Factor x challenges, implementation strategies and examples for a sustainable use of natural resources

Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science 32 Harry Lehmann Editor Factor X Challenges, Implementation Strategies and Examples for a Sustainable Use of Natural Resources www.ebook3000.com ECO-EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE VOLUME 32 More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5887 www.ebook3000.com Harry Lehmann Editor Factor X Challenges, Implementation Strategies and Examples for a Sustainable Use of Natural Resources Managing editors Mandy Hinzmann, Nick Evans, Terri Kafyeke, Stephen Bell, Martin Hirschnitz-Garbers (Ecologic Institute) Martina Eick (German Environment Agency) Editor Harry Lehmann Factor X/10 Club German Environment Agency Dessau-Roßlau, Germany ISSN 1389-6970 Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science ISBN 978-3-319-50078-2    ISBN 978-3-319-50079-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50079-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954331 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland www.ebook3000.com Foreword Dear reader, The high standard of living that we enjoy depends entirely on the quality and availability of natural resources Driven by global population growth and increasing economic performance, mineral raw materials and fossil fuels are being extracted in ever greater quantities The extraction of these resources has profound environmental impacts, such as the destruction of ecosystems and habitats as well as air, water and soil pollution For this reason, we pursue various measures for more efficient resource use and management, with the aim of keeping the negative effects of resource use within reasonable bounds The overarching objective is a transition towards sustainability—a resource-efficient, low-carbon economy, in which natural capital is protected and enhanced and the health and well-being of citizens is safeguarded Therefore, it is of utmost importance that all countries urgently adapt their economies by increasing resource efficiency, reducing resource consumption in absolute terms and abandoning resource-intensive consumption patterns in favour of resource-efficient lifestyles The economical use of raw materials not only reduces pressures on the environment but also creates economic opportunities for individual companies and strengthens the economy as a whole The development of resource policy requires a skilful combination and bundling of different measures and instruments since there is no uniform policy approach that meets the different requirements Rather, the respective objectives, action requirements, target groups and policy levels must be addressed using specific policy approaches Some aspects of sustainable resource use are, even in political circles, not well understood To shed light on this critical topic and inform the ongoing political process, we have invited a wide range of relevant stakeholders from the fields of science, politics, business and technology to share their experiences and views on how to achieve the sustainable use of natural resources Because of the thematic diversity, it is not surprising that the contributions in this book describe a range of developments in resource efficiency, from incremental improvements to profound change and transformation At the same time, all p­ olitical v vi Foreword levels are addressed: the authors consider global megatrends and comprehensive resource policies as well as regional and national efforts, such as the European Union’s Circular Economy Package and Germany’s Resource Efficiency Programme In addition, the numerous practical cases detail best practice examples of resource use in urban and rural areas, manufacturing companies and private households Of particular interest are unusual and innovative ways of thinking, such as contributions on the path to degrowth for a sustainable society or the husbandry of the finance system and natural resources This book is intended for anyone interested in the sustainable use of natural resources It provides insights into awareness raising and policymaking and contains references to practical developments that will accompany us on the path of transition towards a more sustainable society Thus, it is my hope that this book will attract a great deal of attention Regarding the production of this third Factor X book, I like to thank the teams responsible for the coordination and supervision, namely Mandy Hinzmann, Martin Hirschnitz-Garbers, Terri Kafyeke, Nick Evans and Stephen Bell from Ecologic Institute as managing editors; Krithika Radhakrishnan, Catalina Sava and Fritz Schmuhl from Springer; and Martina Eick who managed the process on the part of the German Environmental Agency And of course I specially and warmly thank all the authors of the book President of the German Environment Agency Dessau/Berlin, Germany www.ebook3000.com Maria Krautzberger Contents Part I  Challenges 1 Factor X – 25 Years – “Factor X Concept” Is Essential for Achieving Sustainable Development������������������������������������������������    3 Harry Lehmann, Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, and Christopher Manstein 2 Necessities for a Resource Efficient Europe������������������������������������������   13 Leida Rijnhout, Magda Stoczkiewicz, and Meadhbh Bolger 3 Global Megatrends and Resource Use – A Systemic Reflection����������   31 Ullrich Lorenz, Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, and Kristin Vala Ragnarsdottir 4 Data, Indicators and Targets for Comprehensive Resource Policies������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   45 Stephan Lutter, Stefan Giljum, and Martin Bruckner 5 The Critical Raw Materials Concept: Subjective, Multifactorial and Ever-Developing������������������������������������������������������   71 Jan Kosmol, Felix Müller, and Hermann Keßler 6 Equitable, Just Access to Natural Resources: Environmental Narratives during Worsening Climate Crises������������   93 Patrick Bond Part II  Implementation Strategies 7 Circular Economy: Origins and Future Orientations��������������������������  115 Riina Antikainen, David Lazarevic, and Jyri Seppälä 8 Financial System, and Energy and Resource Husbandry��������������������  131 R Andreas Kraemer vii viii Contents 9 Developing Resource Competence – Anchoring Resource Conservation and Efficiency in the German Education System������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  149 Carolin Baedeker, Holger Rohn, Michael