GLOBAL MANAGEMENT: STRATEGY, CHALLENGES, AND UNCERTAINTIES GLOBAL MANAGEMENT: STRATEGY, CHALLENGES, AND UNCERTAINTIES ALEJANDRO L DOMÍNGUEZ EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Global management : strategy, challenges, and uncertainties / Alejandro L Domínguez (editor) p cm ISBN 978-1-60692-744-1 International business enterprises Management I Domínguez, Alejandro L HD62.4.G5437 2007 658'.049 dc22 2007044150 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York CONTENTS Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter vii Research on the Antecedents and Outcomes of Strategic Change: Past, Present and Future Challenges José David Vicente-Lorente, José Ángel Zúñiga-Vicente Partner Selection Factors and Ventures Performances of International Joint Ventures in Taiwan Frank F C Pan, Tsuen-Ho Hsu 51 Influence of Industrial Structure on Managerial Knowledge: A New Vision of Porter´s Five Forces Scheme Fernando J Garrigós Simón and Daniel Palacios Marqués 81 Correcting the Negative Externalities of Tourism: Uncertainties around the Design of Public Environmental Management Policies María Teresa Palmer-Tous, Antoni Costa-Costa and Catalina Torres-Figuerola 107 The Global Expansion of Financial Institutions: Examining the International Operations of Credit Rating Agencies Lynnette D Purda 127 Forecasting Tourism Demand Using Computational Methods: A Challenge for the Tourism Industry Marcos Álvarez-Díaz and Jaume Rosselló-Nadal 147 Asymmetry in Transnational Encounters: Accounting for MBA Experience through a Chinese Lens Qi Xu and Yanmei Zhang 169 Linking Ownership Advantages, Location Advantages and Firm Strategies: An Extension to OLI Model of Foreign Direct Investment Chung-Sok Suh, Yue Wang 193 vi Chapter Index Contents What are National Parks for? New Challenges in National Parks Management Angel Bujosa-Bestard and Antoni Riera-Font 207 221 PREFACE Management comprises directing and controlling a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing that group towards accomplishing a goal Management often encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources This book deals with management problems within a global context and presents the latest research in this growing field Chapter - In this chapter, the authors review the extensive literature on strategic change across two opposing theoretical perspectives: the adaptation and ecological perspectives After emphasizing the main theoretical similarities and differences between both views by underlinning the most important antecedents and the major outcomes behind strategic change considered by each theoretical approach, the authors focus on the analysis of a representative number of quantitative and longitudinal empirical studies This analysis allows the authors to see the main methods that have frequently been used to explore the antecedents and outcomes of strategic change over the last three decades and, thus, to objectively evaluate the actual degree of divergence and/or similarity existing among all the empirical studies considered The authors conclude the chapter by making some suggestions for future research on strategic change Chapter - Firms seek to survive along with the spanning globalization of the international economy have more opportunities and needs to carry on the cooperation at various levels with external organizations Joint venture is among the most familiar one in external cooperative configurations Unfortunately, few if any studies had attempted to include customer as part of primary consideration in partner selection since 1970s This research attempts to point the negligence and assure the important effects of such factors in partner selection Samples are purposely taken from international joint ventures with various nature of industry that established and operated in Taiwan Using questionnaire as instrument, this research have successfully collected 321 valid responses with CEO, functional managers individually answer different portions of the questionnaire Data is then analyzed with SPSS package including descriptive statistics, cross-tab analysis, as well as multiple regressions Major findings of this research include identifying and confirming the existence of customer related factors and its importance in the model of joint venture performance Partner related factor is the most powerful predictors among all partner selection factors in predicting joint venture performance, and the customer related factor appears as the second Task related viii Alejandro L Domínguez factor seems irrelevant for the respondents of this research The key to become a marketdriven management is selecting partner with customer related factors There are several academic and managerial implications associated with the research finding Chapter - The aim of this article is to show that, although criticized from new managerial perspectives, Porter and Industrial Organization schemes continue to be essential to the understanding of enterprise competitiveness, in the era of knowledge, and could be connected to the knowledge-based-view In this vein, the authors’ study analyzes Porter and Industrial Organization, and the Resource-Based and Knowledge-Based perspectives to show the importance of these schemes In addition, by means of a Delphi study using international experts, and a sample of 189 hospitality firms, the authors’ study tries to show and analyze whether, how and why managers have different knowledge of quality of perception of the different environmental competitive forces identified by Porter in the post-Internet context Following the application of structural equations models, the managers analyzed in the authors’ study hold different quality of perceptions of the various forces This demonstrates the importance the structural environment has in conforming managerial knowledge or perception, one of the most important resources highlighted in new Resource-Based, and Knowledge Management literature Chapter - Over the last