This article proposes a global study of an optical high debit chain presenting a complete simulation by comparing between the tree optical windows of telecommunications, led as an experience for teaching optical communications which are currently characterized by a grand demand for their exceptional transmission quality offering high debit, long distance of propagation and strong immunity against noise.
International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security VOL 3, NO 2, FEBRUARY 2015, 53–62 Available online at: www.ijcncs.org E-ISSN 2308-9830 (Online) / ISSN 2410-0595 (Print) Introduction to the Optical Communications by Simulating an Optical High Debit Transmission Chain Using OptiSystem with Comparison of Optical Windows ABDELHAKIM BOUDKHIL1, ASMAA OUZZANI2 and BELABBES SOUDINI3 1, Dept of Electronics, Faculty of Technology, University of Sidi Bel abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes, ALGERIA Dept of Electronics, Faculty of Technology, University of Saida, Saida, ALGERIA E-mail: 1wboudkhil.abdelhakim@yahoo.fr, 2asma.ouzzani@yahoo.fr, 3sba_soudini@yahoo.fr ABSTRACT This article proposes a global study of an optical high debit chain presenting a complete simulation by comparing between the tree optical windows of telecommunications, led as an experience for teaching optical communications which are currently characterized by a grand demand for their exceptional transmission quality offering high debit, long distance of propagation and strong immunity against noise The aim of this work extends to introduce the concepts and advantages provided by optical transmission systems using optical fiber, to observe and analyze the various limitations introduced in such systems and also to justify the choice of the optical window according to the use Keywords: Optical Communication, Laser Diode, Optical Fiber, PIN Photodiode, Optical Windows INTRODUCTION Since the history of telecommunications knew its birth, the aim of researchers was always to optimize a system which provides more reliable transmission of information, and offers a very high capacity of transport for very long distances with all protection of transmitted information against all disturbances and noise which make the received signal different from that emitted In this purpose, the crucial key to increase these performances has integrated optoelectronic components into telecommunications systems Then, a new era was appeared with the revelation of optical communication systems where the interaction between electronic and optical technologies made concretized the hybrid spatiality: Optoelectronics-Telecommunications, allying the intrinsic qualities of optics into transmission systems having enormously progressed [1] Since that time, the development of communication systems all-optics would be prodigious face the emergence of new telecommunications means (internet, telephony, imagery ) which can be measured today by the number of networks deployed across continents and oceans Today, we can’t speak about telecommunications systems without mention the optical communication systems Citing that the capacities of current optical transmissions will be more adequate the next few years, reaching a debit of the scale of Tbit/s characterizing by a growth rate of transmission flow estimated by 25% per year [2], this has motivated us to study a model of an optical high debit communication chain using OptiSystem software by describing its structure and exposing each block as well its main role in the constitution of the transmission chain in order to understand all principles employed in such kind of optical transmission In this context, E Cassan [3] studied several simple and multiplexed optical links using COMSIS software, focusing on the major limitations introduced by the various optical components (laser source, optical amplifier, optical fiber ) Equally, D Bensoussan [4] treated several principles that underlie the various technologies of optical communications in order to understand and conceive practically these optical links with different orders (long range links, short range links, local networks, high speed networks ) 54 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 In view of this importance, we are interested on the simulation of an optical high debit transmission chain using OptiSystem where we propose to exploit and compare between the three optical windows used as spectral regions in optical telecommunications field according to the optical fiber used Indeed, this work mainly presents: • First, a history of optical communication by illustrating its chronological development and the improvements that it bring into the world of telecommunications • Second, an approach about light and its properties in order to describe the luminous wave approved as support in such systems to understand the principle used for propagation in the optical fiber • Third, a description of the optical communication system studied by exposing its three main blocks: optical emitter, optical channel and optical receiver • available before the invention of the laser in 1960 [5] This substance offered the opportunity of sending a luminous signal with enough power over a long distance Later, in his “Standard Telecommunications Laboratories” publication of 1964, Charles Kao described an optical communication system for a long