(BQ) Part 2 book Business statistics: A decision - making approach has contents: Estimating single population parameters, introduction to hypothesis testing, estimation and hypothesis testing for two population parameters, analysis of variance,...and other contents.
www.downloadslide.com Introduction to Hypothesis Testing From Chapter of Business Statistics, A Decision-Making Approach, Ninth Edition David F Groebner, Patrick W Shannon and Phillip C Fry Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved www.downloadslide.com Quick Prep Links tFamiliarize yourself with the Student’s tReview the standard normal distribution and t-distributions and normal probability distributions the Student’s t-distribution tables, making sure you know how to find critical values in both tables tReview the concepts associated with the Central Limit Theorem tExamine the sampling distribution for proportions Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Tests for Means Hypothesis Tests for a Proportion Outcome Formulate null and alternative hypotheses for applications involving a single population mean or proportion Outcome Know what Type I and Type II errors are Outcome Correctly formulate a decision rule for testing a hypothesis Outcome Know how to use the test statistic, critical value, and p-value approaches to test a hypothesis Type II Errors Outcome Compute the probability of a Type II error Why you need to know Estimating a population parameter based on a sample statistic is one area of business statistics called statistical inference Another important application of statistical inference is hypothesis testing In hypothesis testing, a hypothesis (or statement) concerning a population parameter is made We then use sample data to either deny or confirm the validity of the proposed hypothesis For example, suppose an orange juice plant in Orlando, Florida, produces approximately 120,000 bottles of orange juice daily Each bottle is supposed to contain 32 fluid ounces However, like all processes, the automated filling machine is subject to variation, and each bottle will contain either slightly more or less than the 32-ounce target The important thing is that the mean fill is 32 fluid ounces The manager might state the hypothesis that the mean fill is 32 ounces Every two hours, the plant quality manager selects a random sample of bottles and computes the sample mean If the sample mean is a “significant” distance from the desired 32 ounces, then the sample data will have provided sufficient evidence that the average fill is not 32 ounces and the manager’s hypothesis would be rejected The machine would then be stopped until repairs or adjustments had been made However, if the sample mean is “close” to 32 ounces, the data would support the hypothesis and the machine would be allowed to continue filling bottles Hypothesis testing is performed regularly in many industries Companies in the pharmaceutical industry must perform many hypothesis tests on new drug products before they are deemed to be safe and effective by the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) In these instances, the drug is hypothesized to be both unsafe and ineffective Here, the FDA does not wish to certify that the drug is safe and effective unless sufficient evidence is obtained that this is the case Then, if the sample results from the studies performed provide “significant” evidence that the drug is safe and effective, the FDA will allow the company to market the drug Kitch Bain/Fotolia www.downloadslide.com I nt r o d u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g Hypothesis testing is the basis of the legal system in which judges and juries hear evidence in court cases In a criminal case, the hypothesis in the American legal system is that the defendant is innocent Based on the totality of the evidence presented in the trial, if the jury concludes that “beyond a reasonable doubt” the defendant committed the crime, the hypothesis of innocence will be rejected and the defendant will be found guilty If the evidence is not strong enough, the defendant will be judged not guilty Hypothesis testing is a major part of business statistics This text introduces the fundamentals involved in conducting hypothesis tests Hypothesis Tests for Means Information contained in a sample is subject to sampling error The sample mean will almost certainly not equal the population mean Therefore, in situations in which you need to test a claim about a population mean by using the sample mean, you can’t simply compare the sample mean to the claim and reject the claim if x and the claimed value of m are different Instead, you need a testing procedure that incorporates the potential for sampling error Statistical hypothesis testing provides managers with a structured analytical method for making decisions of this type It lets them make decisions in such a way that the probability of decision errors can be controlled, or at least measured Even though statistical hypothesis testing does not eliminate the uncertainty in the managerial environment, the techniques involved often allow managers to identify and control the level of uncertainty The techniques presented in this chapter assume the data are selected using an appropriate statistical sampling process and that the data are interval or ratio level In short, we assume we are working with good data Formulating the Hypotheses Null Hypothesis The statement about the population parameter that will be assumed to be true during the conduct of the hypothesis test The null hypothesis will be rejected only if the sample data provide substantial contradictory evidence Alternative Hypothesis The hypothesis that includes all population values not included in the null hypothesis The alternative hypothesis will be selected only if there is strong enough sample evidence to support it The alternative hypothesis is deemed to be true if the null hypothesis is rejected Null and Alternative Hypotheses In hypothesis testing, two hypotheses are formulated One is the null hypothesis The null hypothesis is represented by H0 and contains an equality sign, such as ; =,< ; … ,< or ; Ú < The second hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis (represented by HA) Based on the sample data, we either reject H0 or we not reject H0 Correctly specifying the null and alternative hypotheses is important If done incorrectly, the results obtained from the hypothesis test may be misleading Unfortunately, how you should formulate the null and alternative hypotheses is not always obvious As you gain experience with hypothesis-testing applications, the process becomes easier To help you get started, we have developed some general guidelines you should find helpful Testing the Status Quo In many cases, you will be interested in whether a situation has changed We refer to this as testing the status quo, and this is a common application of hypothesis testing For example, the Kellogg’s Company makes many food products, including a variety of breakfast cereals At the company’s Battle Creek, Michigan, plant, Frosted Mini-Wheats are produced and packaged for distribution around the world If the packaging process is working properly, the mean fill per box is 16 ounces Every hour, quality analysts at the plant select a random sample of filled boxes and measure their contents They not wish to unnecessarily stop the packaging process since doing so can be quite costly Thus, the packaging process will not be stopped unless there is sufficient evidence that the average fill is different from 16 ounces, i.e., HA: m ≠ 16 The analysts use the sample data to test the following null and alternative hypotheses: H0: m = 16 ounces 1status quo2 HA: m ≠ 16 ounces The null hypothesis is reasonable because the line supervisor would assume the process is operating correctly before starting production As long as the sample mean is “reasonably” close to 16 ounces, the analysts will assume the filling process is working properly Only when the sample mean is seen to be too large or too small will the analysts reject the null hypothesis (the status quo) and take action to identify and fix the problem www.downloadslide.com I nt rod u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g As another example, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which is responsible for screening passengers at U.S airports, publishes on its Web site the average waiting times for customers to pass through security For example, on Mondays between 9:00 a.m and 10:00 a.m., the average waiting time at Atlanta’s Hartsfield International Airport is supposed to be 15 minutes or less Periodically, TSA staff will select a random sample of passengers during this time slot and will measure their actual wait times to determine if the average waiting time is longer than the guidelines require The alternative hypothesis is, therefore, stated as: HA: m 15 minutes The sample data will be used to test the following null and alternative hypotheses: H0: m … 15 minutes 1status quo2 HA: m 15 minutes Only if the sample mean wait time is “substantially” greater than 15 minutes will TSA employees reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is a problem with staffing levels Otherwise, they will assume that the 15-minute standard (the status quo) is being met, and no action will be taken Research Hypothesis The hypothesis the decision maker attempts to demonstrate to be true Because this is the hypothesis deemed to be the most important to the decision maker, it will be declared true only if the sample data strongly indicates that it is true Testing a Research Hypothesis Many business and scientific applications involve research applications For example, companies such as Intel, Procter & Gamble, Dell Computers, Pfizer, and 3M continually introduce new and hopefully improved products However, before introducing a new product, the companies want to determine whether the new product is superior to the original In the case of drug companies like Pfizer, the government requires them to show their products are both safe and effective Because statistical evidence is needed to indicate that the new product is effective, the default position (or null hypothesis) is that it is no better than the original (or in the case of a drug, that it is unsafe and ineffective) The burden of proof is placed on the new product, and the alternative hypothesis is formulated as the research hypothesis For example, suppose the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company has a new tread design that its engineers claim will outlast its competitor’s leading tire New technology is able to produce tires whose longevity is better than the competitors’ tires but are less expensive Thus, if Goodyear can be sure that the new tread design will last longer than the competition’s, it will realize a profit that will justify the introduction of the tire with the new tread design The competitor’s tire has been demonstrated to provide an average of 60,000 miles of use Therefore, the research hypothesis for Goodyear is that its tire will last longer than its competitor’s, meaning that the tire will last an average of more than 60,000 miles The research hypothesis becomes the alternative hypothesis: H0: m … 60,000 HA: m 60,0001research hypothesis2 The burden of proof is on Goodyear Only if the sample data show a sample mean that is “substantially” larger than 60,000 miles will the null hypothesis be rejected and Goodyear’s position be affirmed In another example, suppose the Nunhem Brothers Seed Company has developed a new variety of bean seed Nunhem will introduce this seed variety on the market only if the seed provides yields superior to the current seed variety Experience shows the current seed provides a mean yield of 60 bushels per acre To test the new variety of beans, Nunhem Brothers researchers will set up the following null and alternative hypotheses: H0: m … 60 bushels HA: m 60 bushels 1research hypothesis2 The alternative hypothesis is the research hypothesis If the null hypothesis is rejected, then Nunhem Brothers will have statistical evidence to show that the new variety of beans is superior to the existing product Testing a Claim about the Population Analyzing claims using hypothesis tests can be complicated Sometimes you will want to give the benefit of the doubt to the claim, but in other instances you will be skeptical about the claim and will want to place the burden of www.downloadslide.com I nt r o d u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g proof on the claim For consistency purposes, the rule adopted in this text is that if the claim contains the equality, the claim becomes the null hypothesis If the claim does not contain the equality, the claim is the alternative hypothesis A recent radio commercial stated the average waiting time at a medical clinic is less than 15 minutes A claim like this can be tested using hypothesis testing The null and alternative hypotheses should be formulated such that one contains the claim and the other reflects the opposite position