Scharp, and Jaya Bowry 10 The Way from Problem Scope Towards the Vision of a Low Resource Society – The First Working Period of the Resources Commission at the German Environment Agency (KRU) ������������������  163 Sascha Hermann and Christa Liedtke 11 Implementing Resource Efficiency in Europe – Overview of Policies, Instruments and Targets in 32 European Countries ��������  185 Paweł Kaźmierczyk 12 The Resource Nexus and Resource Efficiency: What a Nexus Perspective Adds to the Story ��������������������������������������������������  199 Raimund Bleischwitz and Michal Miedzinski 13 Germany’s Resource Efficiency Agenda: Driving Momentum on the National Level and Beyond����������������������������������������������������������  213 Reinhard Kaiser 14 Results of Three Cost-Effective, Innovative and Transferable Resource-Efficiency Instruments for Industries in the Basque Country ����������������������������������������������������������������������������  233 Ander Elgorriaga Kunze and Ignacio Quintana San Miguel 15 The Circular Economy Package of the European Union ��������������������  251 Joachim Wuttke 16 Saving Natural Resources Through Conversion and Constructional Densification in Urban Areas: Ecological Potentials and Limits������������������������������������������������������������  263 Daniel Reißmann and Matthias Buchert 17 The Path to Degrowth for a Sustainable Society����������������������������������  277 Serge Latouche Part III  Examples of Good Practice 18 Social Innovation Repair – The R.U.S.Z Case: A Systemic Approach Contributing to the Unplanned Obsolescence of Capitalism��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  287 Sepp Eisenriegler and Greta Sparer 19 Resource Efficiency in the Building Sector��������������������������������������������  297 Klaus Dosch 20 Eco Efficiency and Circular Production: Cases from the Netherlands’ Eastern Region��������������������������������������������������  305 Frank A.G den Butter and Harry A.A.M Webers www.ebook3000.com Contents ix 21 An Approach to Identify Resource Patterns on a Neighborhood Level������������������������������������������������������������������������  317 Magnus Österbring, Leonardo Rosado, Holger Wallbaum, and Paul Gontia 22 Strategic Business Examples from Finland: The Growth of the Smartup Industry��������������������������������������������������������������������������  325 Tuuli Kaskinen, Satu Lähteenoja, Mikael Sokero, and Iiris Suomela 23 Circular Flanders: Adaptive Policy for a Circular Economy��������������  335 Sam Deckmyn 24 The 100 Companies Project Resource Efficient Practice Cases from Producing Industry������������������������������������������������������������������������  347 Mario Schmidt 25 Lifestyle Material Footprint of Finnish Households – Insights, Targets, Transitions����������������������������������������������������������������������������������  359 Michael Lettenmeier 26 Construction 4.0: The LifeCycle Tower and Digitalised Timber Construction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������  373 Hubert Rhomberg 27 Protect Resources, Strengthen the Economy: Good Examples for Resource Efficiency in Industry and Handicraft Businesses ��������  385 Peter Jahns 28 Chemical Leasing: A Business Model to Drive Resource Efficiency in the Supply Chain ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������  395 Reinhard Joas, Veronika Abraham, and Anke Joas 29 Resource Efficiency for the Manufacturing Industries – A Holistic Approach��������������������������������������������������������������������������������  405 Werner Maass, Christof Oberender, and Martin Vogt 30 Towards a Resource Efficient and Greenhouse Gas Neutral Germany 2050������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  417 Jens Günther, Harry Lehmann, Ullrich Lorenz, David Pfeiffer, and Katja Purr 31 Pope Francis’ Encyclical Laudato Si’ as a Catalyst for Societal Transformation? Critical Remarks and Presentation of an Inspired Exemplary Project as a Driver for Sustainability��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  427 Ulrich Bartosch, Christian Meier, and Till Weyers Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  445 438 U Bartosch et al Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) are the other main project partners The project runs for 2 years (May 2016–April 2018) The particularity of the KU/VDW Project is its specific communicative structure, which can be denominated as contextualisation and re-contextualisation It takes impulses from two different sources (religious and scientific), brings them together in an “open forum”, develops them further in a synergetic way and injects them enriched back into their areas of origin This is expressed by the project name: “Laudato Si’ – The papal encyclical in discourse for a Great Transformation” In its self-perception, the KU/VDW Project acts as a transmission belt (In German: “Transmissionsriemen”) and bridge It takes the impulses of the encyclical from a “religious communication room” into another communication room.21 In this second room, the project presents, discusses and develops the issues touched upon in the encyclical Through an academic lecture series and other formats, the main scientific sources and expertise, which the Pope implicitly uses in his encyclical, are made more visible.22 The scientific sources, together with the main topics of Laudato Si’, are explained and contextualized by experts from economics, politics, religion, science and civil society organisations All these actors analyse, critically reflect and constructively discuss the issues of sustainability and all activities are coordinated by the project team The participating experts enrich the concepts and discourse with the current state of knowledge, their expertise and additional sustainability concepts This enrichment process represents the second source of impulses, which are drawn on and catalysed by the project activities The topics are advanced and the project tries to develop approaches for concrete solutions These findings, enriched concepts and strategies for action are then injected back into the fields of science and other fields of origin Through this re-contextualisation, the KU/VDW Project drives the dialogue and constructive cooperation between the religious discourse and the scientific discourse and research for sustainability.23 Through this process, inspiring, synergetic forces and dynamics towards sustainability can be created The project contributes to sustainability research and transition