Design Science and Innovation Subir Kumar Saha M. R. Ravi Editors Rural Technology Development and Delivery RuTAG and Its Synergy with Other Initiatives Design Science and Innovation Series Editor Amaresh Chakrabarti, Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India The book series is intended to provide a platform for disseminating knowledge in all areas of design science and innovation, and is intended for all stakeholders in design and innovation, e.g educators, researchers, practitioners, policy makers and students of design and innovation With leading international experts as members of its editorial board, the series aims to disseminate knowledge that combines academic rigour and practical relevance in this area of crucial importance to the society More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15399 Subir Kumar Saha M R Ravi • Editors Rural Technology Development and Delivery RuTAG and Its Synergy with Other Initiatives 123 Editors Subir Kumar Saha Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, Delhi, India M R Ravi Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, Delhi, India ISSN 2509-5986 ISSN 2509-5994 (electronic) Design Science and Innovation ISBN 978-981-13-6434-1 ISBN 978-981-13-6435-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6435-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019930699 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Conference Organization Mentor Dr R Chidambaram, Former Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India Organizing Secretaries Prof S K Saha, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof M R Ravi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Advisory Committee Dr Ketaki Bapat, Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India (PSA) Office, India Prof Abhijit P Deshpande, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Prof Anand B Rao, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Prof Manoj K Dhar, University of Jammu, India Prof Nalinaksh S Vyas, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Prof P B S Bhadoria, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Prof P L Dhar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof R P Saini, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Prof R R Gaur, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof S K Kakoty, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Local Organizing Team Major S Chatterjee, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Aditya Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Anil Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Ashish Dahiya, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Davinder Pal Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India v vi Conference Organization Mr Harsh Kumar Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr K Giri, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Krishna, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr L D Kala, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Mangal Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Parmanand Nandihal, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Prabhat Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Raj Kumar Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Sachin Kansal, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Sasanka Sinha, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Saurabh Chandrakar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Sreejath, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Srijan Prabhakar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Suraj Bhat, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Mr Vishnu Sukumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof Debabrata Dasgupta, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof A K Gosain, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof Ajit Kumar, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), India Prof B P Patel, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof D Ravi Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof Deepak Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof J Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof M R Ravi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof Nomesh Bolia, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof P Hariprasad, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof P M V Subbarao, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof R Chattopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof R Prasad, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof Ramakrishna, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof S Aravindan, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof S K Saha, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof S Kohli, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof S Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof Samrat Mukhopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Prof V K Vijay, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Preface It was our great pleasure to host the first “International Conference on Rural Technology Development and Delivery (RTDD): RuTAG and its Synergy with other Initiatives” at IIT Delhi during March 9–11, 2018 For a long time, we have been thinking that the mainstream researchers must participate in the problems posed to us by the