Prohibition a concise history

i PROHIBITION ii iii Prohibition A Concise History W J Rorabaugh iv Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Oxford University Press 2018 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data Names: Rorabaugh, W J., author Title: Prohibition : a concise history / W J Rorabaugh Description: New York : Oxford University Press, 2018 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017025526 (print) | LCCN 2017038948 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190689940 (updf) | ISBN 9780190689957 (epub) | ISBN 9780190689933 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Prohibition—United States—History | Temperance—United States—History | BISAC: HISTORY / United States / 20th Century | HISTORY / Modern / 21st Century Classification: LCC HV5089 (ebook) | LCC HV5089 R667 2018 (print) | DDC 364.1/730973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025526 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed by Edwards Brothers Malloy, United States of America Frontispiece: At a prohibition tent revival in Bismarck Grove, Kansas, in 1878, the rural faithful rallied against the Demon Rum kansasmemory.org, Kansas State Historical Society, 207891 v CONTENTS Acknowledgments | vii Introduction | 1 Drinking and Temperance  |  The Dry Crusade  |  26 Prohibition  |  60 Repeal  |  91 Legacies  |  110 N OT E S  | 117 F U RT H E R READING | 123 I N D E X  | 127 v vi vi AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S My curiosity about prohibition began early in life when I  had to negotiate the cultural differences between my mother’s wet family and my father’s dry family During prohibition my maternal grandfather made wine in the basement from Concord grapes grown in the backyard My mother later described the product as awful When I was a child, my mother occasionally took a drink, but my father never did My abstinent paternal grandfather had always declared that he would try alcohol at seventy-​five On his seventy-​fifth birthday, the neighbors in the small town where he lived gathered on his front porch, knocked on the door, and presented him with a half pint of whiskey He took one sip, set the bottle on the porch rail, muttered that he had not missed a thing, went back inside, and closed the door His was a short drinking career My interest in alcohol led to The Alcoholic Republic (1979), to other research in alcohol history, and now to this short history of prohibition I am grateful to the many scholars whose works have helped make this synthesis possible They are cited in the notes and bibliography Anand Yang, the chair of the History Department at the University of Washington, provided a teaching schedule that eased the writing of this book I  would like to thank Donald Critchlow and the anonymous readers for the press for their insights on earlier drafts I  am indebted to both Nancy Toff and vii vi viii Acknowledgments Elizabeth Vaziri at Oxford University Press In particular, Nancy has been a model editor at every stage of the process For help with photographs, I would like to thank the staffs at the Denver Public Library, Indiana Historical Society, Kansas State Historical Society, Ohio Historical Society, Washington State Historical Society, and Wisconsin Historical Society Introduction From 1920 to 1933, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution banned the production, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages This book is about both prohibition and the century-​long campaign that led to that result The American dry