Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page i The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page ii About the Editors Kean Birch is a lecturer in the Department of Geography and Sociology at the University of Strathclyde Previously he was a research fellow in the Centre for Public Policy for Regions at the University of Glasgow His main research interests concern the social and geographical basis of different economies and especially the implications that new knowledge, science and technologies have for these economies He teaches courses on globalization, neoliberalism and knowledge-based economies Vlad Mykhnenko is a research fellow in the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham Previously he was a research fellow in the Centre for Public Policy for Regions at the University of Glasgow, before acting as an international policy fellow at the Central European University and Open Society Institute, Budapest His research interests broadly include critical political economy, postcommunist transformations, and European urban and regional studies He teaches courses on European regional geographies and countries in transition Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page iii The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism The Collapse of an Economic Order? Edited by Kean Birch and Vlad Mykhnenko Zed Books LONDON & NEW YORK Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page iv The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism: the Collapse of an Economic Order? was first published in 2010 by Zed Books Ltd, Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.zedbooks.co.uk Editorial Copyright © Kean Birch and Vlad Mykhnenko 2010 Copyright in this collection © Zed Books 2010 The rights of Kean Birch and Vlad Mykhnenko to be identified as the editors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 Designed and typeset in Great Britain by Long House Publishing Services Index by John Barker Cover designed by David Bradshaw Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne Distributed in the USA exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin’s Press, LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data available ISBN 978 84813 348 hb ISBN 978 84813 349 pb ISBN 978 84813 350 eb Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page v Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS INTRODUCTION • A World Turned Right Way Up vii viii KEAN BIRCH AND VLAD MYKHNENKO PART ONE • THE RISE OF NEOLIBERALISM 21 23 How Neoliberalism Got Where It Is: Elite Planning, Corporate Lobbying and the Release of the Free Market DAVID MILLER Making Neoliberal Order in the United States 42 KEAN BIRCH AND ADAM TICKELL Neoliberalism, Intellectual Property and the Global Knowledge Economy 60 DAVID TYFIELD Neoliberalism and the Calculable World: the Rise of Carbon Trading 77 LARRY LOHMANN Tightening the Web: the World Bank and Enforced Policy Reform 94 ELISA VAN WAEYENBERGE The Corruption Industry and Transition: Neoliberalizing Post-Soviet Space? 112 ADAM SWAIN, VLAD MYKHNENKO AND SHAUN FRENCH Remaking the Welfare State: from Safety Net to Trampoline JULIE MACLEAVY 133 Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page vi PART TWO • THE FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM 151 153 Zombieconomics: the Living Death of the Dismal Science BEN FINE From Hegemony to Crisis? The Continuing Ecological Dominance of Neoliberalism 171 BOB JESSOP 10 Do It Yourself: a Politics for Changing Our World 188 PAUL CHATTERTON 11 Dreaming the Real: a Politics of Ethical Spectacles 206 PAUL ROUTLEDGE 12 Transnational Companies and Transnational Civil Society 222 LEONITH HINOJOSA AND ANTHONY BEBBINGTON 13 Defeating Neoliberalism: a Marxist Internationalist Perspective and Programme 239 JEAN SHAOUL CONCLUSION • The End of an Economic Order? 255 VLAD MYKHNENKO AND KEAN BIRCH INDEX 269 Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page vii Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) for funding the seminar series titled ‘Neoliberalism, antineoliberalism and de-ideologisation’ (RES-451-25-4258) from which these chapters are drawn We would also like to thank our excolleague and co-organizer of the seminar series Katherine Trebeck for her help and advice during the editing process Further thanks to all the contributors for their forbearance, including to those who withdrew, and to the editors at Zed Books, Ellen Hallsworth and Ken Barlow Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page viii About the Contributors Anthony Bebbington is professor in the School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, an ESRC professorial fellow, and research associate of the Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales Paul Chatterton is a writer, researcher and scholar-activist based in the School of Geography at the University of Leeds Ben Fine is professor of economics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Shaun French is lecturer in economic geography at the University of Nottingham Leonith Hinojosa is researcher and fellow lecturer at the School of Environment and Development in the University of Manchester, faculty associate in the Brooks World Poverty Institute and research fellow in the Impact Assessment Research Centre Bob Jessop is distinguished professor of sociology and co-director of the Cultural Political Research Centre at Lancaster University Larry Lohmann is an activist based at The Corner House, a UK nongovernmental organization Julie MacLeavy is a lecturer in human geography in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol David Miller is professor of sociology in the Department of Geography and Sociology at the University of Strathclyde Paul Routledge is a reader in human geography at the Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences at the University of Glasgow Jean Shaoul is professor of public accountability at Manchester Business School Adam Swain is an associate professor of economic geography at the School of Geography, University of Nottingham Adam Tickell is vice principal at Royal Holloway, University of London David Tyfield is a lecturer at the Centre for Mobilities Research (CeMoRe), Sociology Department, Lancaster University Elisa van Waeyenberge is a lecturer in the Economics Department at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page INTRODUCTION • A World Turned Right Way Up KEAN BIRCH AND VLAD MYKHNENKO Writing about neoliberalism in 2010 is a challenge On the one hand, the credit crunch and banking crisis have exposed the fault lines in the neoliberal economic order that has been dominant for the last three decades: Margaret Thatcher’s confident assertion that ‘there is no alternative’ springs to mind here On the other hand, the different impacts and implications of the recent economic crises illustrate the diversity in the implementation and embeddedness of neoliberalism in many countries, thereby suggesting that neoliberalism is not (and never was) a single hegemonic system in the first place Such a challenge, however, represents an opportunity to further our understanding of neoliberal economic order(s) and how this order grew to such prominence and held sway over national and international policy for so long According to David Harvey (2006), neoliberalism has failed even to come close to, let alone achieve, the growth rates of the golden age of Keynesianism (1960s), which raises a serious question about how it has maintained legitimacy in the face of its own failed raison d’être – to ensure wealth for all through market efficiency Thus it is pertinent to consider the core contradiction underpinning the seeming collapse of neoliberalism: the extent to which the current crisis is tied to the very foundations on which neoliberalism was built, namely the expansion of finance capitalism and the associated housing and stock market booms of the 1990s and 2000s There is a terrible irony in the fact that neoliberal policies of privatization, marketization and liberalization over the last thirty years have produced proceeds with a monetary value (€1.3 trillion) that is only twice the recent bank bail-outs by the US and European governments (see Hall 2008: 6), a fact that can be lost in the soulsearching of mainstream commentators Furthermore, government Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 267 CONCLUSION Quinlan, J (2009) ‘The Perils of De-Globalisation’, The Financial Times, 21 July Rachman, G (2009) ‘Europe’s Plot to Take over the World’, The Financial Times, October Rappeport, A (2009) ‘US Unemployment Rate Hits 9.8%’, The Financial Times, October Rappeport, A., van Duyn, A., and O’Connor, S (2009) ‘US Job Losses Hit Recovery Hopes’, The Financial Times, October Rogoff, K (2009) ‘Why We Need to Regulate the Banks Sooner, Not Later’, The Financial Times, 18 August Sachs, J (2009) ‘America Has Passed on the Baton’, The Financial Times, 29 September Schifferes, S (2009) ‘Crisis “Cost Us $10,000 Each”’, BBC News, 10 September, Seager, A (2009) ‘End of Recession? Not for the Unemployed’, The Guardian, 14 September Sherwood, B., Timmins, N and Barker, A (2009) ‘Leading Tory Councils Plan Radical Cuts’, The Financial Times, 11 August Shiller, R (2009) ‘A Failure to Control Animal Spirits’, The Financial Times: The Future of Capitalism, 12 May Shutt, H (2009) The Trouble with Capitalism: an Enquiry into the Causes of Global Economic Failure, Zed Books, London —— (2010) A World Without Profit: Possibilities for the Post-Capitalist Era, Zed Books, London Sorrell, M (2009) ‘The Pendulum Will Swing Back’, The Financial Times: The Future of Capitalism, 12 May Stephens, P (2009a) ‘Four Things You Must Know about the Global Puzzle’, The Financial Times, 24 September —— (2009b) ‘Europe Loses Its Lisbon Hiding Place’, The Financial Times, October Travers, T (2009) ‘Radical Rightwing Leaders Have the Wind in Their Sails’, The Guardian, 28 August Turner, G (2009) No Way to Run an Economy: How the World Slipped into Depression, Pluto Press, London Wachman, R (2009a) ‘Union Press G20 to End “Casino Capitalism”’, The Guardian, April —— (2009b) ‘Reborn Masters of the Universe’, The Guardian, 19 July Weitzner, D and Darroch, J (2009) ‘Why Moral Failures Precede Financial Crises’, Critical Perspectives on International Business, Vol 5, pp 6–13 Wolf, M (2009a) ‘Cutting Back Financial Capitalism is America’s Big Test’, The Financial Times, 14 April —— (2009b) ‘Seeds of Its Own Destruction’, The Financial Times: The Future of Capitalism, 12 May —— (2009c) ‘This Crisis Is a Moment, But Is It a Defining One?’, The 267 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 268 THE RISE AND FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM Financial Times, 19 May —— (2009d) ‘Why It Is Still Too Early to Start Withdrawing Stimulus’, The Financial Times, September —— (2009e) ‘Wheel of Fortune Turns as China Outdoes West’, The Financial Times, 13 September —— (2009f) ‘Do Not Learn Wrong Lessons from Lehman’s Fall’, The Financial Times, 15 September —— (2009g) ‘Why Narrow Banking Alone Is Not the Finance Solution’, The Financial Times, 29 September 268 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 269 Index abortion, US opponents, 46 abstraction and commensuration, processes of, 90 Accetor Mittal, carbon trade division, 88 Acción Ecológica, 227, 232-3 accounting standards, climate applied, 82 Adam Smith Institute, UK, 26, 29, 37-9 ADEA, Peruvian eco-NGO, 230 affinity groups, 211-16 Afghanistan, US occupation, 13 African Development Bank, PBA system use, 98 agrofuels, ‘project-based’ credit, 83 aid, World Bank’s 1998 Assessing Aid, 96 AIDS, medicines patented, 64 AIG, insurance corporation, 15 Aims of Industry, UK, 29-30 Alinsky, Saul, 199 Allende, Salvador, alternative political imaginaries, 116 Amadae, S., 159-60 American Enterprise Institute, 26, 50-1 American Legislative Exchange Council, 51 Andean mining: Chinese investment, 236; community conflicts with, 234 Anderson, Digby, 30 anti-communism USA, 45-7; McCarthyite, 157 anti-corruption, post-Soviet: discourse, 113, 117-18, 127; initiatives, 119, 127; professionals, 126 anti-road protest camps, 192 anti-welfare rhetoric, 141 Argentina, 258; 1999-2002 crisis/uprising, 9, 191, 247; 2001 class enquiries, 202 Armenia, output slump, 10 Armstrong, P., 243 Ascendant Copper Corporation, Canada, 232 Asia: Development Fund PBA system use, 98; growth rate, 258; ‘miracle’ economies, 102 Atlantic Council, 31 Atlantic Fordism, 172 ‘austerity’: competitive, 184; selective, 262 Australia, 258; neoliberal version, 137, 172 Austrian school, economics, autonomist movements, 190 autonomy, ‘dole’, 197 Backhouse, R., 157-8 Bakhtin, M., 215, 218 balance of forces, class, 4, 24, 39, 173, 185 Bank of Sweden Prize, 50 banks: Asian state-owned, 259; Barclays, 87; global bail-out scale, 2, 248, 256, 261; HSBC, 15, 259; of China, 15; top twenty changes, 15 Barber, Benjamin, 194 Barclay, Harold, 190 Barclays Capital, carbon trading, 87 Barnett, Clive, 114 BASF, pharmaceutical corporation, 35 Basle Core Principles, 102 Bayh-Dole Act 1980, USA, 70-1 Beams, N., 241 Bear Stearns, ‘rescue’ of, 13, 15 Belgium, Ecuador mining, 232 Benedict XVI, Pope, 260 bilateral investment/trade treaties, 72-3 Bilderberg Group, 33-6 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 270 THE RISE AND FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM binary thought, privileging of, 117 biological research, as nationa; asset, 70 ‘bioprospecting’/’biopiracy’, 64 biotechnology, 62, 64; corporate interests, 67; financial crisis impact, 73; startups, 69; ‘technology of the future’ rhetoric, 68; USA patentability established, 71 biotic carbon stores, proposed, 86 Blackburn, Robin, 12 blat, 119 Blaug, M., 156 Blumenthal, Sidney, 25 Blyth, Mark, BNP Paribas, France, 13, 15; carbon trading, 87 Boal, Augusto, 209 Bolivia: extractive industries concessions, 226; GDP growth, 224; mining sector, 222-5; 1985 ‘stabilization’ programme, 9; post-neoliberal government, 236 Bono, 37 Bosnia Herzogovina, output slump, 10 ‘bossnapping’, France, 191 BP, 34 Brazil, 258; landless peasant movement, 191; TRIPs opposition, 66 Brenner, N., Brenner, Robert, 258 Bretton Woods Agreement, dismantlement, 4, 11, 241-2, 257 ‘Bribe Payers Index’, Transparency International, 125 ‘BRIC’ countries, 74, 183, 258 British American Tobacco, 34 British Centre for Policy Studies, 26 Brittain, Samuel, 260 Brookings Institute, 121 Brown, Gordon, 260 Brown, Wendy, 43, 47, 137, 199 Bryan, D., 244 Brzezinski, Z., 37 Buckley, William, 47 budget deficits, monetarism overthrown, 16 Bush, George H.W., 48 Bush, George W., 46, 48, 54 Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey, 120 calculability ideals, expert ingenuity, 85-90 Callon, Michael, ‘overflows’ concept, 91 Cameron, David, 261 Camp for Climate Action, 192 Campus Watch, 53 Canada, neoliberal shift, 172 Cantor Fitzgerald, carbon trading, 87 capital accumulation, 176-7, 180; financial asset trading, 240; new possibilities for, 90 capitalism: adaptability, 179; ‘Asian’, 259; ‘moral’, 261; Rhenish, 174; social market model, 116; varieties of, 182, 185 carbon markets/trading, 7, 61, 77, 91; accounting ‘offsets’, 84; ‘assets’, 86, 88; commodity dealers, 88; credits, 83-4, 89; ‘equivalences’ abstract measurements, 82, 89; permits, 87; size of, 78; US-proposed system, 86 Carlsson, C., 194 Carlyle, Thomas, 153 carnivalesque hacking, 217 Carroll, W., Carson, C., Castree, N., 115 Cato Institute, 126 CBI (UK Confederation of British Industries), 28 Central Africa, forest land grabs, 86 Centre for Policy Studies, 29 ‘centres of persuasion’ neoliberal, 49, 51 centri sociali, Italy, 192 CEPA, Bolivian NGO, 227 Chan, Michelle, 88 Chang, H.-J., 114 Chevron, 85 Chicago, 172; Board of Trade, 78; Mercantile Exchange, 243; University economics school, 3, 119, 180, 185 Chile: Chicago boys/Pinochet era, 5, 8, 172-3 China, 256, 258-9; Construction Bank, 15; economic stimulus package, 14; external mining investments, 236; hydroelectric dams, 85; imports from, 13; low wage platform, 245; RWE chemical factory, 84; technology transfer demands, 74; unsustainable growth, 183 Christian Aid, 247 Church of England, 260 270 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 271 INDEX CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 28, 35 CIPCA, Peruvian NGO, 227 CISEP, Bolivian NGO, 227 Citigroup, 13, 15 citizenship, individual responsibility model, 7-8 City of London Polytechnic, 32 civil liberties curtailment, 249 civil society: international activist, 223, 230, 234 Claimants Unions, 192 Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army (CIRCA), 206-7, 209, 211-12, 215-17; ‘War on Error’, 214, 218 class inquiries, 1970s Italy, 202 climate: action camps, 189; carbon market response, 77; change, 202; ‘fictitious’ commodity, 79-81; greenhouse gas ‘safe’ level, 82; privatized, 78; technology transfer demands, 74 Clinton, Bill, 78 cliometrics, 162 CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament), 32 Colander, D., 157, 160 Cold Warriors, US intellectual elite, 45 Columbia University, biomedical patents, 71 commodification, 12, 79-81 Common Cause Ltd, UK, 28 Common Place, Leeds social centre, 189 ‘commons’: building of, 196; defence of communal land, 231; intellectual, 184; private appropriation of, 61; reclaiming, 193 Compía de Minas Buenaventura, Peru, 228 Compass, 52 competitiveness, ‘logic’ of, CONACAMI organization, Peru, 227, 230-1 CONAIE movement, Ecuador, 227 CONAMAQ movement, Bolivia, 227 conditionality(ies): basic similarity of, 174; ‘selectivity’ version, 95; World Bank redefined, 94 Congress for Cultural Freedom, 35 Conservation International, 87 Constellation Energy, carbon traders, 87 consultants: carbon trading abstractions, 83; culture of, 105 Convexivity, 155 corporate lobbying organizations, 23-5 corporate-community power assymetries, 228; land acquisition mechanisms, 229 corruption, notion of, 113; ‘free-floating’ signifier, 127; ‘industry’, 117-18; ‘measuring’, 125; managers’ perceptions, 121; theorizing, 119 cost-benefit analysis, 77 Cotacachi-Intag, Ecuador, 232, 235 Council on Foreign Relations, USA, 25 ‘counter establishment’, 25 Countrywide, USA mortgage bank, 13 CPIA (Country Policy and Institutional Assessment), World Bank, 97, 107; empirical reality lack, 101; neoliberal norms, 98, 100, 102-3; ratings, 99 Credit Default Swaps, 11 Credit Suisse: EcoSecurities acquisition, 87; securitized carbon deal, 88 Critical Mass, protest tactic, 209 Crozier, Brian, 28-32 cultural activism, anti-capitalist, 208-9, 218-19; audience participation, 210 Cultural Warriors, USA, 46 ‘culture industries’, oligopolies, 63 Curtis, Lionel, 25 Czech Republic, 10 dam projects: ‘offsets’, 83; irrigation damage, 85 Davignon, Etienne, 35 de Sardan, J P O., 127 Debord, Guy, 207 debt: consumer-led, 8, 246, 255; Global South bondage period, 67; USA, 245 decision-making, market ‘superiority’, 63 Debt Sustainability Network, 98 DeCOIN, Ecuador eco-NGO, 232-3 democracy: direct, 195-6; representative, 194 Demos, 52 dependency culture, chimera of, 144 deregulation: labour market, 5, 7, 30, 37 derivatives, 11; carbon, 90 Deutsche Bank, carbon trading, 87 developing country policy analysis, World Bank undermined, 105 Diamond, S., 45 Diggers, 190 Dillon Reed, 13 271 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 272 THE RISE AND FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM direct action, non-violent, 215 disciplinary apparatus, neoliberal state, 146 Ditchley Foundation, UK, 31 DNV, Norwegian carbon consultant, 86 Doha Declaration 2001, TRIPs limiting, 72 dollar-gold link, broken, 242 donor agencies/community: expatriate staff, 105; ‘pedagogical’ role, 96 dot.com bubble, 247 ‘dreampolitiks’, 207, 210, 218 Duménil, G., Duncombe, Stephen, 199, 207, 209-10, 218 Dunkel, Arthur, 34 Earth First, 190 East Asia, ‘miracle’ economies, 102 Eastern Europe, post-Soviet: economic growth, 112-13; economic laboratory, 127; low wage platform, 245 EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development), 120, 123 Eco-NGOs, media offensives against, 2345 ‘ecological dominance’, notion of, 176-8, 180-4 economic crises, neoliberal scope, 175 economic exchange, ‘natural law’ of, Economic League, UK, 28 economic sector state promotion, 101 economics: formalist revolution, 160; ‘imperialism’, 154, 166; informationtheoretic, 164; mainstream, 153; marginalist, 3, 155, 162; micro-macro split, 162, 165, 168; neo-classical, 116; supply-side, ECOVIDA, Peruvian eco-NGO, 230 Ecuador: Accíon Ecológica, 227, 232-3; extractive industries concessions, 226; GDP growth, 224; mining sector conflicts, 222-3; oil sector, 225; postneoliberal government, 236 Eden, Douglas, 32 Egypt, RWE chemical factory, 84 elite(s): ex-Soviet indigenous, 112; policymaking, 24-6, 48-9; global, 189; profits taxes cut aim, 246; rent-seeking, 120; ruling, 240; state apparatus intellectuals, 52 enemies and allies, class, 200 Eni-Agip, 85; pollution rights validation, 86 Enron, 88 environmental justice movements, 91 equilibrium theory, economics, 156, 159, 162 ‘equivalents’, emissions reductions abstractions, 79-81; expert creation ingenuity, 85-7 Esping-Andersen, Gosta, 140 Eucalyptus plantation, as carbon credit, 84 European Commission, 37 European Round Table of Industrialists, 35 European Union: ETS, 83; financial assets-GDP ratio, 12; TACIS and PHARE programmes, 127; TRIPSplus protagonist, 74 Everett, J., 127 ex-USSR, economic development, 112; external experts, 119 extractive industries: Andes FDI, 222-6; export oriented, 226 Exxon, 34 factory occupations, Visteon, 191 Fannie Mae, 15 FDI (foreign direct investment) privileged, 224-5, 232 Federation of Women Peasant Vigilance Organization, 230 Feulner, Ed, 50 FINA, 35 Financial Times, editorials, 257 finance capital(ism), 1, 179; asset bubbles, 184; corporate profit share, 245; dominant position, 181; global assetsGDP ratio, 12; hyper-mobile, 176, 182; market collapse, 8, 57; overaccumulation, 180; universal character, 244; write-downs, 256; see also, banks ‘financialization’, 2, 11, 61, 67, 71, 164, 240, 243 ‘fiscal prudence’, demands for, 261 Fisher, Anthony, 27 fixed currencies system, 1973 break, 243 Flannery, Tim, 81 FOBOMADE, Bolivian NGO, 227 Food and Agriculture Organization, UN, 86 272 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 273 INDEX Foot, Michael, 32 foreign exchange transactions, intensity of, 244 forests: carbon absorption uncertainty, 87; land grabs, 86 Fortis, 35; carbon trading, 87 fossil fuel dependence effects, 80-1, 202 Foucault, M., governmentality theory, 115 foundations, corporate sponsored, 25, 31 France: finance capital corporate profit share, 245; May 1968, 251 Frank, Thomas, 46 Fraser Institute, Canada, 126 Fraser, Sir Antony, Freddie Mac, 15 free markets ideology, ‘spontaneous order’, Freedom Association, 29 Freedom House, 122-3, 125; ‘Nations in Transit’ ratings, 126 Freiburg School, Germany, economists, freakonomics, 153, 166-7 Friedman, Milton, 3-4, 9, 27, 50, 163 Friends of the Earth, 88, 227, 233 Frimpong-Ansah, J., 153 Fukuyama, Francis, G8 2005 Gleneagles protests, 206, 208: camps, 189; clown groups presence, 211-12 G20, 258; April 2009 meeting, 189 