Region and strategy in britain and japan business in lancashire and kansai 1890 1990 (routledge international studies in busin

Region and Strategy in Britain and Japan Britain and Japan have both achieved, in succession, a position of global economic primacy Within each state, one region has served as an economic powerhouse Both regions, dominated respectively by Manchester and Osaka, enjoyed a golden age which coincided with the golden age of their respective national economies A pioneering long-term comparison of the two regions of Lancashire and Kansai is now undertaken in this work Adopting both an innovative and arguably unique perspective, each chapter is jointly written by a British and Japanese scholar who are recognised authorities in their field Together they make a substantial contribution to our understanding of the continuing importance of national and regional differences in industrial development With chapters focusing upon big business, electronics, shipbuilding and textiles, the resulting study throws a welcome new light on world economic history Douglas A.Farnie is Visiting Professor at the Business History Unit, The Manchester Metropolitan University Tetsuro Nakaoka is Professor of History of Industry and Technology, Osaka University of Economics David J.Jeremy is Professor of Business History at The Manchester Metropolitan University John F.Wilson is Professor of Industrial and Business History, also at The Manchester Metropolitan University Takeshi Abe is Professor of Business History at the Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University Frontispiece Sanji Muto (1867–1934) in 1931 He served Kanegafuchi Spinning Company (Kanebo) for thirty-six years, rising to the status of president (1921–30) He became a leading pioneer in Japan of modern business management His published works fill nine volumes (1963–6, Tokyo, Shinjusha) Region and Strategy in Britain and Japan Business in Lancashire and Kansai, 1890–1990 Ei Nichi Ryokoku ni okeru Chiiki to Keiei Senryaku Rankasha to Kansai no Bijinesu, 1890–1990 Edited by Douglas A.Farnie, Tetsuro Nakaoka, David J.Jeremy, John F.Wilson and Takeshi Abe London and New York First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2000 Edited by Douglas A.Farnie, Tetsuro Nakaoka, David J Jeremy, John F.Wilson and Takeshi Abe The copyright to individual chapters is held by the respective authors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Region and strategy in Britain and Japan: business in Lancashire and Kansai, 1890–1990=Ei Nichi Ryokoku ni okeru Chiiki to Keiei Senryaku: Rankasha to Kansai no Bijinesu/edited by Douglas A Farnie…[et al.] p cm.—(Routledge international studies in business history; 7) A collection of 10 comparative essays, each jointly written by a British and a Japanese scholar Includes bibliographical references and index Industries—England—Lancashire—History Lancashire (England)—Economic policy Industries-Japan—Kansai RegionHistory Kansai Region (Japan)-Economic policy I Farnie, D.A II Title: Ei Nichi Ryokoku ni okeru Chiiki to Keiei Senryaku: Rankasha to Kansai no Bijinesu III Series HC257.R44 1999 338.09427’6–dc21 99–29578 CIP ISBN 0-203-97832-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-20317-1 (Print Edition) Routledge International Studies in Business History Series editor: Geoffrey Jones Management, Education and Competitiveness Europe, Japan and the United States Edited by Rolv Petter Amdam The Development of Accounting in an International Context A Festschrift in Honour of R.H.Parker T.E.Cooke and C.W.Nobes The Dynamics of the International Brewing Industry since 1800 Edited by R.G.Wilson and T.R.Gourvish Religion, Business and Wealth in Modern Britain Edited by David Jeremy The Multinational Traders Geoffrey Jones The Americanisation of European Business Edited by Matthias Kipping and Ove Bjarnar Region and Strategy in Britain and Japan Business in Lancashire and Kansai, 1890–1990 Edited by Douglas A.Farnie, Tetsuro Nakaoka, David J.Jeremy, John F.Wilson and Takeshi Abe Contents List of illustrations x List of tables xii List of contributors xiv Preface xv Region and history DOUGLAS A.FARNIE AND TAKESHI ABE The origins of the region Region and State The region and scholarship The intellectual rejection of the region The resurgence of the region The pre-eminence of Osaka in the regional historiography of Japan The challenge posed by a new approach to regional economic history Notes Region and nation DOUGLAS A.FARNIE AND TETSURO NAKAOKA The primacy of commerce in the initiation of global economic change A comparison of Manchester and Osaka 12 A comparison of Liverpool and Kobe 19 The changing relationship between Lancashire and London, 1890–1926 21 The rise of the Hanshin (Osaka and Kobe) industrial zone, 1890–1935 25 The era of high-speed growth, 1955–73 33 The repercussions of the oil-price shocks, 1973–80 38 The constraints upon business strategy in Lancashire 42 vii The collapse of the export markets of Lancashire, 1926–90 45 The economic involution of Lancashire 47 The repercussions of the emergence of Tokyo as a world city, 1920–90 53 The transition from a manufacturing economy to a service economy 58 The bubble economy in Kansai, 1984–90 64 The importance of regional control over an economy 67 Acknowledgements 