processes by presenting and using an innovative procedure and a source of input—the religious one—maybe underestimated until now  One important question in the project’s research activities is: which role can religion and statements of religious leaders play for supporting and driving societal transformation processes? Which impacts can statements of religious leaders have on people’s attitudes, values and resulting actions regarding sustainability, climate protection and also resource efficiency? This was discussed, e.g., at a scientific workshop at the IASS in Potsdam in September 2016; more information at http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de/veranstaltungen/internationaler-fachworkshop-amiass/; see also Bergmann and Gerten (2010); Gerten and Bergmann (2013) 22  E.g the scientific expertise on the current state of knowledge on climate impact research of Prof Dr John Schellnhuber (PIK), one of the presenters of the encyclical to the public on 18 Jun 2015, are presented by our project 23  See e.g the joint research project of KU, VDW, IASS and PIK on “Religion and Climate/ Environmental Development” or the IASS/PIK/KU/VDW workshop on the encyclical and its transformative potential, 12–14 Sept 2016 in Potsdam 21 31  Pope Francis’ Encyclical Laudato Si’ as a Catalyst for Societal Transformation?… 439 The main formats of the project activities are: (1) academic lectures and panel discussions (2) research and publications (3) documentation (and multiplication) of the findings via different media From May 2016 to Jan 2017 five academic events have been hosted in Eichstätt, Berlin and Potsdam,24 and more are planned for the year 2017 KU, VDW, PIK and IASS have started a joint research project on “Religion and Environmental/Climate Change” with a first research workshop in May 2016 Two PhD projects are being pursued by the two project managers25 under the auspices of the KU/VDW Project, with topics related to the project Furthermore, about 15 interviews with people from different areas of expertise have been carried out, focusing on the encyclical, its perception, its role in transformation processes and its potential impacts.26 For the aim of documentation, all lectures, conferences and interviews are filmed and transcribed in written form All results and findings are made accessible on the project’s website, www.laudato-si-transformation.de  (KU/VDW Project 2016a) In this way, the project team tries to spread and multiply transformative knowledge and impulses These structural elements of the KU/VDW Project reveal its potential as a catalyst and sustainability driver In the following we will use the WBGU’s characteristics of transformative drivers (cf Sect 31.1) and assess whether they apply to the KU/VDW Project The change agent’s characteristic Having a convincing idea and vision for change is apparent in the KU/VDW Project without any doubt The common vision of KU, VDW, PIK and IASS is the transformation of the economy and society towards sustainability.27 This is also expressed in the project’s title and its guiding principle: “The aim is to face the global challenges of our time and develop solutions for a Great Transformation towards (more) sustainability” (KU/VDW Project 2016b) For the realisation of this vision, the KU/VDW Project team joins forces with other sustainability-minded actors and institutions, first and foremost with PIK and IASS. Moreover, the project team networks on the regional, national and international level.28 Within the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt and its f­ aculties, the project tries to cooperate with actors already working for sustainability (cf KU “Nachhaltigkeitsbericht” 2016) Through this, and via the project website and additional work on media relations and other communication measures, the project team  For details see http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de/veranstaltungen/  Namely Christian Meier and Till Weyers 26  For example Prof Dr Klaus Tưpfer, Prof Dr Hartmut Grl, Christoph Bals, Rev John Patrick Ngoyi, Prof Dr Mary Evelyn Tucker, Card Jaime Lucas Ortega, Prof Dr Hubert Weiger have been interviewed Almost all interview partners were participants of the academic events 27  This is also the vision of the WBGU and is inherent in Laudato Si’ 28  Partners on regional level include the “Department for the Creation and Climate Protection” and the “Department for the World-Wide Church (‘Referat Weltkirche’)” of the Diocese of Eichstätt, or also single actors such as the KU-Prof Dr Ingrid Hemmer and the KU-Prof emer Dr Engelbert Groß On the national level the project engages with Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Germanwatch, Pax Christi and the BUND – Friends of the Earth Germany 24 25 www.ebook3000.com 440 U Bartosch et al tries to activate and gain fellows These network-building activities are further characteristic of change agents.29 The next change agent’s characteristic is closely linked: Dialogue, discourse, cooperation with politics, civil society and economy for exploring and developing visions and solutions The above-mentioned activities of networking include the mutual support of the partners and the common goals and cooperation Generating and conducting formats, platforms and events for dialogue comprises the core activity and communicative structure of the project, as is already expressed in the project title Following the project’s guiding principle “Key messages of the encyclical […] are analysed and critically discussed with experts from the areas of science, economics, politics, churches and civil society organisations” (KU/VDW Project 2016b) Indeed, all the above-mentioned actors participate as speakers at the KU/VDW events.30 With this the KU/VDW Project team’s activities also meet the characteristic, Use of inter- as well as transdisciplinary procedure methods and approaches, including stakeholder participation.31 All the project activities mentioned have, in addition to other aims, the goal of developing (theoretical und practical) solutions, cf the project’s guiding principle: “The aim is to face the global challenges of our time and develop solutions for a Great Transformation towards more sustainability” (KU/ VDW Project 2016b) The involvement of the civil society in the discourse, share the current status quo of scientific knowledge and make it participate in the education and transformation process is also characteristic for the KU/VDW Project activities There are almost always actors from civil society involved in the academic events