distance taking advantage on the joint use of laser and optical fiber Shortly afterwards, in 1966, he had experimentally demonstrated in collaboration with Georges Hockman, that it is possible to convey information in form of light over a long distance thanks to optical fiber This experience was often considered as the first data transmission via optical fiber Gradually, optical communication systems began to plot their development passing through several generations (4 generations) Today, a fifth generation is taking shape by using new techniques such as transmission with soliton, increasing of wavelength numbers, use of fiber based on photonic crystals (μ-structured)… Once these techniques will be mastered, the debit will pass to the Tbit/s In fact, a debit of 160 Gbit/s to 10 Tbit/s was tested by AlcatelLucent researchers who had successfully conveyed a cumulative flow rate of 25.6 Tbit/s over a single fiber that sets a new record in the field of optical transmissions Now, certain “pseudo-dreamers” are already talking about a debit of Pbit/s that suggests an enormous potential of optical communications in the future [6] Fourth, a complete simulation of an optical high debit transmission chain using OptiSystem where we represent the shape of the transmitted signal at each block, from emission to reception HISTORY OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS One of the most important problematic that always consists a subject for research is how to transmit signals by using light? This question is not new because lots of optical signals were found able to transmit certain information from very early eras: For example, at the middle age, smoke signals used by Indians in North America were the first old example of optical communications Also, along the Rhine Rhone's axe, warning signals were transmitted over dozens of kilometers from castle to castle when detecting danger by using mirrors to reflect sun rays This simple system had inspired the first modern test of optical communications In fact, optical communications were not LIGHT IN OPTICAL FIBER In order to eventually imagine and conceive the optoelectronic components using for telecommunications, it is very interesting to know what is light as well as its properties, this allows approving the optical communications The light is a form of energy such as electricity It is composed of minuscule particles called “photons” that move under wave forms (Figure 1) It is generated by the vibration of electrons in atoms [7] 55 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 Superior orbit Electromagnetic wave Electron Magnetic field Normal orbit Nucleus Luminous wave « photon » Electric field Fig Generation Of Luminous Waves “Photons” Fig Nature Of Electromagnetic Luminous Wave It is a mixture of electric and magnetic waves producing an electromagnetic wave (Figure 2) whose optic physical properties are based on Maxwell's equations reacting on all phenomena of luminous ray propagation [8] Glass cladding Total reflection Optical fiber Incident ray Fiber core n1 n2 Reflected ray Total reflection n1: Refraction Index Of The Fiber Core n2: Refraction Index Of The Fiber Glass Cladding Fig Principle Of Luminous Reflection In Optical Fiber Emission module Information « data » Coding Modulator Luminous signal Optical source « laser diode » Power « current » Optical fiber Optical fiber Photodetector Decoding Electrical amplifier Filter Information « retrieved data » Clock Synchronization Reception module Fig Schematic Diagram Of The Optical High Debit Communication System Proposed For Study 56 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 Light is an electromagnetic wave which propagates at a speed depending on the transmission environment, it suggests the principles of geometrical optics: refraction and reflection of which the principle of total reflection (null refraction) is applied to realize elements which guide light, for this, we simply place a material of n1 index between two materials of n2 index in a way where n2 is less than n1 (n2 < n1); this is exactly the principle of optical fiber where the two interfaces forming the glass cladding act as mirrors one facing the other on which luminous ray propagate along the core achieving a total reflection in a waveguide as illustrates the figure [9, 10] In fact, light is only a vibration created by the circulation of a current on a physical support which is the optical fiber that provides a guided transmission of luminous rays emitted from the optical source “diode” to the optical detector “photodiode” humidity for example), andminimal attenuation The idea of this optical transmission is still based on the baseband transmission principles (Figure 4) [13, 14]: • First, information is coded in order to increase the transmission gain, converted into a luminous signal and modulated with a coherent monochromatic optical source which is “laser diode” • After, the optical signal will propagate over a long distance (thousands of miles) through an optical support which is "the optical fiber", this recent innovation which has quickly taken a major role in the world of telecommunications for its capacity to convey a large amount of information over a long distance As objective, the optical fiber presents a waveguide that imprisons luminous rays on the core for propagating without loss by borrowing a