69 Notes 69 Comparisons between the development of big business in the north-west of England and in Osaka, 1900–1990s DAVID J.JEREMY, TAKESHI ABE AND JUN SASAKI 78 Size of firm 78 Industrial activity 82 Location of head office 88 Strategies and structures 89 Chairmen 96 Survivors 96 Conclusion 98 Notes 98 Japan, Lancashire and the Asian market for cotton manufactures, 1890–1990 DOUGLAS A.FARNIE AND TAKESHI ABE 116 The Lazonick revolution in historiography 116 Barriers to understanding: the difference in business culture 117 Barriers to understanding: the entrenched belief in the primacy of manufacturing 120 The turning point of the 1890s 120 A comparison of the cotton industries in Lancashire and Japan 122 The advantages of Japan: superior marketing strategy 128 The advantages of Japan: cost-cutting capacity 132 Japan and the China market, 1890–1930 136 viii The repercussions upon Lancashire, 1920–25 141 Japan and the world economic depression, 1929–32 141 The establishment of Japanese primacy in Asian markets: the Dutch East Indies and India 144 The repercussions upon Lancashire, 1926–39 147 The challenge by the mainland of Asia to Japan, 1945–90 149 The repercussions upon Lancashire, 1945–90 152 Acknowledgements 153 Notes 153 Labour management in the textile industry KENNETH D.BROWN AND KINGO TAMAI 160 Notes 175 Electronics manufacturers in Osaka and Manchester: a comparison of Matsushita and Ferranti TETSURO NAKAOKA AND JOHN F.WILSON 178 Founders: culture and strategy 179 The domestic environment and early company growth to the 1940s 186 Expansion and prospects since the 1940s 190 Conclusions 199 Notes 205 A comparison of Cammell Laird and Hitachi Zosen as shipbuilders TORU TAKAMATSU AND KEN WARREN 209 Acknowledgement 227 Notes 227 Sources 228 Management education in Japan and the United Kingdom: regional dimensions JOHN F.WILSON AND TAMOTSU NISHIZAWA 229 The role and impact of education in economic development 230 Attitudes to management education in Osaka prior to 1945 231 British business and management training prior to the 1940s 235 ix 10 Postwar educational reform in Japan and the business response 238 Business schools in Britain: a revolution? 242 Conclusion 245 Notes 247 Industrial research in Osaka and north-west UK from the 1920s to the 1960s MINORU SAWAI AND GEOFFREY TWEEDALE 255 Introduction 255 Public research organisations 256 Private industrial research 271 Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 296 Notes 296 Region and strategy DOUGLAS A.FARNIE, TETSURO NAKAOKA, DAVID J.JEREMY, JOHN F.WILSON AND TAKESHI ABE 303 Significant issues arising from the comparison of the Lancashire and Kansai 303 regions The inherent limitations of a national perspective 304 Region and nation during the era of expansion 305 National and regional policy during the era of re-adjustment 306 The divergence in business culture between Lancashire and Kansai 306 The inherited image and the statistical reality 308 Notes 309 Index 310 314 INDEX part-time 40; self 43, 232; statistics 48; unemployment 40, 47, 51, 66, 140, 156 189; see also labour engineering: automotive 25; aircraft 32; biophysical 266; chemical 266; civil 221; control 266; electrical and electronic 23, 32, 33, 35, 40 50, 68, 176–202, 271–2; flour milling 272; graduates 240–257; heavy 28, 30; light 184; marine 28, 209, 254; materials 266; mechanical 23, 32, 73, 266; mill 131, 139; precision 40, 68; welding 215, 264, 266, 279, 288; see also machine tools; textile machinery English Electric 103 English Sewing Cotton 164, 279 English Steel 210, 214 entrepreneurship 32, 35, 47, 139, 181 environmental: degradation 13, 68; rehabilitation 255–6 Erskine Heap 279 Etsuji Nakayama Foundry (later Nippon Steel Works) 109 Evans & Co 102 Evans Medical 254, 269, 274 Evans, N 279 exhibitions 23, 37 factory legislation 125, 133–4, 160 Fawcett, C.B 3, Federation of British Industries (FBI) 272–3 Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ Associations (FMCSA) 166–7 female labour see labour Ferranti, Dr Sebastian de 177–9, 182 Ferranti, Sebastian de 195 Ferranti, Vincent de 182, 194, 199 Ferranti International 197 Ferranti Ltd 94, 102, 103, 176–202, 255, 269 273, 274, 278, 279, 293 ‘Ferranti Spirit’ 182, 187, 202 Fine Cotton Spinners & Doublers 90, 93–4, 99, 101, 164, 274 Fine Spinners & Doublers 103 finishing industries 125, 130, 143 firm: family 16, 116, 123, 151, 161; multi-divisional 92–3, 177, 196, 290; multi-national (trans-national) 40, 53, 93, 97, 192–4, 268; multi-plant 89–92; size of 28, 31, 78–82; see also branch-plant economy firms: founders of 94, 177; largest fifty 78–88; number of 30, 116, 122, 147; small and medium-sized (SME or ‘MSE’ in Japanese style) 37, 43, 66, 68, 116, 123, 261, 291, 302–3; survivors, 96 Fisher, A.G.B 58 Fleming, A 271 Fodens 274 Forster’s Glass 274 Foster Yates & Thom 274 food processing 50 football 51, 62–3 football pools 51, 59, 63 Ford, H 185 Ford Motor 94, 105 France 2, 4, 21, 47, 94, 146, 246 Franks, Baron Oliver S 240–1 free trade 18–19, 140 French, T 274, 279 Friedmann, J 54, 306 friendly societies 30, 47, 52, 125 Fuji Bank 114 Fuji Photo Film 267 Fujii, Y 219 INDEX Fujinagata Shipyard (merged in Mitsui Zosen in 1967) 91, 108, 109, 111, 267, 281, 284 Fujita 229 Fujita, K 231 Fujitec 114 Fujisawa Pharmaceutical 280, 282, 286 