years, most of studies concerning the tourism sector have focused on its positive impacts on economic growth However, tourist activities also have the potential to cause negative effects on the natural environment of tourism destinations Hence, there exists a divergence between the social and private costs of tourism related firms that leads to inefficient levels of production affecting both the costs of other companies and the satisfaction of tourists and residents In this context, there is a need for the design of environmental policy tools oriented to changing the behavior of social agents in an attempt to correct tourism negative externalities However, three kinds of uncertainty around the implementation of policy tools make their design a difficult task First, the different potential effects of the high array of alternative environmental policy tools lead to instrumental uncertainty Second, economic uncertainty emerges when governments can not know the compliance costs of affected firms Third, there exists environmental uncertainty related to the timing and magnitude of thresholds of sustainability and possible irreversibilities In this context, a well-designed environmental policy will require a simultaneous study of these three types of uncertainty to achieve environmental friendly goals in tourism destinations Chapter - As global financial markets become increasingly integrated, so too the financial institutions that operate within them The international expansion of US-based credit rating agencies provides one such example The most prominent of these agencies have expanded to operate in a wide-range of developed and emerging market economies and their opinions influence international investors and firms looking to raise debt either at home or abroad Expanding into international markets is not without its challenges, perhaps the most significant of which is to ensure that some degree of global consistency exists across ratings while incorporating country-specific features that influence credit risk Using a unique database of Moody’s ratings from six different countries, the author models the agency’s rating assignment decision and document the extent to which the model applies to firms from different countries The author finds that significant cross-country differences exist and that a single model depicting rating assignments does not accurately reflect the actual ratings INDEX A abatement, 115, 120, 125 AC, 115 academics, 89 access, 5, 52, 54, 84, 87, 101, 115, 197, 208, 210, 215, 216 accidents, 110 accommodation, 111, 115 accounting, 40, 142 accounting standards, 142 accuracy, 148, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 165, 166 achievement, 122 acquisitions, 27, 49, 74 adaptation, vii, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 40, 41, 46, 49, 58, 82 adjustment, 95, 101, 121, 182 administration, 89, 90, 114, 215 adolescence, 46 advertisements, 75 advertising, 18, 29, 55, 57, 79 Africa, 165, 218 age, 2, 11, 12, 13, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 40, 46, 57, 132, 134, 136, 138, 139, 169, 177, 185, 189, 191, 205 agent, 58, 61, 85, 109, 114, 115, 116 AGFI, 95, 96, 97, 99 aggression, 183, 186 aggressiveness, 20, 23, 25, 45 aging, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25 agriculture, 208 airlines, 27, 36 airports, 149 algorithm, 149, 153, 167 alternative, viii, 42, 43, 52, 58, 105, 107, 108, 115, 122, 159, 164, 166, 197, 209, 212 alternatives, 52, 125, 149, 210, 215 alters, 141 ambiguity, 78 ambivalent, 172 amendments, 117 amplitude, 29 anatomy, 123 anger, 174 ANOVA, 91 anthropology, 187 antitrust, 79 anxiety, 172, 183 argument, 53, 99, 154, 155, 170, 186, 188, 194, 199, 200 arithmetic, 92 articulation, 171, 175, 188 artificial intelligence, 149, 168 Asia, 76, 181, 190, 199, 202, 203, 205, 206 Asian countries, 202 Asian firms, 195 aspiration, 172 assertiveness, 175 assessment, 47, 58, 75, 83, 103, 109, 128, 142, 143, 144, 166, 172 assets, 19, 20, 22, 24, 31, 35, 37, 38, 78, 85, 86, 87, 101, 115, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138, 194, 195, 197, 209, 210 assignment, viii, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142 assumptions, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 42, 170, 211, 214 asymmetry, ix, 161, 169, 170, 177, 183, 187 attention, 4, 6, 13, 57, 66, 164, 172, 173, 175, 176, 184, 211 attitudes, 78, 124, 171, 177, 178, 182 attractiveness, 83, 84 auditing, 113 Australia, 129, 193, 199, 212, 218 authority, 10, 175, 176, 184 222 Index autonomy, 103 availability, 16, 19, 215 aversion, 121 avoidance, 120 awareness, ix, 22, 110, 170, 174, 179, 181, 182, 207, 208, 215 B Balearic Islands, 149, 165, 167 bank debt, 129 bank failure, 49 banking, 40, 50, 78, 129, 141, 149 banking industry, 40, 50, 129 bankruptcy, 48, 141, 142 banks, 27, 33, 38, 39, 49, 50, 129, 141, 144 Barbados, 149, 166 bargaining, 84, 101 barriers, ix, 5, 46, 85, 101, 170, 172, 196, 201, 202, 204, 207 barriers to entry, 101 basic research, 172 basketball, 33 behavior, viii, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 34, 57, 58, 60, 61, 70, 73, 76, 78, 83, 84, 107, 118, 150, 210 behavioral theory, 9, 16 Beijing, 169, 178, 184 Belgium, 89 beliefs, 77, 171, 176 benefits, 56, 109, 114, 120, 141, 143, 188, 199, 202, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 217, 218 benign, 186 bias, 62, 72, 82, 90, 97, 100, 164 biodiversity, x, 108, 119, 120, 124, 125, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214, 218, 219 biotechnology, 77 birth, 152 births, 10 BIS, 129, 143 blind spot, 187 blocks, 141, 155, 202 bondholders, 128, 141 bonding, 61 borrowers, 128, 129, 141 borrowing, 128, 138, 142 Botswana, 218 brain, 149 brainstorming, 88 breakdown, 178 breast cancer, 149 Britain, 104, 149, 179, 184, 217 business environment, 58 business model, 31, 85 business policy, 106 C California, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 39, 45, 48, 74, 76, 104 Canada, 19, 20, 34, 63, 65, 127, 130, 131, 139, 140, 141 cancer, 