Fishes This page intentionally left blank Fishes A Guide to Their Diversity PHILIP A HASTINGS, H J WALKER, and GRANTLY R GALLAND UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu University of California Press Oakland, California © 2014 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hastings, Philip A., author Fishes : a guide to their diversity / Philip Alan Hastings, H.J Walker, and Grantly R Galland pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index isbn 978-0-520-27872-1 (Cloth) — isbn 978-0-520-28353-4 (Paper) — isbn 978-0-520-95933-0 (e-book) Fishes—Anatomy Fishes—Classification Fishes—Identification I Walker, H J (Harold Jack), 1950– author II Galland, Grantly R., 1982– author III Title QL615.H37 2014 597—dc23 2014011258 Manufactured in China 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 15 14 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (R 2002) (Permanence of Paper) Cover photographs (top to bottom, left to right): Logperch, Percina caprodes; Roosterfish, Nematistius pectoralis; Fantail Filefish, Pervagor spilosoma; Scribbled Pipefish, Corythoichthys intestinalis; Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus; Nightlight Lanternfish, Myctophum lychnobium; Rockmover Wrasse, Novaculichthys taeniourus; Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae; Humpback Anglerfish, Melanocetus johnsonii; Horn Shark, Heterodontus francisci All specimens and photographs are from the Marine Vertebrate Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego Dedicated to the many students of fishes who helped build and maintain the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Marine Vertebrate Collection and to all who have built and maintained natural history collections throughout the world This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Complete Contents ix Introduction xvii Anatomy of Fishes THE FISHES: VERTEBRATA— Vertebrates 13 Agnatha (Cyclostomata)—Jawless Fishes 15 Gnathostomata—Jawed Vertebrates 19 Chondrichthyes— Cartilaginous Fishes 21 Osteichthyes—Bony Fishes 51 Sarcopterygii—Lobe-finned Fishes 52 Actinopterygii—Ray-finned Fishes 55 Actinopterygii I: Lower Ray-finned Fishes 57 Actinopterygii II: Acanthomorpha—Spiny-rayed Fishes 107 Glossary 239 References Index 245 289 Phylogenetic hypothesis including all orders covered in this book (inside back cover) This page intentionally left blank COMPLETE CONTENTS Introduction xvii What Is a Fish? xvii Why This Book? xviii Systematics of Fishes xviii About This Book xix Anatomy of Fishes External Anatomy Body Shapes Fins Fin-ray Elements and Dorsal-fin Configurations Pelvic-fin Positions Caudal-fin Shapes Mouth Positions Oral and Pharyngeal Jaw Diversity Standard Measurements Sensory Systems Skeletal Anatomy 10 11 THE FISHES: VERTEBRATA— Vertebrates 13 Agnatha (Cyclostomata)—Jawless Fishes 15 Myxiniformes—Myxinidae—Hagfishes 15 Petromyzontiformes—Lampreys 16 Petromyzontidae—Northern Lampreys 17 ix ... dorsal and anal fins and the base of the caudal fin ANUS (VENT) Terminal opening of the alimentary canal SNOUT 2 Anatomy of Fishes Body Shapes Many fishes are somewhat elongate, laterally... Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hastings, Philip A. , author Fishes : a guide to their diversity / Philip Alan Hastings, H.J Walker, and Grantly R Galland pages cm Includes bibliographical references... Pharyngeal Jaw Diversity Standard Measurements Sensory Systems Skeletal Anatomy 10 11 THE FISHES: VERTEBRATA— Vertebrates 13 Agnatha (Cyclostomata)—Jawless Fishes 15 Myxiniformes—Myxinidae—Hagfishes