organised Furthermore, all the KU/VDW events are open to the public; the participation of the civil society is explicitly sought after.32 All participants, among them many from the regional civil society, are invited to discuss and contribute at the end of every event.33 With all its activities, the KU/VDW Project team aims at the dissemination and realisation of eco-social sustainable thinking and acting The project involves activities in the four fields or steps that bring people from “knowing to acting” (cf also Sect 31.1) First, in terms of (a) knowledge communication, in the project’s discourse process and its events, main statements of the encyclical initially are “explained” and  They network and gain important fellow campaigners, they gradually develop the idea further together, and join forces with other sustainability minded actors 30  From the areas of politics e.g the Hessian undersecretary of state Dr Beatrix Tappeser took part in a KU/VDW event, from the area of civil society e g Wiltrud Rösch-Metzler (federal chairwoman of Pax Christi) Prof Dr Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker will be key note speaker at a KU/ VDW event on eco-social sustainable economy on 12 May 2017 as well as Prof Dr Hubert Weiger (federal chairman of the BUND) on 16 and 17 May 2017 31  This is also readily apparent in the project team setup, which includes organisations from various different backgrounds, and their joint research projects It is also illustrated by the networking activities within the KU faculties 32  These results have been confirmed by a questionnaire with socio-geographic data filled out by the participants of the events 33  The involvement of civil society is also a key component of the networking activities and the information measures with and by the project partners 29 31  Pope Francis’ Encyclical Laudato Si’ as a Catalyst for Societal Transformation?… 441 contextualized by experts using the current state of knowledge.34 All the p­ resentations are accessible to the public via the project’s homepage Secondly, the project-team tries to (b) create problem awareness and transformation-­relevant awareness with all its events.35 Besides the events, the project team also gives weekly lectures at the KU on the encyclical and the Great Transformation in every summer semester as part of “education for the transformation”.36 This is intensified by excursions and background talks that help add depth to the topics.37 With all this the KU/VDW team aims at (c) shaping and changing attitudes and values towards more sustainability and (d) creating a corresponding collective and cross generational responsibility for our ‘common home’ In the best case goals, values and visions are generated to help guide the actions of individuals in a “necessary” sustainable direction The project also meets the related characteristic, self-­perception as a catalyst for societal change and the aim to activate, convince and carry people along Some indicators for the impact of the project are: high attendance, at every event at least 50 people took part; and extensive media coverage in the form of 23 reports about the events of the KU/VDW Project as of December 2016.38 All the activities mentioned above show that the KU/VDW team can give impulses, create dynamics and support changes towards more sustainability and, in other words, actively advance the Great Transformation 31.4  Final Remarks and Critical Reflection In this chapter, the question, “Can Laudato Si’ act as a catalyst for transformation?”, has been examined in different ways Without any doubt the attention of the media, believers, non-believers, science and great parts of society has been enormous  For example, Dr Angelika Hilbeck (researcher at the ETH Zürich) started the KU/VDW event on “The Encyclical Laudato Si’ and World Nutrition, Peace and Social Justice” with a presentation of the current state of knowledge on world nutrition and its unsustainable practices, cycles and relations 35  In particular the event „The Encyclical Laudato Si’ and concrete transformation by Bamboo Reforestation on the Philippines“ on 17 Oct 2016 could contribute to this; at the beginning the concept of the “Great Transformation” had been explained by an expert of the IASS; all participants and especially civil society had actively been involved by fundraising possibilities; an awareness for the importance and power of seemingly insignificant actions of single individuals for transformation was created For more details see http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de/veranstaltungen/die-welt-retten-transformation-konkret/ 36  See for example the lectures for Social Works Master Students on „Social Works and transformative science in the horizon of the Encyclical Laudato Si’” at the KU in the summer semester 2016 37  Background dialogues between the keynote speakers of the KU/VDW events and students, offered by the project team, can contribute to awareness building To the same end, two student groups were taken on excursion to the “DBU Week of the Environment” at Berlin and took part in the KU/VDW panel “The Encyclical Laudato Si’ and Science” at Jun 2016, see http://www laudato-si-transformation.de/veranstaltungen/woche-der-umwelt/ 38  Some of the press reports can be reviewed at http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de/presse/ 34 www.ebook3000.com 442 U Bartosch et al It has been illustrated that the statements of the Pope have some revolutionary character within the Catholic Church, as their highest leader puts the issue of the environment into the centre of attention for the first time and treats it in the form of an encyclical At its core is the concept of “integral ecology” which underlines the connection of environmental and social issues This along with the Pope’s moral authority invites all people, regardless of their background, to dialogue and cooperation in mastering the environmental and social challenges of our time For this reason, the encyclical is of great relevance—within the church and beyond Furthermore, the encyclical shows considerable potential to support synergetic socio-ecological transformation processes through bridge-building In addition to the individual level, Laudato Si’ has potential to impact transformations at the global political and economic level However, these potential impacts have long-­ term character and can only be revealed in the future Nevertheless, the Pope gave a very strong impulse with this document It is up to us to realise a transformation towards more