movement was part of a global effort to ban or control alcohol and other drugs This worldwide effort against pleasurable but addictive and often destructive substances began with the Enlightenment, gained strength during religious-​based moral uplift and industrialization in the 1800s, and peaked after 1900 amid rising concerns about public health, family problems, and the power of producers to entice overuse Many of these same issues belong to the war on drugs Global trade and imperial politics have played major roles both in the spread of alcohol and other drugs and in the battle to control or stop use How, then, should a government handle alcohol? Can more be gained by controls or by prohibition? Sweden adopted a state control system, and Britain long used restrictive policies to reduce consumption Although a number of nations considered a ban, only a handful have instituted one Prohibition seldom worked the way it was intended For example, Russian prohibition during World War I helped bring down the tsar’s regime.1 American prohibition also failed The price of alcohol rose, quality fell, and consumption dropped sharply Even during prohibition, however, many Americans continued to drink, which generated corruption and organized crime Moonshine was dangerous, bootleggers got rich, 12 122 Notes to pages 104–107 15 “Rockefeller Lists Aims after Repeal,” New York Times, October 6, 1933, 4 16 Harry G. Levine, “The Birth of American Alcohol Control,” Contemporary Drug Problems 12, no. 1 (1985): 63–​115 17 Harry G. Levine and Craig Reinarman, “From Prohibition to Regulation,” Milbank Quarterly 69, no. 3 (1991): 461–​494 18 Levine, “Birth of American Alcohol Control,” 90 123 F U RT H E R R E A D I N G Andersen, Lisa M.  F The Politics of Prohibition:  American Governance and the Prohibition Party, 1869–​1933 New  York:  Cambridge University Press, 2013 Bauer, Bryce T.  Gentlemen Bootleggers:  The True Story of Templeton Rye, Prohibition, and a Small Town in Cahoots Chicago:  Chicago Review Press, 2014 Bergreen, Laurence Capone:  The Man and the Era New  York:  Simon & Schuster, 1994 Berliner, Louise Texas Guinan: Queen of the Nightclubs Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993 Berridge, Virginia Demons:  Our Changing Attitudes to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013 Blee, Kathleen M.  Women of the Klan:  Racism and Gender in the 1920s Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991 Blocker, Jack S., Jr., David M.  Fahey, and Ian R.  Tyrrell, eds Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History:  An International Encyclopedia 2  vols Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-​CLIO, 2003 Brown, Dorothy M.  Mabel Walker Willebrandt Knoxville:  University of Tennessee Press, 1984 Clark, Norman H.  Deliver Us from Evil:  An Interpretation of American Prohibition New York: Norton, 1976 Coker, Joe L. Liquor in the Land of the Lost Cause: Southern White Evangelicals and the Prohibition Movement Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007 123 124 124 Further Reading Courtwright, David T.  Forces of Habit:  Drugs and the Making of the Modern World Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 Drowne, Kathleen Spirits of Defiance:  National Prohibition and Jazz Age Literature, 1920–​1933 Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005 Goyens, Tom Beer and Revolution:  The German Anarchist Movement in New York City, 1880–​1914 Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007 Guthrie, John J., Jr “Rekindling the Spirits:  From National Prohibition to Local Option in Florida, 1928–​1935.” Florida Historical Quarterly 74, no. 1 (1995): 23–​39 Hamm, Richard F.  Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment:  Temperance Reform, Legal Culture, and the Polity, 1880–​1920 Chapel Hill:  University of North Carolina Press, 1995 Kerr, K.  Austin Organized for Prohibition:  A  New History of the Anti-​Saloon League New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985 Kyvig, David E. Repealing National Prohibition 2nd ed Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000 Lerner, Michael A. Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007 Levine, Harry G.  “The Birth of American Alcohol Control:  Prohibition, the Power Elite, and the Problem of Lawlessness.” Contemporary Drug Problems 12, no. 1 (1985): 63–​115 Levine, Harry G., and Craig Reinarman “From Prohibition to Regulation: Lessons from Alcohol Policy for Drug Policy.” Milbank Quarterly 69, no. 3 (1991): 461–​494 Mappen, Marc Prohibition Gangsters:  The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013 McGirr, Lisa The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State New York: Norton, 2016 Metcalfe, Philip Whispering Wires: The Tragic Tale of an American Bootlegger Portland, OR: Inkwater Press, 2007 Meyer, Sabine N. We Are What We Drink: The Temperance Battle in Minnesota Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015 Miller, Wilbur R.  Revenuers and Moonshiners:  Enforcing Federal Liquor Law in the Mountain South, 1865–​1900 Chapel Hill:  University of North Carolina Press, 1991 Miron, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel “Alcohol Consumption during Prohibition.” American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242–​247 Moore, Leonard J. Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–​1928 Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991 125 Further Reading 1 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) website www niaaa.nih.gov Okrent, Daniel Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition New York: Scribner, 2010 Osborn, Matthew W.  Rum Maniacs:  Alcoholic Insanity in the Early American Republic Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014 Pegram, Thomas R.  Battling Demon Rum:  The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800–​1933 Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998 Pierce, Daniel S. Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010 Post, Robert “Federalism, Passive Law, and the Emergence of the American Administrative State: Prohibition and the Taft Court Era.” William and Mary Law Review 48, no. 1 (2006): 1–​183 Powers, Madelon Faces along the Bar:  Lore and Order in the Workingman’s Saloon, 1870–​1920 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 Rorabaugh, W.  J The Alcoholic Republic:  An American Tradition New  York: Oxford University Press, 1979 Rorabaugh, W. J “The Origins of the Washington State Liquor Control Board, 1934.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 100, no. 4 (2009): 159–​168 Rose, Kenneth D.  American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition New York: New York University Press, 1996 Szymanski, Ann-​Marie E.  Pathways to Prohibition:  Radicals, Moderates, and Social Movement Outcomes Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003 Thompson, Peter Rum Punch and Revolution:  Taverngoing and Public Life in Eighteenth-​Century Philadelphia Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999 Tyrrell, Ian R.  