health Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, Maternal mortality ratio between 1990 and 2015, the maternal Proportion of births attended by skilled health mortality ratio personnel Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal Contraceptive prevalence rate access to reproductive health Adolescent birth rate Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) Unmet need for family planning The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it HIV prevalence among population aged 1524 years Proportion of population aged 1524 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of nonorphans aged 1014 years Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Incidence and death rates associated with malaria Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticidetreated bednets Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate antimalarial drugs Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to drugs The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Proportion of land area covered by forest CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP) Consumption of ozonedepleting substances Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits Proportion of total water resources used Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected Proportion of species threatened with extinction Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a 10 Proportion of urban population living in slums[i] significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers The actual proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the four characteristics: (a) lack of access to improved water supply; (b) lack of access to improved sanitation; (c) overcrowding (3 or more persons per room); and (d) dwellings made of nondurable material [i] The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule Some of the indicators listed below are monitored based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), and financial system Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island Includes a commitment to good governance, developing States development and poverty reduction – both Official development assistance (ODA) nationally and internationally Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least developed countries Includes: tariff and quota free access for the least developed countries' exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income Proportion of total bilateral, sectorallocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national incomes The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development (cont.) Target 8.C: Address the special needs of Market access landlocked developing countries and small Proportion of total developed country imports (by island developing States (through the value and excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on States and the outcome of the twentysecond agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries special session of the General Assembly) Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade debt problems of developing countries through capacity ) national and international measures in order to Debt sustainability make debt sustainable in the long term 10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) 11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives 12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development (cont.) Target 8.E: In cooperation with 13 Proportion of population with access to affordable pharmaceutical companies, provide access essential drugs on a sustainable basis to affordable essential drugs in developing countries Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private 14 Telephone lines per 100 population sector, make available the benefits of new 15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population technologies, especially information and communications 16 Internet users per 100 population 10 PROGRESS ACHIEVED ― HALVING EXTREME POVERTY REMAINS (ED) WITHIN REACH LARGELY DUE TO EXTRAORDINARY SUCCESS IN MOST OF ASIA BUT SOME IN SOUTH ASIA AND SUBSAHARIAN AFRICA REMAINS OFF TARGETS ― GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS COULD ENDANGER GAINS 11 PROGRESS ACHIEVED (CONT.) ― OTHER SOCIAL GOALS – SOME PROMISE PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT 90% REACHED IN EIGTH OUT OF TEN REGION GENDER PARITY 95% IN SCHOOL IN SIX OF TEN REGIONS DEATH FROM MEASLES CUT ONE THIRD 2000-2006 VACCINATION RATE 80% FOR CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING WORLD 1.5 BILLION PEOPLE GAINED ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO MEDICINES SPREADING THANKS TO DEBT WRITE OFFS AND REDUCED DEBT SERVICE, SOCIAL SERVICES SPENDING UP 12 CONTINUING CHALLENGES ― SOCIAL GOALS REMAIN IN JEOPARDY ― MATERNAL MORTALITY STILL WAY HIGH (1/2 MILLION MOTHERS DIE EVERY YEAR AT CHILD BIRTH) ― ONE QUARTER OF CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES UNDERNOURISHED ― HALF DEVELOPING WORLD POPULATION STILL LACK IMPROVED SANITATION ― OVER ONE THIRD LIVE IN URBAN SLUMS AND ON AND ON 13 Theories of Economic Development - Nurkse's Model of Vicious Circle of Poverty (VCP) and Economic Development Definition and Explanation According to Prof Nurkse: "It is the vicious circle of poverty (VCP) which is responsible for backwardness of UDCs" Vicious circle of poverty: "Implies a circular constellation of forces tending to act and react in such a way as to keep a country in the state of poverty" In such state of affairs the process of capital formation remains obstructed and restricted This VCP is presented as: • We start with low real income which results in a meager savings which in turn will check investment Low level of investment would create deficiency of capital which in second round leads to low productivity This again results in low income Here, the circle perpetuates the low level of development • From the supply side, there is low income, low savings, low investment, capital deficiency and low productivity • On the demand side, low income, low demand for goods, limited home market and low investment Breaking VCP According to Nurkse, a break through on demand side can be brought about by dashing initiatives on the part of entrepreneurs On the supply side the disguised unemployment ranging between 20% to 30% of total agri labor force can be mobilized for financing capital formation And the parents of such disguised unemployed will go on feeding them It means that in Nurkse's model the hidden food surplus will finance the process of economic growth • Shortcomings/Flaws of the Model Entrepreneurs Responsible For Breakthrough: According to Nurkse to break the VCP entrepreneurs will play an important role But he does not suggest the means for such funds As in poor countries the savings are low, hence for the supply of funds the credit creation will have to be restored But Nurkse rejects it • Disguised Unemployment: According to Nurkse, the disguised unemployment will finance for growth But the domestic resources are not sufficient, they can partially meet the requirements of growth • Raw Material And Machines: Nurkse's theory fails to answer the question from where the machines and raw material will be provided to the labor which will be utilized for capital formation Moreover, why the parents will continue providing food to their disguised unemployed offspring's once they get employment • Utilization Of Disguised is Not a New Idea: Nurkse says that the labor of Indo-Pak have much more leisure But it is not true The labor perform so many works like repair of houses, digging of canals, construction of small roads and cutting of forests etc Therefore, it is not possible to withdraw these people from lands • Misleading and Over Simplified: According to Bauer the idea of VCP is misleading and over-simplified because the developed countries never passed through such situation when they where UDCs ... Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) Unmet need for family planning The Millennium Development Goals (cont.) Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration)... PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT – IS ABOUT MEANS TO ACHIEVE FIRST SEVEN – A GRAND BARGAIN” The Millennium Development Goals Goals and Targets (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress... (from the Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Target 6 .A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target