Fujitsu 278 Fukui, K 231 Fukumoto, G 155 Fukushima Co.’s Leather Factory 108 Fukushimabo (later Shikibo) 94, 107, 110 Fukusuke Tabi 96, 107, 109, 111, 113, 208 Fukutoku Bank 113 Fushimi, K 266 futures 16, 20, 53, 59, 66, 127, 141 Gamble, D & J.C 254 gambling 51, 63 Gandhi, M.K 146 Gardner, H.T 69 Gas Council 103 Gaskell, E 44 Gatterer, J.C Geddes, P Geddes Report 220 GEC (UK) 94, 103, 105, 214, 275 GEC (USA) 181, 201 General Motors 94 General Post Office (GPO, later Post Office) 96, 99, 101, 103, 105 General Strike (1926) 117 general trading company (GTC) 93, 119, 127–30, 140, 149, 152–3 Germany 2, 4, 5, 41, 47, 54, 73, 94, 129, 146, 158, 231, 239, 242, 253, 282 Giffen, R 59 Gifu Prefecture 1, 33 Glasgow 214, 256 Glico (later Ezaki Glico) 112 globalisation 53–5, 75 Glover, W.T 274 Godai, T 16–18, 70, 229 Goryo Asbestos 285 Gosho 128 Gossage, W 254 Graesser Salicylates 274 315 Granada TV 44, 102 Great Universal Stores (GUS) 61, 92, 102, 103,105 Greater Manchester Buses 106 Green, A.G 269 Greenalls Group 105 Greengate & Irwell 102 Guerin, J 197, 204 Hague, D.C 241 Hajime, S 230 Halifax Building Society 106 Hamburg 51 Hanshin Department Store 113 Hanshin Industrial Zone 25–33, 207, 219 Hanshin ports 36, 38 Hanshin Tigers 19 Hargreaves Collieries 102 Harisu 286 Harrison, T & J 254 Hartree, D 255 Hatsudoki Seizo (later Daihatsu) 31 Hawker Siddeley Group 104, 279 Haworth, Richard 100, 274 Hayakawa Electric Works see Sharp Hayami, A 67 Hetherington, John 99 Hilditch,T.P 255 Hirose, S 27 Hiroshi, I 231 Hirota,Y 225 Hitachi Electronics 91 Hitachi Sewing Machine 285 Hitachi Zosen 27–8, 39, 91, 107, 109, 111, 207–25, 267, 285, 288 Hitotsubashi University 6, 231 Hokusenbo 110 Holden, R.W 274 Home & Colonial Stores 92, 104 Hong Kong 54, 128, 149, 194, 301 Horlock, J.H 294 Horrrockses, Crewdson 99, 101, 274 Horrockses Crewdson Spinning & Manufacturing 104 Hosoitobo 107 Howard & Bullough 99 Hoyle, Joshua 101, 104 316 INDEX Hudson Rubber Chemicals 274 Hunter, E.H 27–8, 210 Hunter, Janet 71, 154, 173 Hutton, R.S 254 Hyogo Iron Works 21 Hyogo Prefecture 21, 31, 38, 66, 124, 288 Hyogo Shipyard see Kawasaki Zosen illegitimacy 49, 51 Imperial Brush 107 Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) 92, 94, 101, 103, 105, 255, 268, 269–70, 274, 279, 293 ICI Dyestuffs Group 270 ICI Pharmaceuticals 256, 277–8 India: export market 15, 129, 139–-40, 144–6; export of piece-goods 146; export of raw cotton 115, 132; export of yarn 119–20; see also Bombay Indonesia 140, 143–4, 146 Industrial Reorganisation Corporation 220 Industrial Revolution 4, 115, 118, 151, 176, 227 ‘industrious revolution’ 36, 67 Inland Sea 26–7, 32, 211, 214, 217 Innoshima 212, 219 Inoue Leather Belt 281 Institute for the Promotion of Industries 261 Institute of Economic Research 231 insurance 62, 64, 100, 102 Intel 201 Interarms 45 International Computers (ICL, formerly ICT) 94, 106, 195 International Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ and Manufacturers’ Associations (later ITMF) 118, 142, 148, 151 International Labour Organisation 174 International Signals & Controls (ISC) 196, 201, 204 International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT) 181 International Textile Workers’ Association 117 iron and steel industry 11, 22, 31, 38, 122, 151, 214 Ishii, O 157 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries 267 Ishiyama, S 14 Isle of Man 62 Isonishi Weaving 108 Italy 2, 4, 12, 51, 94 Ito Enamel 110 Itoh, C 267 Iwakura, T 10 Izumi, T 151 Izumi Weaving 110 Izumibo 109 Izumisano 67 Jacob, W & R 154, 275 Jackson, W 255, 272, 297 Japan: Companies Law 123; Constitution 11; currency 10, 34; economic planning 10–12, 33–4, 37; economic statistics 6; education 235; employment system 125, 238; feudal domains 10, 27; historiography 5–6; management 238; national budget 10, 55; National Post Office 96; national spirit 16, 142; phases of economic development 9–12, 30, 33, 67, 191; Public Order Act 236; relations with China 14, 136–9; relations with India 19–21, 126, 129, 132, 139, 144–6; relations with USA 34, 82, 185, 283; samurai 10, 11, 16; world outlook 14 Japan Agricultural Chemicals 286 Japan Aluminium 281 Japan Chamber of Commerce 237 Japan CottonTrading (Nippon Menka) 128 Japan Federation of Employers’ Associations 175 INDEX Japan Federation of Management Associations 236 Japan National Mint 10, 111 Japan Productivity Centre (JPC) 237 Japan Society for Industrial Training 250–1 Japan Society for Welding Technology 266 Japan Sugar 108 JapanWeaving & Dye Associations, League of 280 Japanese cloth 136 Japanese Cotton Spinners’ Association 19, 30, 118, 120, 139, 163, 167 Jenkins, R 279 JJB Sports 61 John Brown 218 Johnson, R 223 Johnson & Nephew 275 Jones, A 254 Joseph, K 240 Jujo Paper 112 Kadoma 113 Kagoshima 16, 119 Kaizuka Boshoku 110 Kakuichi Rubber 280, 285 Kamaishi 28 Kanagawa 65, 67, 126 Kanabin Weaving 107 Kanebo 34, 90–4, 107–11, 136, 149, 160– 5, 280, 284 Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry 93 Kansai 33–4, 36, 55–7, 65, 67–9; climacteric 37, 38; elite 16, 33, 55; exports 45; financial sector 64; GDP 1, 57; heritage 5, 15; prefectures 1, 13; population 1, 57 Kansai Brush 107 Kansai Economic Federation 37 Kansai Electric Power 111, 113, 285 Kansai International Airport 65–7 Kansai Paint 281 Kansai Power Supply 281 Kansai