149 cancer cells, 149 candidates, 54, 154 capital flows, 129 capital goods, 132 capital markets, 129, 138, 141, 142, 143, 167, 197 capitalism, 171, 205 carbon, 111 carbon dioxide, 111 Caribbean, 77 carrier, 45 case study, 74, 165, 218 categorization, 19, 34, 52, 55 category a, 108, 130, 132, 133, 137 cattle, 208 causal relationship, 92, 200 cell, 66 central bank, 129 certainty, 109, 120, 174 certification, 113, 124 changing environment, 5, 11, 12, 36, 41, 43 channels, 101 chaos, 163, 164, 165 Chicago, 48, 189 China, 60, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 104, 149, 169, 171, 172, 176, 178, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191, 197, 202, 206 Chinese, ix, 61, 62, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 195 Chinese medicine, 184, 185 civil law, 142 classical economics, 214 classification, 132, 198, 210 clients, 4, 218 climate change, 208 cloning, 154 close relationships, 129 CMC, 71 CO2, 111 codes, 113, 132 coding, 62 coherence, 12, 17, 48, 97 cohort, 170, 177, 178 collaboration, 52, 54, 60, 75, 77 Index colleges, 26, 31, 33, 36, 39 colonization, 172 Columbia University, 189 commerce, 203 commodity, 209 common law, 142 communication, 46, 73, 170, 177, 180, 184, 188 community, 61, 77, 86, 109, 209, 215 comparative advantage, 74 compatibility, 86 compensation, 117 competence, 58, 77, 86, 105, 179, 202 competition, 2, 7, 11, 21, 30, 52, 59, 62, 67, 74, 76, 82, 84, 86, 101, 103, 185, 202 competitive advantage, 44, 45, 47, 70, 72, 73, 76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 194, 204 competitiveness, viii, 15, 25, 55, 81, 85, 121, 200 competitor, 55, 61, 66, 70 complement, 52, 85, 110, 157 complementarity, 56, 58 complementary goods, 209 complementary products, 84 complexity, 2, 11, 12, 13, 23, 25, 33, 40, 43, 82, 84, 86, 115, 117, 118, 124, 148, 151, 154, 170 compliance, viii, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 141 components, 161 composition, 88, 213 computer software, 202 computers, 166 computing, 152 concentrates, 170, 175 concentration, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 22, 27, 29, 33 conception, 85, 175, 186 concrete, 170, 177, 182, 188 conditioning, 82 confidence, 91, 150, 157, 160, 183, 186 confidence interval, 150, 157, 160 confidentiality, 89 configuration, ix, 84, 92, 193, 195, 204 conflict, 60, 73, 175, 180, 182, 215, 216 confrontation, 174, 175, 183 Confucianism, 171, 191 Confucius, 175, 190, 191 confusion, 170 congestion, x, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 123, 207, 208, 209, 212, 216, 219 Congress, 89 congruence, 215 consensus, 71, 89, 109, 122, 180, 181, 213, 214 conservation, ix, 108, 119, 124, 125, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219 constraints, 10 223 construction, 73, 87, 108, 132, 150, 160 consumer goods, 18 consumer surplus, 213 consumers, 76, 77, 101, 113, 211 consumption, 108, 111, 115, 126, 210 contingency, continuity, 171, 174 control, 11, 13, 17, 22, 33, 40, 62, 77, 82, 90, 113, 120, 123, 124, 125, 132, 143, 144, 208 convergence, 40, 46, 49, 57, 92, 99, 105 conversion, 20 cooking, 111 copper, 196 coral reefs, 113 corporate finance, 144 correlation, 59, 62, 95, 97, 99, 117, 158, 164, 165 correlation coefficient, 97 correlations, 62, 95, 99 cosmetics, 172 cost curve, 116, 122 cost leadership, 4, 84 cost of equity, 142 cost-benefit analysis, 209, 214 costs, viii, 4, 7, 12, 52, 53, 56, 61, 62, 74, 90, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 123, 143, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 202, 208, 209, 210, 214, 215, 217 country of origin, 136, 137, 139 coverage, 132, 134, 136, 138, 139 creativity, 174 credibility, 113, 129, 179 credit, viii, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 149 credit rating, viii, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 creditors, 141 critical value, 118, 119 criticism, 175 cross-country, viii, 60, 79, 127, 130, 139, 141 cross-cultural comparison, 73, 75 cultivation, 174 cultural heritage, 183 cultural norms, 181 cultural perspective, 181 cultural values, 176 culture, 55, 59, 60, 73, 76, 77, 78, 108, 171, 172, 175, 176, 184 cumulative percentage, 33 curiosity, 179 currency, 176, 215 curriculum, 181 customers, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 87, 94, 95, 101, 196, 199, 202 224 Index Cyprus, 89 D Daewoo, 196 danger, 37 data gathering, 87 database, viii, 91, 127, 128, 130, 132, 142 Data-Fusion, ix, 147 death, 11, 34, 48, 84 death rate, 34 deaths, 10 debt, viii, 26, 28, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 136, 138, 139, 141, 143, 144 decision makers, 118, 119 decision making, x, 4, 104, 119, 126, 148, 156, 164, 200, 207, 213, 214 decision-making process, 214 decisions, 4, 10, 27, 28, 53, 54, 70, 85, 86, 87, 113, 118, 121, 128, 129, 132, 177, 180, 209, 211, 213, 215 decolonization, 172 defense, 149 deficiency, 157 definition, 10, 88, 93, 153 deforestation, 208, 213 degradation, x, 110, 114, 118, 119, 120, 122, 207, 209 Delphi study, viii demand, ix, 12, 58, 67, 84, 110, 111, 115, 119, 120, 147, 148, 149, 155, 156, 158, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 179, 186, 207, 210, 211, 215, 217, 219 demand curve, 115, 215 democracy, 187 denial, 187 density, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 158 dependent variable, 62, 67, 132, 133, 150, 151, 154 depreciation, 132 deregulation, 2, 6, 9, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 33, 46, 48 desalination, 112 desire, 172, 177, 185 destruction, 110, 112 detachment, 180 detection, 149, 164 detection techniques, 164 determinism, 44, 84 developed countries, ix, 207 developed nations, 130 developing countries, 123 developmental process, 183 differentiation, 4, 11, 23, 28, 37, 84, 101 diffusion, 141 dimensionality, 92, 93, 95 direct investment, ix, 52, 60, 193, 194, 205 discount rate, 200 discounting, 101, 186, 188 discourse, 170, 185 distress, 141, 143 distribution, 22, 37, 56, 78, 90, 93, 131, 157, 161, 199, 215 divergence, vii, viii, 1, 3, 42, 73, 107, 109 