Risk and Hyperconnectivity Oxford Studies in Digital Politics Series Editor: Andrew Chadwick, Royal Holloway, University of London Using Technology, Building Democracy: Digital Campaigning and the Construction of Citizenship Jessica Baldwin-Philippi Bits and Atoms: Information and Communication Technology in Areas of Limited Statehood Steven Livingston and Gregor Walter-Drop Expect Us: Online Communities and Political Mobilization Jessica L. Beyer Digital Cities: The Internet and the Geography of Opportunity Karen Mossberger, Caroline J. Tolbert, and William W. Franko The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power Andrew Chadwick Tweeting to Power: The Social Media Revolution in American Politics Jason Gainous and Kevin M. Wagner The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam Philip N. Howard Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring Philip N. Howard and Muzammil M. Hussain The MoveOn Effect: The Unexpected Transformation of American Political Advocacy David Karpf Taking Our Country Back: The Crafting of Networked Politics from Howard Dean to Barack Obama Daniel Kreiss Prototype Politics: Technology-Intensive Campaigning and the Data of Democracy Daniel Kreiss Revolution Stalled: The Political Limits of the Internet in the Post-Soviet Sphere Sarah Oates Disruptive Power: The Crisis of the State in the Digital Age Taylor Owen Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics Zizi Papacharissi Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age Jennifer Stromer- Galley News on the Internet: Information and Citizenship in the 21st Century David Tewksbury and Jason Rittenberg The Civic Organization and the Digital Citizen: Communicating Engagement in a Networked Age Chris Wells Networked Publics and Digital Contention: The Politics of Everyday Life in Tunisia Mohamed Zayani Risk and Hyperconnectivity MEDI A AND MEMOR IE S OF NEOL IBER AL I SM ANDRE W HOSK INS and JOHN TULLOCH 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of congress cataloging in publication data Names: Hoskins, Andrew, 1967– author | Tulloch, John, author Title: Risk and hyperconnectivity: media and memories of neoliberalism / Andrew Hoskins and John Tulloch Description: Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, [2016] | Series: Oxford studies in digital politics | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015034921| ISBN 978–0–19–937549–3 (hardcover: alk paper) | ISBN 978–0–19–937550–9 (pbk.: alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Social conflict in mass media | Protest movements—Press coverage | Political participation—Press coverage | Disasters—Press coverage | Neoliberalism | Risk—Sociological aspects | Mass media—Social aspects | Mass media—Political aspects Classification: LCC P96.S63 H67 2016 | DDC 303.6—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015034921 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by Sheridan, USA Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction Part I MEMORIES OF NEOLIBERALISM C ultural Memory, Premediation, and Risk Narratives: Remembering Neoliberalism in the Global Financial Crisis 23 P rint Media and the Climax of the Global Financial Crisis: A Case Study of Images, Narratives, Genres, and Memories 52 T he New Protest Movements and Dialogical Thinking: Peripheral and Connective Logics 88 The New Protest Movements and Mainstream Newspapers: A Case Study of the 2009 London Anti-G20 Demonstrations 108 F rom Tabloids to Broadsheets: A Case Study of “Everyday” and “Premediated” Journalism during the Global Financial Crisis 161 D efining Perception in Established Media and the Challenge from Emergence: Two Case Studies 196 Part II SCARCITY AND POSTSCARCITY M emory and the Archival Event: A Case Study of the Coroner’s Inquest into the 2005 London Bombings 219 v i contents The 2011 English Riots: A Case Study 243 10 The Piketty Event: A Case Study 258 11 H acked Off: A Case Study of the New Risk of Emergence 271 12 On Memory and Forgetting 