Gaddy, Clifford, 121 Galbraith, J.K., 157 game theory, 165 GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services), WTO, 66 GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs), 64; Uruguay Round, 34, 36 GDP growth rates, advanced economies’ decline, 258 General Electric, finance division, 88 General Motors, 34; financial arm, 245 generic drug manufacture, 68 Genetech, stock exchange listing, 71 Georgia, output slump, 10 Germany: Christian Democrats, 261; 1990s accumulation crisis, 11; Freiburg School, Giroux, H., 207-8 Glimcher, P., 168 Global Greengrants Fund, 230, 233 global production networks, 62 Global South, 1979-80 balance of power away from, 67 global warming, commodity approach, 823 Goldman Sachs, 15, 78; carbon trading plans, 87 Gore, Al, 78 Gouldner, Alvin, 43 governance: ‘good’ ideology, 96, 126; new structures, 25 Gowan, Peter, 257 Gramsci, A., 52 Greece: dictatorship fall, 251; 2008-9 protests, 191 Green New Deal, 185 Group of Twenty, 258 GRUFIDES, Peruvian NGO, 227, 230 Gulf of Guinea Citizens Network, 86 Gwynne, R., 224 Hakim Bey, 215 Hall, Stuart, happiness, economics of, 166 Hardt, Michael, 201 Harris, Lord Ralph, 26-7, 33 Hartman, Yvonne, 137, 140 Harvard University, 9, 82, 119; Institute for International Development, 127 Harvey, David, 1, 23, 39, 116, 257 Haseler, Stephen, 32 Hayek, Friedrich von, 3, 26-7, 38, 50, 54, 63, 136, 160 Healey, Denis, 32, 35 hegemony: concept of, 24; discourses of, 47; Marxist notions of, 115; USA, 181, 257 Hellman, Joel, 119-20 Heritage Foundation, USA, 4, 26, 32, 501, 122, 126 Hodgson, Godfrey, 46-7 Holloway, John, 193, 197-8 Hoskyns, John, 29 housing boom(s), 1-2 HSBC bank, 15; Hong Kong relocation, 259 human capital theory, 162 Hungary, IMF bail-out, 14 Huntington, Samuel, 36 IBM, 34 273 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 274 THE RISE AND FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), 33, 36; WTO lobbying, 34 Iceland: bail out, 14; bankruptcy, 258; neoliberal shift, 172; protests, 191 Ickes, Barry, 121 IKB Bank, Germany, 13 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 36, 112, 126, 257; growth forecasts, 256; Poverty Reduction and Growth facility, 98; voting rights system, 259 ‘imperfect competition’, 161-2; World Bank version, 101 import-substitution model, 173; prevention of, 114 incapacity benefits tightening, UK, 143 income support payments, UK, 141 India, 256, 258; economic stimulus package 14; technology transfer demands, 74; TRIPs opposition, 66; Uttaranchal dam project, 85 indigenous peoples, land-eco struggles, 222-3 individual responsibility, political discourse of, 145 Indonesia, 258; forest land grabs, 86; REDD schemes, 87 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, 15 Industrial Research and Information Services Ltd, 28 inflation: monetarist obsession, 7; 1970s oil crisis, 50 innovation, patent policy impediment, 65 Institute for Economic Affairs (IEA), UK, 4, 26-7, 30, 33 Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies, 32 Institute for Public Policy Research, 52 Institute for the Study of Conflict (ISC), UK, 28-9, 32 Intellectual Property Committee, corporate, 66 intellectual property rights, 7, 63; free trade link construction, 65; global economic restructuring role, 60-1 interest rates: low policies, 11; marketdetermined, 102; 1979-80 increase, 67; prevailing, 241; 2004-6 rise consequences, 13, 243 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 83-4 International Situationists, 190, 209 Inti Raymi gold mine, Bolivia, 233-4; compensatory mechanisms, 235 Iran, Revolution, 67 Iraq: Anglo-American invasion/occupation, 13, 56, 257, 259; ruling class ‘realist’ opposition, 24 Ireland: budget deficit, 16; financial assetsGDP ratio, 12 Italy, Berlusconi governments, 37 Ivens, Michael, 30 Japan, 183; critique of World Bank, 95; financial assets-GDP ratio, 12; International Corporation Agency, 232; 1990s accumulation/bank crisis, 11, 247 Jay, Peter, 27 Jenkins, Roy, 32 job losses, global scale, 256 Joe Coors, 52 John M Olin Foundation, 52 Johnson, Richard, 146 Jolie, Angelina, 37 Joseph, Keith, 29 JP Morgan Chase, 15; Climate Care acquisition, 87 Juris, Jeffrey, 215 Kalecki, M., 158 Kaufmann, Daniel, 120 Kay, C., 224 Kenney, M., 70 Kesey, Ken, Merry Pranksters, 209 Keynes, J M., 160; ‘fetish of liquidity’, 90; The General Theory, 38, 158 Keynesianism/era of, 3, 155, 161, 250, 261; ‘Atlantic Fordism’, 43; ‘culture industries’, 63; discrediting of, 4, 134; goals of, 136; golden age of, 1; irreducible uncertainty principle, 163; national regulation form, 242; neoliberal influenced, 157; 1970s crisis of, 60, 67, 167; proto version of, 147; 2008-10 version of, 14, 16, 56; USA version, 158; welfare state, 239, 249 Kissinger, Henry, 36 knowledge(s): -based economy (KBE), 60, 63, 184-5; carbon market redistribution, 89; expert claims, 117, 127; 274 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 275 INDEX intellectual property rights, 175; mining companies assymetrical, 236; primitive accumulation of, 72; ‘scarcity’ construction, 63; World Bank ‘exercise’, 103; World Bank custodian self-image, 60, 96, 104-6 Koch Family Foundation, 52 Kommunalkredit, carbon trading, 87 Krastev, I., 119, 125, 127 Kristol, Irving, 45 Kropotkin, Peter, 190 Kyoto Protocol, 82; carbon market boost, 88; Clean Development Mechanism, 85; Emissions Trading Scheme, 78 Laboratory of Insurrectionary Imagination, 208 labour market: employment precacity, 141, 144; ‘flexibility’, 8, 134, 146, 173, 239; peripheral, 140; state facilitated ‘flexibility’, 135, 143; temporary, 133 Labour Party UK: Atlanticist tendency, 31; neutering of, 30, 32; New Labour, 52, 252, 260 laissez faire, state project, 77 Landreth, H., 157, 160 Larner, W., 44, 137 Latin America, structural adjustment, Latvia: bail-out package, 14; bankruptcy, 258 Lawson, Nigel, 