zigzag path (Figure 3) In reality, the power luminous wave will be attenuated during its propagation in fiber where losses are due to the fluctuations related at the channel density in a scale lower than the considered wavelength; this phenomenon is known by Rayleigh diffusion In this case, three wavelength windows (Figure 5) can be used with conventional fibers where the minimum attenuation of 0.22 dB/Km is not far from the theoretical minimum of the silica; the difference is explained by the act of the nonusage of the pure silica It is obligatory to dope either fiber core or glass cladding; this increases the fluctuations of composition and therefore diffusion losses [15, 16] • Finally, the information can be recuperated at the reception through an optoelectronic conversion ensured by “the photodiode”; the information is shaped, demodulated, decoded and corrected, it is finally transmitted OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM In 1948, the American mathematician Claude Shannon was the first one who formulated a theory of information applied to the general model of any system of communication from guided or unguided type, such as radio, wired or optical system where both source and detector constitute two separated entities connected by a channel which presents the support of transmission [11, 12] In fact, every communication is summarized in three main modules that constitute the transmission chain: • Emission module that adapts the generated message from the source to the channel • Channel of communication that presents the physical medium on which the message propagates until the receiver • Reception module that must reconstruct the emitted massage depending on the received message • In this purpose, transmit information in optical manner demands the use of optical fiber as a useful transmission medium to obtain a very important debit for long distance by ensuring enormous electromagnetic immunity (against temperature and The schematic diagram displayed in figure [14] represents the example of the optical high debit transmission system chosen for simulation 57 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 Attenuation (dB/Km) 1.2 0.4 0.2 λ (nm) 850 nm 1300 nm 1550 nm Window Window Window Fig Spectral Attenuation For Standard Optical Fiber According To The Optical Windows SIMULATION AND RESULTS We have chosen for simulation, the OptiSystem software which permitted to analyze and conceive all optical system modules in form of schematic blocks We have simulated an optical high debit transmission chain presented in figure 4, in fact, the model of simulation is illustrated in the figure where we have attributed to this chain the following parameters: emitted power Pe = 50 mW, transmission debit D = 10 Gbit/s, laser diode wavelength λ = 1552.52 nm, mono-mode fiber length LFib = 50 Km, PIN photodiode sensitivity S = 0.8 A/W Fig Model of Simulation: Optical High Debit Transmission Chain « Pe = 50 mW, D = 10 Gbit/s, λ = 1552.52 nm, LFib = 50 Km, S = 0.8 A/W » The aim is to study the transmission processes produced in such chain by examining the luminous transmitted signal in every block using a temporal visualization (in terms of time using an optical time domain visualizer) or a spectral visualization(in terms of frequency using an optical spectrum analyzer) The results are respectively represented as following: 5.1 Bit sequence generator It is a binary source which delivers a pseudorandom sequence that represents the emitted information, in other terms, it modules binary symbols (0 or 1) using a function that generates symbols in a random manner, so, this source plays the role of transmitted digital data We have chosen to use for this simulation a data size of 10 Gbit/s 5.2 RZ pulse generator This modulator driver modifies high and low pulses of the generated binary sequence (transmitted information) to be modulated A large number of studies has already compared between RZ and NRZ formats used for modulation : for transmissions which use a unique channel (nonmultiplexed transmission), several experiences were demonstrated that performances are better for the RZ format than the NRZ format especially in terms of resistance against non-linear effects, however, for multiplexed transmissions using WDM “Wavelength Division Multiplexing” technique for example, the NRZ format supports 58 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 some penalties in term of transmission contrary to the RZ format; this is due to the greater spectral extension of multiplexed channel comparing with unique channel [17] For this, we consider the RZ modulation format since we haven't used a multiplexing technique (Figure 7) 5.3 Bias generator It constitutes an electrical source that generates current on the laser input, it used an amplitude of 0.23 equivalent to a power of 50 mW This value can be varied according to the choice or the necessity 5.4 Laser diode Due to its advantages offered for high speed optical communications, we have chosen the laser diode as an optical source for the considered chain This diode is described by its internal physical parameters (wavelength, power, coefficient of differential gain, photon life-time ) At first, we have attributed to the laser a wavelength of 1552 nm which corresponds to the third optical window, after we have respectively used a length of 1300 nm and 