297 Notes 311 References 317 Index 325 Acknowledgments Our collaboration on Risk and Hyperconnectivity was significantly aided through John Tulloch’s award of a senior research fellowship at the Adam Smith Research Foundation, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK, in 2012–2013 and we are grateful for their recognition and support of our interdisciplinary work Over the four years of this collaboration we are indebted to many people who have generously given their time and assistance, including personal support as well as intellectual guidance Shona Illingworth first introduced us at her Memory and War Forum at the Wellcome Collection in 2008 and we are grateful for her continuing inspiration and support on a number of projects, including on her innovative Amnesia Forums Our collaboration on the 2005 London bombings work began through an Arts and Humanities Research Project led by Hoskins (Conflicts of Memory: Mediating and Commemorating the 2005 London Bombings, Award no AH/E002579/1) and on this and for wider support we are very grateful to Nuria Lorenzo-Dus, Steven D. Brown, and Matthew Allen, and we are also grateful to Annie Bryan William Merrin’s bold interventions in Media Studies have influenced our thinking on this work, as has Hoskins’ collaboration with Ben O’Loughlin on numerous projects and books We are also grateful to Stevie Docherty for her help through several stages of the preparation of the manuscript and her advice on our media and riots case study chapter Our thanks are due also to Marian Tulloch for her careful and intelligent reading of the copy edited proofs, and to Janet Andrew for her extremely professional work on the index The development of our work has benefited from critical feedback from a diverse set of academic and public audiences, including our panel with Shona Illingworth at the “Anxiety in Late Modernity” Symposium, Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design in 2014; Tulloch’s masterclasses and other talks at the University of Glasgow; Hoskins’ talk on the “Crisis, What Crisis” vii v i i i acknowledgments Panel, The Sociolinguistics of Globalization Conference, University of Hong Kong; and at the “Threats to Openness in the Digital World” Conference, Northumbria University, both in 2015 We are very grateful to the Digital Politics Series editor Andrew Chadwick for his support from outline proposal stage through to final manuscript and also to our OUP editor, Angela Chnapko for her faith in the project, and also to Princess Ikatekit We are grateful to the anonymous proposal readers and to the reader of the final manuscript for their constructive comments and important advice Risk and Hyperconnectivity 32 references Hoskins, Andrew 2004 Televising War: From Vietnam to Iraq London: Continuum Hoskins, Andrew 2009 “Digital Network Memory.” In Mediation, Remediation and the Dynamics of Cultural Memory, edited by Astrid Erll and Ann Rigney, 91–108 Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Hoskins, Andrew 2011 “7/7 and Connective Memory: Interactional Trajectories of Remembering in Post-scarcity Culture.” Memory Studies (3): 269–80 Hoskins, Andrew 2012 “Emergence versus the Mainstream: Media and Memory after the Connective Turn.” Invited lecture, Memory Unbound, Lecture Series on New Directions in Memory Studies, Ghent University, Belgium Hoskins, Andrew 2013a “Technologies of Memory and archival regimes: War diaries after the connective turn.” Research fellowship proposal Hoskins, Andrew 2013b “Death of a Single Medium.” Media, War and Conflict (2): 3–6 Hoskins, Andrew 2013c “The End of Decay Time.” Memory Studies (4): 387–89 Hoskins, Andrew 2014a “The Mediatization of Memory.” In Mediatization of Communication, edited by Knut Lundby, 661–79 Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton Hoskins, Andrew 2014b “A New Memory of War.” In Journalism and Memory, edited by Barbie Zelizer and Keren Tenenboim-Weinblatt, 179–91 Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Hoskins, Andrew 2015a “Archive Me! 