28 Lévy, D., ‘left’, The: political, traditional models, 188 Lehman Brothers, 14-15 ‘less state’, misleading rhetoric, 136 ‘leverage’, 11 Leyshon, A., 12 liberalization, trade and capital, life expectancy, 10 life sciences: developments in, 60; patenting, 71; US federal research funding, 70 Lisbon Agenda, 37 Lloyds TSB, bank, 15 local ‘ownership’ World Bank talk, 96 London School of Economics (LSE), 3, 27 Long Term Capital Management crisis, 247 ‘loot chain’, notion of, 125 low-wage platforms, 245 Luxemburg, Rosa, 153, 250 Machlup, Fritz, Maclennan, Robert, 31 macroeconomics, IS/LM approach, 159 ‘Make Poverty History’ 2005 march, 207, 213, 216 Mandleson, Peter, 245 marginalism, economic, 154-5, 162 ‘market, the’: disembedded transactions, 177; fundamantalism, 30; imperfections approach, 165; /state misleading dichotomy, 77-8 marketization, social, ‘marketplace of ideas’, 63 Marshall, Alfred, 154 Marx, Karl, 38, 90, 175, 181-2 mass media, 180; pro-corporate commentators, 260-1 Mayer, M., 196 MBIA, USA, 13 means testing, welfare benefits, 135, 139 media tactics, political activism, 199 medicines, patents, 64 mercantilism, financial, 184 mergers, corporate, 243 Merkel, Angela, 37, 261 Merrill Lynch (Bank of America), 37, 86, 261 methane: capture ‘offset’, 84; gas flaring, 85 Mexico, 258; 1994 peso crisis, 9, 247 Miliband, Ralph, 39 military-industrial complex, 47 Miller, Peter, 146 Minas Gerais, Brazil, activists, 84 Minera Yanacocha gold mine, Peru, 228-9 Mining and Communities network, 227 mining corporations: ‘enclave economies’, 229; media offensives by, 231, 234-5 Minsky, H., 179 Mirowski, P., 160 Mitchell, Timothy, 91 Mitsubishi, Bishi Metals subsidiary, 232-3 Mkandawire, T., 105 mobile phones, activist use, 214 modernity, conferring of, 127 Moldova, ‘transformational depression’, 9, 10 molecular biology research, as US national asset, 68 275 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 276 THE RISE AND FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM Mondragon co-operative, 194 monetarism, 4; inflation focus, monopoly, 157-8 Mont Perelin Society (MPS), 3-4, 26-30, 33, 38-9, 49-51 Monterrico Metals, 230; Peruvian subsidiary, 231 Morgan Stanley, carbon trading, 87 mortgages, 12, 244, 248 ‘movement of movements’, 190 Moyer, Bill, 200-1 Mudge, S., 45 mutual aid, 193-4 NGOs (non-governmental organizations): ‘excessive’ leadership instances, 236; international, 227; local community relations, 228 Nigeria, 86; Federal High Court, 85; oil emissions ‘equivalents’ ingenuity, 85 Nixon, Richard M., 51, 242 No Borders group, 192 non-linearity, fetish of, 91 Nordhaus, William, 158 Northern Rock, UK, 13, 15 ‘nowtopians’, 194 nuclear energy, ‘project-based’ credit, 83 National Association for Freedom, 32 national bailouts, IMF/EU, 14 nationalization, UK, 250-1; ‘rescue’, 261; subsidy justification, 246 Nature Conservancy, 87 Negri, Antonio, 201 neo-imperialism, neoliberalism as, 114 neoliberalism(s): Andean countries form, 224; Anglopohone versions, 44, 137; calculable world view, 91; ‘common sense’ claim, 2; crisis ‘blowback’, 1845; discourse deconstruction, 115; growth rates failure, 1; ideological origins, 2-3; intellectual history of, 116; intellectuals’ ‘war of position’, 55 interventionist, 163; legacy influence, 175; ‘naturalizing’, 43; political movements need, 45; political project, 6; reconstituted ‘green’, 219; social problems individualized, 48, 137; state project, 10, 77; varieties of, 6, 147, 172, 179; working class gains roll back, 114, 239 Nestlé, 34 Netherlands, aid criteria, 98 neuroeconomics, 168 New Century Financial, 13 New Classical Economists, 163-4, 168 New Deal for the Unemployed, New Labour programme UK, 142, 245-6 New Deal settlement, USA, 50; attacks on, 53 ‘new economy’, conceit of, 10 New Right Agenda, 241 New Zealand, neoliberal shift, 172 Newcombe, Ken, 78 Newmont Mining Corporation, 228, 233 Obama, Barack, 56, 78; healthcare plan opposition, 57 off-shore tax havens, 246 ‘offests’, climate benefit units, 83; ‘additionality’ judgments, 89; bundled assets, 88; expert creation ingenuity, 84; regressive redistribution tendency, 86 Ordo-liberal social market economy, 171, 185 ‘organic intellectuals’, neoliberal, 52-3, 56 organization, experimentation with forms, 195 ‘over-the-counter’ financial instruments, 11 ownership models, conflicts over, 226 Oxfam: America, 230-1; International, 227 Papua New Guinea, forest land grabs, 86 Paris: Club, 98; 1938 ‘neoliberal’ meeting, 171 participatory visioning, 201 patent(s): biotech attractive, 69; Global North agencies, 73; purpose redefined, 65; scope, 64; US law reform coalition, 70-2; Peck, Jamie, 6-7, 44-5, 114, 116, 179 Pelaez, E., 197 penal policies, Victorian, 145 pension provision, erosion, 247 People’s Global Action, 191 Performance Based Allocations, conditionality version, 96-7 Perle, Richard, 46 personnel interchanges, global elite, 34-5 Peru, 235; extractive industries concessions, 226; GDP growth, 224; 276 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 277 INDEX international investment agreements, 225; June 2009 repression, 222, 236; mining disputes, 223 Pfizer, 66 pharmaceutical transnational corporations, 66; domestic power of, 67; 1970s profitability crisis, 68; profits size, 71; revenues of, 69; US trade policy dominance, 67 Pinochet, Augusto, 5, Pirie, Madsen, 38-9 Pittsburgh summit 2009, 259 Poland, 10, 172; ‘shock therapy’, 9; ‘transformational depression’, Polanyi, Karl, 45, 77, 90 ‘fictitious commodity’ concept, 79 Polanyi, Michael, policy entrepreneurs, 55-6 policy-based lending, World Bank, 95 political activism, anti-capitalist: consensus decision-making, 212-13; cultural, see above; emotional content, 198, 214-15, 218; ghettoized danger, 199; professionalization danger, 197; tactical performance, 210 political