Research Institute 65 317 Kansai Science City 65 Kansai Steel 280 Kansai Trading 14, 70 Kanto 28, 33, 38, 39, 53–7, 67, 264 Kataoka, Y 267 Katoh, K 153 Kawada, S 231 Kawano Foundry 281 Kawasaki Aircraft 288 Kawasaki Heavy Industries 267, 288, 291, 298 Kawasaki Sharyo 288 Kawasaki Steel 30 Kawasaki Zosen 20–1, 27, 30, 91, 211 Keihin ports 36 Keio Graduate Business School 237 Kellogg 94, 106, 268, 297 Keynes, J.M 116, 152 Kikuchi, S 266 Kilburn, T 255 Kimble, G.H.T 4, Kimitsu Iron Works 39 Kingfisher 105 Kinkabo 110 Kinki Region Development Act (1963) 37 Kinki Sharyo 31, 114, 284 Kisha Seizo (merged into Kawasaki Heavy Industries in 1972) 29, 107, 111, 267, 280–1, 284 Kishiwadabo 107, 109 Kita, M 231 Kiyokawa, Y 157 knitwear 27 Kobayashi, I 92 Kobe 18–21, 26, 29, 36, 57, 68–9, 229, 264, 306; see also Mitsubishi Kobe Kobe Electric 285 Kobe Steel 20, 30, 266 Kobusho Iron Manufacturing Works 28 Koda S Kodanshah 57 Koei Chemical Industries 285 Kokko Steel 284 Kokusai Celluloid 280 Komatsu 35, 111, 113 Konishiroku Photo Industry 257 Korea 14, 30, 54, 129, 136, 149, 192, 193; 318 INDEX see also wars, Korean Kotobukiya 285 Koyo Seiko 35, 111, 113, 284 Kubota Iron Works 31, 35, 111, 113, 267, 280 Kurashiki Rayon (later Kuraray) 112 Kurashiki Spinning 284 Kureha Spinning 284 Kurimoto Iron Works 31, 111, 113, 280 Kuwahara, T 139, 155 Kwantung 140 Kyoto 5, 15–16, 29, 53, 57, 68, 236, 306 Kyoto Prefecture 66 Kyowa Hakko Kogyo 285 Kyowa Rubber 285 Kyushu 26, 39, 217, 264 labour: aristocracy 47; costs 21; history 44; hours of 134, 140, 166; incentives 118, 165; intensity of 121; management 125, 158–73, 189; migration 14, 25, 49, 53; movement 30–1; overlookers 161; productivity 40–1, 118, 132–3, 144, 222–3; recruitment 49, 125, 139, 159–60, 161, 169; shift working 124, 132–3, 138, 151, 170; short-time working 118, 136, 140; surplus 49; turnover 125, 131–2, 160; wages of 36, 125, 133, 141, 170, 228; wage lists 135–6, 166, 171; see also collective bargaining; employment; factory legislation; friendly societies; work ethic; work study; works committees Labour Party 24, 117, 134, 168 Ladbroke Group 105 Laird Group 214 Lancashire 15, 23–4, 47–52, 68; golden age 1, 19; ethnic minorities 49, 151; image 24, 36, 43–4, 305; individualism 116–17, 125, 234; migration from 49; new towns 49; specialisation 133; reactions to competition 139–40, 146– 8, 149–51 Lancashire Cotton Corporation 101, 103, 162, 275, 277, 279 Lancashire Steel Corporation 101, 104 Lancaster 100, 256, 275, 276 Lancaster, Pa 196 Langton, J 4, Lankro Chemicals 279 Latin America 45, 146, 194 Lazonick, W 115, 152, 175 Le Play, F Lee, C.H 4, 8, 48, 69, 71, 76 Leeds 62, 101, 269 Lees, Asa 100 Lever Bros 94, 99, 255, 269–70, 275; see also Unilever Lever, W.H 50, 75, 91, 254 Levinstein, I 269 Lewis, C 61 Lewis’s 100 Lewis’s Investment Trust 102, 103 Leyland DAF 94, 106 Leyland Motors 102, 104 Littlewood’s 59, 89, 92, 97, 102, 104 Littlewood’s Organisation 105 littoral industrial zones 37, 39, 65, 219–20, 303 Liverpool 16, 18, 19–21, 24–5, 45, 49, 50, 59, 61, 63, 69, 88, 130, 151, 233, 254, 303, 305 Liverpool Borax 275 Liverpool Cables 275 Liverpool Corporation Passenger Transport Department 104 Liverpool Corporation Tramways 100 Liverpool United Gas 100 Lloyds Packing Warehouses 151 Lösch, A INDEX London 21–5, 54, 58, 88, 128, 151, 182; image 22, 23 London Business School 241, 247 London Chamber of Commerce 233 London, City of 23, 58–9, 62 London School of Economics (LSE) 233, 249 lone-parent households 49, 51 Lorenz, E.H 223 Lovell, B 255 Lucas Industries 106, 279 Lurgie Chemie 214 Macclesfield 50, 277 machine tools 25, 30, 39, 187 Mackinder, H.J 7, 71 Maizuru 218 Makino, Baron 136 Malaysia 63, 136, 143, 146, 194 management 16, 34, 96, 123, 134–6, 139, 161–2, 222–5, 230–42 Management, Association of Teachers of 240 Management, British Institute of 240 Management Education, Foundation of 240 Management Research Group 250 Management School, Sanno 237 Manchester: commerce 18; education 63, 233; foreign consulates 20, 23, 47; foreign merchants 14, 42, 68, 119, 122; function 14, 52, 121; image 8, 13, 14, 21, 24, 43; industry 21; leisure pursuits 59, 62–3; municipal budget 24; population 15, 18, 29; youth culture 48, 63, 303 Manchester Business School 44, 74, 241, 246 MCB 279 Manchester Chamber of Commerce 24, 43, 129, 134, 148, 151, 233, 273 Manchester College of Technology (formerly Manchester Mechanics’ Institute, Manchester Technical School, Manchester Municipal Technical School, 319 later Manchester College of Science and Technology and then UMIST) 234, 254, 292, 294 Manchester Collieries 101 Manchester Corporation Gas Department 100 Manchester Guardian 14, 22, 61 Manchester International Airport 46, 62, 74 Manchester Royal Exchange 14, 24, 121, 151 Manchester School 18, 22, 24 Manchester Ship Canal 23, 46, 61, 99, 101, 104, 130 Manchester Trust 61 Manchester United 19, 63 Manchester, University of (formerly Owens College) 227, 233, 241, 253, 278 Manchuria 129, 136–7, 140, 192 man-made fibres 25, 34, 38, 93, 125, 142, 148 manufacturing industry: heavy 10, 38, 219, 267; light 12, 23, 25, 39, 58; new 41, 65, 68, 79; old 21–2, 38, 40, 48, 52, 55, 58; sub-contracting 31, 35, 41, 45; subsidiary 207, 222; see also Industrial Revolution MANWEB 106 maritime industrial areas see littoral industrial