people living in rural areas Let us just cite a recent example of dust from stone carving industry which was posed to us Many laborers in the stone carving or cutting industry of Rajasthan are reported to have died of silicosis in their 30s–50s, which is really alarming It seems that the existing solutions are either not effective for the conditions in which the artisans work or too expensive to be afforded even by the employers of those artisans to stay competitive in the business Hence, there is a great need to take up such challenges Can we take up? In order to sensitize the researchers and more importantly our younger generation (like the UG and PG students), we thought that those who are already doing research on such problems must come together and share their work The conference was the result of that thought In fact, the same was reflected in the title of our Conference Souvenir “Researchizing Rural Problems,” a phrase we coined to emphasize the point of how to convert rural problems into research topics Publishing such work in the form of peer-reviewed papers in a monograph like this published by internationally reputed Springer with worldwide reach can ensure that the researchers get their personal satisfaction with professional rewards in the form of promotions and awards, etc Such satisfaction is expected to bring many new researchers, particularly the young ones, to dig out more research challenges from rural problems Such solutions and publications while satisfying the needs of the researchers are also expected to spread the real-life solutions designed or meant for a local need to a global community for the benefit of the latter This monograph contains 25 peer-reviewed papers that are presented during the conference, along with the summary of five keynote lectures and two panel discussions The acceptance rate of the papers is only about 37% which is on a par with many internationally renowned conferences or journals The papers were chosen from 28 oral presentations made during the conference based on a total of 63 full papers submitted online In order to enhance the interactions among the vii viii Preface researchers, particularly the students, 13 out of 63 papers were also selected for poster presentations Let us join hands to thank them, and we are sure the readers worldwide will benefit from this volume of RTDD 2018! New Delhi, India Subir Kumar Saha M R Ravi Message from the Mentor (Former Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India) I was extremely happy to participate in the capacity of the then Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India in the “International Conference on Rural Technology Development and Delivery (RTDD): RuTAG and its Synergy with other Initiatives” at IIT Delhi during March 9–11, 2018 I must congratulate the team of RuTAG IIT Delhi, along with the other seven RuTAG Centers at Bombay, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Roorkee, and University of Jammu, to conceptualize the conference and successfully conduct it India’s technology needs range from nuclear and space to rural The office of the PSA, therefore, initiated the concept of the Rural Technology Action Group (RuTAG) in 2003–04 Since its original inception it has come a long way in its one and half decades of very successful operation It was also appropriate to share our experiences with the World Hence, the conference was very apt and timely While the RuTAG centers are engaged to find solutions for demand-driven rural problems, it is worth distilling the research content in them and document them in the form of good journal articles and/or conference papers so that the ambitions of young researchers (be they faculty or research students) are fulfilled These papers will help in knowledge and experience sharing among the researchers in this field around the World ix 25 Design and Development of Mechanical and Electronic Jacquard … 343 weaving Electric power is used only for the selection of hooks as per design and lifting of hooks is done by twin foot pedal system The productivity has been found to increase by 300% during the trial compared to primitive loom due to the adoption of improved shedding technique (see Table 1) Software tool is also developed for making name plate and date plate of Marriage Mat using Electronic Jacquard The estimated cost of Electronic Jacquard handloom is Rs 1.5 lakh The capital cost could be recovered in years (see Table 2) from the savings derived from increased productivity and in avoiding card punching for every design to be produced Table Investment return for mechanical Jacquard handloom and electronic Jacquard handloom in the production of Fine-Korai-Mat with full-size design Sr no Particulars Mechanical Jacquard handloom of 120 hooks Electronic Jacquard handloom of 192 hooks Machine cost—(in 1000 rupees––K) 35k 150k Total cost of machine plus transport and commissioning charges—(in 1000 rupees––K) 50k 175k % Increase in productivity compared to primitive loom 200% 300% Savings per Korai-Mat due to productivity increase in terms of woman days and labour wages in rupees (Rs.) (@ Rupees 200 per day wages) Three women days and Rs 600/- in labour Wage Four women days and Rs 800/- in labour wage Recurring cost incurred per Korai-Mat for designing and card punching––rupees (Rs.) (@ Rupees 5/ - per card, 1000 cards per design and 20 mats produced per cards set) Rs 