diversification, 4, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 35, 45, 48 diversity, 4, 27, 30, 89, 215 division, 131, 154 domestic markets, 66 dominance, 185 draft, 62 duration, 195, 201, 202 E earnings, 142, 143 East Asia, 172, 178, 181, 182, 206 Eastern Europe, 196 ECM, 217 ecodamage, x, 207 ecology, 44, 46, 103, 219 economic activity, x, 207, 208 economic development, x, 207, 213 economic efficiency, 120 economic goods, 209 economic growth, viii, 107, 109 economic policy, 123, 124 economic resources, 213 economic sustainability, 123 economic systems, 118, 120 economic theory, 150, 205 economic transformation, 178 economics, 48, 79, 84, 126, 149, 163, 171, 208, 214, 215, 216, 219 ecosystem, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 126, 219 education, 49, 169, 176, 186, 208, 215 Education, 26, 31, 33, 36, 39, 43, 103, 189 educational background, 178, 179 educational services, 60 educational settings, 185 EEA, 111, 112, 124 efficiency seeking, 196 effluent, 111, 115, 117, 126 Einstein, 82 elaboration, 84, 108, 112, 113 election, 4, 84, 164 Index emerging markets, 75, 130 employees, 178 employment, 108, 110, 122 encouragement, 183, 189 energy, 111, 174, 184, 199 energy consumption, 111 engagement, 195 England, 167, 213 enrollment, 36, 39 entrepreneurs, 10, 106, 171, 176, 200 entropy, 29, 164 environment, viii, 2, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 30, 36, 45, 49, 52, 54, 58, 70, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 94, 100, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 142, 163, 201, 202, 208, 213, 215 environmental audit, 113 environmental awareness, 22 environmental change, 2, 5, 6, 12, 24, 26, 41, 43, 121 environmental conditions, 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 41, 43, 47, 114, 119, 122 environmental degradation, 110, 118, 122, 209 environmental economics, 208, 216 environmental effects, 109, 110, 122 environmental factors, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 83 environmental impact, 109, 110, 112, 124 environmental policy, viii, 107, 109, 110, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 126 environmental resources, 118 equilibrium, 89, 109, 208 equity, 34, 62, 114, 129, 132, 141, 142, 145 equity market, 142 erosion, ix, 207 estimating, 92, 93, 109, 136, 137, 209, 210, 214 estimation process, 92 ethics, 219 ethnocentrism, 57, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 EU, ix, 111, 193, 195, 203, 204 Euromoney, 144 Europe, 63, 65, 66, 123, 129, 144, 170, 189, 196, 204, 206 evidence, 2, 31, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 60, 69, 73, 78, 128, 129, 130, 132, 138, 141, 144, 158, 181, 185, 187, 205 evolution, 2, 44, 47, 49, 153, 154, 159, 163, 167 Evolutionary Neural Networks, ix, 147, 163 evolutionary process, 154 excess demand, 215, 219 exchange rate, 165, 166, 197, 201 exchange rates, 165, 197 exclusion, 173 excuse, 183 execution, 188 225 exercise, 10, 159, 160, 162, 188, 210, 212, 214 expenditures, 210 expertise, 52 explicit knowledge, 54 exploitation, 47, 196 export promotion, 202 exports, 197, 204 exposure, 131, 171, 178, 179, 184, 186 external costs, 109, 110, 117 external environment, 14, 70, 82, 83 externalities, viii, x, 107, 109, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 125, 199, 202, 207, 208, 209, 212 extinction, 39 eyes, 113 F facilitators, 31 factor analysis, 61, 92 factor market, 5, 44 failure, 12, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 48, 106, 120, 160, 182, 195, 199 fairness, 186 family, 77, 93, 176 fauna, 108, 110, 112, 216 FDI, ix, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 fear, 202 Federal Register, 216 feedback, 9, 181, 189 feet, 183 film, 76 finance, 105, 143, 144, 149, 156, 163, 197, 200 financial distress, 143 financial institutions, viii, 127 financial intermediaries, 141 financial markets, viii, 127, 128, 130, 143 financial performance, 9, 23, 24, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 132, 133, 138 financial resources, vii, 20, 28, 33, 194 financial support, 211 financial system, 141, 143, 202 financing, 128 Finland, 23, 35, 79 firm size, 2, 17, 45, 139 fish, 179 fishing, 212 fitness, 48, 155 flexibility, 2, 9, 12, 17, 85, 119 flood, 101, 208 flora, 108, 110, 112, 216 flora and fauna, 108, 110, 112, 216 226 Index focusing, 4, 84, 213 food, 75, 110, 132 forecasting, ix, 102, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 foreign direct investment, ix, 52, 60, 193, 194, 204 foreign firms, 129, 131, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 201 foreign investment, 53, 71, 75, 128 foreign language, 184 forest habitats, 213 forests, 212, 213 France, 71, 89, 111, 126, 130, 139, 140, 141, 144 freedom, 93, 95, 97, 173 frustration, 181, 184 fuel, 180 funding, 44, 114, 211, 212, 213, 215 funds, 30, 129, 141, 142, 212, 214 furniture, 22 fusion, 162, 164 fuzzy logic, 149, 163, 164 G gender, 178 generalization, 152, 182 generation, 100, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 115, 154, 155, 187 genetic algorithms, 153, 165, 166 Germany, 129, 130, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149 gestures, 185 GFI, 95, 96, 97 global competition, 185, 202 global economy, 171 global management, 54 globalization, vii, 2, 51, 75, 128, 129, 143 Globalization, 78 goals, viii, 10, 20, 26, 58, 59, 107, 110, 114, 120, 123, 215 gold, 167 goods and services, 147, 209, 211, 214 governance, 45, 79, 141 government, viii, 82, 107, 197, 201, 202, 211 government policy, 197, 201 grass, 208 grazing, 208 Great Britain, 149, 217 Greece, 89 Greeks, 88 grounding, 175 grouping, 130 groups, 18, 20, 23, 33, 46, 53, 62, 66, 134, 177, 179, 180, 182, 185, 208, 210, 211 growth, viii, x, 37, 38, 40, 44, 49, 61, 70, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 129, 143, 161, 164, 205, 207 growth rate, 108, 161 Guangdong, 178, 202 guidance, 176 guidelines, 113, 124, 129, 142, 217 H habitat, 110, 112, 208, 213 harm, 174, 175, 182 harmful effects, 42 harmony, 174, 175, 182 Harvard, 46, 47, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 82, 102, 103, 105, 217 Hawaii, 190 hazards, ix, 11, 207 health, 49, 111, 126, 186 heating, 111 heavy water, 111 higher education, 49 hip, 15 holism, 175 Honda, 199 Hong Kong, 72, 104, 143, 149, 162, 166, 189, 197, 202, 206 hospitals, 19, 21, 28, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39 host, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 106, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205 hostility, 25 hotels, 89, 91, 111, 119 House, 5, 34, 48 human activity, x, 207, 208, 215 human condition, 180, 184, 185, 186, 188 human resources, vii, 31, 54 hunting, 215 husband, 175 hybrid, 163, 167 hypothesis, 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 69, 92, 117, 148, 157, 158, 159, 165, 195, 197 hypothesis test, 148 I identification, 85, 93, 141 identity, 104, 172, 176, 186 idiosyncratic, 170 images, 75, 90, 174 imagination, 105 immunity, 186 implementation, viii, 107, 114, 217 Index imprinting, 49 in situ, 208 in transition, 79 incentives, 114, 125, 215 incidence, 18 inclusion, 113, 148 income, 35, 57, 108, 114, 122, 132, 142, 144, 211, 213 incumbents, 6, 47, 84 independence, 159, 165 independent variable, 62, 118, 133, 154 India, 55, 78, 202 indication, 12 indicators, 5, 22, 31, 46, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 105, 120, 123, 124, 139 indices, 95, 103 indigenous, 172 indigenous knowledge, 172 individual perception, 87, 88 individualism, 175 Indonesia, 219 industrialisation, 202 industry, vii, 5, 6, 11, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 64, 66, 71, 72, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 94, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 132, 134, 143, 144, 147, 156, 164, 196, 197, 201, 202, 204 inequality, 175 inertia, 2, 10, 11, 12, 27, 34, 36, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 82 inferences, 93 infinite, 214 information technology, 86, 105 infrastructure, 108, 110, 112, 142, 197, 200, 201 initial state, 118 initiation, 143 injury, 121 innovation, 12, 61, 71, 77, 78, 106 insecurity, 90 insight, 110, 186 inspiration, 153 instability, 25, 32 institutional infrastructure, 142 institutions, viii, 30, 38, 40, 77, 127, 128, 130 instruments, 92, 104, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 210, 211 integration, 25, 48, 54, 58, 86, 104 integrity, 186, 187 intellectual capital, 73 intelligence, 149, 168 intensity, 21, 22, 29, 171 227 intentions, 170 interaction, 90, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188, 215 interaction effect, 90 interactions, 58, 119, 170, 175, 177 interdependence, 84 interest cover, 132, 134, 136, 138, 139 interest rates, 30 interface, 105 intermediaries, 141 internal constraints, 10 internal environment, 85 internal processes, 104 internalization, ix, 193, 204 internalizing, 114 international students, 170 international trade, 195 internationalization, 45, 128 internet, 102 Internet, viii, 2, 81, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 101, 105 interpersonal relations, 171 interpersonal relationships, 171 interpretation, ix, 46, 90, 93, 133, 153, 169, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 interval, 95, 97, 154, 160 intervention, 112 interview, 90, 91, 177 intrinsic value, 214 intuition, 133 investment, 34, 75, 128, 129, 196, 202, 204, 205, 215 investors, viii, 74, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 138, 141, 142, 197 Ireland, 103 iron, 45 isolation, 88, 134 Italy, 111 iteration, 155, 186 J Japan, ix, 29, 63, 65, 76, 129, 130, 131, 139, 140, 141, 149, 163, 193, 195, 201, 204 job satisfaction, 60 joint ventures, vii, 51, 52, 53, 56, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78 judgment, 121 justice, 186 K knowledge transfer, 54, 105 228 Index Korea, 201 L labour, 108, 197, 202 labour force, 197 labour market, 108 land, 21, 29, 35, 37, 209, 212, 213, 215 land acquisition, 35, 37 landscapes, 213 land-use, 209, 212, 213, 215 language, 62, 174, 179, 180, 184, 186, 187, 188 language skills, 179 laws, 141 LDCs, 195, 199, 202, 204 leadership, 4, 11, 84, 179 learning, 5, 9, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 104, 106, 120, 149, 151, 160, 163, 166, 170, 172, 174, 180, 183, 184, 187, 201, 208 learning process, 151 Lebanon, 218 legislation, 113 leisure, 110, 132 lending, 30, 38 lens, 48, 142, 170, 173, 176, 178, 181, 186 Less Developed Countries, 203 liberalisation, 196 liberalization, 11, 75 licenses, 126, 209, 215 life cycle, 195 life cycle hypothesis, 195 lifestyle, 75, 79 lifetime, 201, 202 likelihood, 4, 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 28, 34, 39, 41, 92, 178, 186, 201 linear function, 148, 151, 152 linear model, 148, 159 linkage, 60 links, 12, 61, 150, 195, 205 listening, 180 literature, vii, viii, 1, 3, 43, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 99, 100, 114, 118, 119, 148, 149, 152, 153, 156, 160, 162, 164, 199, 201, 211, 212, 214 live scenario, 184 loans, 40, 129, 144 local community, 109 location, ix, 71, 84, 173, 187, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 locus, 77 London, 105, 123, 124, 125, 126, 144, 166, 167, 189, 190, 191, 205, 216 longevity, 46 longitudinal studies, 4, 13 longitudinal study, 45, 49 Louisiana, 72 loyalty, 59, 61, 67, 71 LTD, 135, 136, 140 Luxemburg, 124 M Malaysia, 191 management, vii, viii, ix, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 44, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77, 83, 85, 86, 89, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 118, 120, 121, 122, 124, 129, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 179, 185, 187, 188, 189, 201, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217 manipulation, vii manufacturer, 199 manufacturing, 22, 26, 28, 29, 60, 62, 66, 105, 185, 201, 205 mapping, 155 marginal external cost, 117 marginalization, 173, 186 market access, 52 market capitalization, 132, 134, 136, 138 market concentration, 15 market failure, 194, 199 market position, 85 market segment, 4, 7, 58, 74 market share, 