inevitability, neoliberal claim, 43 politics: aestheticized, 208; of possibility, 198 pollution rights: ‘cap and trade’, 82; China selling, 85; 1970s USA, 78 Portugal, dictatorship fall, 251 ‘positive welfare’, rhetoric of, 138 post-war settlement, national regulation, 240 postmodernism, 168 poverty, individualized blame, 144 price mechanism, dual role, 179 privatization, 2, 5, 7, 135, 239, 247-8, 251, 262 production processes: ‘flexible’, 62; innovations, 243 profit: new sources of, 240; rate of, see below; taxes on, 246 Project for the New American Century, 46 Project Underground, 230 PRSPs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers), 98; policy diversity lack, 99 Public Choice Society, 159 public choice theory, 162 public-private partnerships, 5; training providers, 142 Pulido, Laura, 214 Purnell, James, 143 R&D costs, pharmaceuticals, 68-9 Rabobank, carbon trading, 87 race-to-the-bottom strategies, Rafferty, M., 244 Rainforest Action Network, 233 RAND (Research and Development Corporation), 159 rate of profit: downturn, 241-3; global average, 176; pressures on, 247 rational choice, social sciences dominance, 159 rational expectations, theory of, 4, 163 Rave/free party culture, UK, 190, 192 Reagan, Ronald, 5, 48, 136, 163, 172 rebel clowns, 212 Recombinant DNA research: techniques, 69; public concern problem, 70 REDD carbon scheme, 86; indigenous peoples movements split on, 87 reductionism, economic, 154; microeconomic principles, 156 Rees Mogg, William, 27 ‘rent-seeking’, 120 Republican Study Committee, 51 research foundations, business financed, 46 ‘resistance’, theory, 115 resource colonialism, 249 Rio Banco project, Peru, 230 Rio Tinto, 34 riot police, mocking of, 216 Rist, P., 219 Rockefeller, David, 36-7 Rose, Nikolas, 146 Rougier, Louis, Round Table group, 25 Royal Bank of Scotland, 15 Royal Institute for International Affairs (Chatham House), 25 Rüstow, Alexander, 171 ‘rule of law’, state responsibility, ruling class, fractions of, 24 rural land struggles, 235; international support, 232; urban support, 226-9 rural land use, pro-corporate shift, 225-6 rural poverty, Andes countries, 224 Russia, 172, 258; ‘anti-corruption’ use, 113; coal mines, 84; low wage 277 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 278 THE RISE AND FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM platform, 245; ‘shock therapy’, Russian Revolution, impact of, 250-1 RWE, Germany, ‘offset’ projects, 83-4 Sachs, Jeffrey, same-sex marriage, US opponents, 46 Samuelson, Paul, 156-8, 160-1; mathematics use, 162 San Francisco, Critical Mass origins, 209 Sandor, Richard, 78 Sarah Scaife foundation, 52 Sassen, Saskia, 12 Saudi Arabia, 258 Schumpeterian Workfare Post-National Regime (SWPR), 138-9, 147 ‘securitization’, 11-12, 87, 244 ‘seizure of presence’, 215 Seldon, Arthur, 27, 30 self-esteem ‘training’, 145 self-management, collective, 193, 196 self-suffiency, ideological emphasis, 133 Serco Civil Government, 146 shareholder value: dominance of, 182; World Bank realities, 104 Shell, 34, 85 Shleifer, Andrei, 119, 127 ‘shock therapy’, economic, 9, 112; anticorruption rationalization, 113 single parents, 135, 137 ‘skills’, aid industry, 96; ‘job search’, 145 slave rebellions, 190 Slovakia, 10 Slovenia, 10 small and medium farms, threatened, 226 Smith Institute, 52 Smith, Neil, 46 Social Affairs unit, UK, 30 social centres, UK, 189-92 social control, 140 social democracy: countering project, 27; European parties, 252; Nordic, 174 Social Democratic party, UK, 31-2 social enterprise, seduction of, 196 social marginality, new conceptions of, 145 social movement organizations (SMOs), 226; evaluation phases, 201-2; land use struggles support, 227 social-collectivist institutions, discrediting of, 134 Socialist Equality party, national organizations, 253 Société Générale de Belgique, 35 Soederberg, S., 106 South Africa, 183, 258 South Korea, 258; finance capital corporate profit share, 245; RWE chemical factory, 84 Soviet bloc, collapse, 117, 172 Spain: Aznar government, 37; dictatorship fall, 251 spectacles: ‘ethical’, 210; hijacking of, 209; of ‘terrorism’, 208; War on Terror dominant, 218 squatting, 192 stagflation/structural crisis 1970s, 4, Stalinism, 251 Stanford University, biomedical patents, 71 state, the; ‘African vampire’, 153; calculation and regulation role, 77; ‘capture’ notion, 120, 125; corporate subsidizing, 147; economic role defined, 6; labour market underwriting, 140; market rule extension role, 45-6; neoliberal project, 10; private services involvement, 139; ‘rolling back’ of, 136; system, 248; Westphalian inter-system, 182 Stern, Nicholas, 86 Stiglitz, Joseph, 104; ‘Commission’, 107 strategic thinking, social movements need, 201 Strauss, Norman, 29 structural adjustment loans/policies, 8-9, 94-5, 173-5 student revolt, 1968, 28 ‘sub-prime carbon’, danger of, 88 sub-prime mortgage crisis, 57 subcultural spaces, limits of, 199 Sumitomo, carbon trading, 87 ‘Summit’ mobilizations, 191 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 216 supermarket sit-ins, 191 supply-side policies, 134 surplus value: excessive claims on, 249; finance capital dependence on, 180 Sweden, 1990s bank crisis, 247 tactical media, 212 Tarshis, L., 157-8, 162 Taussig, M., 153 tax avoidance, 246-7; revenues, 13 278 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 279 INDEX Tax Rate Committee, USA, 55 Thalidomide, regulatory costs increase impact, 68 Thatcher, Margaret, 5, 27, 36, 136, 163, 172; ‘Thatcherism’, 29 ‘There is No Alternative’, ‘the corrupt’, essentialist definitions, 118 The Observer, ISC publicizing, 29 The State in a Changing World, 101 The Times, market fundamentalist, 27 ‘The Vaccuum Cleaner’, 208 Theodore, Nik, 116 think tanks, 4, 8, 24-6, 55-6; Atlanticist, 31; neoliberal-conservative, 47, 51; New Labour, 52; rationalizations, 