250/- (Designing and card punching) Rs 125/- (Designing only) (continued) 344 S Ganesan and K Badari Nath Table (continued) Sr no Particulars Mechanical Jacquard handloom of 120 hooks Electronic Jacquard handloom of 192 hooks Net Savings derived per Korai-Mat on increase in productivity––Rupees (Rs.) Rs 600 − 250 Rs 800 − 125 Expected output of mat per year of 300 working days for a loom 100 mats 150 mats Saving per year (in 1000 rupees––K) 35k 101k ROI @ 12% Interest on capital barrowed 1.6 year 1.8 year 350/- 675/- Electronic Jacquard is preferred than Mech Jacquard due to numerous benefits Field Trials The following are the details of Fine-Korai-Mat Weaving Field Trial taken on Mechanical and Electronic Jacquard Handloom developed by RuTAG, IIT Madras, Chennai: One Mechanical Jacquard Handloom of 120 hooks developed for Korai-Mat Weaving was installed two and half years back at Jeenath Self Help Group, Pathamadai They have produced many Fine-Korai-Mats with the design They have also produced longer length Korai-Mat (18 ft length) with full-length design At this place, Electronic Jacquard of 192 hooks with CAD/CAM facilities [9, 10] has been developed and installed one year back in place of Mechanical Jacquard of 120 hooks to enhance the design capability The trial on it found that a productivity increase by 300% is possible compared to primitive loom due to improved shedding technique They are able to produce the full-size design mat in days using Electronic Jacquard compared to days using a primitive loom Bigger Non-Symmetrical Motif Design is developed and on those design, many mats are produced on the Electronic Jacquard (see Fig 9) Another similar Electronic Jacquard Handloom has been installed at Korai-GrassMat Weaving Society, Killimangalam, Thrissur Dist., Kerala recently and they have been trained to weave design mat Summary of Findings and Conclusion The following are the summary of Findings in the technology development carried out for the first time on Fine-Korai-Mat Weaving: 25 Design and Development of Mechanical and Electronic Jacquard … 345 Fig Electronic Jacquard handloom and bigger non-symmetrical design • By improving the ergonomics (working condition) of the handloom weaving, the sitting posture during weaving operation is made comfortable • The level of warp sheet could be raised to 2.75 ft from the floor in the new loom in place of ½ ft in the primitive loom to provide leg room so that weaver can sit at ease and work The improvement in ergonomics enables them to extend the working time by at least 25% • Further, incorporating warp beam to hold few 100 metres of warp and cloth roll to hold woven mat along with take-up mechanism will facilitate continuous weaving and elimination production downtime of 1.5 h for warping for each mat Only 20–30 is required to doff the woven mat and continue weaving new mat This results in increase 5% in productivity Longer length mat production, even up to 18 ft is made possible now • Comparison of production time to weave a Fine-Korai-Mat with Full-Size Design and increase in productivity achieved on its production by the newly developed Mechanical and Electronic Jacquard handlooms compared to the existing primitive looms are tabulated (see Table 1) • The Return on Investment for Mechanical Jacquard Handloom and Electronic Jacquard Handloom are worked out on the basis of increase in productivity achieved and prevailing good wages for mat weaver and tabled (see Table 2) • Seven-Wheel Take-up Mechanism installed provides auto take-up of woven mat, thereby avoiding downtime in an hour of weaving achieving better productivity (8% increase) in the Handloom Jacquard • Weft compacting (Kadathal) arrangement has been integrated into the Handloom Jacquard, thereby eliminating any additional space requirement for it • Manual lifting of individual warp thread one by one or manual group lifting of thread using wooden shaft and twine for inserting Korai Weft is eliminated 346 • • • • • S Ganesan and K Badari Nath as Mechanical Jacquard takes care of thread selection and lifting according to punched design card, thereby a lot of insertion time is saved No expertise is specially required for weaving design portion and uniform time is obtained in the insertion of Korai Weft in design and plain mat portion weaving Using Mech Jacquard Handloom, symmetrical design of Fine-Korai-Mat could be produced in days in place of days that they normally take This results in twofold increase of productivity in the production of Fine-Korai-Mat with Design But its marketing system has to be revived and strengthened By opting for Mechanical Jacquard of 120 hooks, the capability has enhanced to produce a variety of design of size half the width of the mat(non-symmetrical) and full width of mat (Symmetrical) and productivity is increased by 200%, and special skill requirement for the weaver to produce design got eliminated Further, the value for the product gets doubled By opting for 192 hooks Electronic Jacquard, the design capability of mat could be further improved to full width of the mat and recurring expenditure on design card punching will be eliminated The value for the product gets enhanced Further, 300% increase in productivity is made possible compared to primitive loom due to improved shedding technique employed On seeing the overall benefits, Electronic Jacquard is the preferred system to be adopted towards