Since in this example, the claim that the average wait time is less than 15 minutes does not contain the equality 1m 152, the claim should be the alternative hypothesis The appropriate null and alternative hypotheses are, then, as follows: H0: m Ú 15 HA: m 15 1claim2 In cases like this where the claim corresponds to the alternative hypothesis, the burden of proof is on the claim If the sample mean is “substantially” less than 15 minutes, the null hypothesis would be rejected and the alternative hypothesis (and the claim) would be accepted Otherwise, the null hypothesis would not be rejected and the claim could not be accepted Chapter Outcome )PXUPEPJU(Example 1) Formulating the Null and Alternative Hypotheses The population parameter of interest 1e.g., m, p, or s2 must be identified The hypothesis of interest to the researcher or the analyst must be identified This could encompass testing a status quo, a research hypothesis, or a claim The null hypothesis will contain the equal sign, the alternative hypothesis will not The range of possible values for the parameter must be divided between the null and alternative hypothesis Therefore, if H0: m … 15, the alternative hypothesis must become HA: m 15 EXAMPLE FORMULATING THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES Student Work Hours In today’s economy, university students often work many hours to help pay for the high costs of a college education Suppose a university in the Midwest is considering changing its class schedule to accommodate students working long hours The registrar has stated a change is needed because the mean number of hours worked by undergraduate students at the university is more than 20 per week The following steps can be taken to establish the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses: Step Determine the population parameter of interest In this case, the population parameter of interest is the mean hours worked, m The null and alternative hypotheses must be stated in terms of the population parameter Step Identify the hypothesis of interest In this case, the registrar has made a claim stating that the mean hours worked “is more than 20” per week Because changing the class scheduling system would be expensive and time consuming, the claim should not be declared true unless the sample data strongly indicate that it is true Thus, the burden of proof is placed on the registrar to justify her claim that the mean is greater than 20 hours Step Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses Keep in mind that the equality goes in the null hypothesis H0: m … 20 hours HA: m 20 hours 1claim2 >> END EXAMPLE TRY PROBLEM 13a Example illustrates another example of how the null and alternative hypotheses are formulated EXAMPLE FORMULATING THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES Nabisco Foods One of the leading products made by Nabisco foods is the snack cracker called Wheat Thins Nabisco uses an automatic filling machine to fill the Wheat Thins boxes with the desired weight For instance, when the company is running the product for Costco on the fill line, the machine is set to fill the oversized boxes with 20 ounces If the machine is working properly, the mean fill will be 20 ounces Each hour, a sample of boxes is collected and weighed, and the technicians determine whether the machine is still operating correctly or www.downloadslide.com I nt rod u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g whether it needs adjustment The following steps can be used to establish the null and alternative hypotheses to be tested: Step Determine the population parameter of interest In this case, the population parameter of interest is the mean weight per box, m Step Identify the hypothesis of interest The status quo is that the machine is filling the boxes with the proper amount, which is m = 20 ounces We will believe this to be true unless we find evidence to suggest otherwise If such evidence exists, then the filling process needs to be adjusted Step Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses The null and alternative hypotheses are H0: m = 20 ounces 1status quo2 HA: m ≠ 20 ounces >> END EXAMPLE TRY PROBLEM 14a Chapter Outcome Type I Error Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true Type II Error Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, false FIGURE Types of Statistical Errors Because of the potential for extreme sampling error, two possible errors can occur when a hypothesis is tested: Type I and Type II errors These errors show the relationship between what actually exists (a state of nature) and the decision made based on the sample information Figure shows the possible actions and states of nature associated with any hypothesistesting application As you can see, there are three possible outcomes: no error (correct decision), Type I error, and Type II error Only one of these will be the outcome for a hypothesis test From Figure 1, if the null hypothesis is true and an error is made, it must be a Type I error On the other hand, if the null hypothesis is false and an error is made, it must be a Type II error Many statisticians argue that you should never use the phrase “accept the null hypothesis.” Instead, you should use “do not reject the null hypothesis.” Thus, the only two hypothesistesting decisions would be reject H0 or not reject H0 This is why in a jury verdict to acquit a defendant, the verdict is “not guilty” rather than innocent Just because the evidence is insufficient to convict does not necessarily mean that the defendant is innocent The same is true with hypothesis testing Just because the sample data not lead to rejecting the null hypothesis, we cannot be sure that the null hypothesis is true This thinking is appropriate when hypothesis testing is employed in situations in which some future action is not dependent on the results of the hypothesis test However, in most business applications, the purpose of the hypothesis test is to direct the decision maker to take one action or another based on the test results So, in this text, when hypothesis testing is applied to decision-making situations, not rejecting the null hypothesis is essentially the same as accepting it The same action will be taken whether we conclude that the null hypothesis is not rejected or that it is accepted.1 | State of Nature The Relationship between Decisions and States of Nature Decision 1Whichever Null Hypothesis True Null Hypothesis False Conclude Null True (Don’t Reject H0) Correct Decision Type II Error Conclude Null False (Reject H0) Type I Error Correct Decision language you use, you should make an effort to understand both arguments and make an informed choice If your instructor requests that you reference the action in a particular way, it would behoove you to follow the instructions Having gone through this process ourselves, we prefer to state the choice as “don’t reject the null hypothesis.” This terminology will be used throughout this text www.downloadslide.com I nt r o d u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g Peter Galbraith/Fotolia BUSINESS APPLICATION TYPE I AND TYPE II STATISTICAL ERRORS PRICE & ASSOCIATES CONSTRUCTION Price & Associates is a residential home developer in the Phoenix, Arizona, area They build single-family homes in the $300,000 to $500,000 price range Because of the volume of homes they build, they have refined their processes to be very efficient For example, they have a company standard that a home should not require more than 25 days for framing and roofing The managing partner at Price & Associates wishes to test whether the mean framing and roofing times have changed following the 2008 financial crisis, which reduced the number of homes the company has been building Treating the average framing and roofing time of 25 days or less as the status quo, the null and alternative hypotheses to be tested are H0: m … 25 days 1status quo2 HA: m 25 days The managing partner will select a random sample of homes built in 2012 In this application, a Type I error would occur if the sample data lead the manager to conclude that the mean framing and roofing time exceeds 25 days (H0 is rejected) when in fact m … 25 days If a Type I error occurred, the manager would needlessly spend time and resources trying to speed up a process that already meets the original time frame Alternatively, a Type II error would occur if the sample evidence leads the manager to incorrectly conclude that m … 25 days (H0 is not rejected) when the mean framing and roofing time exceeds 25 days Now the manager would take no action to improve framing and roofing times at Price & Associates when changes are needed to improve the building time Chapter Outcome Significance Level and Critical Value The objective of a hypothesis test is to use sample information to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis about a population parameter How decision makers determine whether the sample information supports or refutes the null hypothesis? The answer to this question is the key to understanding statistical hypothesis testing In hypothesis tests for a single population mean, the sample mean, x, is used to test the hypotheses under consideration Depending on how the null and alternative hypotheses are formulated, certain values of x will tend to support the null hypothesis, whereas other values will appear to support the alternative hypothesis In the Price & Associates example, the null and alternative hypotheses were formulated as H0: m … 25 days HA: m 25 days Values of x less than or equal to 25 days would tend to support the null hypothesis By contrast, values of x greater than 25 days would tend to refute the null hypothesis The larger the value of x, the greater the evidence that the null hypothesis should be rejected However, because we expect some sampling error, we want to reject H0 for any value of x that is greater than 25 days? Probably not But should we reject H0 if x = 26 days, or x = 30 days, or x = 35 days? At what point we stop attributing the result to sampling error? To perform the hypothesis test, we need to select a cutoff point that is the demarcation between rejecting and not rejecting the null hypothesis Our decision rule for the Price & Associates application is then If x Cutoff, reject H0 If x … Cutoff, not reject H0 If x is greater than the cutoff, we will reject H0 and conclude that the average framing and roofing time does exceed 25 days If x is less than or equal to the cutoff, we will not reject H0; in this case our test does not give sufficient evidence that the faming and roofing time exceeds 25 days www.downloadslide.com I nt rod u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g FIGURE | Sampling Distribution Sampling Distribution of x for Price & Associates Probability of committing a Type I error = Do not reject H0 Cutoff Significance Level The maximum allowable probability of committing a Type I statistical error The probability is denoted by the symbol a Critical Value The value corresponding to a significance level that determines those test statistics that lead to rejecting the null hypothesis and those that lead to a decision not to reject the null hypothesis Chapter Outcome Reject H0 x Recall from the Central Limit Theorem that, for large samples, the distribution of the possible sample means is approximately normal, with a center at the population mean, m The null hypothesis in our example is m … 25 days Figure shows the sampling distribution for x assuming that m = 25 The shaded region on the right is called the rejection region The area of the rejection region gives the probability of getting an x larger than the cutoff when m is really 25, so it is the probability of making a Type I statistical error This probability is called the significance level of the test and is given the symbol a (alpha) The decision maker carrying out the test specifies the significance level, a The value of a is determined based on the costs involved in committing a Type I error If making a Type I error is costly, we will want the probability of a Type I error to be small If a Type I error is less costly, then we can allow a higher probability of a Type I error However, in determining a, we must also take into account the probability of making a Type II error, which is given the symbol b (beta) The two error probabilities, a and b, are inversely related That is, if we reduce a, then b will increase.2 Thus, in setting a, you must consider both sides of the issue.3 Calculating the specific dollar costs associated with making Type I and Type II errors is often difficult and may require a subjective management decision Therefore, any two managers might well arrive at different alpha levels However, in the end, the choice for alpha must reflect the decision maker’s best estimate of the costs of these two errors Having chosen a significance level, a, the decision maker then must calculate the corresponding cutoff point, which is called a critical value Hypothesis Test for M, S Known Calculating Critical Values To calculate critical values