850 according to the second and the first optical window in order to compare between these optical windows used in telecommunications as previously presented in the section It is important to mention that the laser output depends on the injected current whose the power is continuous The emitted laser spectrum is composed of several rays centred on the principal laser length 1552 nm (depending on the optical window), it is characterized by a narrow wavelength providing a small emitted zone to be compatible with the dimensions of the fiber core (Figure 8, a, b) Fig Emitted Data - RZ Pulse Generator Output (a) Spectral Visualization Of Laser, λ = 1552 nm (b) Temporal Visualization Of Laser Fig Laser Output Fig Modulator output 59 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 (a) Fiber Signal Of The 3rd Optical Window 1552 nm → 193.2 THz (b) Fiber Signal Of The 2nd Optical Window 1300 nm → 230.6 THz (c) Fiber Signal Of The 1st Optical Window 850 nm → 352.7 THz Fig 10 Optical Fiber Output For Different Optical Windows Fig 11 PIN Photodiode Output (In Blue) – Noise Of Photodetection (In Green) (a) Amplified Signal (b) Amplified Noise Fig 12 Amplifier Output 60 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 Fig 13 Filter Output mode optical fiber, characterized by its length equal to 50 Km which is invariant for all parts of simulation The attenuation is respectively 0.2, 0.4 or 1.2 dB/Km, the bandwidth is respectively 193.1, 230.6 or 352.7 THz according to the three optical windows which depend respectively on a wavelength of 1552, 1300 or 850 nm A phenomenon of granularities appeared in the fiber signal, this problem is due to the attenuation and the chromatic dispersion which cause a distortion of the luminous pulses carrying information This phenomenon of dispersion varies depending on the wavelength selected for the fiber where the optimal choice constitutes the third optical window (1550 nm) in which this phenomenon is more reduced comparing with the other windows (850 nm and 1300 nm), this is because it ensures a minimum of attenuation (Figure 10, a, b, c) In order to improve these degradations, it is preferable to use a DCF “Dispersion Compensation Fiber” having a chromatic dispersion with opposite sign to put data in their initial form; many of these fibers exist with various features [17] 5.7 PIN Photodiode Negative” Fig 14 Pulse Generator Output – Data Recovery 5.5 Electro-absorption Modulator It is an external modulator based on FranzKeldysh effect on massive semiconductors III-V and confined Stark effect on quantum points The electrical signal delivered to the modulator is normalized between and according to the RZ format; for a positive tension, the modulator allows to pass all luminous rays received at its input, but for a null tension it absorbs them, in fact, during this external modulation, both laser signal and electrical signal representing information are sent to the modulator to produce a modulated optical signal which is inevitably attenuated because of the modulator absorption losses (Figure 9) 5.6 Transmission channel – optical fiber We have chosen as transmission support a mono- “Photodiode Intrinsic The photodetector is the crucial element that constitutes the reception part which transforms luminous rays carried by the fiber into an electrical signal which will be developed to extract the emitted information We have attributed to the PIN photodiode, a sensitivity of 0.8 A/W It is specifically distinguished that the photodiode constitutes the seat of noise which is observed additive to the useful signal; this noise has a random character manifested by parasitic fluctuations that distort the electrical pulses containing information It is the noise of photodetection whose the sources are internal generated in the photodiode core; this noise has a low power that equivocally influences the received signal consequently the transmitted information (Figure 11) 5.8 Electrical amplifier This operator has a formal gain (10 dB) which multiplies the detected signal (photodiode output) by a specific constant in order to amplify its low power in order to facilitate the extraction of information The disadvantage is that this amplification also affects the noise of photodetection which will be amplified and increased too (Figure 12, a, b) 61 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 5.9 Filter It is a low pass filter characterized by its approximation of Bessel and its cut-off frequency fc = 0.75 debit = 7.5 GHz This filter aims to reduce the amplified noise and purify the digital signal to easily extract the transmitted information (Figure 13) 5.10 Pulse generator - data recovery Its structure possesses an input designed for the signal issued on the filter output, and an output which establish the regenerated binary signal The transmission was plainly disturbed by several phenomena including the dispersion and the attenuation introduced on the optical fiber, and the noise of photodetection and the noise of amplification caused in reception module; these perturbations reflect a degradation in the transmission by providing errors on the received binary data that influences the transmitted information (Figure 14), by consequence it is necessary to use the FEC “Forward Error Correction” technique which has recently emerged in the field of optical transmissions [17], it