sustainability Thus, the central issue is how the messages of Laudato Si’ and scientific recommendations can be implemented There are many scientific and practical examples, which offer answers to this question One example has been presented in this chapter It has been shown that, in its actions and goals, the KU/VDW Project meets all the characteristics of a driver for transformation towards more sustainability in the field of transformative education, knowledge communication and values change Active as a change agent in these fields, the KU/VDW Project is suited and able to support and drive the Great Transformation Indeed, projects like the one presented here can contribute to awareness building and a global transformation towards more sustainability The second main finding involves the specific scientific method that the project uses to further discourse, namely contextualisation and re-contextualisation of the papal encyclical within the scientific discourse Using these methods, the KU/VDW Project drives the dialogue and constructive cooperation between the religious discourse and the scientific discourse on sustainability This supports the Great Transformation towards more sustainability in an innovative manner by opening, creating and driving new procedures of dialogue and cooperation References Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Umweltbeauftragten der deutschen (Erz-)Diözesen (2017) http://www kath-umweltbeauftragte.de Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Bals C (2016) A successful provocation for a pluralistic global society The encyclical Laudato Si’ – A Magna Carta of integral ecology as a reaction to humanity’s self-destructive course Germanwatch Briefing Paper, Bonn Bergmann S, Gerten D (eds) (2010) Religion and dangerous environmental change Transdisciplinary perspectives on the ethics of climate and sustainability LIT Verlag, Münster Campwell P (2015) Hope from the Pope Nature 522(391) Carson R (1962) Silent Spring Houghton Mifflin, Boston/New York 31  Pope Francis’ Encyclical Laudato Si’ as a Catalyst for Societal Transformation?… 443 Gerten D, Bergmann S (eds) (2013) Religion in environmental and climate change Suffering, values, lifestyles Bloomsbury Academic, London Global Catholic Climate Movement (2016) http://catholicclimatemovement.global/ Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Global Catholic Climate Movement (2017) Conference on Laudato Si’ & Catholic 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Frankfurter Arbeitspapiere zur gesellschaftsethischen und sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung (FAgsF) Nr 65 http://www.sanktgeorgen.de/nbi/fileadmin/redakteure/Dokumente/FAgsFs/ FAgsF65_Internetversion.pdf Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Jamieson D (2015) Why laudato si’ matters, environment Sci Policy Sustain Dev 57(6):19–20 doi: 10.1080/00139157.2015.1089140 Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (2016) Nachhaltigkeitsbericht http://www.ku.de/ unsere-ku/nachhaltigehochschule/nachhaltigkeitsberichte/ Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Klein N (2015) A Radical Vatican? New Yorker, 10 Jul 2015 Kristof K (2010) Wege zum Wandel Wie wir gesellschaftliche Veränderungen erfolgreich gestalten können oekom, Munich KU/VDW Project (2016a) http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de Accessed 16 Jan 2017 KU/VDW Project (2016b) Leitbild http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de/Leitbild Accessed 16 Jan 2017 KU/VDW Project (2016c) Presse http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de/presse Accessed 16 Jan 2017 KU/VDW Project (2016d) Veranstaltungen http://www.laudato-si-transformation.de/veranstaltungen Accessed 16 Jan 2017 KU/VDW Project (2016e) Veranstaltungen Die Welt retten? Transformation konkret! http:// www.laudato-si-transformation.de/veranstaltungen/die-welt-retten-transformation-konkret Accessed 16 Jan 2017 KU/VDW Project (2016f) Veranstaltungen Internationaler Fachworkshop am IASS http://www laudato-si-transformation.de/veranstaltungen/internationaler-fachworkshop-am-iass Accessed 16 Jan 2017 KU/VDW Project (2016g) Veranstaltungen Woche der Umwelt http://www.laudato-si-­ transformation.de/veranstaltungen/woche-der-umwelt Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Laudato Si Week (2016) http://laudatosiweek.org Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Marx Cardinal R (2015) Den Fortschritt neu denken In: Laudato Si’ Die Umweltenzyklika des Papstes Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau, p 9–18 McKibben B (2015) The Pope and the Planet http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/ aug/13/pope-and-planet Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW III (1972) The Limits to Growth Universe Books, New York O’Riordan T, McGowan A, Hamann R, Myanna L, Zhang L (2015) The legacy of the papal encyclical, environment Sci Policy Sustain Dev 7(76):2–5 doi:10.1080/00139157.2015.1089135 Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (2016) Laudato Si’ http://www.uc.cl/es/enciclica-laudatosi Accessed 16 Jan 2017 www.ebook3000.com 444 U Bartosch et al Pope Francis (2015a) Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ of the holy father Francis on care for our common home Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City Pope Francis (2015b) Ansprache bei den Büros der Vereinten Nationen in Nairobi am 26 November 2015 http://de.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/11/26/papst_franziskus_bei_der_uno/1189744 Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Pope Leo XIII (1891) Rerum Novarum Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on capital and labor Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City Santa Clara University (2016a) https://www.scu.edu Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Santa Clara University (2016b) Our common home SCU responds to Laudato Si’ https://www scu.edu/ourcommonhome Accessed 16 Jan 2017 Schorlemmer F (2016) Unsere Erde ist zu retten Haltungen, die wir jetzt brauchen Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau The Guardian (2015) The Guardian view on Laudato Si’: Pope Francis calls for a cultural revolution The pope links the destruction of the environment with the exploitation of the poor The world should pay attention https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/18/ guardian-­view-on-laudato-si-pope-francis-cultural-revolution Accessed 16 Jan 2017 The St James’s Palace Nobel Laureate Symposium (2009) The St James’s Palace