trí tuệ nhân tạo cao hoàng trứ chương ter1 introduction sinhvienzone com

om Introduction nh Vi en • A brief history of AI Zo • The foundations of AI ne C • What is AI? • The state of the art Si • Introductory problems Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn Si nh Vi en Zo ne C om What is AI? Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om What is AI? C • Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think” Si nh Vi en Zo ne (Oxford dictionary) Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn .C om What is AI? Zo Acting rationally Si nh Vi en Acting humanly Thinking rationally ne Thinking humanly Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Si nh Vi en Zo ne C • Alan Mathison Turing (1912-1954) Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Turing Award ne C • A.M Turing Award ACM's most prestigious technical award is accompanied by a Zo prize of $250,000 It is given to an individual selected for nh Vi en contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field Financial support of Si the Turing Award is provided by the Intel Corporation and Google Inc Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn Turing Award 2000 Yao, Andrew Chi-Chih 1988 Sutherland, Ivan 1999 Brooks, Frederick P 1987 Cocke, John 2006 Allen, Frances E 1998 Gray, Jim 1986 Hopcroft, John E 1986 Tarjan, Robert E 2004 Cerf, Vinton 2004 Kahn, Robert E 1995 Blum, Manuel 2002 Adleman, Leonard M 2002 Rivest, Ronald L 2002 Shamir, Adi 2001 Dahl, Ole-Johan 2001 Nygaard, Kristen 1994 Feigenbaum, Edward 199 Reddy, Raj nh Vi en 2003 Kay, Alan 1993 Hartmanis, Juris 1993 Stearns, Richard E 1992 Lampson, Butler W Si 1991 Milner, A J 1990 Corbato, Fernando J 1989 Kahan, William Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 1985 Karp, Richard M 1974 Knuth, Donald E 1984 Wirth, Niklaus E Zo 1996 Pnueli, Amir 1975 Newell, Allen 1975 Simon, Herbert A .C 1997 Engelbart, Douglas 1976 Rabin, Michael O 1976 Scott, Dana S ne 2005 Naur, Peter 1977 Backus, John om 2007 Clarke, Edmund M 2007 Emerson, E Allen 2007 Sifakis, Joseph 1983 Ritchie, Dennis M 1983 Thompson, Kenneth Lane 1982 Cook, Stephen A 1981 Codd, Edgar F 1980 Hoare, C Antony R 1979 Iverson, Kenneth E 1978 Floyd, Robert W 1973 Bachman, Charles W 1972 Dijkstra, E W 1971 McCarthy, John 1970 Wilkinson, J H 1969 Minsky, Marvin 1968 Hamming, Richard 1967 Wilkes, Maurice V 1966 Perlis, A J 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Si nh Vi en Zo ne C • “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950) Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn .C om Acting Humanly: The Turing Test nh Vi en Zo ne Imitation Game AI System Si Human Interrogator Human Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Acting Humanly: The Turing Test C • Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% ne chance of fooling a lay person for minutes nh Vi en following 50 years Zo • Anticipated all major arguments against AI in • Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, Si reasoning, language, understanding, learning Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 10 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe Go(1) If Board[5] is blank, Go(5), else Go(1) If Board[9] is blank, Go(9), else Go(3) If Posswin(X) ≠ 0, then Go(Posswin(X)) Si nh Vi en Zo ne Turn = Turn = Turn = Turn = .C Program 2: Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 24 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe C Comments: nh Vi en Zo ne Not efficient in time, as it has to check several conditions before making each move Easier to understand the program’s strategy Si Hard to generalize Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 25 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn ne C X Zo o Si nh Vi en X om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe How to check for a possible win? Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 26 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe Si nh Vi en Zo ne C Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 15 − (8 + 5) 27 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe C Comments: Zo ne Checking for a possible win is quicker Si nh Vi en Human finds the row-scan approach easier, while computer finds the number-counting approach more efficient Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 28 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe ne C Program 3: Zo If a position is a win, give it the highest rating Si nh Vi en Otherwise, consider all the moves the opponent could make next Assume the opponent will make the move that is worst for us Assign the rating of that move to the current position The best position is then the one with the highest rating Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 29 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe C Comments: nh Vi en Zo ne Require much more time to consider all possible moves Si Could be extended to handle more complicated games Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 30 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Question Answering nh Vi en Zo ne C “Mary went shopping for a new coat She found a red one she really liked When she got it home, she discovered that it went perfectly with her favourite dress” Q1: What did Mary go shopping for? Si Q2: What did Mary find that she liked? Q3: Did Mary buy anything? Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 31 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Question Answering C Program 1: Zo ne Match predefined templates to questions to generate text patterns nh Vi en Match text patterns to input texts to get answers “What did X Y” “What did Mary go shopping for?” Si “Mary go shopping for Z” Z = a new coat Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 32 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Question Answering C Program 2: Zo nh Vi en Finding Past Mary Thing Thing1: instance: colour: Coat Red Si Event2: instance: tense: agent: object: ne Structured representation of sentences: Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 33 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn Program 3: ne Background world knowledge: C om Introductory Problem: Question Answering nh Vi en Zo C finds M Si C leaves L Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com C buys M C leaves L C takes M 34 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om What is AI? ne C Not about what human beings can do! Si nh Vi en Zo About how to instruct a computer to what human beings can do! Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 35 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn Si nh Vi en Zo ne C om AI = Algorithms + Intelligence Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 36 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn Si nh Vi en Zo ne C om AI = Algorithms + Intelligence The Thinker Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 37 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Homework “Introduction” in Chapter – AIMA Russel & Norvig Si nh Vi en Zo ne C Reading Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 38 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn ... humanly Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Si nh Vi en Zo ne C • Alan Mathison Turing (1912-1954) Cao. .. fuzzy logic Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 19 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn ne C X Zo o Si nh Vi en X om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe Cao Hoang Tru... Difficult to extend Cao Hoang Tru CSE Faculty - HCMUT SinhVienZone.com 22 13 February, 2009 https://fb.com/sinhvienzonevn om Introductory Problem: Tic-Tac-Toe Si nh Vi en Zo ne C Cao Hoang Tru CSE