Sobering Up:  From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–​1860 Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979 Tyrrell, Ian R.  Woman’s World/​ Woman’s Empire:  The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880–​1930 Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991 Unrau, William E.  White Man’s Wicked Water:  The Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802–​1892 Lawrence:  University Press of Kansas, 1996 US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use among U.S Ethnic Minorities Rockville, MD: NIAAA, 1989 US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism “Surveillance Report #104: Apparent Per Capita 126 126 Further Reading Alcohol Consumption:  National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–​ 2014” (2016) http://​pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/​publications/​surveillance.htm Used November 2, 2016 US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Women and Alcohol Use Washington:  US Department of Health and Human Services, 1988 West, Elliott The Saloon on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979 Zimmerman, Jonathan Distilling Democracy:  Alcohol Education in America’s Public Schools, 1880–​1925 Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999 127 INDEX Addams, Jane,  43 African Americans, 8, 43–​44, 50–​51; alcohol consumption of, 114; and prohibition, 62, 77–​78, 81, 87 alcohol: abstinence from, 12–​16; advertising of, 110–​111; consumption of, 3, 5, 8–​11, 15–​16, 45–​48, 89–​90, 110–​115; drinking age for, 109, 113; home use of, 79–​81; imported, 66–​69; industrial, 65–​66, 71, 80; medicinal, 8–​9, 59, 71, 74–​75; price of, 61–​62, 66–​67; production of, 17, 24, 35, 46, 48–​49, 110; regulation of, 1, 5, 30, 96, 104–​109; research on, 111; rural use of, 56, 62–​64; taxation of, 105–​108 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 111 alcoholism, 9, 18, 20, 35, 111, 115 American Revolution, 7–​9 American Temperance Society, 14 anarchists, 33 Anheuser-​Busch brewery, 36, 50–​52, 64–​65, 102, 110–​111 Anti-​Saloon League (ASL), 3, 32, 38–​43, 48, 57; and prohibition enforcement, 66, 72, 76, 84, 88; and repeal, 91–​92, 94 Appalachia, distilling in, 61–​62 Arizona, 33–​34, 44, 66 Arthur, Timothy S., 14 Asian Americans, 114 Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA), 4, 85, 91, 93, 99, 105 Athens, GA, 31 Atlantic City, NJ, 69 Australia, 29 automobiles, 64, 68, 81, 113 Baltimore, 18, 22, 68 baseball, 102 Beaulieu winery, 59 Beecher, Lyman, 14 beer, 6, 13–​14, 21–​25, 36; during prohibition, 57, 61, 64–​65, 69–​70; proposed as legal during prohibition, 89, 92, 98; regulation of, 106–​109; after repeal, 101–​103, 114 127 128 128 Index beverages, non-​alcoholic, 2, 8, 17 blind pig, 18 bone-​dry states, 47 Boole, Ella, 84, 95 bootleggers, 3, 61, 68–​74, 103–​104 Boston, 7, 22, 44, 68 Brecht, Bertolt, 34 brewers, 24, 33, 36–​37, 48–​53, 56–​57; advertising of, 110–​111; German ties of, 49–​52, 57–​58; during prohibition, 61, 64–​65; after repeal, 102–​103 Brisbane, Arthur, 50, 79 Britain, 29, 51, 67, 115–​116; and alcohol restrictions, 1, 53 Bronfman, Samuel, 67–​68 Brooklyn, NY, 65 Broun, Heywood Hale, 78–​79 Brown distillery, 7 Bryan, William Jennings, 4, 45, 73, 85 Busch, Adolphus, 50–​51 Busch, August, 50, 52, 65 business, attitudes toward alcohol of, 11, 14–​16, 32, 85, 91–​92 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 91 Byrd, William, 6 California, 43, 44, 66, 71, 87, 114; wine, 48, 59, 79, 84, 109 Canada, 53, 67–​68, 115; liquor imports from, 61, 67–​72, 74, 80, 104, 108 Cannon, James, 84–​86, 98 Capone, Al, 3, 62, 