corresponding to a chosen a, we need to know the sampling distribution of the sample mean x If our sampling conditions satisfy the Central Limit Theorem requirements or if the population is normally distributed and we know the population standard deviation s, then the sampling distribution of x is a normal distribution with an average equal to the population mean m and standard deviation s> 1n With this information, we can calculate a critical z-value, called za, or a critical x-value, called xa We illustrate both calculations in the Price & Associates example 2The sum of alpha and beta may coincidentally equal However, in general, the sum of these two error probabilities does not equal since they are not complements 3We will discuss Type II errors more fully later in this chapter Contrary to the Type I error situation in which we specify the desired alpha level, beta is computed based on certain assumptions Methods for computing beta are shown in Section 4For many population distributions, the Central Limit Theorem applies for sample sizes as small as or Sample sizes n Ú 30 assure us that the sampling distribution will be approximately normal regardless of population distribution www.downloadslide.com I nt r o d u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g Peter Galbraith/Fotolia BUSINESS APPLICATION CONDUCTING THE HYPOTHESIS TEST PRICE & ASSOCIATES CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED) Suppose the managing partners decide they are willing to incur a 0.10 probability of committing a Type I error Assume also that the population standard deviation, s, for framing and roofing homes is three days and the sample size is 64 homes Given that the sample size is large 1n Ú 302 and that the population standard deviation is known 1s = days2, we can state the critical value in two ways First, we can establish the critical value as a z-value Figure shows that if the rejection region on the upper end of the sampling distribution has an area of 0.10, the critical z-value, za, from the standard normal table (or by using Excel’s NORM.S.INV function) corresponding to the critical value is 1.28 Thus, z0.10 = 1.28 If the sample mean lies more than 1.28 standard deviations above m = 25 days, H0 should be rejected; otherwise we will not reject H0 We can also express the critical value in the same units as the sample mean In the Price & Associates example, we can calculate a critical x value, xa, so that if x is greater than the critical value, we should reject H0 If x is less than or equal to xa, we should not reject H0 Equation shows how xa is computed Figure illustrates the use of Equation for computing the critical value, xa xA for Hypothesis Tests, S Known m xa s n za (1) where: m za s n = = = = Hypothesized value for the population mean Critical value from the standard normal distribution Population standard deviation Sample size Applying Equation 1, we determine the value for xa as follows: s n m za x 0.10 25 1.28 x 0.10 25.48 days xa 64 If x 25.48 days, H0 should be rejected and changes should be made in the construction process; otherwise, H0 should not be rejected and the process should not be changed Any sample mean between 25.48 and 25 days would be attributed to sampling error, and the null hypothesis would not be rejected A sample mean of 25.48 or fewer days will support the null hypothesis FIGURE | Determining the Critical Value as a z-Value From the standard normal table z0.10 = 1.28 Rejection region = 0.10 0.5 0.4 z0.10 = 1.28 z www.downloadslide.com I nt rod u c t i o n t o Hy p o t h e s i s Te s t i n g FIGURE | n Determining the Critical Value as an x-Value for the Price & Associates Example = 64 Rejection region = 0.10 0.5 0.4 z z 0.10 = 1.28 x0.10 = 25.48 Solving for x x0.10 = + z0.10 n = 25 + 1.28 64 x0.10 = 25.48 Decision Rules and Test Statistics To conduct a hypothesis test, you can use three equivalent approaches You can calculate a z-value and compare it to the critical value, za Alternatively, you can calculate the sample mean, x, and compare it to the critical value, xa Finally, you can use a method called the p-value approach, to be discussed later in this section It makes no difference which approach you use; each method yields the same conclusion Suppose x = 26 days How we test the null hypothesis depends on the procedure we used to establish the critical value First, using the z-value method, we establish the following decision rule: Hypotheses H0: m … 25 days HA: m 25 days a = 0.10 Decision Rule If z z0.10, reject H0 If z … z0.10, not reject H0 where: z0.10 = 1.28 Test Statistic A function of the sampled observations that provides a basis for testing a statistical hypothesis Recall that the number of homes sampled is 64 and the population standard deviation is assumed known at three days The calculated z-value is called the test statistic The z-test statistic is computed using Equation z-Test Statistic for Hypothesis Tests for M, S Known z x m s n (2) where: x m s n = = = = Sample mean Hypothesized value for the population mean Population standard deviation Sample size Given that x = 26 days, applying Equation we get x m 26 25 z s n 64 2.67 www.downloadslide.com I nt rod u c t i o n t o Q u a l i t y a n d St a t i s t i c a l Pro c e s s Co n t ro l References Evans, James R., and William M Lindsay, Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence (Cincinnati, OH: SouthWestern College Publishing, 2007) Foster, S Thomas, Managing Quality: Integrating the Supply Chain and Student CD PKG, 3rd ed (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007) Microsoft Excel 2010 (Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corp., 2010) Mitra, Amitava, Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement, 2d ed (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998) www.downloadslide.com Index Page references followed by "f" indicate illustrated figures or photographs; followed by "t" indicates a table 401(k) plans, 232, 352, 421, 433 A Absenteeism, 588-589 Abstract, 63, 146 Accountability, 118 Accountants, 135, 152, 320, 402, 543 Accounting, 26, 64, 155-156, 179, 190, 402, 412, 462, 529, 543, 546, 566, 591, 684, 698, 791, 807, 809, 816, 851 Accounting department, 412, 791 accounts payable, 301 accuracy, 12, 199, 258, 314, 391, 412, 545, 577, 773, 793, 851 Acquisitions, 237, 356, 411 addresses, 9, 20, 75, 149, 184, 442, 493, 499, 541, 567, 594 Adjustment process, 768 adjustments, 79-80, 136, 364, 412, 546, 652, 766, 857 Administrators, 217, 313, 407, 609, 638-639 Advances, 1, 147, 449, 649, 726 Advantages, 6, 14-15, 26, 28, 31, 77, 104, 131, 135, 162, 543, 595, 653, 770 Advergaming, 132 Advertising, 5-6, 30, 68, 74, 87, 118, 165, 217-218, 234-235, 238, 309, 337, 342, 392, 394, 409-411, 418, 465, 529, 565, 601, 648, 651, 655, 658, 685, 730, 746, 802, 820, 825 defined, 234, 309 e-mail, 392 local, 118, 238, 309, 409, 529 online, 6, 392 product, 5-6, 30, 68, 217-218, 235, 409, 411, 418, 465, 565, 601, 825 retail, 6, 74, 217, 465, 565, 746, 825 types of, 5, 30, 238, 409, 746 Advertising agencies, 418 Advertising campaign, 217-218, 337, 418, 529 Affect, 10-11, 13, 80, 92, 118, 134-135, 193, 244, 273, 283, 327-328, 334, 347, 353, 359, 397, 446, 487, 492, 499, 519, 533, 540, 546, 566, 671, 681, 695, 732, 772, 789 African Americans, 597 Age, 5-6, 8-9, 33, 39, 55, 65, 107, 109, 117, 132, 138, 144, 164-165, 169-171, 174, 184, 186-187, 191, 203, 217-218, 260, 313, 350, 352, 385, 391, 409, 423-425, 463, 531-532, 534-537, 544, 591, 596-597, 601, 645, 649, 662-666, 671, 677-680, 709, 724, 727, 731, 802 Agencies, 1, 37, 320, 412, 418, 546, 653 agenda, 358 Agent, 68, 235, 270, 488-489, 564, 683, 821 Agents, 132, 284, 481, 738 report, 284 agreement, 9, 135, 206 Agreements, 746 AIDS, 175, 450, 685 AIG, 52 Aircraft, 182, 267, 309, 853 business, 267 Alabama, 44, 379, 381 All-inclusive, 40-43, 77, 84 Animals, 120, 543 Annuity, 258, 421-422 life, 258, 421 tax-sheltered, 421-422 units, 258 variable, 421 anticipate, 651 appearance, 719 Application, 1-3, 5-8, 14-18, 20, 25, 32, 38-39, 43, 49, 55, 58, 65, 68, 76, 81, 84, 88, 90, 108-110, 115, 121, 123, 144, 146, 148, 156-157, 159, 161, 166, 169-170, 172-173, 175, 177-178, 180-181, 202, 206-208, 211, 213, 221-222, 224, 226, 247, 249, 251, 253, 264, 268, 278, 281, 287, 302, 304, 320, 324-325, 328, 331, 338-339, 347-348, 364-365, 368-369, 371, 376-377, 381, 386, 393-394, 400, 421, 433, 435, 443-444, 451-452, 470, 472, 476, 478, 481, 485, 499, 501, 503, 508, 519, 523, 530-531, 553, 564-565, 571, 575, 584, 588, 603, 610, 612-613, 622, 627, 634, 637-638, 653, 679, 689, 711, 735, 744, 747, 754, 756-758, 762, 768, 786, 798, 803, 807, 809, 816-817, 832, 835-836, 844, 847 Applications, 1, 6, 11, 14, 18-19, 24, 27, 29, 31, 43, 52, 63, 73, 75-76, 78, 84, 98-99, 105, 117, 124, 126, 131, 142, 149, 152-153, 162-163, 184, 188-190, 195, 200, 204-205, 207, 217, 219-220, 225, 230, 233-234, 241, 244-245, 257, 265, 268, 270, 276, 282, 284, 286, 299, 304, 308, 311, 313, 318, 334-335, 342, 347, 350, 353, 355, 358, 360, 364-366, 368, 373, 384, 391, 398-399, 402, 404, 406, 415, 427, 429-430, 441, 449, 457, 459, 462, 467, 469-470, 477, 480, 486, 488, 492, 496, 515-516, 528, 539, 543, 548, 550, 567, 582, 592, 595, 599, 601, 609, 631, 634, 642, 646, 648, 655, 683, 704, 731, 746, 771, 782, 786, 795, 798, 801, 813, 816, 820, 822, 824, 826, 829, 838, 847 Argentina, 223 arguments, 368 ARM, 429, 611, 788 Art, 27, 462, 661, 681, 734, 784 Asia, 458 Assessment method, 158-160, 162, 164, 174-175, 186-187, 190, 194, 201, 206 Assets, 164, 175, 190, 235-236, 386, 391, 402, 705 current, 402, 705 Asterisk, 102 attention, 60, 80, 87, 115, 127, 135, 185, 464, 488, 494, 518, 546, 595, 686, 727, 824, 851 Attitudes, 103, 407, 451, 592, 825 Attorneys, 58, 99, 303, 587 Attribute, 7, 245, 302, 304, 306-307, 311, 318, 325, 345, 349-351, 376, 390, 474, 844-845, 847, 850, 855-856 attributes, 8, 32, 308, 534, 643, 704, 790, 847, 849 audience, 5, 30, 193, 218, 409, 643, 802 primary, size of, 193, 218 auditing, 199, 529 Auditors, 259, 334, 386-388, 391, 529 compliance, 387 internal, 259, 386-388, 391 Audits, 148, 152, 155-156, 164, 464 Australia, 61, 168, 274, 308, 597 Authority, 54 Automobile industry, 55, 629, 727 Automobile insurance, 386, 462 availability, 14, 25-26, 81, 119, 385, 412 testing, 385, 412 Available, 7-9, 17, 22, 90, 97, 110, 132, 134, 145-146, 149, 161-162, 184, 191-192, 204-205, 222, 238, 280, 284, 301, 309, 329, 337, 353, 357, 361, 399, 409, 412, 423, 482, 510, 516, 524, 534, 567, 578, 582, 597, 646, 662, 665, 678, 681, 700, 704-705, 709, 719, 721, 734, 741-742, 744, 757, 774-775, 788-791, 797, 847, 850, 856 B Baby boomers, 192, 351 backup, 191, 392, 593, 728 Balance sheet, 65 Banking crisis, 107 Bankruptcy, 64, 74, 133 Banks, 17, 107, 137, 146-147, 267, 343, 516, 747, 773 bar charts, 3, 33, 55-58, 62, 76, 78, 137, 841-842 Barcelona, 127 Base salary, 107, 314, 429, 604 Base year, 75, 739, 741, 743-744, 746 Basket of goods, 633, 709, 720, 725, 744 Behavior, 11, 350, 588 Belgium, 437 Benefits, 116, 126, 309-310, 344, 442, 489, 588, 814 service, 126, 309, 344, 489 biases, 14 Bicycles, 162, 313 Bid, 161-162, 184-185, 235 billing, 25, 106, 137, 217, 402, 548, 591, 642, 735, 816, 856, 858 board of directors, 63, 235, 464, 637, 650 Bonds, 174, 421, 592 Boomers, 192, 351 Borrowing, 592 brackets, 19, 479 brainstorming, 662 Brand, 5-6, 22, 38, 64, 79, 132, 162, 183, 229, 247, 260, 266, 299, 410, 437-438, 446-448, 518, 540, 543, 684, 789, 826 Brand names, 518 Brands, 22, 183, 236, 280, 316, 418, 443, 448, 452, 463, 499, 789, 826 generic, 236, 448 individual, 316, 463, 499 manufacturer, 443, 826 national, 236, 443, 463 store, 183, 316, 789 Brazil, 204 Breakdown, 82, 164, 169, 187 Bridges, 583 Broker, 545, 737 Brokers, 37, 666 Brussels, Belgium, 437 Budget, 9, 17, 19, 30, 75, 134, 338, 385-386, 546, 651, 730, 733, 746 defined, 19 Bulgaria, 343 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 19, 118, 219, 309, 344, 385, 478, 633, 644, 743-744, 783 Business environment, 2, 32, 327, 686 Business ethics, 351 business intelligence, 1, 29, 32 Business operations, 727 Business plan, 489 tests, 489 Business process, 571 Business review, 731 Business Week, 1, 29, 33, 73, 106-107, 119, 219, 259, 343, 403 Buyers, 216, 304, 308, 462 C Call centers, 344, 494 Campus bookstores, 527 Canada, 67, 74, 112, 157, 171, 308, 374, 393, 397, 420, 517, 528, 566, 575, 783 Capabilities, 661, 727, 750 Capacity, 14, 64-65, 69, 74, 81, 109, 193, 223, 244, 259, 267, 314, 336, 350, 465, 474, 517, 578-579, 581, 583, 727, 788 Capital, 24, 43-45, 48-51, 65, 119, 168, 187, 259, 597, 676, 719 customer, 24, 48-49, 65, 187, 259 growth, 65, 676, 719 human, 119, 187, 259 working, 168, 597 capitalization, 133 Career, 1, 10, 26, 30, 33-34, 146, 546, 548, 652, 728 Case study, 148, 217 Cash flow, 772, 791 Cash flows, 735 861 www.downloadslide.com cause and effect, 608 CDC, 127, 284 Cell phones, 313-314, 359, 392-393 Census data, 15 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 127, 284 CDC, 127, 284 Central Limit Theorem, 277, 294, 296-298, 304, 311-312, 315, 318, 320, 322-324, 328, 364, 