multiplication of the development even though initial capital cost is more Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their gratitude to Department of Computer Science & Engineering, RVCE, Bengaluru, Mr Srinivasa Reddy of Sai Handloom Industries and Mr Ambareesh, an undergraduate student of RVCE, for their support and assistance in this development work References Saravana Ganthi A, Yogaraj M, Padma Sorna Subramanian M (2009) Indigenous knowledge on natural dyeing of Korai grass mat in Pattamadai, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu Nat Prod Radian 8(5):542–545 Muthiah S, Venkateswaran A (2014) Economic importance of Mat weaving industry in Pattamadai of Tirunelveli district: an overview Shanlax Int J Commerce 2(2) ISSN 2320–4168 Woven Fabric Production-II (2000) Nodal Centre for Up-gradation of Textile Education (NCUTE), MOT, GOI, pp 79–97 Grosicki Z (ed) (1975) Watson’s textile design and colour Woodhead Publishing Grosicki Z (ed) (1977) Watson’s advanced textile design Woodhead Publishing Panneerselvam RG (2013) Use of MS paint for jacquard graph designing and printing Indian J Fibre Text Res 38:186–192 Badari Nath K, Nayak S (2016) Design of novel electronic Jacquard with MasterSlave architecture & design partitioning Int J Innov Technol Res (IJITR) 4(4):3139–3146 Badari Nath K, Nayak S (2016) High performance software tool for saree weaving using electronic Jacquards Int J Innov Technol Res (IJITR), 4(4):3153–3160 Mujumdar S (2012) Automation for looms & Jacquards Indian Textile J CXXII(February) 10 Mitra A (2011) CAD/CAM support for Jacquard-based textile industry Indian Textile J CXXI(October) Chapter 26 Development of Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha R P Saini, S K Singal, Imtiyaz Ali and Ramesh Chandra Joshi History of Traditional Bageshwari Charkha The spinning of locally grown wool using drop spindle and foot-operated charkha is a traditional occupation of people of the Himalayas This helps in utilizing wool for weaving fabric for local use and sale [1] In 1926, Late Shri Jeet Sing Tangnia developed a concept of wood-based charkha for spinning yarn in Bageshwer region, Uttarakhand This charkha was developed in small workshop situated in his home, and all settings of the charkha were done with the help of hand tools A lot of physical work was required to operate this charkha due to which it was incapable to spin a large quantity of wool [2] In 1929, this charkha was dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi in his Kurmanchal Rally A charkha was also given to the Vraddha Ashram situated in Mumbai With the increasing demand of the charkha, a charkha manufacturing workshop was established in 1934 Thus, charkhas were manufactured in this workshop till 1943 with the help of labor Furthermore, some more advanced machines, i.e., lathe machine, etc., were required for the ease of manufacturing of charkha A large lathe machine driven by water power was invented in 1944 Furthermore, several machines driven by small hydropower were invented to perform various operations during the manufacturing of this charkha Therefore, Bageshwari charkha was manufactured with the help of water power machines [1] R P Saini (B) · S K Singal · I Ali · R C Joshi AHEC, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India e-mail: saini.rajeshwer@gmail.com © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 S K Saha and M R Ravi (eds.), Rural Technology Development and Delivery, Design Science and Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6435-8_26 347 348 R P Saini et al This charkha is formally known as “Uni Charkha” can be classified into two types such as single and double Both operations, i.e., spinning and twisting are completed on one side in single size, whereas left side and right side are used for spinning and twisting, respectively, in double-size charkha This charkha can be fabricated by matching the marked number on the various parts of charkha Mobil oil should be injected in the movable part of the charkha [3] Oil should be injected two–three times in a day Bageshwari charkha is used in both Kumaon and Garhwal region of the state In Kumaon region, it is widely used by the tribal’s of Munshyari, Dharachula, and Dharamgarh area and non-tribal area of Bageshwar and Pithoragarh district In Garhwal region, it is widely used in Mana, Pipalkoti of Joshimath Block of Chamoli District and in Ukhimath Block of Rudraprayag District It is estimated that more than 60,000 families are involved in hand spinning and weaving in Uttarakhand state Problems Identified in Traditional Bageshwari Charkha Bageshwari charkha which is widely used in the hilly region is shown in Fig Almost 60,000 families are using this charkha to spin yarn from the locally produced Tibati wool This thread is used for making mats, rugs, clothes, etc In order to identify the problem faced by spinners, RuTAG IIT Roorkee team visited Berinag on March 25–27, 2011 The team interacted with the spinners living in the adjoining villages with the help of regional coordinator of the Himalaya Trust and a training on Fig Traditional Bageshwari charkha 26 Development of Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha 349 Fig RuTAG team interacting with people working on the existing Bageshwari charkha the modified charkha was conducted at AHEC, IIT Roorkee (Fig 2) The following shortcomings were identified