69–​71, 82, 90 Carroll County, IA, 62–​63, 98, 104 Cartwright, Peter, 12 Cass, Lewis, 15 Catholics, 4, 13, 55, 62, 81, 85–​86; and alcohol industry, 22, 59, 79; and temperance, 16, 31–​32 Central City, CO, 34 Chicago, 3, 22, 32–​33, 43, 45; medicinal alcohol in, 74–​75; prohibition in, 61–​62, 64, 68–​71, 81, 85–​86; saloons in, 36–​37 children, 8–​9, 18, 28–​29, 43, 112 Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), 111 cider, hard, 13, 59 cigarettes, 54 Cincinnati, 22–​23, 26, 36, 103; prohibition in, 71, 80–​81 cities, 16, 43–​45, 50; immigrants in, 21–​22, 37–​38, 45; prohibition in, 60–​61, 65, 84–​85 Civil War, 24–​25 cocktail parties, 4, 80–​81 colleges, 17, 81–​82 colonies, American, 2, 6–​7 Colorado, 33–​34, 44, 63 Congress, 35, 44–​48, 52, 94, 98–​ 99; and beer bill, 101–​103; and Eighteenth Amendment, 54–​56; and Jones Act, 88; and Twenty-​ First Amendment, 99; and Volstead Act, 57–​59 Congressional Temperance Society, 15 Continental Army, 7, 9 Coolidge, Calvin, 72–​73, 82, 84, 87, 93 Cotton Club, 78 crime, 9, 43, 89, 97 Darrow, Clarence, 43, 99, 100 deaths, 66, 80, 113 Delavan, Edward, 14 Delmonico’s restaurant, 75 Democratic National Conventions: of 1924, 4, 73; of 1928, 85; of 1932, 4, 97 129 Index 1 Democratic Party, 29, 38, 41; and prohibition, 73, 84–​86, 91, 94, 96–​99 Des Moines, IA, 61, 63 Detroit, 32, 67–​68, 85; Purple Gang, 69–​70 De Voto, Bernard, 80 distilled spirits, 18, 114; during prohibition, 61, 71–​74; regulation of, 106–​109 distillers, 7, 11, 110; during prohibition, 65–​66; politically weak, 24, 36, 48, 53, 56–​57 Dow, Neal, 21 drugs, illegal, 60–​61 du Pont, Pierre, 85, 91, 99 Dwight, IL, 35 East Coast, illicit imports along, 68–​69 Edison, Thomas, 32 education, alcohol, 28–​29 Edwards, Edward, 66 Eighteenth Amendment, 3, 51, 54–​56, 60; enforcement of, 67, 74, 78, 89; repeal of, 91–​92, 97–​99, 103–​104 Einstein, Izzy, 82 elections: colonial, 6, 9; of 1846, 16; in 1850s, 21; in 1880s, 29, 31; of 1892, 47; of 1911, 50–​51; of 1914, 44, 51; of 1916, 48, 52; of 1918, 57; of 1920, 72; of 1922, 72; of 1924, 73; of 1926, 84; of 1928, 86; of 1930, 95–​96; of 1932, 97–​98 Episcopalians, 13, 16, 55 Farley, James, 98, 99 Federal Alcohol Control Administration, 101, 107 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 59, 70 fetal alcohol syndrome, 112 Finland, 115 Finn, Mickey, 37 flappers, 77, 82–​83 Florida, 66–​67, 103 food shortages, 53, 57 Ford, Henry, 32 Fosdick, Raymond, 104 France, 51, 54 free lunch, 37 fur trade, alcohol in, 8 gambling, 9, 28, 33, 37, 69–​70 gangsters, 65, 69–​71, 82 Gatsby, Jay, 81 Georgia, 31, 44, 46, 61–​62 German-​American Alliance, 3, 49–​50, 52, 58 German Americans, 21–​22, 33, 62–​63; as brewers, 24, 32–​33, 36 Germany, 3, 29, 51–​52 Gothenburg system, 30–​31, 115 Gough, John B., 14 Great Depression, 90, 93, 96–​98, 101 Guinan, Texas, 78–​79 Gunsmoke, 34 Hall, Harrison, 7 Hancock, John, 7 Harding, Warren, 72, 93 Harlem, 4, 77–​78, 92 Harrison Act, 47, 60 health, 9, 14, 48, 112 Hearst, William Randolph, 56, 97 Hickok, Wild Bill, 34 Hillsboro, OH, 26 Hiram Walker distillery, 67 130 130 Index Hobson, Richmond, 38, 45, 48 Hoover, Herbert, 4, 82, 84, 86–​88; as president, 88–​90, 94, 97, 99 Hoover, J. Edgar, 59 hotels, 45, 75, 99 Hughes, Langston, 78 Humphrey, Heman, 19 Hunt, Mary, 28 Illinois, 22, 43, 44, 63, 104 immigrants: European, 2, 7, 21–​22, 25; recent, 113–​114; urban, 16, 22, 31–​32, 84–​86 income tax, 47–​48; and Al Capone, 70–​71; civil war, 24 Independent Order of Good Templars (IOGT), 20, 32 India, 29 Indiana, 21–​22 Indians See Native Americans