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Lance and Alexandra Segerberg, 16, 100–4, 117, 155 on connectivity/collectivity, 88, 97, 100–2 , 155, 197, 203 on G20 Meltdown and PPF, 101–4, 116–17, 152–3 Berger, John, Ways of Seeing, 260, 262 Big Data, 250, 263, 299, 307 Blackberry Messenger (BBM), 245, 251–2 blagging, 295 Blair, Tony, 85, 183, 307 Blanchflower, David, 143–4 Blitz on London, remediated memory of, 213 Bowers, Adam, 156 Bowker, George C., 270, 302 Brand, Russell, 185 Bretton Woods, 24, 212 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 176, 183 broadsheet press, 128, 162, 187 Bronk, Richard, 69 Brooks, Rebekah, 274, 283 Brown, Gordon, 183–4, 193 cartoon of, 179 criticism of, 58–9, 61, 131, 149 economic policy of, 63, 80 at G20 summit meeting, 114–15, 144 speech to City of London, 69–70 support for, 171 Brown, Steven D. and Andrew Hoskins, 196, 207, 209–11 BSkyB, 274 Bunting, Madeleine, 69 Calcutt, Sir David, 280 Callaghan, James, 121–3, 188 Cameron, David, 59, 61, 144, 273, 283–4 Campbell, Duncan, 138–4 capital, 266–7 capitalism, 37, 63, 65, 68, 73–4, 77–8, 96, 121–2, 130, 173, 191 loss of confidence in, 65, 80–1 reform of, 124–5 carnival, 102–3, 108–9, 137, 151–3, 198–9, 205, 215 Carter, Jimmy, 149 cartoons, 58, 70, 100, 115–16, 141–2 , 169–70, 172, 179, 186, 193, 199 Castells, Manuel, 98, 158 catastrophe theory, 39, 40–3, 209 Cavendish, Camilla, 128–30, 199, 212 Chang, Ha-Joon, 57, 69 Chapman, James, 179 Charlie Hebdo, 10 Cheney, Dick, 306–7 Chicago School, 28–9, 34, 54 Chicago Sun-Times, 299, 301 China, 70, 75–6, 129, 166, 184–5, 188 Churchill, Winston, 67–8 Cicchelli, Vincenzo, L’Esprit Cosmopolite, 44 citizenship, risks to, 167–8 city traders, 79–8 0, 82–4, 172 Clegg, James, 140–1 Clegg, Nick, 59, 61, 284 Climate Camp, 102, 116, 118, 136, 159 Coates, John, 81–3 Cohen, Josh, 47, 275, 289 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 64–5 collective action, 100–2 colour-coding, in demonstrations, 154, 204–6 Committee of the Fourth International, 63 commodification, 96 common hallmarks, 202–3 common sense, 27, 33, 54, 112, 156 “commons,” Fuchs’ theory of, 93–4, 127, 132, 155, 157–8, 278 communications technology, 157, 165–7, 292 communism, 126, 190 conflict zones, press reporting of, 306 connective/collective action, 97, 101–2 , 154, 203 connective turn, 210 connectivity, 7–9, 25, 88, 94, 155–7, 202–3, 207, 210, 215 connectivity versus hyperconnectivity, 9 Conradi, Mike, 252 Conservative Party, 59, 61 conspiracy theories, 233, 235, 238 consumerism, 120 contagion, 257 financial, 85– 6 temporality of, 256, 305 content analysis, 119, 156, 254 contradiction, in press opinion, 100, 123, 154–5, 187 Corbyn, Jeremy, 55, 183 core, 6, 92, 99–100, 106, 126, 130, 289 coroner’s inquest into 7/7, 219, 220–3 4, 237–42, 247 archiving of, 221 coroner’s inquests, 223, 228 cortisol, rising levels in city traders, 82–4 cosmopolitan gaze, 46 cosmopolitanism, 48, 108, 128, 160 Cottle, Simon and Libby Lester, 108–9, 127–8, 153, 157, 160 Couldry, Nick, 165–6, 168 Coulson, Andy, 274, 283, 294, 296 countermonuments, 213–15 Crary, Jonathan, 249, 269 credit rating agencies, 63 crime, with use of digital technology, 248, 294 criminal courts, 223 i n d e x 327 crisis consciousness, 174–5 Crouch, Colin, 38 Crown Prosecution Service, 283 cultural memory studies, 25, 32, 196, 208 cultural turn, 156–7 culture, 16, 207–8, 302 cybercrime, 294 Daily Mail, 15, 128, 138, 164 cartoons in, 179, 186 on England riots, 245–6 on G20 Meltdown, 175–8, 180, 186, 194, 197, 199–2 01 on GFC, 49–50, 173 Daily Mirror, 15, 55, 169, 170–4, 283 Daily Telegraph, 100, 110, 192–5 cartoons in, 193 on GFC, 13, 15, 50, 79–8 on greed, 80 Darling, Alistair, 61, 75, 169, 179 Davies, Nick and Amelia Hill, 273 Dayan, Daniel and Elihu Katz, 247, 289–90, 296 Dean, Mitchell, 33–6, 38–9 Debord, Guy, The Society of the Spectacle, 249 decay time, 292–4 Deleuze, Gilles, 84 Delgado, Martin, 177–8 Dell, Edmund, 212 A Strange Eventful History, 