Memorandum “Action for a Low Carbon and Equitable Future” London, UK, 26–28 May 2009 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK/Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research The United Nations (1992) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development The United Nations, New York The United Nations (2015) Sustainable Development Goals The United Nations, New York The United Nations/World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future (also known as “Brundtland Report”) The United Nations, New York Tucker ME (2015) Ecological challenges evoke ethical response Environment Sci Policy Sustain Dev 57(6):25–27 doi:10.1080/00139157.2015.1089144 WBGU  – German Advisory Council on Global Change (2004) Towards Sustainable Energy Systems Flagship Report 2003 Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York WBGU – German Advisory Council on Global Change (2011a) Factsheet No 1/2011 A Social Contract for Sustainability WBGU, Berlin WBGU  – German Advisory Council on Global Change (2011b) World in Transition A Social Contract for Sustainability Flagship Report WBGU, Berlin WBGU  – German Advisory Council on Global Change (2011c) Factsheet No 3/2011 Global Megatrends WBGU, Berlin WBGU  – German Advisory Council on Global Change (2012) Factsheet Research and Education Drivers of Transformation WBGU, Berlin Index A Acid mine drainage, 84 Action plan, 20, 21, 217 Adaptive policy, 335–345 Agencies, 177 Aggregation method, 81 Agricultural development, 192 Alternative mineral sources, 312 ‘Alternative Mining Indaba’ (AMI), 108 Aluminium, 206 Aluminium Norf GmbH (Alunorf), 386–387 ‘America First Energy Plan,’ 94 Anglo-Saxon model, 307 Anthropocene, 94 Anthroposphere, Assessment method, 87 Assessment of financial products, 174 Asset value, 133 Association of German Engineers Centre for Resource Efficiency, 217 Austrian Public Employment Service (AMS), 288, 293 Availability of raw materials, 72 Average Finnish, 366, 368 Awareness of resource conservation and efficiency, 152, 154 B Baden-Wuerttemberg, 349 Basque country, 233–248 Basque Ecodesign Centre, 234–239 Bauen 4.0, 380 Beds, 310 Behaviour, 181 Behaviour change, 26, 29 Benefit, 176 BEST programme, 350 BilRess network, 152, 154–156, 158–159, 224 Bioeconomy, 102, 342 Bio-fermentation, 312 Biological resources, 132 Biomass, 189, 201 Biomimicry, 313 Biosphere, Blockadia, 99 Blood diamonds, 136 BMUB’s National Climate Initiative, 220 Border tax adjustments, 176 Bottom of the Pyramid, 208 Bottom-up approaches, 49–50 Bottom-up models, 318 Brundtland Commission, 305 Building industry, 227–228 Building Information Modelling (BIM), 380 Building sector, 298 Building-stock, 318 Building stock modelling (BSM), 318–320 Building with timber, 376 Business models, 118, 328, 329 Business strategy, 315 C Capital formation, 139, 142 ‘Capitalocene,’ 94 Carbon capture and storage, 134 Carbon footprint (CF), 314, 364–365, 369 Carpet tiles, 313 Causal loop diagram, 37 Central Africa, 137 Chemical industry, 135 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 H Lehmann (ed.), Factor X, Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science 32, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50079-9 www.ebook3000.com 445 446 Chemical leasing model, 395–403 Choice of materials, 181 Circular economy, 167, 192–194, 205, 251–262, 291, 306, 308, 315, 335–345 demonstration projects, 242–246 package, 216, 217, 251–262 Circularity, 306, 309 Circular production, 308 Civil society, 172 Cleaning in Place (CIP), 388, 389 Cleantech, 307, 313 Clean Technology List, 240 Climate change, 169 Climate change mitigation, 220 Climate justice (CJ), 95, 99–100 Closing material loops, 192–194 Club of Rome, 347 Coal, 138 Co-benefits, 208 Cochabamba approach, 99 Commission’s Annual Growth Survey, 19 Commodities, 139 Companies, 176 Complexity, 34 Concept for communicating, 181 Conflicts, 203 diamonds, 136 minerals, 136, 144 Construction costs, 298 Consumer goods, 176 Consumer information, 181 Consumption-based, 49 approach, 17, 20 indicators, 60 Consumption society, 278 Conveyor lubrication, 401–402 Copper, 206 Corporate social responsibility, 313 Cost-effective, 233–248 Costs for manufacturing industry, 201 Cradle-to-cradle, 144, 311, 433 Cradle to Cradle Vision, 310 Craftsmanship, 307 Critical ecology movements, 101 Criticality, 72, 88, 177 Critical materials, 196, 202 Customer-centred approach, 328 Cybernetic table, 383 D Daimler AG, 357–358 Dakota Access Pipe Line (DAPL), 99 Index Database, 207 Decarbonisation, 418 Decolonization of the imaginary, 280 Decoupling, 57–59 Degrowth, 277 Dematerialising, 351 Dematerialization, 181 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 137 Depletion of geological raw material resources, 72 Deposits, 83 Deventer, 310 Digitalisation, 376 Digital platform, 380 Digital twin, 380–381 Direct material input (DMI), 194 Disruption, 139, 144, 145 Dissemination, 358 Dissipation, 181 Divestment, 136, 138 DMC/RMC, 205 Dodd-Frank Act, 146 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, 137 Domestic material consumption (DMC), 20, 194 Downstream circularity, 313 Drivers of consumption, 322 Driving forces, 187–189 Duravit AG, 355–356 Dutch Government, 306 Dutch paper and board industry, 311–312 Dysprosium, 348 E Earth system governance, 210 Eco-design and energy consumption labelling directives, 177 Eco effectiveness, 310 Eco efficiency, 308, 310 Eco innovation, 204 Ecological rucksacks, 300 Economic clusters, 339 Economic considerations, 188 Economic growth, 206 Economy, 167–171 Ecosystem services, 165 Education, 167 Efficiency Tool development, 218 Efficient transport, 313 Effizienz-Agentur NRW (EFA), 385, 386 Eionet network, 186 Index 447 Electric cars, 141 Electricity, 143 Electrification, 143 Employment, 178 EMT Valley, 307 End-of-life, 177 Energiewende, 138, 170 Energy, 190, 201 carriers, 190 consumption, 312 efficiency, 190 performance, 320 prices, 179 resources, 225–227 saving ordinance, 298 share in production, 308 transformation, 138, 139 transitions, 205 Entrepreneurial responsibility, 89 Environment Agency, 221 Environmental availability, 82–84 Environmental concerns, 187, 188 Environmental criticality, 87 Environmental flow resources, 133, 140 Environmental hazard potential, 83 Environmental impacts, 83 Environmental policy, 83, 186 Environmental standards, 83 Environmental strategy, 190 Ethical framework, 171 EU action plan for the circular economy, 187 EU Commission, 217 EU legislation, 195 Europe, 13–29 European Circular Economy Package, 342 European Environment Agency (EEA), 186 European Resource Efficiency Excellence Centre, 218 European Resource Efficiency Platform (EREP), 216 European Resources Forum (ERF), 222 European Semester, 17, 19 European target, 217 European Union (EU), 59, 186 Europe 2020 strategy for smart, 187 Evaluation Framework for Design for One Planet, 366 Externalities, 84, 133, 138, 142 F Factor 10 Club, Factor house, 302 Factor X, 3–11 Factor X Club, Faktor X Agentur, 302 Family business, 307, 310 Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, 226 Field of standardisation, 221 Finance, 171 Financial market institutions, 174 Financial services, 145 Financial stability board (FSB), 134 Finite earth system, 35 FIN-MIPS Household, 364–365 First mover advantage, 178 Five-node nexus, 202 Flagship initiative for resource-efficient Europe, 187 Flanders’ materials programme, 338–341 Flow accounting, 321–322 Food, 201 Food waste, 189 Footprint(s), 49, 207 Footprint approach, 17 Fossil energy, 138, 309 Fossil fuels, 188 Fossil resources, 132 Fragile regions, 204 Framework Programme (FP7) project, 367 FREUND, 391–392 Friends of the Earth International (FOEI), 98 Frontrunners, 315 Fundamental debate, 220 Future household, 367 Future technologies, 74 G G20, 134, 141 G7 Alliance on Resource Efficiency, 166, 214 Gas, 138 GDP See Gross domestic product (GDP) Geographical information systems (GIS), 318 German Resource Efficiency Program, German sustainability strategy, 181 Germany, 213–231, 252, 253, 261 Giga-factories, 141 Global changes, 34 Global cooperation, 177 Global greenhouse gas emissions, 166 Global per capita consumption, Global resource extraction, 166 Global resource use, 166 Global South, 15, 19, 21 www.ebook3000.com Index 448 Global witness, 136 Governance, 23–24, 209–210 Government intervention, 315 Grass fibres, 312 Great transformation, 428–431 Green business, 100, 101 ‘Green capitalism’ strategy, 106 Green, circular and bio-economies, 170 Green Climate Fund (GCF), 102 Green economy, 191 Green energy, 138 Green growth, 207 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, 188 neutrality, 417–419 Green paradox, 309 Gross domestic product (GDP), 142 Guideline, 75 H Hanse tradition, 306, 311 Happiness, 11 Human security, 203 100 companies project, 353 Hybrid value chains, 170 Hydropower, 208 I IDEALSPATEN, 389–390 Impact of supply restriction, 74 Impacts, 119 Import dependency, 191 Incentives, 178 India, 215 Indicators, 194–195 Industrial, 75 Industrial ecology, 117 Industry and digitalisation 4.0, 167 Informal contracts, 307 Information and communication technology (ICT), 143, 228 Infrastructures, 206 Inner compass, 230 Innovation, 167, 308 and industrial development, 191 infrastructure, 173 policy, 173 Innovative business model, 397, 398 Insights, 364–365 Institute for Industrial Ecology, 354 Institutional arrangements, 196 Institutional set-up, 196 Institutions, 208 Instrument(s), 233–248, 406 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), 95 Interdisciplinary digital platform, 383 Interdisciplinary knowledge, 207 Intergenerational equity, 306 Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF), 136 Interlinkages, 200 International agreement, 178 International monetary fund (IMF), 142 International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs), 95, 96, 98 International Resource Panel of UNEP, Intersectional climate politics, 96–99 Investment, 132, 139 Investors, 132, 144 Iron ore, 206 ISO 14.006, 238 J Japan, 215 Juncker Commission, 216 K Key approaches, 169 Klimaexpo NRW, 302 Knowledge spill-overs, 315 KU/VDW Project, 437–441 Kyoto Protocol, 101 L Land, 201 Länder Working Group on Resource Efficiency (LAGRE), 222 Laudato Si, 431–437 Learning by experience, 172 Leasing, 27, 314 Leaton, 140 Life cycle, 299 Life cycle assessment (LCA), 87, 144 Life cycle inventory data, 84 LifeCycle Tower construction system, 373 Lifestyle changes, 329–331 Lifestyle material footprint (LMF), 359–369 Limits to Growth, 32, 35, 305, 347 Livelihood, 203 Lively, 383 Local authority associations, 223 Index 449 Lock-ins, 209 Longevity, 181 Lovins, 140 Low-carbon April, 367 Low resource, 167–171 economy, 181 society, 163–181 Low-voltage, direct-current (LVDC), 142 M Maintenance contracts, 314 The Making of Green Knowledge, 100 Management systems, 144 Manufacturing industry, 204, 349 Marginal energy savings, 300 Mark Carney, 134 Market development, 179 Master plan, 167 Material flow accounting (MFA), 194, 317 Material flows analysis (MFA), 205 Material Intensity databases, 321 Materials, 201–202 added tax, 10 costs, 349 efficiency, 406, 409, 412 flows, 118 stewardship, 132, 136 Material stocks (MS), 321 Matrix, 81 Matrix concept, 86 Mattresses, 310 Megatrends, 169 Metal profiles, 354 Metals and mining, 135 MIA-VAMIL, 239 Mineral fertilizers, 202 Mineral resources, 132 Mining, 84 Mining policy framework (MPF), 136 Mission Zero®, 313, 315 Mixed Approaches, 51–52 Mix-unit MRIO, 60 Modular design, 181 Modular flooring, 313 Monitoring mechanisms, 198 Moral hazards, 136 N National policies, 188, 190, 192 The National Resource Efficiency Platform (NaRess), 223 National Resources Forum (NRF), 222 National targets, 176 Natural capital, 144 Natural resources, 33, 93–109, 166 Neighborhood/district, 321–322 Neo-classical production, 308 Neodymium, 348 Neoliberal nature, 100–104 NeRess, 219 Network, 154, 156, 158 Nexus, 199 Nexus innovation, 204 Niches, 207 Nickel, 206 Non-technological innovations, 204 North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), 386 Nuclear power, 138 Nylon fishing nets, 314 O Oekom research, 136 Oil, 138 ÖkoRess, 84–86 Ökoworld, 132 One-planet-lifestyles, 22 Operational measures, 352 Orchestrator of the supply chain., 314 Orchestrators of the production chain, 315 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 142 P Paint separation, 357–358 Paris climate agreement, 97, 326 Parity, 139 Pathways, 421 People-planet-profit, 311 Per-capita raw material consumption, 229 Performance criteria, 178 Planetary boundaries, 87, 177 Planned obsolescence, 290, 291, 293 Planning, 203 Polder model, 307 Policy guidance paper, 214 Policymakers, 165 Policy mix, 166, 422 Policy objective, 192, 193 Policy target, 195–196 Political ecology, 277 Population growth, 178 Positive externalities, 315 Power-to-gas, 135, 141 Power-to-liquid, 135, 141 www.ebook3000.com 450 Precautionary principle, Price of carbon, 133 Primary raw materials, 164 Principles, 119 Priority resources, 189–190 Private money, 25 Processing industry, 406 Producers’ responsibility, 174 Product design, 166, 252 Product information, 