11, 60, 196 market structure, 83, 84, 89 marketing, 18, 22, 34, 52, 53, 55, 57, 61, 62, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 102 market-seeking, 196, 199 mastery, 185 matrix, 93, 95, 99 Mauritius, 124 measurement, 61, 75, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104, 126, 219 measures, 2, 4, 13, 40, 42, 61, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 132, 155, 212, 214 media, 141 median, 89, 134, 135, 139 medicine, 149, 184, 185 meta-analysis, 72, 73, 78, 218 metamorphosis, 49 methodological procedures, ix, 147 Mexico, 89, 105, 205 migration, 143 mining, 26, 213 Ministry of Education, 43 minority, 142, 184 Index miscommunication, 185 misconceptions, ix, 169, 173, 177, 185, 188 missions, 56, 57, 111, 119, 120 Missouri, 29, 37 misunderstanding, 170, 177, 182 mobility, 5, 18, 46 modeling, 4, 97, 102, 105, 165 models, viii, ix, 9, 13, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 31, 40, 43, 67, 81, 82, 85, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 106, 109, 128, 133, 138, 148, 149, 156, 163, 166, 168, 193, 204, 219 modernity, 170 modernization, 171 momentum, 5, 12, 17, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 46, 160 money, 108, 129, 210, 213, 214 monopoly, 84 Moon, 194, 195, 197, 199, 205, 206 morality, 60, 77 moratorium, 113 mortality, 37, 45, 48 mother tongue, 184 motivation, 89, 177, 195, 196, 205 motives, ix, 78, 79, 193, 195, 196, 203, 204 movement, 39, 120, 173 multidimensional, 72 multinational companies, 177 multinational enterprises, 52, 194, 205 multiple regression, vii, 51, 149, 164 multiplication, 154 multiplier, 123 multivariate, 92, 93, 148 mutation, 153, 154, 155 myopia, 75 N nation, 128, 187, 194 national culture, 76 national parks, ix, x, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218 nationalism, 57 nationality, 64, 66 NATO, 167 natural environment, viii, 107, 121, 213 natural habitats, ix, 207 natural hazards, ix, 207 natural resource management, 119, 120, 121 natural resources, vii, 109, 110, 122, 196, 197, 199, 201 natural science, 163 natural selection, 82, 153, 166 natural selection processes, 82 nature conservation, ix, 207, 208, 219 229 negative relation, 15, 41 negativity, 183 neglect, ix, 188, 193, 195, 204 negligence, vii, 51 nervous system, 149 Netherlands, 167 network, 54, 149, 150, 151, 152, 159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 204 networking, 200 neural network(s), 149, 150, 151, 153, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168 neurons, 150, 151, 152 New Jersey, 102, 106, 206 New South Wales, 193 New York, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 102, 105, 106, 126, 143, 144, 167, 189, 190, 191, 205, 206 New Zealand, 72 newspapers, 23, 35 next generation, 154, 155 nodes, 150, 160 noise, 108, 110, 112, 113, 115, 150, 160, 161, 165 normal distribution, 93, 157 Norway, 123 novelty, 82 null hypothesis, 157, 158, 159 nutrients, 119, 120 O obligation, 179 observations, 30, 38, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 150, 154, 161, 163, 171, 177, 180, 186, 202, 210 Odyssey, 104 OECD, 109, 110, 112, 125, 126 oil, 196 OLI, ix, 193, 194, 195, 198, 200, 204 oligopoly, 84 opacity, 142, 143 open-mindedness, 188 operator, 154, 155 opportunism, 61 optimization, 148, 153 optimization method, 148 organ, 61 organism, 86 organizational tenure, 24 organizations, vii, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20, 29, 34, 37, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 71, 77, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 102, 103, 104, 106, 119 230 Index orientation, 35, 52, 59, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 104, 142 otherness, 173 ownership, ix, 29, 139, 141, 144, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 ownership structure, 139, 141 P Pacific, 103, 184, 202, 205, 206 Pakistan, 55, 78 parameter, 24, 29, 148 parents, 58, 66, 76, 155 Pareto, 208 Paris, 102, 125 partnership, 72 passive, 173, 181 patents, 55 pattern recognition, 165 patterning, 175 Pearl River Delta, 206 peers, 134, 170 per capita expenditure, 111 perception(s), viii, 55, 58, 60, 70, 74, 75, 81, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 109,179, 199, 215, 218 perfect competition, 84 performance, vii, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 92, 100, 104, 105, 132, 133, 138, 156, 166 performers, 9, 16 periodicity, 150, 156, 161 personal, 54, 89, 90, 119, 141, 176 personal relations, 54 personal relationship, 54 personality, 77 Peru, 89 physiology, 159 planning, 102, 105, 124, 147, 200, 217 plants, 37, 111, 112 Poland, 196 policy instruments, 114, 117, 126 policy makers, 119 policy making, 118 politics, 188 pollutants, 120 pollution, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 123, 125, 208 pools, 119 poor, 9, 16, 30, 46, 47, 134, 141, 142, 186, 187, 201 poor performance, 9, 47 population, 10, 40, 43, 44, 46, 91, 103, 108, 111, 153, 154, 155, 213 portfolio, 4, 21, 29, 30 portfolios, 28, 128 positive correlation, 59, 117 positive externalities, 199, 202 positive relation, 6, 15, 25, 36, 62 positive relationship, 6, 15, 25, 36, 62 power, 7, 11, 22, 56, 68, 70, 83, 84, 86, 101, 103, 150, 161, 172, 173, 183, 186, 187, 188 power relations, 7, 173 power sharing, 56 predictability, 11, 166 prediction, 88, 137, 148, 151, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 165, 167 predictive accuracy, 162, 165 predictive validity, 160 predictors, vii, 52, 67, 157 preference, 57, 58, 59, 66, 71, 116, 179, 182, 210, 219 preferential treatment, pressure, 6, 12, 23, 108, 119, 120, 180, 183, 215, 216 prevention, 113 price effect, 145 prices, ix, 110, 123, 129, 141, 144, 145, 165, 207, 210 private benefits, 141 private costs, viii, 107, 111 private property, 209 private sector, 215 probability, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 85, 88, 128, 133, 137, 159 probit models, 133 producers, 28, 73 product life cycle, 195 product market, 32 production, viii, 4, 28, 37, 59, 61, 62, 73, 84, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 