121–3 demonstrations, 14–15, 43–4, 93, 98, 108, 151, 157, 186, 197, 204–7 and digital communication, 101, 201 policing of, 139–4 See also specific demonstrations: Barcelona, Climate Camp, G20 Meltdown, Genoa, Occupy, Put People First Denzin, Norman and Yvonna Lincoln, 157 dialogical conversation, 14, 88 theory, 14, 89, 92 thinking, 88–92 turn, 14, 91–2 , 200 digital communication, 101, 200, 210, 287 digital communications media (DCM), 243, 245, 247, 253 and democratization, 246, 248–9, 288 dependence on, 295 and disempowerment of individual, 269 quantity and availability of, 254, 257, 262–3, 307 digital connectivity, 153, 286 digital data, 7, 257, 259, 265–6, 268, 308 quantity and availability of, 262–3, 307 digital media, 7, 10, 99–101, 210 vulnerability of users of, 285–7, 290, 292–4 digital networks, 201–2 , 252 digital technology, 8, 153, 101, 200 and protest movements, 303–4 Dijck, Jose van, 168–9, 289 Dillon, Mick, 8 disasters, reporting of, 48 Disraeli, Benjamin, 183 “Doing Europe” Project, 46–7 Dorling, Danny, 144 Dowd, Helen, 177–8 Dowler, Gemma, 281 Dowler, Milly, 19, 271–2 , 276 Duggan, Mark, 243 Dyke, Greg, 274 economic imbalance, 144–5 economics and economists, 2, 77–8, 258, 261, 263 politicization of, 24 university teaching of, 1–3, 54, 258–9, 263 Economist, The, 70 editorial logic, 299–300, 305 Edwards, Michael, 66 efficient markets, theory of, 3, 78 Elliott, Larry, 30, 58, 67, 69, 71, 130, 135, 143, 147, 150, 152, 155 on GFC, 2–3, 13, 55–6, 58, 60 on neoliberalism, 131 emergence, 7–8, 94, 247, 263, 272, 286, 296, 299, 302 two types, 288, 294 emergency services, 223, 227–8 emergent media, 165, 168, 196, 256–7, 285, 287, 301, 305 emotionality, 205–6 encoding and decoding, 155–6 encounters, social, 249 encryption, 291–2 Engels, Friedrich, 63 England, Kim and Kevin Ward, 27–8, 31–2 , 50, 72 England riots (2011), 9, 17, 243–8, 256, 262 See also London riots Ernst, Wolfgang, 233 established media, 99, 165, 168, 174–5, 196, 200, 211, 215, 285, 300–1, 303–4 ethnographic methodology, 163, 197–8, 204, 206, 215 ethnographic turn, 14, 89, 91, 156–7 euro, 43, 48 Europe, 40–1, 43, 44–8, 183 and young people, 44, 46 European Central Bank, 80 European Social Consulta, 202 European Union, 90 Excel, 265 exceptionalism, 36–7 experts, 99, 105, 164, 299 exposure, of self, 257, 286–8, 293–4 32 i n d e x Facebook, 245–6, 251, 253, 281, 290, 292–3 Field, Frank, 178–9 Financial Times, 143, 264–5 Finkelstein, Daniel, 120–3, 126, 130, 132–3 Fischer, Joschka, 47 Fisk, Robert, 306 Flynn, Bryan, 245 forgetting, 11, 13, 26, 306 Foucault, Michel, 151, 261, 301–2 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 103, 131–2 , 199, 203, 215 Fraser, Nancy, 14, 90–2 , 134, 200 Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, 13, 49, 57–8, 73–6 free market See neoliberalism Freedland, Jonathan, 30, 67, 131, 135, 147, 149 Friedman, Milton, 29, 34 Fritzl, Josef, 176, 183 Fuchs, Christian, 93–6, 110–11, 155, 157–8 and alternatives to neoliberalism, 127 on “commons,” 93–4, 127, 132, 155, 157–8, 278 on England riots, 248–9 on technology, 110–11, 275–6 G20 Meltdown, 15, 27, 88, 101–4, 109, 117–18, 157, 201, 203, 214–15 carnival, 152, 154, 193–4, 198–9 policing of, 137–41 predictions of violence, 135–6 See also specific journalists and newspaper titles G20 summit meeting (2009), 14–16, 25, 114–15, 129, 145–6, 149, 184–5, 192 Gage Inquiry, 26 Galbraith, J. K., 123 Garland (cartoonist), 193 Garland, Christian and Stephen Harper, 297–8 Geithner, Timothy, 149 Gekko, Gordon (character), 79–8 Genoa, demonstrations in, 197, 201 Germany, 40, 47 Ghosh, Jayati, 144–5 Gibbs, Patrick, 227–8 Giddens, Anthony, 16, 93, 200 Giles, Chris, 264–5 Gillard, Julia, 35 Gillespie, Tarleton, 299 Gilroy, Paul, 243–4 Giroux, Henry, 11, 219, 306–7 Gitlin, Todd, 303 glacial time, 298 Glasgow University Media Group (GUMG), Bad News, 254 Glasgow University Real World Economics Society, 1, 3–4, 11, 308 global financial crisis (GFC), 13, 24, 38 alternative solutions to, 56, 61, 66 government intervention