370, 419, 832, 834 Certainty, 7, 32, 153, 161, 196 Channels, 595 Character, 92, 192, 621 Cheating, 802 Checking accounts, 650 Checkout, 11, 221-223, 407-408, 442, 545, 595 Chief financial officer, 610 Chief operating officer, 90 Children, 10, 138, 191, 203, 205, 240, 478, 548, 596, 814 China, 74, 106, 191, 308, 386, 462 Chinese, 134, 191, 226, 231, 356 Chinese yuan, 134 Claimant, 58 Claims, 5, 87, 126, 206, 251, 300, 366, 395, 399, 403, 407, 462, 464, 529, 567, 576, 593, 597, 607, 778-780, 782, 791, 802-803, 813, 827 investigation, 802 Classical approach, 159 Classification, 28, 584 Climate, 34, 726, 825 clothing, 106, 223, 285, 733, 743 Clusters, 18-19, 32, 72 Collapse, 11, 580 Colleges, 23, 31, 78, 81, 96-98, 115-118, 124, 127, 138-139, 186, 442, 458, 464, 490, 493, 584, 611, 632, 648-649, 787 Collision, 402 Columbia, 171, 176, 351, 593 Columns, 3, 16, 23, 49-51, 66-67, 69, 91, 138, 287-288, 358, 382, 436-437, 482, 486, 509, 513, 518, 528, 535, 537, 585-586, 590, 605, 619, 663, 689-690, 692-693, 695-696, 715, 758, 760-762, 769, 776, 780, 818, 836, 841-842 Commercial banks, 147 Commitment, 308, 352, 547, 728 Commodities, 112 Communication, 42, 191-192, 255, 393 Companies, 1-5, 8, 11, 13-14, 30, 34, 38-39, 55, 57-58, 64, 70-71, 73-74, 80-82, 105, 126, 128, 134-135, 137, 146, 149, 156, 163, 179, 182, 185, 191, 213, 217, 228-229, 231, 287, 304, 308-310, 320, 336-338, 343-344, 350, 364, 366, 409, 418, 421, 428, 437, 441, 458, 462, 464, 517, 519, 521, 523, 530, 543, 545, 548, 567, 609, 619, 650, 652-653, 675-676, 684, 700, 705, 709, 719, 724, 727, 744, 754, 772, 790-791, 824-825, 840, 856 company policy, 608 Compensation, 53, 134, 136, 301, 309, 344, 442, 490, 544, 603, 791 Compete, 38, 271, 350, 412, 791 Competition, 25-26, 87, 149, 226, 343, 366, 412, 518, 652, 789, 791, 827, 847 Competitive advantage, 34, 733 Competitiveness, 30, 457 Competitors, 87, 366, 403, 441, 546-547, 566, 653, 658, 727, 825 complaints, 48, 72, 88-91, 105, 132, 191, 195, 374, 391-392, 574, 579, 582, 588, 610, 802 customer, 48, 72, 88, 132, 191, 392, 574, 582, 610, 802 Compliance, 387, 725 Component parts, 126, 198, 273, 598 compromise, 148, 492 Computer manufacturing, 856 computer programmers, 813 Computer software, 16, 78, 103, 315, 383, 604, 627, 662 Conditions, 131, 134, 161, 206-207, 211, 215, 220, 235, 241, 260, 284, 300, 312, 333, 353, 358, 370, 397, 452, 474, 496, 570, 595, 651, 671, 698, 734, 745, 790, 815, 824, 826, 834-835, 847 Confidence, 29, 319-329, 331-352, 354-361, 392, 398, 406, 409, 414, 418-429, 432, 443, 445-446, 448-452, 457-458, 460-463, 465-466, 469-470, 475-479, 492, 509-510, 518, 545, 550, 570, 597, 601, 635-639, 641-645, 862 647-651, 658, 670, 672-677, 684, 722-724, 729, 786-787, 792, 832 Configuration, 184, 285 Confirmation, 270 Conflict, 338 Congo, 24 Consideration, 15, 31, 126, 193, 369, 441, 465, 514, 516, 528, 539, 543, 545, 576, 640, 651, 734, 817, 843 Consistency, 133, 225, 247, 292, 367, 465, 478, 492, 494, 842 Consolidation, 308 Constraints, 11, 244 Construction, 80, 136, 146, 161, 184-185, 255, 279, 293, 369, 371, 428, 478-479, 510, 546, 746, 758, 772, 834, 850, 854, 857 Consumer preferences, 357, 411 Consumer Price Index, 633, 709, 720, 725, 743 Consumer protection, 342 Consumer spending, 746, 782 Consumers, 5, 74, 79, 132, 163, 219, 273, 300, 313-314, 391, 407, 412, 418, 437, 469, 474, 530, 633, 645, 709, 720, 725, 854 Consumers Union, Consumption, 55, 74, 81, 83, 90, 337-338, 402, 653, 820 Contacts, 232, 273 Content, 7, 54, 149, 540 Contract, 107, 136-137, 156, 161-162, 184-185, 198, 206, 235, 238, 266, 271, 308, 326, 344, 358, 408, 473, 486, 494, 566, 596, 652, 733, 826 Contracts, 79, 81, 112, 184-185, 226, 464, 494, 851 Control, 13, 21, 50, 68, 72, 85, 127, 138, 172, 186, 206, 235, 237, 240, 271, 284, 348, 365, 385-386, 395, 404, 407, 421, 443-444, 446-447, 459, 478, 489, 492-493, 496, 519, 523-524, 527-530, 541, 576, 582, 593, 596, 652, 738, 747, 754-755, 759, 761, 773, 786, 802, 826-827, 831-860 Control methods, 826 Controlling, 327, 395, 404, 410, 443, 445, 459, 467, 519 Convenience sample, 144 Convenience stores, 190, 603 Conversation, 273, 548 conversion, 246, 357, 411 Copayment, 337 Copyright, 1, 33, 87, 143, 151, 197, 243, 277, 319, 363, 417, 469, 497, 551, 569, 601, 657, 733, 797, 831 corporation, 24, 62, 64, 101, 106-107, 135, 147, 161, 164, 182, 185, 190-191, 205, 230, 235, 238, 271-272, 278, 281, 300, 314, 343, 351, 408, 443, 473, 478-479, 493, 508, 516, 519, 530, 566, 584, 683, 801, 815, 825, 852-853 advantages of, 135 professional, 185 Corporations, 64, 75, 164, 190-191, 219-220, 235, 240, 327 Corrective action, 718, 721 cost accounting, 412 Costs, 9, 67, 74, 78, 105, 132, 136, 139, 161, 181, 203, 205, 219-220, 236, 270, 301, 320, 343-344, 355, 367, 370, 399, 402, 412, 442, 452, 464, 469, 479, 493, 517-518, 539, 564, 611-612, 633, 637, 650-653, 699, 725, 727-728, 740, 747, 758, 760-762, 772, 782, 791-792, 821 distribution, 78, 105, 132, 139, 203, 205, 220, 236, 270, 301, 320, 355, 370, 464, 479, 493, 517, 612, 821 labor costs, 792 sales and, 67, 651 Countries, 30, 112, 128, 136, 202, 223, 228, 386, 458, 540, 676, 699, 720, 783 Coupons, 158, 304-306 CPI, 633, 644, 709, 720, 725, 743-745, 783 Credit, 12, 17, 20, 43-45, 48-51, 65, 68, 190, 216, 259, 273, 336, 343, 355, 391-392, 410, 425, 427, 516, 570, 591-592, 610, 654, 772, 826 payment methods, 49 Credit cards, 216, 336, 410, 425, 610 Credit unions, 17 criticism, 135 Cross-tabulation, 50 Culture, 357, 411 Currency, 134, 546 Current account, 137 Current account balances, 137 Current assets, 705 Current ratio, 705 Cursor, 50-51, 225, 760 Curves, 246, 685-686 nonlinear, 685 Customer demand, 571-572, 574 Customer feedback, 608 Customer needs, 184 Customer satisfaction, 1, 13-14, 55, 225, 393, 789, 856 Customer service, 80, 136, 219, 302, 392, 427, 470, 789 Customers, 5, 8, 11-12, 14, 19-22, 24-25, 29, 33-35, 39, 44-45, 48, 50, 55, 64-65, 68, 72, 78, 80, 87, 93, 100-101, 103, 105-106, 109, 114, 117-119, 131-132, 134-136, 138, 152-153, 159-160, 162, 164, 173, 184-187, 190-192, 203-204, 206, 210-216, 218-219, 221-224, 229-230, 233, 237-238, 253-255, 258-259, 262, 264-266, 270, 272-273, 277, 284-285, 287, 289, 300-302, 308, 313-314, 326, 331, 333, 335-336, 341, 343-349, 351-352, 355-357, 359, 366, 378, 381, 384-385, 391-395, 399, 402, 409-410, 412, 420, 425-426, 435, 441-443, 462, 464-465, 470, 487, 489, 494, 499-500, 517, 528, 531, 534, 544-546, 564, 567, 570-572, 577-579, 582-584, 591, 593-595, 604, 610-611, 631, 633-634, 642, 650, 652, 683, 699, 724-725, 727-728, 737, 772, 774, 789-790, 801-802, 807, 825, 832-833, 836, 840, 852, 857 D Damage, 462, 518, 583 Damages, 148 special, 148 data, 1-32, 33-85, 87-142, 143-149, 153, 164, 169, 173-174, 176, 183-187, 191-192, 194-195, 201, 203-206, 220, 232, 235, 237, 241, 251, 253-254, 257, 259-260, 262, 267, 269, 271-273, 276, 278-279, 282-288, 290, 300-301, 307-309, 311, 314-315, 318, 320-321, 329, 331-338, 341-342, 344, 347, 349-353, 356-361, 364-369, 375, 380-386, 388, 390-393, 402-404, 407-411, 413, 415, 418, 421-422, 425-429, 434-444, 446, 448-452, 454-455, 457, 459, 462-465, 467, 470, 472, 474-475, 477-482, 486-491, 493-494, 496, 498-504, 507-531, 533, 535-550, 565-567, 570-579, 581-585, 587-599, 601-602, 604-611, 613, 617-625, 627, 629, 631-637, 640-646, 648-653, 655, 659-663, 665, 667, 671-672, 674-682, 684-690, 692-693, 695-702, 705-706, 708-710, 712-713, 718-728, 730-731, 733-795, 797-822, 824-829, 832, 834, 836-838, 840-844, 847-858 Data collection, 1-32, 143, 146, 148, 357, 411, 548, 789 Data Collection Form, Data mining, 1, 11, 25-27, 29, 32, 71 data model, 759 Data sheet, data storage, 27 Data type, 27-28, 77, 145 data value, 4, 40, 46, 76, 85, 93, 99-100, 102, 123-124, 129, 329, 503, 585, 587, 689, 696, 778, 799 Data warehouse, 257 Database, 1, 34, 54, 65, 74, 79, 107, 118-119, 127, 134, 148, 164, 183, 186, 191, 206, 219, 232, 236, 259, 267, 272, 285, 300, 309, 314, 337, 344, 352, 355-356, 385, 392, 403, 409, 429, 442, 450, 458, 463, 479, 489, 493, 518, 529, 539, 544, 582, 593, 596, 611, 633, 644, 650, 675, 684, 698, 708, 719, 723, 747, 772, 782-783, 788, 802, 814, 821, 826, 850, 856-857 characteristics of, 107, 821 purpose of, 1, 356 systems, 1, 206, 356, 684 uses, 118, 309, 409, 489, 493, 802, 821 database system, 857 Database systems, databases, dates, 858 Death, 236, 286 Debit cards, 190 Debt, 259, 273, 385, 442, 463-464, 489, 493, 516, www.downloadslide.com 771, 782, 791, 798 Decision makers, 2, 5, 12, 15, 22, 30, 43, 72, 101, 119, 129, 153, 161-162, 180, 182, 198, 227, 233, 286, 301, 311, 338, 347, 353, 369, 383, 404, 418, 443, 459, 469, 479, 487, 570, 601, 624, 640, 646, 671, 685, 704, 737, 804, 815, 822, 827 Decision making, 1-2, 11, 26, 30, 33, 108, 152, 161-162, 198, 206, 244-245, 260, 318, 467, 496, 523, 646, 661, 686, 833 Decision support system, 552 Decision-making, 1, 30, 33, 87, 129, 143, 151, 188, 197-198, 200, 225, 233, 243, 277, 319, 353, 363, 368, 404, 417-418, 459, 469, 486, 497, 551, 569, 601-602, 634, 646, 657-658, 704, 721, 733, 797, 822, 831 group, 30, 33 Decision-making process, 319, 353, 797 Defendant, 365, 368, 399 Deflation, 745, 785 Deliverables, 149, 548, 567 Demand, 25, 95, 101, 135, 184, 205, 232, 238, 258, 466, 477, 543, 547, 571-575, 579, 581, 636, 646, 652, 684-685, 700, 727-728, 733, 735, 746-747, 773, 816, 847, 857 aggregate, 746-747 change in, 727, 746-747 prices and, 636 Demand for products, 636 Demographics, 132, 204, 789 Department of Agriculture, 14, 81, 338 Department of Commerce, 747, 773 Department of Defense, 473 Department of Labor, 633, 644, 743, 783 Department of Transportation, 725-726 Department stores, 701 Dependent events, 157, 164, 189-190, 196 Dependent variables, 72, 619-620, 651, 670, 718, 731 Deposit insurance, 107 Deposits, 72, 84, 107, 139, 146, 410, 423, 547, 650 Depression, 458 Deregulation, 653 Derivatives, 709, 720, 725 design, 7, 9-10, 13-14, 29, 32, 54, 95, 255, 258, 274, 366, 381, 451, 474-475, 477-478, 493, 498-499, 502, 508, 519-521, 523, 526-531, 541-545, 548, 550, 561-563, 567, 604, 620-621, 690, 774-777, 789, 803, 822, 827 Detailed analysis, 809 diagrams, 33, 55, 61, 65, 68-70, 72, 76, 154, 175, 484, 552, 564-565, 602, 646 types of, 33, 72, 76 Digital devices, 79 Diminishing returns, 685 Discipline, 1-2, 27 Discounts, 133, 158, 273, 304 Discrimination, 99 Disease, 127, 180, 284, 479 Disposal, 258 Distance, 13, 19, 22, 40-41, 78, 84-85, 100-101, 104, 121, 129, 153, 199, 268, 292, 314, 322, 343, 356, 364, 445-446, 499, 512-513, 519, 539, 544, 614, 653, 752 Distribution, 3, 16-17, 24, 35-43, 45-56, 61, 63-64, 76-79, 81, 83-85, 88, 94-96, 105-108, 110, 119-123, 125-127, 129, 131-135, 139, 141, 145-147, 173-174, 183, 191-192, 198-207, 209-217, 220-237, 241, 244-276, 277-278, 284, 286-301, 304-307, 311-315, 317-318, 319-331, 333-336, 338-339, 341, 345-350, 353, 355, 357, 360-361, 364-365, 370-371, 373-374, 376-377, 379-381, 387-388, 394-398, 404, 406-410, 415, 418-426, 429-433, 436, 438-439, 445-447, 449, 453, 456-458, 462-464, 466-467, 471-474, 476, 479-480, 482-483, 488, 493, 502, 506, 509, 515, 517, 521, 523, 525-526, 535, 553-562, 565, 567, 570-579, 581-583, 587, 590, 594, 596-599, 601, 603-608, 612-613, 615-620, 622-629, 640, 646, 658-659, 664, 695, 703, 710, 714-715, 721, 731, 797-799, 801-803, 805-810, 813, 815, 817-819, 821-822, 824, 826-829, 834, 838, 848, 850-851, 856 case study, 217 Distribution center, 581 Distributors, 648 Diversity, 458 Dividends, 24, 73, 601, 648, 705-706 Documentation, 386-387 Dollar, 44, 60, 72, 88, 106, 117, 184, 286, 298, 315, 335-336, 343, 370, 399, 410, 421, 434, 479, 499-501, 506, 528, 544, 611, 632-633, 701-702, 739, 743, 782 Dollars, 4-5, 8, 11, 20, 22, 24, 52-53, 60, 63, 66, 70, 79, 106-107, 110, 149, 237, 245, 247, 284-285, 324-325, 342, 384, 421, 423, 425, 433, 464, 478-479, 490, 506-507, 520, 543, 545, 620, 632, 634, 648-649, 651, 701, 705, 727, 735, 745, 754-755, 771, 787, 790-791, 826 Dominance, 791 Double-counting, 170 Dow Jones Industrial Average, 744 Downsizing, 650 Downstream, 576 Draft, 358 Drugs, 63-64, 119, 126, 260, 337, 385, 406, 463, 492-493 Duties, 727 Duty, 148 E Earnings, 57, 73, 675, 705, 787-788 test, 675, 787-788 Eastern Europe, 343 EBRI, 192, 352, 392, 597 E-commerce, 747, 773, 793 Economic policy, 493 Economic variables, 658 Economics, 148, 203, 462, 795 Economy, 11, 55, 75, 132, 213, 367, 633-634, 636, 676, 684, 699-700, 708, 720, 747, 783, 792, 820, 857 team, 633, 676, 720, 857 Ecuador, 24 Education, 1, 8, 12, 33, 35-36, 62, 78, 87, 127, 143, 151, 197, 243, 273, 277, 319, 363, 367, 417, 469, 497, 529, 551, 569, 601, 657, 677, 709, 731, 733, 771, 782, 797, 831 Education level, 8, 35, 62, 529, 677 Efficiency, 30, 80, 135, 385, 450, 546 Elections, 19 Electronic data, 27 Electronic equipment, 274, 597, 629 electronic funds transfer, 591 Eligibility, E-mail, 14, 29, 81, 192, 305, 392, 652, 728 advertising, 392 emotions, 593 emphasis, 27, 314, 492, 649, 661, 789 Employee Benefit Research Institute, 192, 218, 352, 392 EBRI, 192, 352, 392 Employee benefits, 116 Employees, 1, 6-7, 19-20, 23, 30-31, 33, 48, 62-63, 70-72, 78, 93, 106, 116, 134, 147, 162, 