115, 122, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201, 205, 209, 213 production costs, 4, 197 production function, 109 productivity, 23, 205 profit(s), 18, 20, 45, 57, 60, 62, 83, 85, 204, 208 profitability, 34, 40, 61, 72, 76, 77, 83, 85, 133, 134 program, 33, 93, 95, 97, 149, 154, 164, 165, 213, 217 programming, 149, 153, 154, 159, 162, 165, 166 proliferation, 82, 101 promote, 110, 112, 113, 121, 125 propagation, 149, 151, 166 property rights, 209 proposition, 41 protected areas, 123, 124, 213, 215, 217, 218 Index psychology, 219 public administration, 88, 89 public awareness, ix, 207, 208 public goods, 218 public resources, 110 public sector, 215 Q questioning, 170, 172, 178, 185, 188 questionnaires, 62, 88, 89, 90, 91 quotas, 124, 126, 209 R radio, 38 rain, 213 rain forest, 213 range, viii, 8, 112, 118, 119, 122, 127, 128, 132, 138, 151, 157, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216 rating agencies, viii, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 139, 141, 142, 143 ratings, viii, 24, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144 rationality, 25, 45, 48, 53 reading, 165, 174, 183, 184, 186 real income, 208 real numbers, 154 real terms, 108 reality, 57, 66, 67, 122, 143 reasoning, 179, 183 recall, 188 reciprocity, 175 recognition, 149, 165 recovery, 108, 141 recreation, ix, 102, 123, 126, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217 recruiting, 70 recycling, 182 redistribution, 108 reduction, 109, 114, 115, 142, 201 reflection, 179, 184, 185, 187 reforms, 114 regional, 89, 197, 200 regression, 45, 66, 91, 148, 149, 153, 164, 165, 166 regression equation, 164 regulation(s), 14, 28, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126 regulators, 129, 142 rejection, 43 relationship(s), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 25, 27, 28, 31, 36, 40, 41, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61, 68, 72, 73, 74, 231 76, 77, 78, 79, 84, 92, 93, 125, 129, 138, 139, 141, 144, 162, 171, 172, 175, 180, 181, 186, 188, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204 relationship marketing, 76 relevance, 6, 86, 100, 209 reliability, 92, 95, 97, 98, 142, 211 rent, 106, 144 repair, 118 reproduction, 152, 154, 155 reputation, 54 research design, 188 resentment, 181 residuals, 137, 159 resilience, 118, 119, 123, 125, 215 resistance, 11, 40, 119, 183, 214 resistence, 23 resource allocation, 216 resource availability, 16, 19 resource management, 119, 120, 121 resources, vii, viii, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 20, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 70, 72, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 100, 102, 108, 109, 110, 118, 122, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201, 213, 215, 216, 218 response time, 20 responsiveness, 45, 85, 196, 200 restaurants, 147 restructuring, 2, 26, 29, 36, 49 retail, 78 returns, 30, 67, 83, 85, 129, 130, 145, 166 revenue, x, 36, 37, 60, 61, 108, 113, 115, 207, 209 rigidity, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 40, 46 rings, 182 risk, viii, 11, 26, 35, 38, 43, 119, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 130, 131, 141, 142, 143, 144, 150, 174, 200, 214 risk assessment, 142, 144 risk aversion, 121 RMSEA, 95, 96, 97 robotics, 149 ROI, 75 role conflict, 60 rote learning, 174 routines, 9, 11, 55 R-squared, 136, 140 Russia, 73, 196 S SA, 89, 207 safari hunting, 215 safety, 120, 121, 126 232 Index sales, 22, 38, 39, 78, 101 sample, viii, 2, 13, 40, 42, 66, 81, 89, 90, 91, 92, 100, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139, 142, 152, 156, 158, 160, 163, 164, 211 sample mean, 156, 158 sample survey, 211 satellite, 38, 109, 126 satisfaction, viii, 57, 58, 60, 61, 67, 76, 78, 107, 215 saturation, 20 Saudi Arabia, 72 savings, 40, 46 scaling, 79 scarcity, 123 schema, 194 school, 83, 86 science, 120, 149, 150, 164 scientific understanding, 121 scores, 19, 28 search, 43, 47, 78, 202 searching, 66, 154, 163 seasonal component, 161 second language, 184 securities, 128 security, 142, 149, 201 segmentation, 74, 75, 85 selecting, viii, 52, 59, 67, 69, 154 self-employed, 178 self-organization, 119 sensing, 61 series, ix, 7, 35, 92, 110, 111, 113, 147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 205 service quality, 18, 34, 58 severity, 128 sewage, 111 sex, 26, 36 shame, 176 shape, 5, 58 shaping, 55 shareholder value, 78 shareholders, 139, 141, 142 shares, 62, 139, 141 sharing, 56 short run, 11 short supply, 108 shortage, 59 SIC, 132, 136, 140 sign, 19, 20, 141, 159, 179, 187 signaling, 138 signals, 124, 141 signs, 20, 33, 141, 157, 158, 184 Silicon Valley, 197 similarity, vii, 1, 3, 58, 104 Singapore, 197, 205 skills, 71, 179 small firms, 141 smart com, 74 smoothing, 149, 164 social benefits, 120 social context, 171 social costs, 109 social interests, 215 social order, 175 social psychology, 219 social roles, 175 social sciences, 173, 190 society, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 144, 175, 213 software, 22, 72, 202 soil, ix, 207 soil erosion, ix, 207 solid waste, 108, 111, 112 South Africa, 75, 165, 218 South Carolina, 206 Southeast Asia, 190, 199, 202, 203 sovereignty, 104 Soviet Union, 79 Spain, 1, 39, 91, 107, 111, 123, 125, 147, 207, 212 specialization, 22, 26 species, 119, 211, 213, 214, 215, 218 specific tax, 117 specificity, 53, 90 spectrum, 134, 139, 211 speed, 11, 86, 90, 111 spontaneity, 170 SPSS, vii, 51, 91 Sri Lanka, 178 stability, 43, 118, 125, 196, 199 stages, 56, 60, 88, 154, 155 stakeholders, 11, 185 Standard and Poor’s, 128, 130, 132 standard error, 105 standard of living, 201 standardization, 58 standards, 109, 113, 123, 126, 129, 132, 142, 199 stars, 111 statistical analysis, 3, 13, 42 statistical inference, 93, 148, 150 statistics, vii, 51, 63, 105, 110, 156 stochastic model, 45 stock, 52, 129, 130, 141, 143, 144, 166, 208 stock price, 129, 130, 141, 144 strategic management, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 48, 83, 85, 105 