181 Production and consumption patterns, 181 Production/consumption system, 176, 420 Productivism, 278 Product labelling, 175 Product labelling office, 176 Product life cycle, 351 Product lifetimes, 174 Product-service systems, 179 Product stewardship, 145 ProgRess, 8, 214, 218, 219 ProgRess I, 165 ProgRess II, 219, 224–230 Progress III, 230 Prosumers, 140 Protected areas, 84 Protektorwerk Florenz aisch GmbH, 354–355 Public money, 25 Public participation procedure, 224 Public spending, 25 R Randall, 140 Raw-material consumption (RMC), 360 Raw materials, 166, 191 criticality, 73 extraction, 84 markets, 74 policy, 74 scarcity, 72 supply chain, 89 Raw materials consumption (RMC), 194 Recyclability, 176 Recycled aluminium, 311 Recycled paper, 312 Recycling, 77, 136, 174, 190, 293, 351 Recycling rate, 311 ‘Red light’ strategy, 104 Reducing Emissions through Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), 97, 98 Reference system, 88 Renewable energy, 139, 309 Reparatur-und Service-Zentrum (R.U.S.Z), 287–294 Index Representative building, 319 Research and development (R&D), 171 Research programmes, 179 Residential areas, 301 Residual materials, 351 Resilient, 165 Resilient patterns of behaviour and innovation, 171 Resource accounting, 47–48 Resource and land use, 164 Resource calculators, 179 Resource conservation, 151–155, 157, 158 Resource conservation act, 175 Resource conservation legislation, 10 Resource consumption, 165, 167 Resource culture, 169 Resource curse, 133 Resource efficiency, 13–29, 75, 151–155, 157, 158, 166, 176, 185–198, 204, 213–231, 293, 385–393, 395–403, 405–414, 419–421 Resource efficiency, 199–210 Resource Efficiency Program I, 165 Resource Efficiency Roadmap, 19, 20, 24 Resource Efficiency Roadmap for Member States, 190 Resource-efficient construction, 302 Resource-efficient design, 176 Resource-efficient europe, 165 Resource-intensive lifestyles, 164 Resource justice, 26, 164 Resource nexus, 199–210 Resource policy, 165 Resource productivity, 58, 194–196 Resource scarcity, 35 Resources Commission at the German Environment Agency, 163–181 Resource strategy, 167 Resource sufficiency, 29 Resource use, 15, 19, 20, 22–24, 28 ResQ Club, 331 Re-use of machinery, 356–357 Rhineland model, 307 Rise and fall, 37 Risk assessments, 203, 207 Risk capital, 172 Risk profile, 87 River IJssel, 306 Roadmap, 167 Roadmap to a resource efficient Europe, 187 Robert Bosch GmbH, 356–357 The role of the state, 171 Round Table on Resource Efficiency in the Construction Sector, 223 Index 451 Royal Auping, 310 Rural development, 192 S Savings potentials, 354 Scarcity, 72 assessment method, 72 indicator, 84 Scenarios, 177–178, 208–209 Secondary resources, 193 Security, 203 Service, 176 Service-oriented business model, 400 Seventh Environment Action Programme (7EAP), 20, 187 Shadow pricing, 144 Shared visions, 208 Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), 177, 220, 340 Smart energy systems, 140 Smartups, 325–332 Social availability, 82 Social inclusion, 291 Social innovation, 23, 26, 29, 167, 287–294 Social license, 138 Socially responsible production., 311 Social security systems, 172 Solar power, 141 Specific resources/sectors, 192 SPREAD, 365 Static lifetimes, 72 Statistical offices, 177 Steel sector, 141 Stranded assets, 140 Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), 400 Strategy(ies), 118, 418 Subsidies, 142 Subsidising innovations, 309 Substitution, 144 Substitution quotas, 181 Summit in Elmau, 348 Supply chain, 311, 313, 315 Supply chain securities, 203 Supply of raw materials, 83 Supply risks, 74 Sussams, 140 Sustainability, 289, 308, 309, 313, 427–442 research, 200 strategies, 167 Sustainable building, 228 Sustainable construction, 376 Sustainable consumption, 257 Sustainable development, 3–11, 105, 167, 190, 277 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 21, 24 Sustainable Development Goals, 306 Sustainable development goals (SDGs), 171, 205, 216 Sustainable production and consumption, 206 Synergies, 418 Synthesis report, 214 System archetypes, 35 System boundaries, 300 System construction, 376 System earth, System innovations, 209 Systems of provision, 203 T Tailings dam failure, 84 Take Back System, 310 Target groups, 172 Targets, 62–64, 365–367 for reductions, 167 Task force on climate-related financial disclosures (TFCD), 134 Taxation, 309 Tax deductions, 239–242 Technical progress, 308 Technology learning, 142 Technosphere, 132, 141 The eastern region of the Netherlands, 306 The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB), 99 Theory of economic growth, 308 Top-Down Approaches, 50–51 Total material consumption (TMC), 360 Total material requirement (TMR), 360 Track sourcing, 145 Trade, 139, 141, 142 Trade-offs, 418 Transboundary river management, 208 Transdisciplinary research, 207 Transformation, 418 Transformation drivers, 429–431 Transition roadmaps, 208–209 Transitions, 367–368 Trucost, 138 Typologies, 322 Typology of resources, 132 U UK, 215 United Nations (UN), 400 www.ebook3000.com 452 United Nations’ International Resource Panel (IRP), 166 United States of America (USA), 215 Upstream suppliers, 311 Urban farming, 208 Urban green space, 208 Use of natural resources, 164 Use of products, 176 Use of the environment in production, 310 User-and service-friendliness, 181 User behaviour, 170 V Value chains, 144, 165 VDI 4800, 75–82, 408, 409 VDI Centre for Resource Efficiency (VDI ZRE), 220 VDI standard 4800, 408, 410 Index W Walzwerke Einsal GmbH, 390–391 Washbasins, 355 Waste, 309 management, 190, 252, 259, 260 policy, 189 prevention, 191 Water, 201 Water-energy-food nexus, 199 Water quality, 311 Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES), 102 Work integration, 290 World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), 366–367 “World in transition” by the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU), 429–431 WORLD model, 32 ... Synthesise materials that can replace increasingly scarce natural materials; • Change to materials that fit into natural material cycles after use; • Minimise the use and release of toxic substances and. .. best practice examples of resource use in urban and rural areas, manufacturing companies and private households Of particular interest are unusual and innovative ways of thinking, such as contributions... and Katja Purr 31 Pope Francis’ Encyclical Laudato Si’ as a Catalyst for Societal Transformation? Critical Remarks and Presentation of an Inspired Exemplary Project as a Driver for Sustainability��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������