zones Marks & Spencer 105 Marshall, A.7, 98, 116 Martin, R 4, 8, 71, 76 Maruyama Institute 282 Massachusetts 30, 132, 231 mass market 180, 195, 201 mass media 44, 61 match manufacture 21, 27, 28, 32, 257 Mather & Platt 100, 102, 104, 269, 275, 279 Masuda, T 128 Matsushita Battery 281 Matsushita Electric 112, 113, 178, 191, 281, 285–6, 288 Matsushita, K 32, 35, 91, 93, 111, 113, 177–202 Matsushita, M 181 320 INDEX Matsushita Radio 281 ‘Matsushita Spirit’ 180, 189, 200 Matsumoto, Y 14 Maurette, F 164, 169 Meiji era 25, 128, 228 Meiji Restoration 5, 15, 27, 29 Meijibo 107 Meisei Boshoku 109 merchant dynasties 16, 49, 305 Mersey Docks & Harbour Board 96–7, 99, 101, 103 Merseyside 42, 50, 68, 75, 209 Merseyside Transport 89, 105, 106 metallurgy 33, 254, 264, 266–7, 271 Metropolitan Cammell 210 Metropolitan Vickers Electric 255, 269, 271, 273, 293 Mexico 193 Mills, J 275 Ministry of: Agriculture & Commerce 10, 28; Commerce & Industry 294; Education 228, 231–2, 256; Finance 197; Industry & Trade (MITI) 75, 197, 205– 6; Labour 168, 171; Munitions 264; Public Works 10, 26, 27; Technology 198; Transport 223, 287 Minolta 114 missiles 187–8, 215, 218 Mitsubishi 20, 53 Mitsubishi Bank 114 Mitsubishi Chemical Industries 261 Mitsubishi Electrical Manufacturing 32, 176, 288, 289–90, 291 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 267 Mitsubishi Internal Combustion Engine 32 Mitsubishi Kobe 20, 29, 211, 289 Mitsubishi Nagasaki Zosen 27, 91 Mitsui 12, 32, 128 Mitsui Bank 92 Mitsui Bussan Kaisha (MBK) 128–9, 132, 138,142–3 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals 114 Miyamoto, Mataji 5, Miyamoto, Matao 70, 153 Mond, L 269 Moore, C.W 271 Moore, H 271 Moore, L.M 151, 157 Moores, John 59; see also Littlewoods motorways 47, 52, 69, 203 Mukaishima 221 Mullard 94, 104 Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) 151 multi-national enterprise see firm munitions see armaments Muramoto, F 231 Muspratt, E.K 254, 269 Musulin Boshoku 107 Muto, Sanji 123, 160, 162 Myrdal, G Nagasaki Boshoku 94, 110 Nagoya 32–3, 36, 39, 42, 55, 65, 142 Nairn Williamson 279 Nakayama Chemical Laboratory 280, 281 Nakayama Steel Works 111, 113 Nakayama Taiyodo 286 Namura Shipbuilding 219 Naniwa Spinning 124 Nankai Wool Spinning 112 Nara 15, 28, 57, 68 National Association of Independent Weavers 123, 139 National Coal Board 103 National Development Plans 37, 39 National Enterprise Board 198 National Federation of Textile Industry Workers’ Unions 169 National Freight Corporation (NFC) 106 National Insurance Acts (1911, 1920) 166 National Mobilization Law (1938) 185 National Physical Laboratory 253 National Physics Laboratory 256 National Renmeiten 180, 191 National Research Development Corporation 198 National Shipbuilders Security 218 National Westminster Bank 196 Netherlands 2, 16, 46, 54, 69, 189–90, 270 INDEX New York 53, 54, 129 Nippon Aluminium 284 Nippon Brush 107 Nippon Chemical Industries 261 Nippon Chemical Machinery 281 Nippon Crucible 282, 286 Nippon Dye 280, 281 Nippon Electric Power (later Kansai Electric Power) 109 Nippon Flannel 108 Nippon Kokan 281 Nippon Life Assurance Nippon Menka 231 Nippon Metal Goods 108 Nippon Oils & Fats 282, 286 Nippon Paint 281, 286 Nippon Railways 28 Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo 286 Nippon Steel 11, 39 Nippon Steel Casting 30 Nippon Synthetic Chemical 282, 283 Nippon Synthetic Fibre 282 Nippon Victor 190 Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK) 29, 118, 127 Nipponbo (later Unitika) 107 Nishizawa Sewing Machine 285 Nisshin Steel 114 Nitto Electric Industrial 285 Noble, J 59 Noguchi Institute 282 Nokia 304 Nomura 231, 282 Nomura, T 231 Nonconformity 52 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 63 Norman, E.H 70 North Group 279 North-South divide 36, 44, 51, 52 Northern Foods 106 NORWEB 105 NWRA 51 NorthWest Water 105 North & North-east Lancashire Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers Association (UKTMA from 1961) 168 nuclear engineering 256, 266 nuclear physics 255 nuclear power 218, 278 321 Odum, H.W Ogawa Chemical 281 Ogawa Perfumery 285 Ogura, M 267 Ohashi Lacquer 285 Ohmi Silk Spinning 169 oil trade 34, 45, 52, 216–17 oil-price shocks 37, 38–41, 46, 55, 190, 213, 215–17, 238 Okabe, K 265 Okamura Oils & Fats 285 Okayama Prefecture 124 Okayama, R 173, 220, 233 Okubo, T 15, 136 Oldham 16, 30, 62, 82, 97, 117, 122, 128, 143 Olympic Games 63, 67 Ono Ironworks 108 Oriental Paint 282 Osaka: Asia-Pacific Trade Center 66; canals 13; commerce 68; historiography 5–6; image 13, 33, 57; industry 37; merchants 14, 16, 28, 68, 305; population 15, 18–19, 29, 34, 57; press 14–15; Sampin Exchange 118, 120, 132, 138; social democracy 30–1, 231; World Trade Center 66–7 Osaka Asahi Newspaper 110 Osaka Asaito 107 Osaka Beer (later Asahi Breweries) 108 Osaka Bureau of Japan National Railway 109, 111 Osaka Carpet 108 Osaka Cement 108 Osaka Ceramics & Cement 111 Osaka Chain & Machinery 281 Osaka Chamber of Commerce 16, 37, 229– 30 Osaka Chemical 280 Osaka City Bureau of Electricity 109 Osaka City University (formerly Osaka Commercial Training School, Osaka Higher Commercial School, Prefectural 322 INDEX Osaka Commercial School, Osaka City University of Commerce) 5, 16, 227, 229 Osaka Commercial Museum 229 Osaka Economic Year Book 39 Osaka Electric 266, 281 