strategic planning, 105 strategies, ix, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 46, 49, Index 50, 58, 69, 71, 83, 84, 85, 87, 106, 120, 173, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 203, 204 strength, 60, 84, 141, 154 stress, 3, 17, 77, 87 structural changes, structural equation modeling, 97 structuring, 119 students, ix, 169, 170, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188 substitutes, 84 substitution, 101, 119 subtraction, 154 suffering, 28, 173 summer, 47, 76, 77 Sun, 169, 187 superiority, 73, 125, 160, 194 supervision, 170 suppliers, 4, 84, 94, 101, 115 supply, 56, 62, 84, 108, 110, 111, 119, 141, 196, 199, 201, 208 supply chain, 62 surplus, 213, 218 surprise, 144 surveillance, survival, x, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 59, 82, 84, 152, 207, 209, 213 sustainability, viii, 107, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124 sustainable development, 122 sustainable tourism, 105, 126 switching, 101 Switzerland, 217 systems, 11, 22, 82, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 141, 143, 163, 165, 166, 214 T tactics, 57 Taiwan, vii, 51, 52, 53, 60, 62, 66, 71, 89, 149, 202, 206 tax policy, 197 tax reform, 114 tax system, 114 taxation, 115, 123, 124, 125 teaching, 170, 175, 176 team members, 179 technological change, 125 technology, 10, 52, 56, 57, 61, 73, 74, 75, 78, 82, 86, 101, 105, 125, 163, 172, 197, 199, 200, 202, 204 technology transfer, 75 telephone, 89, 90 temporal distribution, 215 tenure, 7, 9, 16, 19, 24, 28, 33 test statistic, 105 233 textbooks, 181 textiles, 132 Thailand, 89 The Economist, 128 theoretical assumptions, 3, 9, 13 theory, 3, 5, 9, 11, 16, 43, 45, 48, 53, 54, 55, 72, 74, 76, 93, 95, 102, 105, 120, 126, 138, 139, 144, 149, 150, 160, 163, 164, 167, 173, 176, 178, 188, 194, 195, 205 thinking, 85, 102, 174, 175, 179, 182, 184 threat, 9, 16, 122 threats, x, 83, 84, 101, 173, 207 threshold(s), viii, 107, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 148, 167, 214 thrifts, 24, 31, 35, 39 timber, 213 time, ix, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 49, 58, 71, 83, 87, 90, 100, 108, 111, 117, 118, 119, 128, 129, 132, 137, 138, 147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 177, 180, 182, 185, 187, 189, 196, 198, 201, 205, 208, 210, 212, 213 time periods, 3, 4, 43 time series, ix, 147, 148, 152, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 205 timing, viii, 47, 107, 118, 120, 181, 182, 186 tobacco, 132 Tokyo, 185 top management, 6, 54 total product, 30 tourism, viii, ix, 76, 77, 87, 88, 89, 91, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 208, 209, 212, 213, 218 tourism enterprises, 89 Toyota, 199 tradable permits, 120 trade, 44, 132, 142, 194, 195, 196, 198, 201, 202 trade policies, 202 trading, 52, 62, 66, 76, 202 trading partners, 76, 202 tradition, 83, 171, 175, 176, 185, 187, 188 traffic, 23, 187 training, 72, 113, 160, 164 transaction costs, 194, 196 transactions, 61, 76, 129, 196, 209 transformation(s), 7, 11, 12, 26, 46, 79, 100, 161, 164, 178, 213 transition(s), 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 29, 49, 79, 118 transition economies, 79 234 Index translation, 62 transparency, 119, 132 transport, 110, 111, 115, 120, 123, 163, 165, 196, 198, 201 transport costs, 196, 198, 201 transportation, 132, 196 trend, 20, 108, 129, 161, 167, 196 trial, 152 triggers, 20 tropical forests, 213 trust, 61, 71, 72, 76, 187 turbulence, 43, 82, 84 Turkey, 78 turnover, 22, 49 U UK, 74, 78, 89, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 139, 141, 142, 144, 169, 170, 178, 181, 186, 212, 217, 218, 219 uncertainty, viii, 25, 29, 61, 83, 86, 107, 109, 110, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 148, 214 unemployment, 215 uniform, 90 United Nations, 126 United States, 42, 72, 73, 74, 76, 149, 205, 212, 213, 219 univariate, 134, 148 universities, 33 users, 101, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 212, 215, 217 V validation, 61, 78, 79, 82 validity, 43, 62, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 102, 160 values, 56, 57, 62, 91, 97, 99, 118, 119, 125, 133, 134, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 171, 176, 179, 185, 188, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218 variability, 152 variable, 9, 17, 29, 31, 40, 62, 67, 92, 93, 95, 99, 101, 118, 132, 133, 139, 150, 151, 154, 159, 161, 202 variables, 3, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 62, 84, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 105, 118, 132, 133, 138, 139, 150, 151, 154, 156, 166 variance, 62, 66, 67, 69, 91, 159, 162 variation, 12, 18, 21, 29, 48, 178, 212 vector, 133, 149, 153, 164, 165, 166 vegetation, 108, 213 vehicles, 71, 110, 111 vein, viii, 81, 83, 86, 171 venture capital, 106 victims, 117 vision, 82, 83, 84 vocabulary, 182 voice, 177, 188 volatility, 20 W wages, 202 Wales, 193 wastewater, 111, 112 wastewater treatment, 112 water quality, 120, 211, 217 weakness, 93, 183, 187, 197 wealth, 108, 208 web, 91 web pages, 91 websites, 91 welfare, 109, 121, 209 well-being, 118 western culture, 187 Western Europe, 123 wholesale, 187 wilderness, 208, 212, 213, 215, 219 wildlife, ix, 123, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218 wildlife conservation, 215, 216 wildlife disturbances, x, 207 wine, 45, 48 Wisconsin, 165, 212 women, 178 wood, 208 workers, 102 workplace, 185 World Bank, 218 writing, ix, 90, 169, 173, 183, 188 WTO, 109, 110, 113, 124, 126 Y yang, 186 yield, 213 yin, 186 ... GLOBAL MANAGEMENT: STRATEGY, CHALLENGES, AND UNCERTAINTIES GLOBAL MANAGEMENT: STRATEGY, CHALLENGES, AND UNCERTAINTIES ALEJANDRO L DOMÍNGUEZ EDITOR Nova Science... AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Global management : strategy, challenges, and uncertainties / Alejandro L Domínguez (editor)... empirical standpoint Thus, we seek to provide a shared understanding and proof of the scope and different theoretical assumptions and empirical results found in the research on the antecedents and outcomes