In this chapter, students will be able to understand: Lower levels of living and productivity, lower levels of human capital (health, education, skills), higher levels of inequality and absolute poverty, higher population growth rates, greater social fractionalization, larger rural populations but rapid rural-to-urban migration,...
Lecture Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-1 10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality • Lower levels of living and productivity • Lower levels of human capital (health, education, skills) • Higher Levels of Inequality and Absolute Poverty – Absolute Poverty – World Poverty • Higher Population Growth Rates – Crude Birth rates Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-2 Figure 2.4 Shares of Global Income, 2005 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-3 Table 2.6 The 12 Most and Least Populated Countries and Their Per Capita Income, 2005 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-4 Figure 2.5 Under-5 Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2005 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-5 Table 2.7 Primary School Enrollment and Pupil-Teacher Ratios Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-6 Figure 2.6 Correlation between Under5 Mortality and Mother’s Education Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-7 Figure 2.7 People Living in Poverty, 1981-2002 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-8 Table 2.8 Crude Birth Rates Around the World, 2005 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-9 10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality • Greater Social Fractionalization • larger Rural Populations but Rapid Ruralto-Urban Migration • Lower levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports • Adverse Geography – Resource endowments Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-10 Production • Agriculture - products: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs • Industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp • Industrial production growth rate: 3% country comparison to the world: 102 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-30 Current Account Balance • Current account balance: -$4.632 billion country comparison to the world: 163 • $268 million (2011 est.) • Exports: $24.66 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 71 • $26.3 billion (2011 est.) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-31 Exports • Exports - commodities: textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs • Exports - partners: US 15%, UAE 9.7%, Afghanistan 9.5%, China 9.2%, UK 5%, Germany 4.5% (2012 est.) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-32 Imports • Imports: $40.82 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 • $38.93 billion (2011 est.) • Imports - commodities: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea • Imports - partners: UAE 17.2%, China 15%, Saudi Arabia 11.2%, Kuwait 8.9%, Malaysia 5.4%, Japan 4.3% Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-33 Reserves • Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $13.5 billion (30 November 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 68 $18.09 billion (31 December 2011 est.) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-34 Debt • Debt - external: • $55.98 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 57 • $58.27 billion (31 December 2011 est.) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-35 Exchange rates • Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar • 95.1 (2012 est.) • 86.3434 (2011 est.) • 85.194 (2010 est.) • 81.71 (2009) • 70.64 (2008) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-36 Ethnic groups • Punjabi 44.68%, • Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, • Sindhi 14.1%, • Sariaki 8.38%, • Muhajirs 7.57%, • Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28% Copyright â 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-37 Population and Age Stucture • Population: 190,291,129 (July 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: • Age structure: • 0-14 years: 34.7% (male 33,941,828/female 32,130,001) • 15-24 years: 21.7% (male 21,283,907/female 19,951,750) • 25-54 years: 34.5% (male 34,171,096/female 31,564,622) • 55-64 years: 4.8% (male 4,539,939/female 4,633,292) • 65 years and over: 4.2% (male 3,808,536/female 4,266,158) (2012 est.) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-38 Population • Population growth rate: 1.551% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 77 • Birth rate: 24.3 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 65 • Death rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) • country comparison to the world: 138 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-39 Mortality Rates • Maternal mortality rate: • 260 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 43 • Infant mortality rate: • total: 61.27 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 25 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-40 Life Expectancy • Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 66.35 years country comparison to the world: 166 • male: 64.52 years • female: 68.28 years (2012 est.) • Total fertility rate: 3.07 children born/woman country comparison to the world: 59 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-41 Health • Health expenditures: 2.6% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 182 • Physicians density: 0.813 physicians/1,000 population (2009) • Hospital bed density: 0.6 beds/1,000 population (2009) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-42 Sanitation Facility • Sanitation facility access: improved: • urban: 72% of population • rural: 29% of population total: 45% of population Copyright â 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-43 Education • Education expenditures: 2.7% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 142 • Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write • total population: 54.9% • male: 68.6%, female: 40.3% (2009 est.) • School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: years • male: years, female: years (2009) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-44 ...10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality • Lower levels of living and productivity • Lower levels of human capital (health, education, skills) • Higher Levels of. .. Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-9 10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality • Greater Social Fractionalization • larger Rural Populations but Rapid Ruralto-Urban... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved 2-1 2 10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality • Underdeveloped Financial and Other markets – Imperfect markets