Osaka Electric Copper 108 Osaka Electric Power 184 Osaka Electric Railway see railways Osaka Enamel Frit 286 Osaka Exhibition 37 Osaka Flour Milling 285 Osaka Gas 110, 113, 280, 281, 285 Osaka Godobo (merged in Toyobo in 1931) 107 Osaka Industrial Association 31, 267 Osaka Industrial Research Institute 256 Osaka Institute of Hygienic Sciences 294 Osaka International Airport 46 Osaka Iron Plate 280 Osaka Iron Works see Hitachi Zosen Osaka Machinery (later OKK) 110 Osaka Mainichi Newspaper 110 Osaka Management Society 231, 250 Osaka Metal Industries 281 Osaka Military Arsenal 32, 107, 109 Osaka Municipal Life Science Institute 294 Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute 256, 261–3, 294 Osaka Oils & Fats 285 Osaka Prefecture 13, 35, 36–8, 49, 65, 67, 72, 217, 219, 229; statistics 19, 28, 72 Osaka Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station 294 Osaka Prefectural Animal Breeding Farm 294 Osaka Prefectural Industrial Research Institute 257, 265, 294 Osaka Prefectural Institute for Industrial Management 231, 250 Osaka Prefectural Metal Material Institute 264 Osaka Prefectural Textiles Research Institute 295 Osaka Prefectural Training Centre for Industrial Engineering 231 Osaka Printing 108 Osaka Roentgen Ray Works 284 Osaka Rolled Copper 284 Osaka Shipyard 111 Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK) 14, 20, 27, 29, 32, 72, 107, 109, 111, 127 Osaka Special Steel Works 274 Osaka Spinning (Osakabo, later Toyobo) 27, 57, 71, 90–1, 107, 109, 119, 122–3, 128, 133, 296 Osaka Stock Exchange 16, 28, 36–7, 38, 64 Osaka Sulfuric Acid 108 Osaka Technical School (later merged into Osaka Imperial University) 257 Osaka Transformer 285 Osaka Twist 108 Osaka University (formerly Osaka Imperial University) 5, 257, 265 Osaka University of Economics Osaka University Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research 285 Osaka Weaving 109 Osaka Woolen Fabric 109 Osaka Yogyo Semento 286 Otsu 27 Otsu, I 266 Otsu Rubber 285 Ouchi, A 289 Owadabo 110 packing trade 147 Panasonic 193 paper manufacture 45, 214, 304 Patent Shaft Steel 214 patents 125, 258–60, 283 Pathology, Incorporated Liverpool Institute of Comparative 254 Patterson, R 255 Peace and Happiness through Prosperity (PHP) Institute 189 Pearse, A.S 142, 164 Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Co (P & O) 127 Peel Holdings 60 Penketh Tanning 275 Perkin Jr., W.H 254, 269, 293 petrochemicals 37, 219 Petty, W 58 pharmaceuticals 50, 254, 256, 270, 273, 277 INDEX Philippines 143 Phillips 181, 189–90 Pilkington Bros 47, 94, 96, 99, 101, 103, 106, 269, 271, 273, 275, 278, 279, 293 Pittsburgh 261, 271 plastics 261, 270 Platt Bros 16, 82, 99, 128–9, 142, 277, 297 Platt Bros & Co (Holdings) 103 Platt, H 255 Platt J.W 240 Platt-Toyoda Automatic Loom 142–3 Plaza Hotel Accord (1985) 41, 194 Plessey 177 Pollard, S 4, polyester 150 polythene 270, 293 Poor Law Porrits & Spencer 275 Port Sunlight 50, 99, 270 Portugal 24, 140 Premier Waterproof 275 Prestbury 50, 75 Preston 92, 100, 166, 175, 272, 275 Preston, Sir Walter 142, 147 Price’s (Bromborough) 279 Priestley, J.B 36, 44 property market 47, 82, 92–3 Queen Elizabeth II 218 Quilt Manufacturers 102 radar 187, 255, 271, 273, 289, 293 radio: communications 267; receivers 180, 191; valves 185, 189, 271, 293 Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 193 Railway, South Manchuria 139 railways 21–3, 28, 31, 47, 59, 91–2 railways, British: Cheshire Lines 99, 102; Great Central 100; Lancashire & Yorkshire 63, 91–2, 99; London & North-western 91–2, 99; London Midland & Scottish (LMS) 101 railways, Japanese: Hankai 28; Hankaku 107; 323 Hankyu 91, 109, 111, 113; Hanshin 113; Japan National 11–12, 21, 109, 111; Kansai 29, 107; Keihan 29, 107; Nankai 91, 96, 107, 109, 111, 113; Osaka Electric (later Kintetsu) 109, 111, 113; Shinkansen 55; Tokaido 55; West Japan 113 Rathbone’s 254 rayon 142 Refuge Assurance 100, 102 region: hinterland 13; intellectual reflection 3; origins 1–2; resurgence regional: analysis 3, 54, 300–1; banks 64; contrasts 68, 300; convergence and divergence 1, 5, 29, 34, 36–7, 51, 53–5, 57, 65–7, 119, 140–6, 213, 300, 302–3, 305; cuisine 52; culture 52, 300; development 21–2, 36; dualism 36, 300; employment 25; giants 97, 300; GDP 51–2; planning 37, 51, 219, 221; problems 25, 36, 40, 51–2; statistics 4, 6, 19, 21–2, 301–2 Regional Development Association 51 Regional Survey Association Regional Trends 4, 69, 30l regionalism 3–5 Renold, H 272, 275 Research, Association of Scientific & Industrial 267–8 Research Department, Naval 287 Research, Department of Scientific & Industrial (DSIR) 253, 277 Research Institute of Aeronautics, Naval 266 324 INDEX Research, Institute of Physical & Chemical 267 Research, Mellon Institute of Industrial 261 Research, Shioni Institute of Physical and Chemical 281 Research, Taniguchi Foundation for Industrial 266, 296 research and development (R & D) 41, 65 116, 131, 134, 190, 252–99 research associations, textile 116, 277 Research Council, Manchester Joint 273, 297 Research Mobilization, Council for 296 retail price maintenance 61, 192 Reynolds, J.H 234, 254 Rigunaito 282 Robertson, Dr J 164 Rochdale 59, 100, 255 Roe, A.V 273, 275 Rolls-Royce 104, 294 Roscoe, H 253–4 Rostow, W.W 301 Rowntree, 250 Royal Brush 107 Royal Hotel, Osaka 113 Royal Insurance 102 