in, 36–7, 56–8, 71–5 press reporting of, 49–50, 52–4, 57, 209 See also specific journalists and newspaper titles global risk society, 23–5, 41–4, 55 globalization, 14, 89–9 0, 92–3, 110, 157 Glover, Stephen, 176–7, 182, 185, 197, 201 glut, 6–7, 53, 94–5, 210 Goede, Marieke de, 153 Goffman, Erving, 289 Golding, Peter, 165–7 Goodman, James, 14, 89–9 0, 95, 158–9 Goodwin, Sir Fred, 147, 175–6, 183, 189, 201 Graham, Christopher, 274 Gramsci, Antonio, 156 granularity, 237, 241 Greece, 41, 90–1 greed, 80 Greenspan, Alan, 35, 69, 80 Griffin (cartoonist), 170 Griffiths, Trevor, 208 Guardian, 18, 106–7, 126, 164, 204, 298 cartoons in, 58, 70, 141–2 G2 features section, 64, 66–7 on G20 Meltdown, 155, 212, 136–7 on GFC, 13–14, 59, 61–2 , 64–7, 174 journalists, 69, 130–5, 150–2 on leadership of Labour Party, 212 on neoliberalism, 54, 55–71 on phone hacking, 272–3, 281 on police and policing, 135, 138–9 readers’ letters to, 62–3, 66, 140 “Reading the Riots,” 250–1, 253, 255–6, 262 use of term “neoliberalism,” 30, 50, 130–1 See also specific journalists Haas, Amira, 306 Hacked Off (campaign), 19, 271, 278–9, 281, 283–5 hacking, 272, 292 See also phone hacking Hacks (Channel 4), 294–5 Hahnel, Robin, 123–8, 155, 202 Haldane, Andy, 2 Hall, Stuart, 88, 92, 155, 275, 282, 299–300 Hallett, Lady Justice, 221 Hamelink, Cees, 165 Hamilton, Fiona, 112, 116–19 Hardman, Robert, 180 Harman, Chris, 64–5 Harris, John, 150 Harvey, David, 37, 54, 81, 110, 122, 153 on experts, 99 on GFC, 75–7 on neoliberalism, 28, 32, 122 on Piketty, 266–7 on “trickle down effect,” 111 Hastings, Max, 59, 62, 72 Hattersley, Roy, 121 i n d e x 32 Hay, Benjamin, 223 Hayek, Friedrich, 34, 68, 78 HBOS, 79 hegemony, 156 herd instinct, 81–3, 86–7, 166–7 Hesmondhalgh, David, 166 Hickman, Richard, 293 Hirsch, Afua, 139 history sociology of, 269 writing of, 247 Hobsbawm, Eric, 71 Horlick-Jones, Tom, 162–3 Hoskins, Andrew, 25–6, 196, 207–16, 234 Hoskins, Andrew and Ben O’Loughlin, vii, 9, 94, 244, 247, 300 Hoskins, Andrew and Ben O’Loughlin, War and Media: The Emergence of Diffused War, 94, 247 Howarth, David, 135, 137 Hu, Jintao, 114 human behavior, mathematical study of, 3, 78 Human Rights Act (1998), 135 Hunt, Tristram, 63 Hutton, Will, 68–9, 81–2 , 135, 155 Hyde Park, 154, 199 7/7 memorial ceremony, 213–15 hyperabundance, 262, 309 hyperconnectivity, 9, 11, 17, 19, 94, 196, 207, 255, 260, 289, 297, 302, 307–9 hyperliberalism, 249 immigrants, in UK, 131 Incomes Data Services, 70 Independent, The, 67, 306 Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), 279, 284 India, 70, 129 individualization, 97, 198 inequality, 97, 166, 168, 259–61, 264, 266, 303, 308 information, abundance of, 268–9 Inman, Phillip, 2–3 inquests, 223 Institute of New Economic Thought (INET), 3, 78–9 interdisciplinary, 4–6, 11–12, 18, 81, 88, 258, 260 interdisciplinary versus multidisciplinary, 12 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 29, 69, 90–1, 143, 145–6, 149 International Student Initiative for Pluralist Economics (ISIPE), 258, 260 Internet, 10, 93, 96, 108, 127, 165, 168, 233, 248, 275–6, 301 Iraq, 26, 65, 182, 306–7 Isis, 10–11 Israel/Palestine, 306 James, Paul, 14, 89–9 0, 95, 157–9 Jenkins, Simon, 146 Jones, Daniel Stedman, 27–30, 123, 188 journalism and journalists, 30–1, 69, 98, 130–5, 150–1 on GFC, 13, 49–51 and phone hacking, 271–3 undercover, 136, 153, 181–2 , 194 See also specific journalists July 7th Truth Campaign, 232 Juris, Jeffrey, 16, 157, 196–2 07 justice, socioeconomic, 14, 90–2 , 134, 200 Kaldor, Mary, 47 Kaletsky, Anatole, 3, 74–9, 99, 212 Karpf, David, 10 Kay, John, 68 Kelly, Dr. David, 175, 182 Kerala, 125, 128 Kettle, Martin, 63, 68 kettling, 15, 109, 120, 138–9, 153, 203 Keynes, J. M. and Keynsianism, 37–8, 60–1, 65, 68, 71, 78–9, 81, 84, 126, 143, 149–50 Keynsian-Westphalian frame, 90–1, 202 Khan, Mohammad Sidique, 235–8, 276 King, Alexander, 223, 226 King, Mervyn, 143 Klein, Naomi, 55 Knight, Professor Chris, 112, 114, 117–18, 181 knowledge, expert and lay, 105, 264 Kroker, Arthur, 