54; role, 115; UK, 29-30, 52; ‘universities without students’, 53; USA, 44, 46 ‘Third Way’ ideology/policies, 164, 173-4; New Labour version, 138 Thrift, N., 12 Tickell, Adam, 6-7, 44-5, 114 time-space, compression/distantation, 1769 Tituaña, Auki, 233 trade unions, 251; attacks on, 30, 39, 141, 239 ‘transformational depression’, 9-10 transition economies, post-Soviet, 114; -neoliberal relation, 112; captor firms, 120 transnational capitalist class, emergent, 23 Transparency International, 122-3, 127; ‘Corruption’ perception, 125; founding of, 126 Trapese, group, 189 Treasury Department, USA, 55 tree planations, ‘offset’, 83 Trexler, Mark, 89 Trilateral Commission, 33, 35, 37 TRIMs (Trade-Related Investment Measures agreement), WTO, 66 TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreements), WTO, 60, 66, 69; innovation undermining, 72; negotiated, 66; neoliberal centrality of, 67; ‘plus’ provisions, 73; USA favouring, 65 Trotskyist internationalism, 45 Troubled Asset Relief Programme, USA, 14 Turkey, 258 UBS bank, Switzerland, 13 Uitermark, J., 217 UK (United Kingdom): aid criteria, 98; banks’ rescue package scale, 14; budget deficit, 16; Conservative party, 261; corporate tax refusal, 247; DfID, 127; economics, 156; ‘Euroscepticism’, 23; financial sector corporate profit share, 245; global securities market share, 12; manufacturing decline, 13, 243; neoliberal think tanks, 4; neoliberal version, 138, 171; New Labour, 52, 252, 260; Peru Support Group, 231; ruling class, 240, 250; taxpayer finance sector costs, 256; welfare state, 246 Ukraine: ‘transformational depression’, 9; bail-out package, 14 UN (United Nations), 85, 95 unemployment, 134; 1930s mass, 155; unemployed people as citizen consumers, 144 uneven development, dynamic of, 184 Unilever, 29, 34 universities: biotech departments, 69; developing world eroded, 105-6; Manchester, 3; patent reform interest, 70-1; USA life sciences departments, 68 USA (United States of America): Acid Rain Programme, 78; balance of class power shift 1979-80, 67; Balance of Trade, 242; Bayh-Dole Act 1980, 701; budget deficit, 16; Cold War policy, 160; conservative movement/coalition, 44, 46-8, 53; de-industrialization, 13, 243; debt, 246; Democrat Party, 30; domestic patent reform, 67-8; economic stimulus package, 14; economics curricula, 156-7; ‘exceptionalism’, 23; faux-Keynesian interventions, 56; Federal Reserve Board, 8, 13, 245; financial assetsGDP ratio, 12; financial sector support scale, 14; global securities market share, 12; Government Accountability Office, 85; hegemony, 181, 257; life sciences patent coalition, 72; neoliberal think tanks, 4, 47, 51; neoliberal 279 Birch&My 04 10/6/10 13:26 Page 280 THE RISE AND FALL OF NEOLIBERALISM version, 43, 171; New Deal, 3; originated assets write-down, 15; Overseas Private Investment Corporation, 225; right-wing foundations, 31; ruling elite, 240, 242; S&L crisis/scandal, 247; social sciences, 159; trade deficit, 13; Treasury, 55; TRIPs favoured, 65; universities budget strain, 69; USAID, 127 user charges, public services, 239 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), demise, 8, 46, 67 utility theory, economics, 155, 166 Uzbekistan, 10 value: exchange logic, 179; use-exchange contradiction, 175-6, 182 Via Campesina, 191 Vietnam War, 251; economic impact, 242; opposition to, 28 virtual economies theory, 125 Vishny, Robert, 119 Vitol, energy speculator, 88 Von Mises, Ludwig, wages, downward pressure, 134, 142, 173 Wagner, T., 181 Wall Street Journal, editorial position, 50 Walras, Léon, 161 War on Terror, climate of tension, 218 ‘Washington Consensus’, 7-8, 95, 100-2, 105, 119, 173, 239; Latin American crises, 9; World Bank apparent shift from, 94 Watson, Matthew, Waxman-Markey Act, USA, 86 Weitzman, Martin, 82 welfare state, as safety net, 139 welfare: A.C Pigou theorizing, 160; ‘dependency’ rhetoric, 135; microregulated, 145; state as safety net, 139; -to-work/workfare programmes, 133, 135, 138-40, 142-3, 147 Wells Fargo, 15 Whitehorn, John, 28 Williams, Shirley, 31 Williamson, John, WIPO (World Intellectual Property Rights Organization), 72-3 Wohlgemuth, M., 171, 185 Wolf, Martin, 262 Wolfensohn, James, 96, 104 Wolfowitz, Paul, 46 Working Tax Credit, UK, 141 World Bank, 6, 112, 120, 123, 126, 174, 259; Africa Report 1994, 96; aid practices, 102, 107; analytical clout, 103; Anti-Corruption in Transition, 121; ‘anti-poverty’ agenda, 127; carbon funds, 78; Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), see above; development knowledge economies of scale, 104; ‘extreme poverty’ definition, 256; From Plan to Market 1996, 9; ‘governance’ promotion, 100-1; Institute, 122, 125; International Finance Corporation, 229; knowledge role/agenda/claims, 94-5, 99; local ‘ownership’ talk, 98; neoliberal agenda, 106 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 225; PRSPs, see above World Economic Forum, Davos, 33, 36 World Socialist Web Site, 252 world system theory, 182 World War II, UK impact, 250 WTO (World Trade Organization), 6, 34, 36, 64, 72; current round stalemate, 74; Seattle demonstrations against, 190; TRIPs, see above Zapatistas, 191, 197 Zoellick, Robert, 259 280 ... European regional geographies and countries in transition Birch&My 01 10/6/10 13:21 Page iii The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism The Collapse of an Economic Order? Edited by Kean Birch and Vlad... institutions (RBS-Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds TSB, HBOS-Halifax Bank of Scotland, Northern Rock and Bradford & Bingley); £50 billion to the Bank of England corporate debt scheme; and £10 billion to... Iraq and Afghanistan, had an adverse impact on the strength of the dollar, threatening the financial sector’s profits abroad In a frantic attempt to stabilize the dollar and belatedly cool financial