Industrial Revolution, 16–​17 Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors, An, 9 Iowa, 21–​22, 62–​63, 98, 104 Ireland, John, 32 Irish Americans, 16, 21–​22, 31–​32, 44, 62–​63; and saloons, 22, 38 Irlbeck, Joe, 62, 104 Italian Americans, 65, 91–​92 jazz, 78 Jefferson, Thomas, 7 Jews, 13, 16, 67–​68, 79, 81 Jones, Wesley, 72, 88, 98 Kansas, 31, 38–​39, 44, 46 Keeley Institute, 35 Knights of Labor, 33 Know-​Nothings, 23 Ku Klux Klan, 63, 73, 86 labor unions, 32–​33, 65, 94, 99; in alcohol industry, 33, 53, 107 La Guardia, Fiorello, 91–​92, 96 Lever Food and Fuel Control Act, 53 Lewis, Dio, 26 Lewis, Sinclair, 81 Lincoln, Abraham, 24 liquor licenses, 20–​21, 105, 107; high fees for, 30; state stores instead of, 106–​109 Los Angeles, 42, 44, 87 Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound, 36 Lyman, Huntington, 12 Macon, GA, 46 Madison, WI, 102 Maine, 2, 21, 31 Maryland, 18, 22, 68, 72, 87 Massachusetts, 7, 18, 21, 68; Irish immigrants in, 22, 44, 86, 87 Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, 11 Mathew, Theobald, 16 Matthews, Mark, 37 McAdoo, William, 73 McCoy, Bill, 68–​69 medicine, 8–​9, 11, 16, 59, 74–​75 Menlo Park, NJ, 32 Methodist Board of Temperance, 81, 95 Methodists, 12, 21, 28, 30, 39; and prohibition, 42, 84, 95, 100 Mexican Americans, 50, 87; alcohol consumption of, 114 Mexico, 66, 114 Michigan, 21, 32, 101 middle class, 16, 20, 80–​81, 95; Irish, 31–​32; women protesters from, 26–​27 13 Index 1 Midwest: Canadian liquor in, 67; Germans in, 22; moonshine in, 62–​63 Milwaukee, 22, 36, 76 Moerlein brewery, 36, 103 Montana, 87, 103 moonshine, 61–​64, 69, 80 Morgan, J. P., 55 Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 113 Muslim Americans, 114 Naltrexane, 111 NASCAR, 64 Nation, Carry, 38–​39 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 111–​112, 115 National Recovery Act (NRA), 107–​108 Native Americans, 6, 8, 34–​35, 114 Ness, Eliot, 82 New England, 6–​7, 11, 21, 31 New Jersey, 32, 51, 69 New York City, 3–​4, 16–​17, 22, 43–​ 45, 101, 109; prohibition in, 60–​ 61, 66–​69, 75–​82, 85–​87; saloons in, 33, 36, 38 New York State, 14–​16, 21, 26, 43–​45, 114; prohibition in, 72–​ 74, 84–​87; repeal in, 93–​94, 101 newspapers, 49–​52, 70, 81–​82, 104 nightclubs, 77–​79 North Carolina, 31, 44, 101 North Dakota, 31, 67 Norway, 115 Ohio, 23, 26–​27, 37, 68 Olmstead, Roy, 71–​72, 74, 82 opium, 9, 28, 60 Pabst brewery, 36, 102–​103 Parallel between Intemperance and the Slave-​Trade, 19 Paterson, NJ, 51 Pennsylvania, 7, 17, 21–​22, 38, 65, 68 Philadelphia, 17, 22, 38, 68 Philipp, Emanuel, 64–​65 Pittsburgh, 65, 68 police, 23–​24, 69–​70, 75–​76, 82 poverty, 9, 43 Powderly, Terence, 32–​33 Progressives, 42–​43, 48, 73, 81 prohibition, 1–​3, 31, 35, 101, 109; early, 18, 20–​21, 23–​24; enforcement, 82, 84, 87–​89, 93–​94; local option, 16, 20–​21, 30–​31, 35, 40–​43, 45; national, 55–​58, 60, 69–​73, 75; state, 21, 40–​44, 49–​52, 98 Prohibition Bureau, 68, 74, 78, 81–​82, 87; corruption in, 59, 62–​64, 72–​73, 89, 93; ends, 103 Prohibition Party, 29–​30, 41 prostitution, 9, 28, 33, 37, 69–​70, 77 Protestants, 11–​12, 22, 39, 45, 87; evangelical, 12–​23, 28, 30, 41–​42, 51 Pullman, George, 32 race, 43–​44, 77–​78, 94 Raskob, John, 85, 91 Remus, George, 71, 81 rent parties, 4, 78 repeal, 4, 91–​92, 97, 100, 103–​104 Republican Party, 23, 29, 38, 41; during prohibition, 84, 88, 91–​94 restaurants, 61, 75, 79 Rhode Island, 7, 21, 86 132 132 Index Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, The, 34 Rochester, NY, 14–​15 Rockefeller, John D., 32 