290–1, 296 Krugman, Paul, 149 Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 88 Kuznets, Simon, 259 LA Hacks, 293 Labor Party (Australia), 35, 39 Labour Party (UK), 39, 65, 80, 122, 171 leadership of, 61, 63, 69, 207 land, scarcity of, 261 Larner, Wendy et al., 31 Latin America, 188–9 Laville, Sandra, 137–9 lay logics, 163 Lea, Michael, 177 Lehman Brothers, 13, 49, 53, 60, 65, 73, 75–6, 171, 189 Leith, Sam, 151–2 Lepore, Jill, 291–2 Leppard, David, 114 Leveson Inquiry, 19, 171, 272, 278– 8 0, 283– 4 Lewis, Paul, 137 33 i n d e x Liberal Democrat Party, 59, 61 Libya, 307 Littlejohn, Richard, 185–6, 200 Litvinenko, Alexander, 223 Livingstone, Ken, 64–5, 130 Loach, Ken, 64–5, 67 London riots (2011), 246, 250–2 and DCM, 252–7 See also England riots London School of Economics (LSE), 18 “Reading the Riots,” 250–1, 255–6 , 258, 262 London Tonight (ITV), 8 Lovink, Geert, 202 Lowenthal, David, 297, 309 Luhmann, Niklas, 210 Mac (cartoonist), 186 Mail on Sunday, 137, 177 Maitlis, Emily, 273 Major, John, 280 Mandelson, Peter, 113, 179, 192, 266 Marcuse, Herbert, 11 Marquand, David, 68 Martin, Arthur, 15, 181, 194 Martin, Iain, 192–3 Marx, Karl, 61, 70, 77, 79 Mason, Paul, 265–6 Matheson, Donald and Stuart Allen, 166 McCann, Madeleine, 276 McMullan, Paul, 275–6 media, 8, 163, 207, 302–3 big media, 304 consumption of, 165, 290 control of, 287, 300 ecology, 7–9, 247, 252, 256, 287 piracy of, 166, 168 powerlessness of consumers of, 287 media codes, 155–6 media events, 247 media logic, 209–10 Media Standards Trust, 279 media studies, 9, 254 mediality, 246–7, 302–3 mediation, 52, 209, 299 mediatization, 9, 94, 96, 159, 207–9, 299 of 7/7, 232 Mellor, David, 280–1 memory, 11, 66–7, 207, 208, 212, 222, 307 of 7/7 witnesses, 223, 226, 232 collective, 33, 213, 234, 247, 306 communicative, 298 competitive, 33, 234, 235 cultural, 12–13, 16, 25–6, 196, 208–11, 215, 298, 301 ecology of, 211, 239–4 mediatization of, 210 and military institutions, 26 multidirectional, 13, 33, 53, 87, 113, 118, 234–5, 237–8 new, 297–9, 305–7, 309 nexus of, 221, 232, 238 potential, 302 psychology of, 238–9 reconstruction of, 209 recorded, 302 memory studies, 7, 9–10, 12, 92, 94, 208, 221, 298, 301, 308 See also cultural memory studies Merkel, Angela, 40, 113, 115, 117, 127, 138, 149, 184, 192 Merrin, William, vii, 8–9, 287, 303 Mexico, 76–7 Middle East, 306–7 middle-market press, 174, 186 Miliband, Ed, 284 Milne, Seamus, 135, 187–8 alternatives to neoliberalism, 58, 60–1, 149–50 on G20 summit meeting, 149 on GFC, 54–7, 71, 141, 188–9 on Labour Party, 61 on neoliberalism, 57, 70–1 The Revenge of History, 187–8 miners’ strike (1984), 132, 172 Mirowski, Philip, 34–5 misrule festivals, 151 Mitchell, W.J.T., 256, 305 mobile phones, 94, 96, 113, 243, 252–3, 271, 276, 290–1 hacking of, 276 visual images taken with, 159–6 0, 246 Monbiot, George, 54, 57, 65–6, 71–2 , 135, 145–7 monological metanarratives, 196 method, 5, 14, 89, 92 talk, 14, 88 thinking, 14, 89 Mont Pelerin Society, 34 monumentalization, 221, 299, 232 moral hazard, 188–9 Morgan, Daniel, 284 Mosley, Oswald, 66–7 Mulcaire, Glenn, 273–4, 276, 294 Murdoch, Rupert, 272, 274, 283 Murdock, Graham, 163–7, 175, 272 museums, as archives, 301 music, digitalization of, 166 Myners, Lord, 176, 185 nation states, 44 National Archives, The, 221 national security, 95, 219, 244, 252–3, 291 i n d e x 331 neoliberalism, 1–3, 27–4 0, 50, 96, 130, 189, 282, 297–9 alternatives to, 50, 58–9, 60–3, 66, 123–8, 149–50 definitions of, 28–9 mutations of, 34–5, 37–9 and national security, 219 press reporting on, 49–51 theory of, 131 use of term, 29–32, 50–1, 67, 130–1, 134 variations in interpretation of, 72–3 See also individual journalists and newspaper titles network capitalism, 85–6 network ego, 290–1 new media, 94, 233, 256–7 New Populism, 56 New Republic, 264 new risk theory, 7, 40, 57, 92–3, 98, 162, 168, 215, 264, 266 New Zealand, 189 News Corporation, 274, 283 News International, 272–4 News of the World, 19, 271–3, 284, 294 Newsnight (BBC), 273 