Royal Ordnance 45 rubber industry 21, 257, 261, 275 Rubber Regenerating 275 Rubinstein, W.D 71 Runcorn 269, 273 Russia 2, 4, 40, 140, 148, 301 Rylands & Sons 91, 99, 101 Sainsbury 105 St Helens 47, 99 Saitama 127 Saito, O 153 Sakai 31, 39, 211, 216, 221 Sakai Chemical 284 Sakaibo 107 sake 21 Sakura Color Products 285 Sakurajima 211–12, 214, 221 Sakuranomiya Chemical Institute 282 Sale, K Salford 44, 49, 102, 253, 275, 279 Salt Union 100 Sampei 107 Sanbazuru Chemical Institute 285 Sandberg, L 115 Sanderson, M 268, 272, 293 Sanobo (later Teikoku Sangyo) 110 Sanwa Bank 113, 219 Sanyo 35, 111, 113, 176 Sasakura Machinery 284 Satsuma 10, 16, 136 Satsuma-Choshu alliance 5, 20 Savoy Group 240, 242 Saxonhouse, G 138 Schein, E.H 179, 203 Scientific Instrument Research Association 271 Schumpeter, J.A 4, 140 Schuster, A 253 Scotland 43, 47, 51, 52 Seki, K 132 Sekisan Seiko 282 Sen’nan (South Osaka) 34, 38, 65 Senshu 31 Senshu Bank 114 Senshu Weaving (later Teikoku Sangyo) 109 Senshubo 107 service industries 15, 23, 43, 48–9, 55, 57– 63, 64–7, 68, 76, 96–7 Settsu Oils & Fats 282, 285 Settsubo 107 sewing machines 264–5 Shanghai 14, 20, 54, 128, 129 Shanghai Incident (1925) 301 Sharp Corporation 35, 113, 193, 281, 285, 288 Sharples Engineering 279 Sheffield 61, 99, 209, 240, 254, 256 Shell Oil 92,104, 273, 279 Shell Refinery 275 Sheridan, K 159 Shibusawa, E 18, 27, 128 Shiga, 68 Shikibo 112, 284 Shikoku 32 Shimada Glass (later Toyo Glass) 108, 280 Shimano 31, 35, 40 Shindo, T 115 Shinko Woolen 109 INDEX Shinto Paint 285 Shionogi 288 Shinnippon Chemical 285 shipbuilding 10–11, 20, 26, 29, 32, 39, 41, 207–25, 266, 288, 296; bulk carriers 213; oil tankers 39, 213, 216–17; rationalisation 209–10, 214; scrap and build scheme 220; submarines 218; technical revolution 215–16, 267, 288; warships 210, 218 Shipbuilding Encouragement Act (1896) 29, 211, 220 Shipbuilding Industry Act (1967) 220 shipping: coastal 26, 71; steam 26 shipping freights 59, 120, 130, 139 Shirley Developments 277 Shirley Institute (BCIRA) 277 Shoji, I 257 Shoseigumi 108 Showa Silk Yarn 109 Siemens Bros 181, 275, 293 silicon chips 190 silk industry 6, 11–12, 20, 57, 120, 126, 133, 140–1, 142, 268 Simon Engineering 269, 279 Simon, E 272 Simon, H 272, 275, 279 Singapore 21, 54, 69, 136, 194 size of firms see firm Skelmersdale 51 Slumberland 279 Small & Parkes 275 Smith, Adam 12, 141 Smith, R 45 Smith, W.H 96 Snow, C.P.75 soap industry 27, 32, 257, 270–1 soda 271 Sogo 114 Somerwell Bros 275 Sony 190 South-east Asia 36, 143, 192 Spain 2, 4, 47, 62, 94, 140, 210 Spence, P 275, 279 Spender, H 164 325 Spillers 275 spinning: garabo 131; mule 128; ring 120, 124–5, 137–8, 167; piecers 161 sport 3, 62–3; see also gambling sporting clubs 63, 125 sporting goods 61 sporting press 61 Stamford, Earl of 50 Standfast 275 steam power 24, 28, 186 Stevenson, H 275 Stewart, K 162 Stirling Varnish 275 Stone-Platt 279 Storey Bros 279 subsidies 29, 36, 140, 211 Sugihara, K 73, 127, 153 Sugiyama, S 157 Suminoe Textiles 280, 284 Sumitomo 16, 20, 27, 32, 93, 200, 229, 267 Sumitomo Bank 113, 185, 188 Sumitomo Chemical 111, 285, 288 Sumitomo Copper & Steel Pipe (later Sumitomo Metal) 110, 280, 283 Sumitomo Electric Industries 111, 113, 281, 283, 285, 287, 288 Sumitomo Electric Wire (later Sumitomo Electric Industries) 109, 287 Sumitomo Foundry (later Sumitomo Metal) 96, 108 Sumitomo Metal Industries 111, 114, 280, 281, 283, 284 Sumitomo Steel Casting (later Sumitomo Metal) 30, 96, 108, 109, 280 Sumitomo Trust and Banking 114 Summers, John 102, 103 Sun Mill 122 Sutcliffe Speakman 275 Suzuki Alloy 284 Suzuki, Bunji 159 Suzuki Shoten 20 Switchgear & Cowan 275 Switzerland 2, 24, 94 326 INDEX T & N 106; see also Turner & Newall Tabuchi Electric 285 Taguchi, U 19 Taisho era 230 Tait, A.W 204 Taiwan (Taipei Province of China) 36, 149, 192 Takada Aluminium (later Showa Aluminium) 281, 284 Takahashi, A 181, 193 Takamatsu, T 257 Takamura, N 155 Takaoka, H 261, 295 Takarazuka 92 Takase Dyeing 112, 285 Takashimaya 111, 113 Takeda Chemical 111, 114, 285, 288 Takeda Pharmaceutical 280, 282, 283, 287 Tanabe Seiyaku 112, 280, 285 Tanaka, G 282 Tanaka Machinery 218, 284 Tanaka Plan 38 Taniguchi Foundation 266 Taniguchi, F 90, 296 Taniguchi, T 37, 73, 98 Taniguchi, Y 156 Tanii, A 194 Taoka Dye 285 tariffs 24, 118, 121, 125–6, 136, 138, 140, 144; non-tariff restrictions 143, 148, 149 Tate, H 254 Taylorism 118, 231 tea trade11–12, 26 Technical Industrial Services 279 technology, high 40, 50, 65–6, 198, 302 Technology, Agency of 256 Teikoku Kako 286 Teikoku Sangyo (later Tesac) 111, 284 Teikoku Seima (later Teikoku Sen-i) 169 Teikoku Sharyo (merged in Tokyu Car in 1968) 111, 284 telecommunications 21–2, 23 television 63, 72 Temma Boshoku 110 Temma Weaving 107, 109 Teradabo 110 terylene 273, 293 TESCO 106 Textile lnstitute of Batavia (TIB) 144 textile machinery 24, 30, 129–30, 139, 142– 3, 144, 150 Textile Machinery Makers 101, 277, 299 textile managers’ association 173–4 Textiles Science, Institute of 282 Thompson, J.J 253 thread manufacture 142 Thünen, J.H von tiger economies 34, 39, 148–9 Tillotsons 275 Toa Chemical 281 Tochigi 127 Toda Plywood 286 Toho Chemical Institute 281 Tokugawa era 15, 25, 302, 305 Tokuhisa, M 290 Tokyo (an inversion of ‘Kyo-to’, formerly Edo), 5–6, 15, 21, 27, 38, 53–7, 66, 184, 267; Greater Tokyo 53 