198-199, 217, 232, 238, 271, 273, 286, 299-300, 309, 314, 331, 342, 344, 351, 356, 366, 374, 384, 391-392, 403, 408, 412, 421, 429, 434, 449-450, 465, 529, 543, 545, 588, 592, 598, 604, 607, 619-622, 624, 640, 649, 687, 690-692, 703-704, 727, 741-742, 781-782, 797, 803, 844, 851, 854, 857 selection of, 300, 356 Employment, 24, 126, 149, 592, 802 endpoints, 131, 325, 353, 361 England, 58, 112, 575 English, 126, 128, 231, 462, 609-610 Enhancement, 274 Entitlement programs, 273 Entrepreneur, 746 Environment, 2, 13, 32, 198, 327, 365, 582, 644, 684, 686, 700, 747, 784, 833, 857 natural, 747, 833 Environmental Protection Agency, 134, 320, 402, 499, 634, 683 Equity, 63, 73, 228, 258, 519, 705 Equity markets, 73 ETC, 6, 8-9, 15, 38, 45, 97, 110, 122, 138, 147, 239, 374, 534, 571, 648, 766-767, 800, 844 Ethics, 351 Business ethics, 351 Europe, 13, 267, 343, 357, 411, 464, 593 European Union, 437 Evaluation, 10, 104, 126, 185, 230, 238, 336, 795 evidence, 13, 127, 198, 232, 364-366, 368-369, 373-375, 379, 381, 383, 390, 392, 399, 404, 407, 415, 426, 429, 432, 436, 438, 448, 453-454, 456, 462-463, 465, 472, 475, 481-482, 486-487, 489, 491, 493-494, 502, 506, 508, 518, 544-545, 549, 565-566, 573, 581, 583, 589, 592, 606, 650, 653, 677, 693-694, 770, 790, 806, 821, 826-827, 852 Exchange, 3, 744, 746 executive summary, 384 Expansion, 205, 727 expect, 10, 122, 136, 152, 198, 213, 217, 221, 223, 272, 280, 284, 289, 291-292, 303, 308, 313, 320, 325, 350-351, 361, 369, 408, 447, 469, 474, 542, 571, 585, 587, 598, 611, 613, 632, 634-635, 639, 642-643, 658, 680, 683, 711, 728, 736, 753, 762, 781, 786-787, 798, 800, 804, 810, 822, 834-835 Expectations, 30, 436, 727, 854 Expenditures, 24, 309, 337, 385, 723, 730, 782 defined, 309 Expenses, 119, 127, 324, 337, 385-386, 548, 609, 728, 772 Experience, 1, 14, 25, 73, 80-81, 135, 138, 148, 161, 186-187, 204, 236, 238, 265, 365-366, 392, 412, 429, 435, 443, 478, 546, 607-608, 611-613, 617, 624, 629, 640, 728, 784, 814, 825 expertise, 161, 358, 412, 517 Explanations, 153 Explosion, 26 F Facebook, 26 Fads, 789 Failure, 159, 206, 210, 215, 226, 231, 233-234, 241, 258, 266, 407, 428, 516, 565, 801 Family, 16, 40, 64, 79, 138, 185, 191, 204, 245, 272, 286, 328, 353, 361, 369, 429, 494, 514, 546-547, 643, 652, 683, 699-700, 724, 731, 747, 791, 798, 825 FAST, 52, 63-64, 80, 131, 134-135, 270, 314, 336, 344, 412, 419, 545, 548, 652, 728, 754 Favors, 124, 235, 810 Feature, 19, 33, 194, 213, 284, 331, 351, 652, 728, 834 Federal Aviation Administration, 358 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 107 Federal funds rate, 747, 773 Federal government, 75, 185, 308, 316, 337, 382, 489, 650, 726, 825 Federal income tax, 127, 421, 463 Federal Reserve, 11, 17, 259, 428-429, 747, 773 Federal Reserve Bank, 17, 428 Federal Reserve Board, 17, 259, 747, 773 Federal Trade Commission, 87 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 87 FTC, 87 feedback, 608 giving, 608 Field studies, 393 Fields, 50, 205, 442, 545 Finance, 53, 107, 120, 134, 191, 494, 610, 648, 652, 728, 771-772, 782 Financial crises, 14 Financial crisis, 10, 314, 369 Financial institutions, 11, 17-18, 54, 267, 392 Financial management, 149, 567 Financial resources, 80, 136, 546 Financial services, 63, 146-147, 149, 402, 567 Financial services industry, 149, 567 Financial systems, 809-810 Fire, 14, 42, 258, 412-413, 517, 843 Firms, 1, 4, 11, 26, 107, 127, 135, 140, 232, 310, 351, 458, 465, 653, 727, 790-791, 807, 816, 857 Fit tests, 331, 569-599 Flexibility, 9, 123, 132 Flood, 75 Flood insurance, 75 flowcharts, 552 Focus group, 357, 411, 809 Focus groups, 357, 411 Food, 6-7, 10, 14, 16-17, 19, 25, 34, 52, 64, 80, 108, 114, 135, 152, 198, 206, 229, 257-258, 268, 270, 337, 344, 357, 364-365, 385, 407, 410-413, 419, 428, 451, 479, 530, 540, 545-547, 574-575, 611, 644, 740, 743, 754, 832, 836 production, 108, 365, 385, 407, 412, 419, 428, 479, 540, 575, 743 Food and Drug Administration, 364 Forecasting, 733-795 863 www.downloadslide.com sales, 734-739, 744-745, 747-753, 756-757, 762-764, 766-767, 769-771, 773-775, 777, 783, 786-787, 790-793 Forecasts, 267, 652, 684, 700, 728, 733-734, 747, 751-752, 756-757, 761-762, 768, 770-773, 776-778, 780-781, 783-784, 786-788, 790, 793, 795 Foreign competition, 652, 791 fractions, 107 France, 46, 202 Franchises, 529, 789 Freddie Mac, 408 Freedom, 9, 32, 65, 328-329, 331, 333-334, 353-354, 361, 379-381, 383, 422-426, 434, 438-439, 445-447, 460-461, 471-474, 476, 480, 482-483, 485, 487, 494, 500-501, 505-507, 511, 514-516, 520-523, 525-527, 531-532, 535, 541, 543, 554-555, 557, 559-561, 565, 573, 575, 577-579, 585, 587, 589, 606, 608, 625, 629-630, 637-638, 664, 667-669, 675-676, 695, 703, 730, 817-818 Freezing, 310 Frequency, 33-43, 46-57, 59, 68, 76-81, 83-85, 87-88, 94-97, 121, 132, 134-135, 137, 145-147, 157, 159-162, 164, 166, 169, 173-175, 177, 180, 183, 185-189, 191-192, 194-196, 200-202, 206, 215, 219, 235, 260, 266-267, 270, 272-273, 287-288, 290-291, 295-296, 301, 315, 320, 357, 546, 572-573, 575-576, 578-583, 585-586, 589-590, 596, 598, 714, 724, 734, 795, 834 FTC, 87 Fund, 133, 288, 385, 409, 490, 529, 544, 584, 592, 595, 619 Fungus, 565 G Gambling, 391 Gender, 8, 13, 25, 49-51, 55, 65, 137-138, 144, 173-175, 191, 198, 219, 228, 393, 458, 539, 584-588, 593-594, 677, 684, 689, 691-692, 695, 731, 789 gender bias, 198 Generation X, 192, 351 Generation Y, 192 Georgia, 259, 261, 377, 701 Germany, 19, 99, 652, 791 Gifts, 117, 451, 611 Global Positioning System, 392 GPS, 392 Goals, 64, 106, 851-852 Gold, 117 Goods, 6, 34, 158, 171, 457, 565, 596, 633, 644, 709, 720, 725, 728, 733, 743-744, 783 basket of, 633, 709, 720, 725, 744 free, 709 normal, 457 private, 596 Government, 2, 11, 14, 75, 105, 107, 118, 185, 308-309, 316, 337, 344, 366, 382, 412, 449-450, 489, 633, 642, 650, 726, 825, 857 intervention, 14 Government Accountability Office, 118 Government intervention, 14 GPS, 392, 655 Grants, 186 Graphs, 1-4, 6, 27, 31, 33-85, 87, 107, 119, 129, 137-138, 143, 147, 149, 358, 501, 567, 621, 715-717, 789, 792, 837 Great Recession, 54 grooming, 64, 465 Gross national product, 737 defined, 737 Group, 8-9, 13, 17-18, 30, 33, 42, 50, 57-58, 64, 79, 95, 118-119, 126, 132-133, 138-139, 165, 169-171, 174, 184, 187, 191, 199, 208, 211, 236, 258, 274, 294, 300-301, 303, 313, 335, 342-344, 350, 352, 356-357, 359, 385, 395, 398, 407, 410-411, 422, 438, 443, 445, 450, 452, 458, 462-463, 485, 490, 492, 511, 516-517, 527-529, 531, 534, 541, 544, 565, 567, 590, 596, 599, 676, 739-740, 756, 789, 795, 800-801, 809, 813, 819-820, 825, 832, 839 groups, 8, 13, 17-18, 32, 40, 42, 51, 58, 78, 95, 101, 126, 139, 141, 356-357, 411, 424-425, 436, 438, 442, 489, 511, 515, 517, 519, 528-529, 531, 534-535, 537, 578, 583, 596, 684, 756, 813, 816, 819, 826 864 development of, 517 Growth rate, 128, 386, 739 Guidelines, 41, 149, 337, 365-366, 567, 734 H Harvesting, 547, 698-699 headings, 187, 211, 436 Health care, 64, 324-325, 342, 349, 772, 856 Health insurance, 65, 399, 403, 458 group, 458 high-deductible, 458 Health savings accounts, 342 Hierarchy, 21-22 hiring process, 123 Holding company, 402 Home health care, 772 Hong Kong, 3, 177-178 Hospitals, 65, 84, 186, 266 Housing market, 107, 489, 651 Housing prices, 53, 79, 107, 450, 651, 797 HTML, 18 HTTP, 5, 17-18, 271, 743-744 Human capital, 119, 187, 259 Human resources, 6, 82, 123, 126-127, 136, 180, 309, 352, 408, 429, 588, 687, 782 Hurricanes, 25 hypothesis, 2, 5-6, 27, 31, 244, 278, 363-415, 417-467, 469-496, 498-501, 503, 505-510, 513, 515-523, 525-529, 535-538, 540-543, 549, 552-553, 556, 558, 561, 564-565, 570, 573, 575, 577-579, 581-585, 587-595, 597, 599, 601, 604, 606-611, 625, 628-631, 633-635, 643, 646, 649-651, 654, 658, 667, 669, 675-676, 683-684, 693, 695-700, 703, 714, 723-725, 730, 754, 756, 759, 771-773, 787, 789, 797-799, 801-803, 805-811, 814-815, 817, 819-822, 824, 826, 828-829, 832, 838, 840-841, 847 I Ice, 162, 379, 747-754, 756-757 identity theft, 108, 391, 402 illustration, 33 Image, 245, 276, 825 country, 825 Implementation, 81, 357, 411 Imports, 118, 202, 700, 783 Impression, 466 Inc., 1-3, 24, 33, 72-74, 79, 81, 87, 117, 126-127, 136, 143, 151, 156, 158, 163, 185, 197, 205-206, 219, 235-237, 243, 257, 272-273, 277, 299, 301, 304-306, 319, 344, 352, 358, 363, 374, 392, 402, 408, 411, 417, 423, 429-430, 432, 441, 452, 469, 492-493, 497-498, 512, 529, 540, 551, 569, 575, 584, 596, 601, 611, 657, 726, 733, 738, 746, 754-756, 782, 797, 831, 850-852, 856-857 Incentives, 232 Income, 5-6, 8-10, 12, 22, 24, 39-40, 57-58, 63, 65, 83, 92, 99, 107-108, 126-127, 135, 144, 272-273, 309, 335, 337, 342, 351, 356, 386, 391, 393, 395, 402, 407, 409-410, 421, 429, 442, 458, 462-463, 479, 489, 494, 515, 544, 582, 610, 649, 654, 658, 684, 699-700, 705, 723-724, 731, 744, 786-787, 798, 807-808 decrease in, 356, 684 differences in, 463 disposable, 658 increase in, 10, 63, 107, 356, 458, 479, 700 market, 5-6, 22, 107, 309, 335, 356, 391, 489, 699-700, 724, 744, 807 national, 8, 107, 272, 337, 356, 458, 462-463, 610, 699-700, 724, 744 per capita, 273 personal, 6, 12, 144, 391, 393, 410, 494, 658 Income distribution, 24, 63, 273 Income tax, 127, 391, 395, 407, 421, 463 Independent events, 157, 175, 178-179, 184, 188-189, 194, 196, 207-208 Independent variables, 68, 70, 72, 642, 646, 648, 658-663, 665-672, 674-679, 681-683, 687, 689, 693, 695-698, 700-701, 703-705, 708-712, 718-721, 723, 725, 727-728, 730-732, 755, 761, 770 Indexes, 737, 739-741, 743-744, 763, 766, 768, 770-772, 784, 787-788, 793 India, 74, 233, 698 Industry, 16, 54-55, 63, 73-74, 78-80, 90, 126, 133, 135, 147, 149, 192, 198, 223, 258-259, 270, 273, 299-300, 309, 344, 356, 364, 392-393, 403, 409-410, 412, 427, 430, 545, 567, 588, 593, 609, 629, 643-644, 652-653, 677, 708, 719, 727, 762, 786, 791, 840, 856 Inequality, 377 infer, 308, 456, 514, 527, 640, 825 Inflation, 75, 78, 118, 314, 429, 442, 464, 490, 544, 632-633, 644-645, 658, 672-673, 675-677, 709, 722, 732, 743-744, 783, 787 costs of, 464 unemployment and, 644 Inflation rate, 633, 644-645, 658, 744, 783 Information, 1-2, 4, 6-7, 11-12, 15, 17, 24-27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 39, 41, 43, 49-50, 52-54, 58-59, 64, 79-81, 84, 87-88, 104, 106-107, 110, 118-119, 125, 127, 129, 133-136, 143-144, 147-149, 157, 161-162, 169, 173, 180-181, 184-185, 191, 204, 214-215, 232, 238, 254, 258, 260, 262, 267, 271, 278, 301, 308-309, 314-315, 320, 324, 326, 329, 334-335, 337, 350-352, 355-357, 365, 368-370, 375, 384, 390-392, 398, 401-402, 407-408, 411-413, 418, 422-423, 427, 440, 457, 459, 461-463, 465, 488-489, 494, 509-510, 516, 523, 528, 532, 535, 537, 546, 548, 566-567, 576, 578, 583, 593, 629, 633-634, 637, 640, 643, 650-651, 661, 671, 684, 698, 700, 708-709, 719, 723-725, 727, 732, 747, 752, 782, 788-789, 791, 797, 812, 814, 816-817, 820, 850, 856-858 Information systems, 12, 578, 816-817 Information technology, 81, 392 Infrastructure, 161 Initial public offering, 356 IPO, 356 Initial Quality Study, 643 Injury, 6, 356, 463 advertising, personal, Innovation, 25-26, 458 Innovations, 789 Inspector General, 391 Insurance, 37, 64-65, 75, 107-108, 148, 203, 337, 349, 355, 386, 399, 402-403, 421, 458, 462, 597, 725, 778-780, 791, 802, 856 applications, 75, 355, 399, 402, 462 brokers, 37 gap, 458 score, 107 statistics and, 108 types of, 75 Insurers, 63, 350 commercial, 63 domestic, 350 private, 63 intelligence, 1, 29, 32, 126, 746, 782 Interest, 1, 3, 7-9, 13-17, 20, 32, 35-36, 39, 43, 46, 51, 54, 57, 59, 61, 65, 67, 69-70, 73-74, 85, 88, 90-91, 99, 112, 114, 120, 124, 126, 129, 133, 144, 148, 153, 155-156, 158-160, 163, 167, 170-171, 174, 176, 179-180, 193, 196, 207, 209, 211-212, 220-223, 226, 228-229, 241, 244-245, 248-249, 254-256, 260-264, 269, 284-285, 294, 298, 301-302, 306-307, 318, 319, 324, 326, 333-334, 339-340, 342-343, 345-346, 349-350, 353, 361, 367-368, 373-375, 377-381, 386, 388, 395-398, 408-409, 420-421, 424-425, 427, 431, 433, 437, 442, 445, 447, 451, 453-455, 473-474, 483-484, 487, 489, 491, 498-499, 506, 512, 514-516, 519, 523-524, 526, 528, 530-531, 537, 541, 545, 550, 570, 584, 592-594, 597, 607, 650, 677, 699-700, 734, 747, 763-764, 773, 790, 792, 803, 814, 817, 821-822, 827, 835, 847-848, 850, 856, 858 credit, 17, 20, 43, 51, 65, 343, 425, 427, 516, 570, 592 Interest rate, 54, 425, 650, 747, 773 Interest rates, 1, 516 real, Internal control, 386 Internal Revenue Service, 19, 127, 135, 179, 235, 352, 391 IRS, 135, 179, 235, 391 International Banking, 582 Internet, 1, 6, 25-26, 39, 65, 119, 147, 164-166, 173, 175, 187, 231, 258, 262, 264, 284, 314-315, 336, 356, 385, 391-392, 402, 408-409, 458, www.downloadslide.com 462, 527, 531, 543, 548, 577-578, 591, 611, 722, 786, 788 defined, 119 search engines, 26 Interviews, 6-7, 11-12, 27, 32, 350, 359, 393, 603, 650 Inventories, 728 Inventory, 11, 20, 79, 105, 162, 171, 176-178, 185-186, 204, 219, 231, 258, 314, 356, 464, 641, 727-728, 856 Inventory management, 219 Investment, 4, 24, 57, 63, 133-134, 153, 168, 174, 220, 232, 236, 258, 285, 287-288, 290, 351-352, 391-392, 409, 421-422, 433-434, 592, 607, 619, 653, 675, 687-690, 692-693, 700, 705-707, 709, 724 