newspapers See press nexus analysis, 17, 239, 255–7, 260, 264 Northern Rock, 54, 185 Obama, Barack, 55, 114–15, 123, 142–3, 149, 179, 184, 193 Observer, The, 68 Occupy movement, 157–8, 256, 303 O’Loughlin, Ben, See Hoskins, Andrew and Ben O’Loughlin O’Neill, Sean, 113, 115–16 Ordoliberalism, 34 overhearing, 289–9 0, 296 Pantti, Mervi et al., Disasters and the Media, 48 Paris, terrorist attacks in, 10, 291 Parsons, Tony, 172–4 participatory culture, 289–9 0, 301 Paulson, Hank, 75, 77 Pepper, Marina, 136–7, 178 performance protest, 15, 108, 153, 198–9, 203–5 periphery, 6, 92, 99–100, 106, 126, 130, 155, 203–4, 289 Petts, Judith et al., 162, 169, 174, 195 Pfizer, 2 Phillips, Fiona, 170 phone hacking, 19, 171, 271–8, 283, 288, 294–5 physiology, applied to economic thinking, 81–4 Picketty, Thomas Capital in the Twenty- First Century, 2, 18, 258, 261–7, 269, 300, 308–9 piracy, of media, 166, 168 pluralism, 1, 4–5, 258, 308 police and policing, 95, 109, 119, 201 allegations of corruption, 284 of English riots, 251 of G20 Meltdown, 15, 16, 113–14, 116, 119–2 0, 135, 137–41, 153, 159–6 0, 177, 180, 203 in Genoa, 201 of Prague demonstrations, 204–5 and social media, 250, 253 Porto Allegré, conference at, 125, 128 Post-Crash Economics Society, 2–3 postscarcity, 6–7, 9–11, 53, 95, 210, 222, 232, 247–8, 254, 257, 267–8, 272, 291, 299–301, 308 Potter, Geoffrey, 227–8, 230 power, 92–3, 175, 287 pragmatism, 37–8 Prague, demonstrations in, 204–6 precautionary logic, 37–8 premediation, 26, 52, 159, 197, 209–10 press, 99–100, 163–4, 169, 196, 201, 209, 211–12, 285 on G20 Meltdown, 154, 159 on GFC, 212–13 and opinion making, 100 readership, 66 regulation of, 279–8 See also specific newspaper titles Press Complaints Commission, 273, 279 privacy, 19, 165, 286, 288–93, 295–6 Procter, Rob et al., 255–6 Propp, Vladimir, Morphology of the Folk Tale, 72–3 protest movements, 43–4, 249, 303–4 psychology, applied to economic thinking, 84 public protests See demonstrations Put People First (PPF), 88, 102–4, 113–14, 117–18, 144, 153–4, 177 rational expectations, theory of, 3, 78 Read, Brian, 170 “Reading the Riots” (Guardian and LSE), 250–1, 253, 255–6, 262 Reaganomics, 29, 31, 55, 64, 78, 130 reflexive biography, 97 reflexivity, 26–7, 53, 89, 94–5 reformism, 151–2 refugees, 10–11 regulation as alternative to neoliberalism, 56, 60, 62, 191–2 of press, 279–8 regulators, 191–2 remediation, 197, 209–10, 246–7, 302–3 Reich, Robert, 149 332 i n d e x Ricardo, David, 126, 261–2 , 308 Rifkind, Hugo, 123, 126 Rigby, Lee, tv reporting of murder of, 8 Rigney, Ann, 210, 301–2 risk lay and expert perceptions of, 7, 11, 162–3 media coverage of, 162–3 mediatization of, 9 sociology of, 94–5 temporality of, 257 risk dynamics, 307–8 risk society, 24, 41–4 See also global risk society risk theory See new risk theory Roberts, Dan, 145 Roosevelt, Franklin D, 29, 56, 62 Rothberg, Michael, 33, 53, 113, 234, 256 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Du Contrat Social, 44 Routledge, Paul, 169–70 Rowbotham, Sheila, 65, 67 Rowson, Martin, 142–3 Royal Courts of Justice, 220 Rudd, Kevin, 31, 35 Sachs, Jeffrey, 149 Said, Edward, 28 Sampson, Tony, 84–7 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 113, 115, 117, 127, 138, 149, 184, 192 Savage, Mike, 269 scarcity, 6–7, 18, 53, 95 cultural, 287 economic, 261, 267 scarcity principle, 261, 301, 308 Scarfe, Gerald, 115 schema, 32–3, 208–9 Schmidt, Jan-H inrik, 252 Scollon, Ron and Susie Wong Scollon, 17, 239, 255, 250 Seattle, anti-W TO demonstrations in, 115, 141, 199 secrecy, 291–3 security, 95, 219, 244, 252, 291 self, exposure of, 257, 286–8, 293–4 Self, Will, 274, 288, 295 Sen, Amartya, 126, 134 sexting, 293–4 Shotter, John, 88–9, 92 signification spirals, 275 Simcock, Sarah, 223, 226–7 Simon, Henry, 34 Simon, Herbert, 268 Sky News, 245, 246 Slater, Tom, 244 Slingshot, 293 Slovo, Gillian, The Riots, 253 Snapchat, 292–3 “Social Amplification of Risk: The Media and the Public, The” (SARF) 162, 175 social contract, 44–7 social media, 96, 245–6, 