Tokyo Higher Commercial School 231 Tokyo Prefecture 53, 124 Tokyo Stock Exchange 36–7, 53 Toms, J.S 152 Tonoi Tobacco 108 Tootal Broadhurst Lee 100, 102, 164, 273, 276–7, 293, 299 Tootal Ltd 94, 104 Toppan Printing 112 Toshiba (Tokyo Denki) 91, 114, 176, 185 Touche, Ross & Co 204 tourism 59, 65, 68, 305–6 Toyo Cloth 286 Toyo Electro Chemical Institute 282 Toyo Glass 112 Toyo Menka 129, 144 Toyo Podar 129, 144 Toyo Rayon 129 Toyo Rubber 286 Tovo Seikan 114 Toyo Steel 284 Toyo Tire & Rubber 112 Toyo Umpan 284 Toyobo 57, 90, 94, 109, 111, 118, 136, 143, 160, 165, 171, 280–1, 284, 288 INDEX Toyoda 129, 142–3 Toyota 35–6, 39, 91, 143 Toyozaki, M 231 trade: domestic 14, 23, 147, 180–1; export 12, 24–5, 33, 41–2, 44–7, 125– 6; import 11, 41; international 9–12, 14–15, 29, 38, 41; invisible exports 59; retail 16, 18, 59–61, 97; warehouses 14, 32, 139 trade associations 34, 53, 116, 163, 268 Trade Conferences, Anglo-Japanese 148 Trade Facilities Act (1920) 220 trade missions 128, 130, 137 trade secrets 132 trade unions 24, 40, 116–17, 134–6, 147, 152, 222 TUC 117, 148 trade war: Anglo-Japanese 140, 148; Indo- Japanese 132, 144 Trafford Centre 61 Trafford Park 71, 275 Trevithick, R.F 21 Tsubakimoto Chain 31, 35, 284 Tsuda, S 91, 93 Tsutsunaka Celluloid 285 Turnbull & Stockdale 276 Turner & Newall 94, 101, 104, 255, 276, 279 Turner, F.J Twente 143 Ueno, Y 231 UMlST see Manchestcr College of Technology Unigate 106 Unilever 94, 96, 101, 104–5, 270, 273, 278– United Alkali 99, 269–70 United Textile Factory Workers’ Association 117 urban hierarchy 53–4 urban land values 66 urban problems 30 327 urban utilities 31 Urwick, L 240 USA: business enterprise 93, 185; business organisation 93; cotton exports 127, 129; cotton spindleage 146; defence equipment 196; economic history 6, 306; electricity 181, 201; financial institutions 200; GDP 40, 64, 305; high technology 65, 94; industrial research 261; labour management strategy 158; man-made fibre 34; management education 230–1, 236; market 36, 94, 140, 193; MNEs in automobiles 42, 94; radio 193; regions 2; relations with Japan 34, 82, 185, 283; telephony 94; textile technology 129; trade unions 31; West 20; world cities 54 USSR see Russia US Textile Mission 141 Utley, F 141, 142, 156, 163–4 Utsumi Boshoku 110 Vantona Textiles 276 Verhaeren, E 23 Vicars, T & T 276 Vickers-Armstrong 101 Vickers Ltd 92, 94, 96, 103, 187, 271 Vickers Son & Maxim 99 Vickers PLC 106 video recorders 40, 190, 193 VSEL Consortium 105, 213 Wadsworth, A.P 70, 157 Wakayama 28, 57, 68 Wakayama Iron Works 281 Wales 5, 51 Wallpaper Manufacturers 100, 102, 276 328 INDEX Walpamur 276 Walker, B 254 Walker, M 255 Warburtons 105 Ward, Blenkinsop 276 Warrington 50, 100, 104–5, 254, 278 wars: Arab-Israeli (1973) 38; Cold War (1947–90) 45, 187; Crimean (1853–6) 45; First World (1914–18) 3, 12, 30, 72, 91, 137, 139–40, 158, 209, 212, 230, 232–3, 253, 277; French (1793–1815) 130; Korean (1950–3) 34, 82, 187, 189, 192; Russo-Japanese (1904–5) 12, 29, 123, 136, 230, 232; Second World (1941–5) 3, 12, 93, 168, 172, 184, 194, 218, 235–6, 250, 256, 272; Sino-Japanese (1894–5) 12, 21, 29, 128– 9; Sino-Japanese (1937–45) 33, 79, 121, 146, 287; US Civil (1861–5), 2, 22 weaving: automatic 117, 132, 142–3, 170; disputes 135–6, 167; districts (sanchi) 123; domestic 122–3; hand 26–7, 123, 137, 144, 146; power 123; rural 28, 123 Webb, S & B 117, 134 Weber, A Wednesbury 214 Weinstock, A 203 Weizmann, C 269 West Japan Economic Conference 37 Westinghouse 32, 271 Whitbread 105 Whittaker, J 60–1 Widnes 269, 273 Wigan Coal & Iron 99 Wigan Coal Corporation 101 Williams & Williams 276 Williams, B 241 Williams, F.C 253, 255 Williams, J.D 59 Willliams, J.G 300, 306 Williamson, James 99, 276 Williamson, W.C 253 Wilson, H 50, 68, 76, 198 Winterbottom, F.S 141 Wolf, V 279 Wolfson, I 61 woollen industry 21, 142, 277, 280 Woolworth, F.W 59, 94, 102, 104 work ethic 16, 221 work study 170 works councils 160 World Bank 227 World Cotton Congress (1921) 24 world economic depression (1929–32) 9, 26, 33, 40, 140–2, 146–7 Wrigley, E.A 151 X-rays 253, 271 Yagi, H 265, 295–6 Yamada 281 Yamamoto, K 156 Yamanobe, Takeo 56–7, 124, 128, 153 Yamaoka Hatsudoki (later Yanmar Diesel) 31, 35 Yamazaki Baking 113 Yasuda Commercial 107 Yawata Steel 11, 217 yen, exchange-rate of 34, 39, 41, 64, 140, 143, 174–5, 194, 238, 243 Yodogawa Steel 111 Yokohama 6, 20, 32, 36, 68–9 Yokohama Specie Bank 118 Yonekawa, Shin-ichi 115, 174, 245 Yorkshire 52, 61, 268 Yoshikawa Oils & Fats 282 Yoshimi Boshoku 109 Yuaikai 30, 159 Yuasa Battery 280, 281, 287 Yukawa, H 265–6 zaibatsu 20, 31, 91, 124, 180, 184, 188, 200; Big Three 32, 129; Big Four 93 zaikabo (spinning mills in China) 94, 138–9 Zenatia 217 Zurich 54, 151 ... The Americanisation of European Business Edited by Matthias Kipping and Ove Bjarnar Region and Strategy in Britain and Japan Business in Lancashire and Kansai, 1890 1990 Edited by Douglas A.Farnie,... nine volumes (1963–6, Tokyo, Shinjusha) Region and Strategy in Britain and Japan Business in Lancashire and Kansai, 1890 1990 Ei Nichi Ryokoku ni okeru Chiiki to Keiei Senryaku Rankasha to Kansai. .. Publication Data Region and strategy in Britain and Japan: business in Lancashire and Kansai, 1890 1990= Ei Nichi Ryokoku ni okeru Chiiki to Keiei Senryaku: Rankasha to Kansai no Bijinesu/edited by