net, 63, 168, 709 private, 24, 63, 232, 258, 592 Investment decisions, 592 Investments, 3, 133-134, 174, 192, 258, 285, 351, 433, 597, 619, 621, 689 returns of, 133 Investors, 52, 73, 133, 174, 391-392, 409, 414, 423, 744 Invoices, 183, 402 Iraq, 74, 136 IRAs, 351 Ireland, 156 IRS, 135, 179, 190, 235, 391 Italy, 205 J Jamaica, 277 Japan, 652, 791 job market, 134 Job performance, 677, 687 Job satisfaction, 70, 149, 408, 584 Jobs, 207, 258, 337, 442, 470, 687, 803, 852 measuring, 470 profitability and, 687 service, 470, 852 Jordan, 650 journals, 542 Judgment sample, 144 K Knowledge, 1, 25, 30, 126, 193, 245, 248, 278, 351, 491, 608, 662, 851 Korea, 106 L Labeling, 146 Labor, 19, 35, 118, 136, 158, 161, 219, 228, 308-309, 344, 385, 402-403, 478, 633, 644, 741-744, 746, 783, 792, 857 Labor costs, 792 Labor market, 741-742 Language, 153, 368, 373 Layoffs, 228 layout, 7, 9, 14, 18, 50, 54, 66-67, 69, 80, 97, 122, 135-136, 321, 449, 505, 539, 546, 595, 604, 620-621, 652, 690, 728, 736, 748, 750, 758, 761-762, 775, 777, 779, 789 Lead time, 204, 734, 795 Leader, 82, 166, 352, 629, 798, 839 Leadership, 201 leading questions, 10 lean manufacturing, 728 Learning, 1-2, 655, 731 Leasing, 343 Legislation, 251 letters, 479, 565 application, 565 Leverage, 64, 412 Liabilities, 386 Liability, 127, 148, 402, 597, 725 business, 148, 402 law, 148, 725 products, 725 Liability insurance, 148, 597, 725 personal, 148 Life insurance, 386, 421 term, 421 line charts, 33, 65-67, 76, 832 listening, 33, 827 effective, 33 Literacy, 407 Loading, 248 Loans, 20, 24, 37, 117, 259, 308, 315, 386, 408, 410, 463-464, 582, 591, 771, 782, 787, 798-799 Lobbying, 398 Local government, 309, 344, 642 Location decision, 789 London, 112-113, 184, 257, 393, 582 Loss, 62-63, 65, 181, 238, 272, 412, 508-509, 511-512, 514, 539, 597, 599, 610, 668, 676, 701, 703, 720, 723, 729, 786-787, 791, 827 chance of, 412 control, 786, 827 distributions, 238, 272 expected, 238, 272, 786 forecasting, 786-787, 791 frequency, 272 income, 63, 65, 272, 610, 723, 786-787 of goods and services, 720 ratio, 63, 508, 791 reduction, 597, 668, 676 underwriting, 791 Lying, 12 M Magazines, 206 Mail questionnaires, 28 Malaysia, 24 Management, 3, 30, 67, 75, 81, 107, 134, 138, 149, 161, 211, 219, 228, 267, 273, 284, 303, 309, 344, 351, 357-358, 370, 402-403, 411, 428-429, 441, 478, 489, 548, 566-567, 597, 642, 651-653, 685, 727-728, 746, 782, 791, 825, 827, 832, 847, 854, 857 Managers, 1, 7, 14, 20, 25-26, 29-31, 35, 44-45, 49-50, 54, 63, 80, 94-95, 108, 117, 132-133, 135-136, 149, 156, 158, 161-163, 169, 171, 184, 187, 201, 205, 207, 211, 217, 223, 233, 236, 244, 248, 252, 259, 264-265, 272-273, 276, 300, 302, 304-305, 308, 313, 320, 331, 336-337, 343-344, 351, 355, 357, 365, 370, 377-378, 383-385, 392-393, 397, 404, 408, 411, 418, 425-428, 430, 432, 436, 441, 443, 459, 466, 481, 485, 487, 489, 519-520, 523, 528-529, 546, 567, 578, 581-583, 592, 651, 662, 679-680, 711, 727, 738, 741-742, 748, 754, 777, 788, 801, 844, 847, 850-851, 854, 857 Manufacturers, 54, 79, 187, 206, 258, 337, 428, 465, 493, 517-518, 530, 543, 728, 821 Manufacturing, 7, 19, 63, 67, 82, 107-108, 146, 163, 172, 177, 185, 191, 204, 206, 217-218, 230-231, 237, 244, 259, 272, 308, 314, 320, 355, 393, 427, 464, 487, 489, 492, 494, 498, 534, 544-545, 566-567, 596, 599, 631, 652, 684, 698, 727-728, 730, 741, 748, 791, 797, 850, 856-857 Manufacturing locations, 314 Manufacturing operations, 492, 856 Margin, 314-315, 325-328, 332, 334, 336-344, 347-359, 361, 428, 458, 467, 506, 508, 642, 645, 654 Margins, 25, 442 Market capitalization, 133 Market leader, 166 Market research, 5, 17, 22, 103, 190, 236, 245, 309, 358-359, 392, 596, 746, 782 defined, 309 primary, 5, 22, 190, 236, 746, 782 Market share, 54, 64, 165, 187, 412 Market value, 601, 675-676, 700, 709, 719, 725, 783, 813 Marketing, 8, 18-19, 29-30, 54, 64, 79, 81, 105, 132, 154, 163, 173, 185, 191, 193, 195, 206, 212, 217, 229, 232, 259, 272, 300-301, 304, 314, 336-337, 346, 348-349, 359, 385, 388, 390, 407, 409, 423-426, 441, 457-458, 465, 490, 492, 584, 591-592, 595, 603, 608-609, 613, 622, 648, 651, 709, 719, 723-724, 802, 813, 825 defined, 8, 19, 154, 622 global, 64, 79, 407 ideas, 81 people, 8, 19, 29, 79, 132, 154, 193, 217, 259, 272, 300, 349, 359, 385, 388, 407, 423-425, 490, 709, 719, 813, 825 place, 105, 132, 193, 709, 724 value and, 206, 409, 591 Marketing research, 8, 154, 206, 212, 300-301, 337, 349, 359, 407, 457-458, 490, 591, 595, 724, 813 defined, 8, 154 steps in, Marketing strategy, 173, 336 Marketplace, 166, 226, 357, 399, 411, 530, 854 Markets, 3, 5, 11, 35, 63, 73, 267, 301, 320, 410, 464, 493, 643, 698, 727, 790, 809, 827 Markup, 105-106, 161 Massachusetts, 490 meaning, 2, 21-22, 111, 125, 136, 366, 408, 472, 590, 613, 620, 622, 633, 671, 683, 832, 838 understanding of, Measurement, 1, 12-13, 15, 18, 20-22, 24-25, 27, 29-30, 32, 144-145, 158-159, 218, 246, 302, 501, 503-504, 519-520, 533, 570, 584, 594, 629, 643, 699-700, 724, 798, 803, 808, 815-816, 820, 822, 824, 833, 852 measurements, 13-15, 20-22, 32, 144, 274, 293, 327, 358, 378, 444, 450, 494, 499, 529, 531, 548, 550, 555, 559, 561-563, 592, 629, 699-700, 724, 726, 734, 783, 810, 834, 836, 851 mechanics, 207, 209 Media, 26, 118, 211, 218, 286, 301, 336, 344 median, 75, 79, 87, 92-108, 115, 119, 127, 129-135, 137, 139-141, 145, 147, 240, 245, 259-260, 265, 267, 272, 275-276, 309, 313, 333, 380, 422, 450, 462, 481, 484, 503, 651, 699-700, 724, 746, 787-788, 797-802, 804-808, 810-817, 819-822, 826, 828-829 Median location, 102 Medical care, 324, 593, 743 Medicare, 314 Part A, 314 medium, 14, 17-18, 105, 191, 465, 539, 734, 745, 782, 784, 792 costs of, 105 selecting, 18, 734 visual, 784 written, 14 meetings, 316 Memory, 11, 81, 107 message, 97, 132, 325, 358, 451 distribution of, 132 marketing, 132 sales, 132 Metrics, 220 Mexico, 191, 284, 308, 346, 518 Missing values, 97, 515-516 Modernization, 791 Money, 10-11, 17, 22, 60, 68, 71, 79, 105-106, 118, 153, 185, 211, 218, 259, 266, 273, 286, 308, 316, 328, 338, 355, 358, 421, 425, 428, 443, 449, 465-466, 479, 489, 519, 539, 543, 567, 592, 597, 601, 650, 671, 699-700, 724, 746, 783, 791 demand for, 466, 700, 746 M1, 421, 425, 466, 519 M2, 421, 425, 466, 519 properties of, 22 Mortgage, 11, 53-54, 75, 126, 138, 385, 442, 464, 489, 519, 650, 699-700, 724, 788 Motivation, 146 Multinational company, 392 Multinational corporation, 351 Music, 64, 79, 167, 259, 543 Mutual funds, 287, 289, 421, 544, 584, 592 Mutually exclusive events, 156, 172, 175, 180, 188-190, 196, 208 Mystery shoppers, 790 N NASDAQ, 134, 744 Nations, 128 Natural resources, 747 Negative relationship, 71, 611 Net earnings, 73 Net Generation, 709 Net income, 65, 610, 723, 786-787 Net profit, 684, 698, 729-730 Netherlands, 540 Networking, 408, 493 New products, 14, 357, 411, 744 New York Stock Exchange, 744 New-product development, 547 news releases, 164, 235 Newspapers, 33, 152, 746 Nielsen, 5, 118, 211, 218, 286, 336, 610 North America, 7, 13, 64, 267, 286, 350, 517, 593 Norway, 99, 397 NSP, 855 NYSE, 134, 493 865 www.downloadslide.com O Objectives, 9, 11, 28, 336, 338, 598, 827 Occurrence, 156-157, 170, 175, 196, 221, 419, 430, 464, 467, 480, 496, 499, 581-582, 602, 646, 655, 834, 854 Offer, 22, 26, 110, 164, 192, 204, 206, 235, 237, 254, 313, 341, 409, 412-413, 441, 512, 531, 534, 537, 549, 661 Office of Management and Budget, 75 Offset, 618, 650, 817 Oil, 24, 62, 64, 73, 105, 172-173, 274, 335, 374, 385, 442-444, 479, 517, 597-598, 700, 709, 720, 725, 730, 746, 802, 816, 851-852 Online security, 392 Operating income, 63 Operations, 24, 30, 52, 65, 80, 129, 135-136, 138, 191, 195, 238, 253, 259, 357, 381, 384-385, 393, 408, 411, 427, 470, 472, 477, 490, 492-494, 498, 546-547, 571-573, 583, 650, 652-653, 727-728, 801-802, 826, 852, 856-857 Opportunities, 28, 30, 57, 274, 412, 650, 687, 847-848 Organization, 8, 12, 148, 206, 286, 548, 676, 699, 720, 733, 783, 802, 814, 820, 824 Organizations, 1, 5, 12, 15, 25-27, 29-30, 237, 358, 402, 492, 529, 686, 733, 784, 832, 854 Original values, 50 Outdoor advertising, 565 outlines, 193, 720 Output, 7, 17, 34, 38, 45, 66, 69, 91, 96-98, 108, 110-112, 116, 122, 132, 181, 213-214, 225-226, 253-254, 264, 288, 321, 332, 382-383, 412, 419, 435-437, 449-450, 454-455, 465, 469, 486, 492, 498, 509, 513, 521-523, 535-537, 539, 541, 576, 590, 596-598, 605, 617-619, 621-624, 627, 629, 634-637, 641, 652, 658, 661-663, 665-667, 669, 672-675, 680-682, 688-689, 693-696, 701-702, 705-706, 711-712, 715, 717, 721, 727, 748-753, 755-756, 759, 769, 777, 794, 818-819, 827, 833-834, 841-842 potential, 17, 465, 535, 658, 661-662, 672, 675, 681, 701, 705, 721, 750 Outsourcing, 442, 816 overhead, 63, 105 Ownership, 24, 39, 74, 138, 216, 489, 570, 643 P PACE, 78, 632, 744, 787 Packaging, 365, 385, 412, 462 Parameter, 15, 19, 88, 91, 112, 129, 131, 141, 223, 263, 268, 277-279, 286, 289, 292, 302, 311-312, 318, 319-320, 323, 325, 328-329, 353, 361, 364-365, 367-369, 373-375, 377-381, 386, 388, 393, 395-398, 400, 404, 406, 408, 415, 418, 420, 424-425, 431, 437, 445, 455, 459, 473-474, 482-483, 487, 491, 498, 506, 510, 512, 516, 524, 550, 553, 556, 577, 607, 821, 832 Partially dependent, 22 Participation rate, 286, 352, 392 Partitioning, 500, 520, 532, 542 Partnership, 357, 411 Patent, 75 Patents, 75 Patio, 95 paychecks, 309, 344, 421 payroll, 407-408, 701, 772 percentages, 19-20, 35, 50-52, 62, 78, 83, 85, 125-127, 161, 186, 202, 232, 278, 309, 462-463 Perception, 11, 72, 84, 820-821 Performance, 29, 54, 73, 104, 133, 185, 201, 207, 230, 279, 308-309, 358, 386, 412-413, 450, 499, 517, 640, 652, 677, 687, 727-728, 816, 825, 827, 856, 858, 860 Performance evaluation, 104, 185, 230 periodicals, 6, 33, 152 Permits, 17 Personal income, 658 Pharmaceutical industry, 63, 364 Phishing, 392 photographs, 236, 462, 584 physical models, 661 pie charts, 33, 55, 59-60, 76 PILOTs, 661 PivotTable, 50-51 866 Place, 1, 11, 13, 22, 37, 47-51, 57, 61, 80, 96, 105, 132, 136, 182, 193, 225, 249, 260, 274, 285, 303, 309, 366, 408, 412, 462, 480, 577, 598, 649-650, 652, 685, 698-699, 709, 724, 780, 789, 791, 799, 832 Plans, 14, 18, 20, 80, 159, 163, 168, 192, 205, 211, 217, 231-232, 279, 285, 287, 308-309, 342-344, 350, 352, 392, 395, 402, 406, 408-409, 421, 428, 433, 458, 649, 683, 734-735, 746, 782, 825 business, 14, 18, 80, 159, 163, 192, 211, 217, 232, 287, 308, 342-343, 350, 402, 406, 421, 433, 683, 734-735, 746, 782 reasons for, 232 Pledges, 117 Policies, 386, 391, 565, 791, 825 Political parties, 320 Pollution control, 826 Pooling, 509 Population, 1, 8-9, 13-20, 27-29, 31-32, 88-94, 98-99, 102, 104-105, 109-114, 116-117, 119-120, 123-125, 128-131, 139-141, 144, 174, 184, 201, 207, 225-230, 233, 246-248, 251, 256-257, 260, 267, 272-273, 277-281, 283-318, 319-361, 364-388, 390, 393-398, 400-406, 408, 415, 417-467, 469-496, 498-510, 512-515, 519, 521-522, 524, 526-528, 530, 533, 535, 541-543, 547, 549-550, 552-554, 556-558, 561-564, 570, 577, 581, 583-585, 593-595, 597, 606-607, 609, 611-613, 622, 624-627, 630, 633, 635, 642, 646-647, 659, 661, 667, 677, 679, 685-687, 689, 691, 699, 710, 722, 725, 772, 786, 797-798, 802-808, 811, 813, 815-820, 822, 828-829, 832 Portfolio, 120, 174, 231, 259, 287, 386, 607-608, 619 Model, 619 Portfolio analysis, 607 Positioning, 392 Poverty, 119, 337, 385 Power, 54, 65, 129, 152, 186, 230, 251, 266, 302, 393, 399-406, 414-415, 464, 494, 517, 635, 643, 684, 708, 718, 743-744, 783, 825 Premium, 350, 399, 478, 540, 729, 789, 802 presentations, 33 Press release, 79, 633, 788 press releases, 746, 782 Price, 14, 18, 21, 57, 68-69, 74-75, 79, 87, 105-106, 118-119, 132, 134, 140, 185, 206, 229, 237, 260, 272, 281, 284-285, 300, 313, 317, 320, 336, 356, 360, 369-372, 376, 388-389, 408, 428, 442-443, 462, 465-466, 489, 494, 527, 530, 545, 564, 566-567, 592, 601, 608, 633, 636-637, 642, 644, 648, 651, 658, 662, 664-666, 668, 670-676, 680-684, 699-700, 705, 709, 712, 715, 719-720, 725, 738-747, 771, 783, 785, 792, 795, 797, 813, 817, 847 defined, 14, 119, 747, 795, 847 price changes, 592 Price changes, 592 Price range, 185, 369 Prices, 2, 14, 21, 39, 53, 68, 74-75, 79-80, 87, 97, 106-107, 119, 127, 134, 139, 149, 152, 185, 212, 260, 280-281, 284, 300, 308, 315, 335, 343, 356, 388, 410, 442, 450, 462, 465-466, 479, 527, 530, 543, 545-546, 548, 567, 592, 601, 608, 633-634, 636, 642-643, 651, 662, 665, 675-676, 679-680, 699-700, 709, 711, 720, 724-725, 730, 737, 739-741, 743-744, 746-747, 771, 783, 797-798, 821, 824, 844 demand and, 747 flexible, 97 inflation and, 744 input, 97 maximum, 68, 127, 699 minimum, 53, 343, 548, 662 reservation, 14, 212 retail, 14, 74, 106-107, 300, 335, 356, 465, 527, 530, 675, 709, 743, 746-747, 783, 824 wages and, 741 Pricing, 18, 164, 187, 436, 465, 684 strategy, 465 trial, 465 value, 18, 436 Principal, 24, 192, 530, 659, 699-700, 710 Principles, 789, 854 Private firm, 596 Probability, 16, 18, 32, 151-196, 197-241, 243-276, 287, 293-294, 298-301, 305-309, 313-315, 318, 320, 322, 325-327, 331, 340, 352, 356-357, 360, 364-365, 370-371, 375-376, 389, 393-404, 406-408, 410-411, 413, 415, 419, 430-432, 443, 464, 467, 477-478, 480, 493, 496, 499, 