encodes the binary data before their transmission using an adapted algorithm based on a data redundancy containing information, that allows to detect and probably correct errors, in other terms, it permits to obtain a very small number of errors committed in reception CONCLUSION This work was mainly aimed to study and simulate an optical high debit transmission chain using OptiSystem with comparison between the different optical windows in order to present a wide view about optical communication systems by describing the various shortcomings occurred in this kind of transmission such as attenuation, dispersion, [18] noise of photodetection and noise of amplification, and justifying the selection of the optical window depending on the intended purpose of transmission These optical systems transmit and treat luminous signals in a way that represents numerous advantages comparing with those offered by electronic systems; this gives opportunity to realize very fast and reliable systems involving radical changes in telecommunications industry Today, more than 10 millions of kilometers of optical fibers are manufactured every year offering a mature technology distributed in different areas of application [7] In the last decade, the optical fiber has got a huge copiousness especially for the long distance transmission systems, where optical fiber links will be associated with radio links in the future In the other hand, satellite links are really considered better to answer all user needs; in fact satellite links constitute the important enemy of optical fiber links Although the optical fiber provides a large bandwidth, it is probably that it will be strongly competed with the satellite If the technological developments will permit to use satellite networks at reasonable prices, it is not certain that the optical fiber cannot preserve its domination in all segments of the communication markets Finally, it is predicted that in 2030 the transmission speed will be higher hundred times than it today consequently it will be possible to transmit data of Tbit/s to and from individuals [7] In view of their enormous interests, it was really important to introduce this deep study about optical fiber communication systems that never cease to amaze us REFERENCES [1] H Brahimi, ‘‘Study of Microwave Optical System Noise Modelization, Characterization and Application of Phase Metrology Noise and Frequency Generation”, Doctorate Thesis, Specialty of Micro-Waves, Electromagnetism and Optoelectronics, University of Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, 2010 [2] L Provino, “Controlled Generation and Amplification of Very Large Spectral Bands in Conventional and Micro-structured Optical Fibers’’, Doctorate Thesis, Speciality of Engineer Sciences, University of FrancheComte, 2002 [3] E Cassan, “Introduction to The Optical Telecommunications by Simulating Simple Systems”, Journal of Science Teaching, Information Technologies and Systems, J3EA, Vol 3, N°7, 2003 [4] D BENSOUSSAN, “Introduction to The Optical Fiber Communication”, ETS Edition, 2003 [5] A Dupret, A Fischer, “Telecommunications Courses’’, Department of Telecom Engineering and Networks, IUT de Villetaneuse, University of Paris XIII, 2002 [6] M Joindot, I Joindot, “Optical Fiber Transmission Systems”, Engineer Techniques, Telecommunications TE 7115, 1999 [7] M Razzak, “3D Optical Switch With Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal for WDM Optical Channel Routing”, Doctorate Thesis, Speciality of Signal Processing and Telecommunications, University of Rennes I, 2003 62 A Boudkhil et al / International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 [8] E Hitti, “Light Nature and Proprieties”, UE 3.1, University of Rennes I, 2012 [9] H Gagnaire, “Geometrical and Physical Optics”, Casteilla, Paris, 2006 [10] R Samadi, “Courses of Geometrical Optics”, UE LP 103, University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, 2009 [11] C E Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”, Bell System Technical Journal, July and October, 1948.A [12] Glavieux, M Joindot, “Digital Communications: Introduction”, Masson, Paris, 1996 [13] L Wehenkel, “Information and Coding Theory”, Masson, Paris, 1996 [14] J G Mestdagh Denis, “Fundamentals of Multi-Access Optical Fiber Networks”, Artech House Publishers, 1995 [15] M Joindot, I Joindot, “The Optical Fiber Telecommunications”, Dunod, Paris, 1996 [16] M Joindot, I Joindot, “Optical Fibers for Telecommunications”, Engineer Techniques, Electronics TE 7110, 1999 [17] P Lecoy, “Optical Telecommunications”, Hermes-science, Paris, 1992 [18] A Boudkhil, A Ouzzani, B Soudini, “Optical communication – Noise of photodetection”, European University Edition, Sarrubruck, 2015 ... potential of optical communications in the future [6] Fourth, a complete simulation of an optical high debit transmission chain using OptiSystem where we represent the shape of the transmitted... Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security, (2), February 2015 In view of this importance, we are interested on the simulation of an optical high debit transmission chain using OptiSystem. .. decoded and corrected, it is finally transmitted OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM In 1948, the American mathematician Claude Shannon was the first one who formulated a theory of information applied to the