248, 250, 252–3, 256, 257, 275–6 and loss of privacy, 288–9, 292 participation in, 289–9 social networks, 153, 202, 245–6, 289 Soros, George, 78 Sparks, Matt, 32 Spiegel, Evan, 293 spreadability, 302, 304 stagflation, 35, 188 Staniforth, Craig, 227–8 Steinbeck, John, The Grapes of Wrath, 69 Stephenson, Sir Paul, 114, 274 Stiglitz, Joseph, 63–4, 126, 143, 146, 149, 181, 189 Stone, Mark, 246 Strydom, Piet, 93, 98–100, 105, 123, 130, 174–5 Sturken, Marita, 302 Summers, Larry, 149 Sun, 128, 164, 220, 245, 280 Sunday Telegraph, 187, 189–91 Sunday Times, 113–15 surveillance, 6, 139, 165, 248, 250, 292 Swinford, Steven, 114 Sydney, terrorist attack in, 213 Syria, 307 tabloid press, 155, 162–4, 169, 271, 295 Tarde, Gabriel, 84, 86–7 tax havens, 117, 127, 138, 146, 149, 184–5, 192 Taylor-Gooby, Peter and Jens Zinn, 94 Tebbitt, Norman, 180, 183 technology, belief in effectiveness of, 110 television, 252, 254 reporting of news, 8, 254 reporting of riots, 251 temporality, 247–8 Terrorism Act (2006), 220 testosterone, rising levels in city traders, 82–4 Tether, David, 145 text messaging, 113, 116, 120 Thatcher, Margaret cartoon of, 70 “There is no Alternative” belief in, 59–62, 133 Thatcherism, 29, 31–2 , 55–6, 64, 70, 78, 130, 208 Thompson, John B., 272, 281–2 , 291 Thompson, Peter, 165–7 thunderclap digital messages, 281–2 , 304 Tilly, Charles, 102 Times, The, 3, 61, 77, 79, 130, 134, 174 ambiguity in opinion, 117–19, 130, 155 i n d e x 333 ambivalence in opinion, 117–2 0, 130 on banks and banking, 112 cartoons in, 116, 199 contradiction in opinion, 123 on fall of Lehman Brothers, 73–4 on G20 Meltdown, 16, 103, 106–7, 109, 113, 115–16, 127, 155 on G20 summit meeting, 14–16, 25, 114–15, 129, 145–6 on GFC, 13, 14–15, 50, 73 on neoliberalism, 122, 134 readers’ letters to, 120 Tomlinson, Ian, 138, 159, 180 Toynbee, Polly, 126, 129, 131, 135, 147–8, 151–2 , 174 on G20 summit, 142–3 on GFC, 59, 63, 142–3 on leadership of Labour Party, 63, 69 on neoliberalism, 56–7, 69–70 Tracy, Marc, 263 transnational protest movements, 108–9, 127–8, 131, 160 “trickle down effect,” 38, 89, 64, 89, 111, 130, 182–3, 263 Tufekci, Zeynep, 303–4 Tulloch, John, 214 and 7/7, 219–2 0, 227–8, 234–8, 276–8 Tulloch, John and Deborah Lupton, Risk and Everyday Life, 97–8, 105–6 Tulloch, John and Warwick Blood, Icons of War and Terror, 49, 99–100, 105–6 Turner, Victor, 152 Twitter, 18, 113, 245–6, 250, 252–6, 262, 276, 289 “two nations” (Disraeli), 180, 183 uncertainty, 53, 94–5, 105, 307 undercover journalists, 136, 153, 181–2, 194, 199 United States, 129, 149, 185, 188 intervention in GFC by Federal Reserve, 49, 57, 60, 62, 74–5, 80 uprisings, 208, 303 Urry, John, 298 utopics, 200–1, 203–4, 208, 210–11 Uttley, Tom, 173–4 Vidal, John, 139 violence, predictions of, 15, 109, 112–16, 119, 135–6, 154, 159 Virilio, Paul, 42–3 Walden, Celia, 15–16, 193–4 Walker, Peter, 137 Wall Street (film), 79–8 Wallace-Wells, Benjamin, 262–4 Wang, Shujen, 166, 168 war on terror, 85, 214 Warner, Michael, 248 Washington Consensus, 188 wealth, distribution of, 259–61, 264–6 Webcams, 293–4 Whipple, Tom, 112, 115–19 Whitehall Anarchist Group, 181 Wikileaks, 7 Williams, Rachel, 139 World Bank, 29, 90, 145 World Development Movement, 177 World Top Incomes Database (WTID), 259, 263, 300 Worthiness Unity Numbers Commitment (WUNC), 102–4 Xu, Xaonian, 35 Yaqoob, Salma, 63, 65, 67 Yates, John, 274 Younge, Gary, 30–1, 50, 131–4 YouTube, 159 ... Library of congress cataloging in publication data Names: Hoskins, Andrew, 1967– author | Tulloch, John, author Title: Risk and hyperconnectivity: media and memories of neoliberalism / Andrew... mediatization of risk and the memory of risk To invoke hyperconnectivity is to highlight how changes in networks of remembering and forgetting disrupt the certainties offered by the passage of. .. geography, and political science), and connectivity/memory studies of emergent media From new risk theory the chapter explores concepts In t r o d u c t i o n of risk modernity,” risk and media, and