570-571, 577-580, 585, 589-590, 594, 596, 672, 717, 719-720, 725, 798, 824, 827, 841, 848 insurance and, 402 objective, 32, 195, 301, 322, 357, 443, 725 subjective, 158, 161, 168, 188-189, 194-196, 370 problem solving, 467, 496 Process control, 831-860 Product development, 452, 547 Product line, 6, 202, 259 Product mix, 727 Product specification, 599 Product specifications, 300, 470, 582 Production, 1, 24, 105, 108-110, 112, 127, 132-133, 149, 162, 172, 181, 190, 192, 195, 205, 217, 226, 231, 235-238, 247, 249, 251, 266, 286, 293-294, 301, 320, 328, 335, 342-343, 365, 379, 385-386, 406-407, 409, 412, 418-419, 428, 431, 441, 449, 452, 454, 465, 469, 478-479, 489, 492-493, 498, 517, 539-540, 543, 567, 575-576, 582, 596, 598, 723, 727-728, 730, 741-743, 802, 826-827, 835, 847-848, 850, 857-858 national, 190, 217, 236, 343, 385, 478, 517, 543, 596 Production costs, 105, 236, 452 Productivity, 25-26, 244, 408, 449, 598, 727, 801 Products, 5, 11, 14, 20, 22, 24-25, 30, 63, 74, 103, 107, 147, 152, 157, 163, 171-172, 176-178, 186, 188, 205, 217-218, 223-224, 226, 232, 235, 237, 247, 259, 271-272, 286, 293-294, 301, 308, 313, 316, 327, 352, 357, 364-367, 377, 379, 386, 392, 394-396, 400, 410-412, 428-430, 432, 441, 463, 465, 473, 479, 493, 498, 508, 517, 528, 530, 544, 547, 567, 574-577, 581-582, 588, 593, 596, 611, 636, 641, 646, 648, 651, 699, 725, 727-728, 744, 788, 791, 802, 807, 809, 820, 832-833, 847, 854, 857 attributes of, 847 defined, 14, 157, 517, 847 development of, 517 industrial products, 651 levels of, 24, 400, 646 packaging, 365, 412 Professionals, 5, 309, 342, 445, 544, 813 Profit, 2, 4, 63, 66-67, 72-73, 82, 137, 147, 153, 161, 163, 168, 205-206, 238, 240, 271, 366, 442, 493, 506, 508, 530, 620, 653, 676, 684, 698, 729-730, 791 definition of, 153 Profit center, 791 Profits, 4, 63, 66-67, 73, 90, 126, 147, 168, 240, 399, 412, 437, 595, 619-620 projection, 78, 237, 756-757, 761-762, 767-768 Promotion, 117, 158-159, 163, 184-185, 346 prompting, 164 Property, 8, 10, 80, 107-108, 119, 136, 148, 270, 409, 520, 522-523, 530, 546, 601, 619, 662, 666, 686, 802, 813 Property taxes, 10, 107, 813 proposals, 418 Protection, 134, 206, 320, 342, 402, 499, 634, 683 Prototype, 451-452, 478 Psychology, 814 public key, 648 Public offering, 356 Public policy, 342 Publicity, 567 Purchasing, 14, 96, 153, 235, 237, 402, 411, 455, 464, 481, 488-489, 743-744, 783, 821 Purchasing agents, 481 Purchasing power, 743-744, 783 purpose, 1, 4, 8-9, 11-12, 29, 41, 71, 119, 218, 337, 356, 368, 443, 456, 459, 467, 477, 499, 546, 550, 636, 646, 649, 669, 681, 721-722, 734, 757, 798, 814, 835, 850 general, 12, 29, 41, 71, 459, 721, 734, 835, 850 specific, 41, 119, 798 Q Quality, 1, 7, 11-15, 19-20, 29, 33-34, 68, 71-72, 80, 135, 163, 171-172, 181, 184, 188, 191-192, 198, 201-202, 206, 217, 223-226, 231-232, 235, 237, 240, 247, 259, 272, 277-279, 293, www.downloadslide.com 300, 308, 320, 327, 355-356, 364-365, 374-375, 392-393, 397-398, 451-452, 455, 460, 463-465, 473, 478, 486, 489, 492-496, 519, 529, 534, 545-546, 567, 576-577, 582, 593-594, 596, 643, 653, 662, 668, 681, 684, 698, 721, 727-728, 802, 820-821, 826, 831-860 quality control, 172, 237, 240, 478, 489, 493, 496, 582, 593, 596, 802, 826, 832, 844, 849-850, 860 Quality issues, 832 Quality management, 653, 832, 854 Quality standards, 224, 259 Questionnaires, 7, 9-10, 27-28, 687 quoting, 442, 544 R Race, 13, 144, 162 Radio advertising, 746 radio frequency identification, 219 RFID, 219 Rate of return, 153, 607-608 Rates, 1-2, 24, 54, 106, 128, 136-137, 146, 186, 219, 285, 309, 336, 344, 350, 399, 428, 477, 490, 516, 548, 565, 583, 644, 653, 691, 737, 741-743, 746-747, 773, 847 gross, 737 reasonable, 336 Rating, 10, 12, 19, 24, 53-54, 104, 134, 144, 186, 211, 218, 320, 584, 634, 650, 683, 790, 825-826 Ratios, 57-58, 521, 529, 572, 592, 709, 724, 766, 791 Raw materials, 489, 821 Reach, 5, 16, 32, 33, 46, 74, 79-80, 136, 204, 217, 223, 314, 338, 373-377, 379-381, 388-389, 391-392, 398, 411, 431, 438, 442-443, 448, 456, 466, 469, 473, 475, 478-479, 484, 487, 498, 508, 513, 517, 528, 540, 543, 548, 575, 578, 581, 588, 591, 608, 629-630, 734, 736, 772, 801, 806, 808, 810, 815, 817, 819, 821, 851 Real estate, 11, 20, 24, 37, 63, 68, 75, 106-107, 119, 153, 163, 185, 194, 259, 284, 286, 315, 391, 545, 592, 601, 636, 642-643, 662-667, 670-674, 677, 679-683, 699-700, 711-713, 715-717, 724, 737, 789, 797 Rebates, 219 Receivables, 183 Recession, 54, 642 recommendations, 57, 337, 413, 545, 651 Records, 1, 11, 20, 37, 64, 114, 121, 148, 160, 185, 190, 202, 204, 258-259, 271, 285, 298, 336, 352, 373, 375, 391, 403, 408, 462, 470, 477, 479, 529, 631, 642, 652, 728, 770, 803, 844, 850, 856-858 Recruiting, 352, 604, 649 Referrals, 352 Regression analysis, 68, 601, 612-613, 622, 624, 627, 629, 632-634, 636-637, 640, 642, 646, 655, 657-732, 748, 755, 758, 770, 774, 784 Relationships, 25, 68-69, 73, 75, 84, 602, 658-659, 685-688, 691-692, 710, 721 Relative cost, 746 Repetition, 736 Replication, 278, 498, 521-522, 530, 536, 541 reports, 5, 24, 33, 62, 107, 136, 149, 218-219, 285, 343, 351, 399, 403, 407, 450, 494, 530, 549, 567, 593, 651, 728, 827 length of, 494, 549 online, 219 producing, 149, 343, 567 types of, 5, 33, 149, 567 Representations, 30 Resale, 652 research, 5-6, 8, 11, 17, 22, 26, 31, 81, 103, 118, 144, 154, 163, 190, 192, 206, 212, 214-215, 218, 232, 236-237, 245, 260, 272, 286, 300-301, 309, 335-337, 342-344, 349, 352, 356, 358-359, 366-367, 373, 392, 398, 402, 406-408, 415, 425, 429, 441, 446, 457-458, 465, 474, 479, 490, 492, 494, 508, 512, 529-530, 539, 566-567, 591-593, 595-597, 611, 629, 698, 724, 746, 782, 790, 795, 813, 827 conducting, 8, 212, 342, 406, 591 planning, 214, 349, 352, 425, 597 primary, 5, 22, 81, 190, 236, 529, 592, 746, 782 purpose of, 8, 218, 356 Research and development, 163, 272, 441, 474, 494, 512, 566, 629 cost of, 272, 566 Resellers, 530 Resources, 6, 80, 82, 123, 126-127, 136, 180, 309, 352-353, 369, 408, 429, 546, 587-588, 687, 747, 782 response time, 46-47 Responsibility, 11, 24, 134, 488, 565, 567, 727, 821 Restricted, 822 Restrictions, 523 Retail prices, 300, 356, 743 Retail stores, 14, 34, 565, 581, 783, 824 Retailers, 308, 392, 451-452, 527, 577, 611, 790 Retailing, 25 Retirement, 107, 152, 162, 174-175, 192, 218, 287, 309, 351-352, 391-392, 409, 421, 423, 433, 592, 596-597, 791 Retirement income, 107 monthly, 107 Retirement plans, 352, 392, 409, 433 Return on equity, 705 Revenue, 19, 70, 88-91, 127, 135, 147-148, 179, 235, 335, 352, 391, 443, 451, 465, 529, 611, 634, 709, 735-736, 754-756, 772, 787 Revenues, 30, 63, 67, 70, 80, 135-136, 147, 451, 546, 611, 650, 652, 709, 728, 733, 735-736, 754, 782, 787, 789, 791 revision, 795 RFID, 219 Risk, 9, 30, 120, 127, 133, 236, 308, 455, 570, 593, 784 business, 30, 236, 308, 570, 593 commercial, 308 financial, 236 market, 133, 236, 308 objective, 127 personal, 784 Roadways, 629 ROE, 706 Role, 4-5, 27, 30, 80, 135, 149, 281, 546, 567, 733-734, 789, 854 managerial, 854 Royalties, 105 S Safety stock, 728 Salaries, 53, 58, 83, 92-95, 107, 134, 285, 301, 314, 384, 419, 442, 462, 490, 495, 543-544, 608, 800, 821, 829 Salary, 53, 58, 92, 94-95, 107, 119, 134, 138, 285, 299, 301, 309, 314, 344, 384, 402, 409, 429, 442-443, 604, 677-679, 800-801, 821 Sales, 1-3, 6, 11, 14, 21, 24-26, 29-30, 51-53, 55-56, 62, 64-68, 72-75, 78-79, 84, 105, 107, 126, 132, 134, 152-154, 159-160, 163-164, 180, 182-183, 185, 201, 213-214, 238, 259, 284-285, 298-299, 309, 314, 317, 333, 335, 356-357, 403, 411, 462, 466, 469, 478, 499, 501, 506, 529-530, 539, 543-544, 584, 595, 601, 603-608, 610-614, 617-618, 620, 622-624, 627-629, 632, 636, 640, 642-644, 648, 651-652, 655, 658, 662, 664-666, 668, 671, 675-676, 679, 681, 685, 699-701, 703-704, 708-709, 711, 719, 723-724, 728, 734-739, 744-745, 747-753, 756-757, 762-764, 766-767, 769-771, 773-775, 777, 783, 786-787, 790-793, 802, 813, 825 Sales and marketing, 64, 79 Sales data, 1, 26, 55, 62, 64, 67, 72-73, 624, 736, 738, 745, 747, 762-763, 767, 771, 783, 786, 790, 792 Sales force, 73, 105, 299, 603, 608, 612, 624 compensation, 603 training, 612 Sales offices, 183 Sales presentation, 182 Sales records, 298, 652, 728, 770 Sales tax, 333 Sales territory, 604 Salespeople, 299, 608 Samples, 1, 14-17, 27-28, 32, 35, 114, 117, 119-120, 124-126, 198-199, 209, 215, 217, 235, 277-279, 281-283, 285-291, 295-296, 298-299, 302, 308, 310-312, 317-318, 320, 323, 326, 332, 336, 344, 355, 370, 382, 386, 418-425, 427-433, 435-438, 440-450, 452-454, 457, 459-461, 463-464, 466-467, 480, 484-490, 492-494, 496, 499-500, 502, 504-505, 507-508, 510, 512, 515-521, 523-525, 533, 541, 543, 550, 554-555, 558-559, 561-564, 581, 626, 640, 651, 756, 777, 797-798, 803-806, 808-816, 819-820, 822-824, 827, 832, 844-845, 847-848, 850, 852, 855-857 Sampling, 1, 8-9, 14-20, 27-29, 31-32, 87, 144, 146, 148, 152, 185, 198, 207, 217, 225-228, 233, 235, 238, 276, 277-318, 319-325, 327-328, 331, 333, 335-336, 338, 340, 345, 347, 350, 353-356, 360-361, 364-365, 368-371, 373, 376-377, 387, 394, 396, 402-405, 408, 410, 412, 415, 418-420, 424, 426, 434, 450, 452-453, 457-458, 466-467, 489-490, 493, 505-506, 515, 571-572, 578, 581, 585, 587, 596, 604, 609, 622, 624-627, 631, 635-636, 661, 667, 672, 725, 754, 798, 824-825, 847-850 Sampling distribution, 277-278, 286-287, 289-299, 301, 304-307, 311-313, 317-318, 319, 321-324, 327-328, 333, 336, 345, 350, 353, 360, 364, 370-371, 373, 376-377, 387, 396, 404, 415, 419-420, 424, 426, 453, 457-458, 466-467, 596, 824 Saving, 192, 394, 737 Scanning, 10-11, 219, 455, 545 scope, 13, 28, 114, 329, 480, 607, 661, 672, 714, 718, 756 SD, 445-446, 555, 560 Search engines, 26 Security, 42, 201-202, 237, 338, 366, 392, 421, 455, 494, 701 investing in, 421 Selection, 12, 15, 25, 27, 32, 153, 165, 196, 205, 219, 226-227, 229-230, 235-236, 279, 290, 300, 356, 442, 499, 518, 546, 550, 587, 596, 700-704, 708-709, 721, 724, 730, 783 Selection process, 226, 279, 704 Sellers, 357, 411, 462, 662, 824 selling points, 206, 410 Sensitivity, 110 SEP, 72, 118, 747, 782 Service provider, 173, 175, 284, 336, 578 Services, 10, 13, 16-17, 30, 63, 106, 118, 137-138, 146-147, 149, 163, 173, 188, 192, 219-220, 231, 264, 284, 306, 308, 344, 357, 374, 402, 407, 411, 443, 445, 465, 477, 479, 516, 545, 567, 584, 633, 642, 644, 687-690, 693, 709, 720, 725, 733, 735-736, 743-744, 772, 783, 807, 816-817, 825, 832, 852, 856 defined, 220 levels of, 516, 545 quality management, 832 Shareholder, 133, 800-801 Shareholders, 24, 147, 219, 705 shipping, 15, 53, 82, 112-113, 204, 219, 223, 226, 293, 308, 352, 462, 632, 699, 725, 727-728, 844, 856, 858 Ships, 112, 127, 190-191, 273, 528, 699, 725, 728, 783, 856 Shoplifting, 701, 703-704 Shopping center, 789 Shortage, 26, 412 Shrubs, 231 SIMPLE, 7, 16-20, 27-32, 45, 66, 69, 80, 97, 106, 122, 131, 136, 144, 153, 198, 208, 225, 253, 279, 283, 295-296, 301-302, 306-307, 312-313, 315, 318, 320-321, 324, 326, 331, 333, 335, 346-347, 349-350, 375, 379, 382, 384-385, 391, 398, 406, 412, 420-421, 423-424, 431, 433, 436, 438, 443, 487, 507, 512, 515, 517, 524, 546, 564, 578, 601, 604, 607, 609, 612-613, 617, 619, 622, 624-626, 628-629, 631-634, 636-638, 641-642, 644, 646-648, 650, 655, 658-662, 666, 679, 684, 688, 699, 714, 722, 725, 727, 731-732, 737-740, 746, 748, 753-754, 756, 758-759, 781, 785-786, 790, 798, 802 Simple random sample, 16-20, 32, 144, 279, 283, 301-302, 306-307, 312-313, 315, 318, 320-321, 324, 326, 331, 333, 335, 346-347, 349-350, 375, 379, 382, 384-385, 391, 398, 406, 421, 423, 431, 433, 438, 443, 487, 564, 578, 601, 607, 629, 636, 798, 802 Single Audit, 155 Size, 8-9, 15-18, 31-32, 50-52, 59, 67, 82, 85, 88, 91-93, 95-96, 105, 111, 113-114, 125-126, 141, 146, 161, 171, 193, 207, 209-216, 218-219, 221-223, 226-229, 231, 233-235, 240, 247, 257, 272, 278-286, 288-296, 298-302, 304-305, 307-309, 311-315, 317-318, 319-329, 331, 333-336, 338-361, 867 www.downloadslide.com 371-372, 374, 376-377, 379, 386-388, 390, 392-395, 399-404, 406-408, 411-412, 423, 428, 439, 445, 453-455, 457, 470-471, 475-480, 482, 484-485, 489, 492-493, 499, 502-504, 506-508, 512, 515, 518-519, 521, 535, 543, 545, 547-548, 553-554, 573, 576-577, 587, 589-590, 595-596, 601, 603, 606, 609, 611, 622, 624, 626, 632, 636-637, 639, 644, 649, 652, 661-662, 665-668, 670-672, 680, 683, 695, 698, 711, 724-725, 727-728, 731-732, 733, 755, 759, 761, 771-772, 782, 805-807, 810, 817, 819-821, 824, 836, 839-840, 842, 844-848, 850-851, 855-857, 859 Skills, 1, 26, 30, 99, 388 Slope, 612-613, 615, 620, 622, 625-633, 635-636, 641-642, 644, 646-648, 655, 660, 667-669, 672-673, 675, 680-681, 703, 722, 724, 729, 732, 748-750, 755, 779, 786, 788, 793-794 Small business, 161, 232 Small Business Administration, 232 Smoke, 237 Social media, 26 Social Security, 421 Socialization, 687-691, 693, 695-696 Society, 350, 402, 489, 546, 744 software, 1, 16, 30, 33-34, 73, 78, 87, 97, 103, 138, 224, 231, 233, 315, 331-332, 337-338, 375-376, 381-383, 395, 407, 463, 477-478, 485, 494, 498, 503, 508, 531, 533, 541, 575, 604, 607, 617, 627, 638, 661-662, 705, 715, 721, 807-809 South America, 13, 261 South Korea, 106 Spain, 127, 202, 608 Spam, 