on the basis of feedback given by the operators: (i) Nonuniform filling of bobbin, (ii) Nonuniform thickness thread of yarn, (iii) High labor leads to high cost and low productivity In order to eliminate these limitations of traditional charkha, an attempt has been made to modify this charkha and presented in this paper The experimental investigation has been carried out using Local Tibetan and Tibetan 56 to estimate spinning production at RuTAG, IIT Roorkee Wool samples spun by traditional and modified charkha have been sent to Wool Research Association (WRA) Lab, Thane, Maharashtra, Government of India for analyzing yarn quality 350 R P Saini et al Modifications Made in Traditional Bageshwari Charkha In order to eliminate the shortcomings, a traditional Bageshwari charkha was modified in four phases After each modification, the charkha will be given to spinners for their feedback Modifications made in each phase are shown in Fig After the first stage modification as shown in Fig 4, the users were not found satisfied with the performance of the modified Bageshwari charkha because of low production capacity and low quality of the thread Therefore, based on feedback given by the First stage Modification Electric Motor introduced Arrangement provided for uniformly filling of thread bobbin Second stage Modification Gear Box introduced and Electric motor replaced with low speed and higher kW rating motor Third stage Modification Belt Drive between Gear-Box and main-wheel replaced with Chain-Sprocket Drive Fourth stage Modification (Final modified version) Modification in the arrangement of uniform filling mechanism speed control mechanism Direct coupling with motor Fig Different phases of modification for traditional Bageshwari charkha 26 Development of Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha Bobbin shaft Flyer 351 Pulley Crank Electric motor Fig First-stage modifications Electric Motor coupled with gear box Fig Second-stage modification (motor and gearbox arrangement) operators, Bageshwari charkha was further modified by introducing gearbox and replacing electric motor with low speed and higher kW rating motor, as shown in Fig After the second stage modification, production capacity was found to be increased However, the quality of thread was not found as per standards Hence, the chain sprocket arrangement with the gearbox was introduced in the modified Bageshwari charkha as shown in Fig After this third stage modification, good thread quality has been found The modified Bageshwari has been further modified in order to provide uniform filling of thread bobbin and speed control mechanism 352 R P Saini et al Fig Third-stage modification (chain sprocket arrangement) Thus, a traditional Bageshwari charkha was upgraded by introducing footoperated electrical motor, speed controller, modified flyer, and a crank for lateral motion of bobbin Moreover, wooden frame has been replaced by lightweight steel pipe which facilitates in easy assembling and disassembling Figure shows the schematic of the modified Bageshwari wool charkha A photograph of the modified Bageshwari wool charkha is shown in Fig Performance Assessment of the Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha In order to assess the performance of modified Bageshwari wool charkha, different types of wool, i.e., Local Tibetan and Tibetan 56 were spun by experienced spinners of Uttarakhand Further, an attempt has been made to compare the spinning production and yarn quality produced by the modified charkha and traditional charkha Spinning production test has been carried out at RuTAG, Alternate hydro energy center, IIT Roorkee, whereas yarn quality of spun wool is got tested at Wool Research Association (WRA) Lab, Thane, Maharashtra, Government of India 26 Development of Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha 353 Fig Schematic of the modified Bageshwari wool charkha 4.1 Spinning Production Test Spinning production test has been carried out on the basis of various parameters such as weight and length of yarn per hour and speed of spinning wheel Summary of results for the spinning production is given in Table Figure shows the comparison between the count of Tibetan wool spun by the modified and traditional charkha It has been observed that wool spun by the modified Bageshwari charkha has higher production rate and higher count for each sample considered under the present study Based on the results obtained for Local Tibetan and Tibetan 56, the modified charkha is found to be more efficient than traditional Bageshwari wool charkha Further, based on the response of the spinners, the modified charkha is easy to operate at higher speed However, spinners also encountered the two problems during spinning such as heating of motor and loosening of connection of bobbin with crank hook due to vibration The use of high rating motor to avoid heating and replacement of crank hook mechanism are the measures, which also been taken to mitigate the difficulties faced during spinning 354 R P Saini et al Fig Photograph of the modified Bageshwari wool charkha Table Summary of the spinning production test S no Type of wool Unit Modified Bageshwari wool charkha Traditional Bageshwari wool charkha Tibetan wool Length (m/h) 234 285 234 164 218 225 Weight (g) 31.75 61.61 70.61 38.95 56.51 72.96 Count 7.37 4.62 3.31 4.12 3.85 3.08 Length (m/h) 340 368 375 213 250 196 Weight (g) 55.85 85.47 105.72 47.00 44.95 53.01 Count 6.08 4.30 3.54 4.53 5.56 3.69 Tibetan no 56 Maximum speed (RPM) observed 1500–2000 1000–1300 4.2 Analysis of Yarn Quality In order to examine the yarn quality, spun wool was also tested at Wool Research Association (WRA) Lab, Thane, Maharashtra, Government of India The quality of yarn was measured on the basis of different parameters such as linear density of yarn, twist per unit length, single yarn strength, fiber diameter analysis, total fatty matter content (%), and number of fibers in cross section [4] Fineness of the yarn depends on the count The strength of yarn generally increased with twist up to a certain limit Beyond this limit of twist, the strength of yarn was reduced Higher twist of the yarn helps to resist the abrasion Twist multiplier (TM) is a function of twist per inch and 26 Development of Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha 355 Count of Tibetan wool Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha Traditional Bageshwari Wool Charkha Sample -1 Sample -2 Sample -3 Fig Comparison between the count of Tibetan wool spun by the modified and traditional charkha Table Summary of the results provided by WRA lab S no Test parameters Local tibetan wool Tibetan 56 wool Modified charkha Manual charkha Modified charkha Manual charkha Count 7.49 4.35 6.07 4.62 Linear density of Yarn 1/7.49 1/4.35 1/6.07 1/4.62 Twist per unit length 8.3 7.5 6.2 6.2 Twist multiplier 3.04 3.60 2.52 2.89 Number of fibers in cross section 136 200 100 131 count Lower twist multiplier implies that the yarn was bulky, hairy, and soft and production capacity of charkha will be more On the contrary, higher twist multiplier of the yarn gives lean yarns with low hairiness with improved spinning stability For better quality of yarn, the number of fibers in cross section should be less for higher value of count The behavior of charkha does not affect fiber diameter analysis and total fatty matter content of yarn Table gives the summary of different parameters evaluated at WRA lab Based on the comparison between yarn quality produced by the modified charkha and manual charkha, the performance of the modified Bageshwari wool charkha is found satisfactory and can be recommended for spinning of wool in Uttarakhand 356 R P Saini et al Table Comprehensive summary of conclusions S no Observations Modified charkha Traditional charkha Operating Manually/Electrically Manually RPM 1500–2000 1300 Speed of spindle Variable Variable Count Higher count for local wool Lower Production rate High Low Strength of yarn Average good (low to moderate twist multiplier) Good (high twist multiplier) Local wool production High Normal Wool to be spun Local wool Local, Australian wool Yarn production Multiple thickness Constant thickness 10 Operation of spindle Easy Moderate 11 Yarn quality Controllable Controllable Conclusion Traditional Bageshwari charkha is quite popular in the Himalayas region for spinning locally grown wool Under the present study, this charkha was modified in four stages to overcome the shortcomings raised by operators These modifications will be beneficial for a significant portion of population of the state who are using this charkha for spinning locally grown wool Thus, a traditional Bageshwari charkha was improved by introducing foot-operated electrical motor, speed controller, modified flyer, and a crank for lateral motion of bobbin and lightweight steel pipe instead of the wooden frame In order to assess the performance of modified Bageshwari wool charkha, spinning production test was carried out at RuTAG, IIT Roorkee and yarn quality got tested at WRA lab Table gives a comprehensive summary of conclusions based on spinning production and analysis of yarn quality Based on the results of the test conducted at RuTAG and WRA lab, it can be concluded that the results of the modified charkha are promising and can be used for spinning of wool Furthermore, five sets of the modified charkha have been fabricated and distributed to spinners through NGOs for field testing A training program has also been organized by RuTAG for the local users in association with various NGOs Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Dr R P Gakkhar, Former Professor, MIED, IIT Roorkee and Mr Yogeshwar Kumar, Jansamarth NGO, Tehri for their technological support We are also thankful to office of PSA of Government of India for providing the financial support 26 Development of Modified Bageshwari Wool Charkha 357 References Mehta GS (1996) Uttarakhand, prospects of development Indus publishing Company, New Delhi Mudgal R (1996) Economic dimensions of rural development Sarup & Sons Publication, New Delhi Tangnia DS Uni Charkha Pushtika, Karn Press, Bageshwar (Almora) Indian standard, Method for determination twist in yarn IS-832 (1985) ... on Rural Technology Development and Delivery (RTDD): RuTAG and its Synergy with other Initiatives at IIT Delhi during March 9–11, 2018 I must congratulate the team of RuTAG IIT Delhi, along with. .. • Editors Rural Technology Development and Delivery RuTAG and Its Synergy with Other Initiatives 123 Editors Subir Kumar Saha Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology. .. “International Conference on Rural Technology Development and Delivery (RTDD): RuTAG and its Synergy with other Initiatives at IIT Delhi during March 9–11, 2018, successful and the launch of this