392 speeches, 273 spelling, 18 SSA, 532, 563 Standard deviation, 87, 108, 110, 112-136, 139-141, 145, 147, 200-206, 212, 214-218, 224-225, 230, 234-237, 240-241, 244, 246-248, 250-251, 254-255, 257-263, 265-267, 269-276, 277, 286-287, 289-296, 298-301, 306-307, 311-318, 320-324, 327-329, 331, 333-344, 353, 355-356, 359, 361, 370-381, 383-385, 387, 395, 397, 401-403, 407-411, 419-421, 423-425, 428-430, 433-434, 438, 444-448, 450, 461, 470-474, 476-479, 483-487, 489-494, 510, 559, 565-566, 576-577, 581-583, 596-598, 626, 663, 666, 669, 671-672, 676, 683, 714-715, 806, 810, 823, 828, 832, 834, 838, 848, 851, 854, 856 SD, 445-446 State government, 185, 650 Stated goals, 851-852 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 146 statistics, 1-2, 4-7, 14-15, 19, 27, 29-32, 33, 38, 71, 76, 80, 84, 87-88, 91-92, 96-98, 105-108, 115-119, 127, 129, 134, 136-137, 139, 142, 143, 146-147, 149, 151, 193, 195, 197, 219, 232, 234, 241, 243-244, 268, 275-276, 277, 289, 309, 311, 317-318, 319, 332, 338, 344, 360, 363-365, 370, 372, 382-383, 385, 388, 404, 413, 415, 417, 427, 435-437, 440-442, 455, 464, 467, 469, 478, 484, 486, 488, 490-491, 496, 497, 515, 523-526, 528, 537, 544, 546, 548, 550, 551, 567, 569, 577, 599, 601, 605, 619, 632-633, 641-646, 648, 655, 657, 663, 673, 676, 686, 698-699, 706, 708-710, 720, 731, 733, 743-744, 754, 783, 789, 795, 797-829, 831, 836, 849, 854, 857 analyzing, 1-2, 30, 32, 76, 80, 136-137, 244, 546, 601, 646, 710, 733, 743-744, 754, 783, 789, 795 misleading, 108, 365, 404 Status, 20-21, 24, 38, 117, 148-149, 155, 184, 365-369, 379, 409, 464, 570, 588-589, 591, 597, 677, 679, 803, 825 Status quo, 365-369, 379 Stock, 2-3, 11, 20-21, 39, 57, 120, 133-134, 140, 174-175, 204-205, 219, 231-232, 236, 258, 285, 303, 356, 421, 592, 597, 601, 607, 648, 675-676, 687, 700, 705, 709, 719, 724-725, 728, 737, 744 Stories, 2, 65, 167, 543, 681, 740, 798 Strategies, 429, 746, 782 Strategy, 152, 173-174, 336, 465 Stratified sample, 17 868 Stress, 8-9 Students, 5, 10, 12, 14, 18, 38, 62, 96, 100, 105, 116-118, 124, 127, 131, 162, 164-165, 234, 267, 270, 313, 325, 351-352, 367, 391, 407, 420, 442, 458, 463-464, 489-490, 493, 524-525, 540, 574-575, 578-579, 581, 590-591, 595, 609-611, 633-634, 649-650, 684, 698, 740, 771, 782, 788-789, 798, 814, 824, 826, 840 Subgroups, 17, 32, 119, 836-839, 841-842, 850-852, 856 Subjective probability, 158, 161, 168, 189, 194, 196 Subsidiaries, 24 Subsidies, 126, 442, 489 Success, 11, 30, 49, 65, 138, 159, 192, 206-207, 210-211, 213-216, 220-221, 225-226, 228, 233-234, 241, 307, 314, 344, 351, 357, 411-412, 443, 464, 478, 494, 595, 598, 610, 649, 723, 733, 784, 786, 832, 848 summarizing, 465 Supply, 6, 90, 171, 184, 186, 202-203, 232, 235, 238, 264, 266, 273, 308, 357, 411, 486, 517, 548, 571, 641, 684, 700, 735-736, 747-748, 773, 816, 860 aggregate, 747 long-run, 202 of money, 700 Supply and demand, 747, 773 Supply chain, 357, 411, 860 Support, 8, 10, 24, 26, 81, 105-106, 127, 133-134, 146, 184, 217, 219, 231, 235, 270, 309, 313-315, 335-336, 344, 352, 356, 364-365, 369, 371, 385, 392, 408-410, 415, 428-429, 442-443, 449-451, 457-458, 461-462, 482, 486, 516, 518, 552, 577, 585, 596, 606, 608, 611, 633, 645, 649, 675-676, 697-698, 709, 727, 754, 772, 802, 815, 817, 825-827 Survey questions, Survey research, 31 surveys, 7-12, 19, 27-28, 35, 53, 70, 79, 157, 186, 203, 218, 343, 359, 392, 398, 408, 429, 443, 457, 492, 593, 597 Switzerland, 517 synopsis, 27 system, 16, 20, 29-30, 68, 82, 127, 131-132, 148, 152, 159-160, 202, 206, 212, 214, 221, 228, 230-231, 264-265, 267, 335, 358, 365, 367, 388, 391-392, 399, 402, 409, 421, 455, 462, 469, 474, 477, 485, 488, 493-494, 513-514, 519, 552, 579, 630, 650, 661, 732, 734, 789, 791, 802, 815-817, 834, 843, 854, 857-858 systems development, 485 T Tables, 1, 31, 33-85, 129, 138, 143, 146, 177, 223, 233, 273, 364, 407, 509, 521, 584, 588, 590, 805, 836, 840, 842 integrated, 73 Taiwan, 202, 386 Tapes, 814 Target market, Tax revenues, 733, 782 Tax system, 391 Taxes, 10, 20, 107, 127, 135, 463, 543-544, 807-808, 813 corporate, 544 estate, 20, 107 flat, 135 income, 10, 107, 127, 135, 463, 544, 807-808 property, 10, 107, 813 sales, 107, 543-544, 813 teams, 46, 74, 138, 258, 285, 388, 472, 854 Technological advances, 726 Technology, 26, 33, 35, 59, 64, 70, 81, 147, 183, 219, 258, 351, 358, 366, 392, 430, 445, 474-475, 517, 544, 744 advances in, 147 information technology, 81, 392 telephone, 1, 7-10, 12, 14, 20, 27-28, 31, 144, 265, 313, 358-359, 816, 839 Television advertising, Terminology, 2, 188, 320, 322, 368, 537 Territory, 604 Text messaging, 109 The American College, 458 Theft, 108, 391, 402 identity, 108, 391, 402 throughput, 244 Time-series analysis, 735, 784 Time-series graph, 772, 783, 788 Timing, 16, 28, 144-145 tone, 12, 409, 802 Total cost, 181, 320, 355, 649, 740 computing, 740 Total costs, 740 Total quality management, 653 Total revenue, 70 Tourism, 277-278 Trade, 12, 15, 87, 128, 193, 328, 334, 338, 676, 699, 720, 744, 783, 802, 857 Trade-offs, 15, 334, 338 Traffic flow, 375 Training, 70, 80-81, 135-136, 232, 273, 445, 529, 546, 577-578, 612, 727, 809, 834, 838, 843, 854 Transactions, 26, 34, 37, 333, 356-357, 392, 411, 442, 517, 701, 703-704, 833 Transfers, 231, 257, 270 Translation, 231 Transportation, 11, 132, 148, 204, 309, 337-339, 358, 366, 402, 455, 470, 483, 494, 528, 583, 597, 629, 645, 725-726, 743 costs, 132, 402, 725 Treasury bills, 650 Treasury Department, 11 trend analysis, 750, 759, 782, 790 Trends, 64, 78, 357, 411, 428, 442, 493, 593, 735, 747, 758, 760, 773 TRIPS, 132, 272, 355, 477, 649, 782 Troubled Asset Relief Program, 650 Trucks, 21, 24, 65, 135, 191, 238-239, 272, 300, 315-316, 493, 593, 634, 643, 653, 726 Trust, 63, 106, 149, 216, 253-254, 567, 592 Trusts, 24 TSAs, 433 Turnover, 565, 588, 603 typographical errors, 582 U Underwriting, 791 Unemployed, 644, 650 Unemployment, 1, 24, 146, 644-645, 650, 658, 675, 737 costs of, 650 cyclical, 737 seasonal, 737 Unemployment rate, 146, 645, 650, 658, 675, 737 Uninsured, 148 Unions, 17 United Kingdom, 62-64, 593 United Nations, 128 United States, 18-19, 26, 37, 39-40, 42, 54-55, 62-64, 70, 74, 79-81, 96, 99, 115, 118, 127, 131, 135-136, 146, 173, 185-186, 201, 204, 211, 218-219, 228, 230, 233, 258-259, 261, 299-300, 308, 320, 336, 338, 351, 357, 377, 381, 391-392, 402, 406-407, 410-411, 429, 441, 443, 455, 458, 494, 517, 529-530, 546-547, 633-634, 644, 651, 699-700, 725-727, 737, 783, 790, 798, 800, 854 Universities, 19, 23, 60, 96-98, 115-118, 124, 127, 131, 139, 148, 163, 186, 205, 260, 584, 611 U.S, 14-15, 17, 19, 23, 30-31, 53, 55-56, 63-64, 70-71, 73-74, 106, 117-118, 126, 132, 135, 139, 147, 149, 157, 171, 182, 184, 190, 204, 212-213, 218, 220, 228, 255, 259, 266, 285, 300, 309, 336, 338, 343-344, 356-357, 366, 381, 385, 391, 397, 399, 402, 411, 420-421, 423, 429, 458, 478, 493-494, 498-499, 529, 531, 567, 596, 644, 676-677, 684, 699-700, 705, 708, 720, 724, 726, 743-744, 746-747, 773, 782-783, 789, 791, 825 U.S., 14-15, 17, 19, 23, 30-31, 53, 56, 63-64, 70-71, 73-74, 106, 117-118, 126, 132, 135, 139, 147, 149, 157, 171, 182, 184, 190, 204, 212-213, 218, 220, 228, 255, 259, 266, 285, 300, 309, 336, 338, 343-344, 356-357, 366, 381, 385, 391, 397, 399, 402, 411, 420-421, 423, 429, 458, 478, 493-494, 498-499, 529, 531, 567, 596, 644, 676-677, 684, 699-700, 705, 708, 720, 724, 726, 743-744, 746-747, 773, 782-783, 789, 791, 825 U.S Air Force, 596 U.S Census Bureau, 184, 204, 494 U.S Department of Agriculture, 14, 338 U.S Department of Energy, 684, 700, 747 U.S Department of Labor, 644, 743 U.S economy, 213, 708 Utilities, 133, 738 www.downloadslide.com Utility, 54, 335, 355, 435, 683 V Validity, 13-14, 27, 29, 31-32, 87, 335, 364, 595, 671, 827, 850 Value, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18-19, 22, 25, 32, 34-42, 46, 50-51, 57, 59, 61-62, 67-68, 70, 72, 76-77, 80, 82-85, 88-89, 92-102, 104-105, 107-112, 114-115, 118, 123-125, 129-131, 133, 137, 141, 147, 152-153, 175, 196, 198-204, 206, 208-210, 212-216, 221-226, 230, 233-235, 238, 240-241, 244-249, 251-252, 254-258, 260, 262-265, 268-271, 276, 277-281, 285-287, 289, 291-295, 298-299, 301-302, 304-310, 312, 315, 318, 320-329, 331, 333-336, 339-342, 345-349, 352-356, 359, 361, 364-365, 369-385, 387-398, 400-401, 404, 406-410, 413-415, 419-424, 426, 428, 430-432, 436, 438, 440-447, 449-450, 452-454, 457-459, 462, 464, 466-467, 469-470, 472-474, 476, 478-480, 482-485, 487-488, 493-495, 498-501, 503, 507, 509-511, 513-519, 523, 526-528, 530, 535-541, 545-546, 549-550, 560, 565, 573, 575-579, 581, 583, 585, 587, 589-593, 595-596, 598-599, 601, 603-604, 606, 608-609, 611-615, 620, 622-629, 631, 633, 635-644, 646, 648-649, 651, 654-655, 659-660, 664, 666-677, 682-683, 688-689, 691, 696-700, 702-703, 706, 708-711, 715, 717, 719-721, 723-725, 729-732, 737-738, 745, 748, 750-754, 757, 759-760, 763-764, 766-784, 786-788, 793-795, 797-799, 801, 803-811, 813-815, 817-822, 824, 828-829, 836-840, 843, 846-847, 849-850, 852 building, 80, 216, 270, 278-279, 299, 369, 377, 430, 546, 659-660, 664, 666-677, 682-683, 688-689, 691, 696-700, 702-703, 706, 708-711, 715, 717, 719-721, 723-725, 729-732, 759, 784, 795 defined, 19, 32, 41, 100, 199, 210, 234, 292, 309-310, 328, 361, 517, 573, 622, 625, 643, 737, 795, 840, 847 market value, 601, 675-676, 700, 709, 719, 725, 783, 813 of marketing, 407, 603, 648 Value test, 382 Value-added, 19, 265, 352 Value-added tax, 19 Variability, 80, 110, 115, 120-121, 126-127, 133-136, 140, 147, 224, 469-470, 473-475, 478-479, 484-486, 488-494, 519-521, 530-531, 541, 546, 566, 632, 643, 751, 842 Variables, 7, 13, 23-25, 30, 32, 38, 42, 45, 48-51, 53, 55, 57-58, 66-70, 72, 74-76, 84-85, 88, 91, 96-98, 103, 107, 116, 119, 122, 134, 137, 144, 147-149, 199, 206, 221, 225, 233, 236, 241, 244, 253, 268, 304, 321, 325, 327, 356, 433, 435-437, 480, 486, 549, 567, 570, 584, 589-590, 593-594, 599, 601-613, 619-620, 622, 624-625, 629, 631-636, 640, 642, 645-646, 648-652, 655, 658-663, 665-687, 689, 691-693, 695-701, 703-706, 708-712, 714-728, 730-732, 740-742, 755, 760-761, 768-770, 815, 822-824, 836, 841-842, 855, 858 Variance, 87, 108, 110-119, 126, 129-133, 139-141, 145, 203-204, 230, 235, 240-241, 257, 266, 304, 335, 342, 355, 419, 423, 436, 439, 453, 469-487, 491-492, 496, 497-550, 552, 556, 560, 566, 651, 670, 672-673, 675-677, 680, 694, 710, 713-715, 718-722, 725, 730-732, 797, 815, 822, 843, 848 videos, 259 virus, 81 Vision, 30, 235, 272, 356 Visualize, 665 Volume, 15, 42, 65, 73, 109, 132, 163, 173, 185-186, 195, 223, 245, 247, 259, 268, 285, 299, 301, 313, 320, 328, 356, 369, 410, 548, 577, 606, 628, 631-632, 723-724, 731, 740, 782, 825, 847 Volumes, 27, 132, 162, 412, 544, 724, 730, 788 Wall Street Journal, 2, 19, 29, 33, 55, 63, 350, 391-392, 744, 790 War, 74 Warehouse clubs, 257 Warranty, 152, 186, 191-192, 206, 211, 237, 258, 266, 315, 317, 393, 408, 428, 452, 567, 593, 599 Water, 25, 221, 268, 393, 402, 409, 518, 540, 547, 583, 642, 683, 802 Weaknesses, 724, 772 Wealth, 25 Weather conditions, 834 Web, 6, 12, 17-18, 68, 164, 166, 366, 407, 593, 634, 788 Web site, 17-18, 164, 366, 407, 593, 634, 788 design, 366 security, 366 Web sites, 6, 68 Women, 58, 73, 78, 139, 184, 198, 219, 226, 228, 232, 285, 308, 350-352, 392-393, 398-399, 409, 420-421, 428-429, 451-452, 458, 462, 488, 494, 539, 591, 593, 690-691, 695, 698 Won, 161, 340, 359, 633, 717, 733 Work, 5, 12, 17, 33, 55, 70, 79, 81, 105, 126, 136, 149, 156, 163, 188, 207, 209, 221, 231, 237-238, 255, 266, 284, 309, 314, 339, 343, 350-351, 355-356, 358, 360, 367, 392, 408, 412, 427-428, 463, 470, 483, 519, 529, 534, 543, 546, 567, 582, 590, 597-598, 648, 650, 652-653, 680, 684, 718, 728, 734, 771, 789, 791, 814, 819, 826-827, 832, 834, 839, 851, 857 Workers, 164, 190, 192, 218, 232, 309, 313, 344, 351-352, 356, 392, 408, 458, 478-479, 529, 545, 565, 597, 648, 689, 727, 741-743, 791, 827, 851-852 workforce, 35, 192, 352, 356, 421, 463, 588, 789, 803, 854 workplace, 1, 593, 857 World, 1, 11-12, 23, 30, 52, 54-55, 64, 74-75, 81, 106, 112, 128, 136, 138, 149, 162, 187, 223, 231, 257, 308, 313, 351, 365, 386, 392-393, 402, 409, 443, 450, 464, 494, 530, 548, 566-567, 583, 597, 676, 699, 720, 734, 783, 789, 791, 833, 854 World economy, 75 World Wide Web, 12 Written surveys, 9-10, 28 WWW, 5, 17-18, 218, 308, 352, 385, 392, 477, 593, 634, 743-744 Y Yen, 22 Yuan, 134 W Wages, 478-479, 588, 604, 741-742, 744, 746 real, 744 869 www.downloadslide.com 870 www.downloadslide.com www.downloadslide.com www.downloadslide.com www.downloadslide.com ... with an average equal to the population mean m and standard deviation s> 1n With this information, we can calculate a critical z-value, called za, or a critical x-value, called xa We illustrate both... The p-value approach is especially important because many statistical software packages provide a p-value that you can use to test a hypothesis quite easily, and a p-value provides a measure of... Rules and Test Statistics To conduct a hypothesis test, you can use three equivalent approaches You can calculate a z-value and compare it to the critical value, za Alternatively, you can calculate