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 5, 92, 104–​107 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 4, 96–​97 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 4–​5, 86, 96–​99, 102, 104–​105 rum, 6–​7, 66–​67 Rum Row, 68–​69 Rush, Benjamin, 8–​10; thermometer of, 10 Russia, 1, 53, 115 Sabin, Pauline, 4, 93–​97 saloons, 4, 22, 36–​38, 104; Central City, CO, 34; Madison, WI, 102; opposition to, 26–​27, 32–​34, 38–​40, 51; prohibition and, 61, 75, 81, 89 San Francisco, 3, 43, 87 Schlitz brewery, 36, 102, 111 Scientific Temperance, 28–​29 Seagram’s distillery, 68 Seattle, 71–​72, 74, 103 sexuality, 9, 43–​44, 77, 82 Sheppard, Morris, 51, 54, 57, 92, 99 Six Sermons on Intemperance, 14 slavery, 7–​8, 17–​19 Smith, Al, 4, 72–​73, 95–​96, 101–​102; as presidential nominee, 84–​86, 91 Sons of Temperance, 20, 32 South, 17, 22, 29–​31; and prohibition, 42–​44, 46, 64, 86, 96–​97 speakeasies, 4, 64, 81, 88, 103; Chicago, 69–​70; Milwaukee, 76; New York, 75–​79 statistics, US alcohol consumption, 115 St John, John, 29 St Louis, 22, 36, 44, 50–​52, 64–​65 St Paul, MN, 32, 54, 57 St Valentine’s Day massacre, 70, 88 Sunday, Billy, 42–​43, 73 Sweden, 1, 30, 115 Taft, William Howard, 74 Tammany Hall, 38, 73, 85, 91, 96 Tappan, John, 13 taxation, 47, 82, 85–​87, 101; alcohol, 5, 7–​8, 20–​21, 24, 47–​48, 105–​108; after repeal, 91, 93, 97 teetotal pledge, 13 temperance movement, 11–​19, 24, 28–​32, 41, 111 Templeton Rye, 62, 64 Ten Nights in a Bar-​Room, 14 Texas, 36, 45, 50–​52, 66 three-​tier system, 105–​108 tied houses, 5, 36–​37, 51, 69–​70, 104, 107–​108 Tijuana, 66 Tillman, Benjamin, 31 Topeka, KS, 38, 46 Toward Liquor Control, 104–​107 Twenty-​First Amendment, 5, 56, 99–​101, 103–​104 United Repeal Council, 99 United States Brewers’ Association, 24, 50 US Coast Guard, 59, 67–​68 US Constitution, 40, 43, 81; Eighteenth Amendment to, 54–​56; Twenty-​First Amendment to, 99–​101 US State Department, 45, 67 US Supreme Court, 47, 74, 108 13 Index 1 3 Virginia, 6, 31, 87 Volstead, Andrew, 57, 59 Volstead Act, 60, 64, 75, 87–​89, 94; proposed modification of, 85, 92, 98, 101–​103; repeal of, 97, 103 Walgreen, Charles, 74 Washington, George, 6 Washington, DC, 15, 68 Washington State, 44, 100, 103–​104 Washingtonian Society, 18, 20, 111 Webb-​Kenyon Act, 46–​47 Weill, Kurt, 34 West, 33–​34, 44, 67, 101, 103–​104 West Indies, 6, 66–​67 Wheeler, Wayne, 3, 42–​43, 46–​48, 52, 57, 84; and Eighteenth Amendment, 54–​55; and Prohibition Bureau, 59, 66, 72 whiskey, 7–​9, 11, 21, 24–​25 Whiskey Rebellion, 7 Wickersham Commission, 88–​89 Willard, Frances, 3, 28, 33, 36 Willebrandt, Mabel Walker, 82, 84 Williamson County, IL, 63 Wilson, Clarence True, 95, 100 Wilson, Woodrow, 45, 47–​48, 53, 59, 73 wine, 13, 48, 54, 59, 84, 89, 92, 114; sacramental, 55, 59; regulation of, 106–​109 winemakers, 65, 79, 110 wiretaps, 74, 82 Wisconsin, 21–​22, 36, 76, 87, 102 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 3, 27–​35, 40–​41, 84, 94–​96 women, 4, 8–​9, 17, 37, 62, 65, 112–​113; and prohibition, 76–​77, 80–​83; for repeal, 94–​97, 99, 101; and temperance, 16, 20, 26–​29, 51 Women’s Crusade, 26–​27 Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR), 4, 94–​97, 99, 101, 105 women’s suffrage, 42, 96 Woods, Robert, 40, 43 working class, 37, 44, 65, 81; beer and the, 64–​65, 99 world, alcohol in the, 6–​7, 29, 111, 115 World War I, 3, 51–​54, 56–​57, 93 World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WWCTU), 29 Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, 111 Yale Club, 55, 81 youths, 81–​83, 94 134 135 136 ... such as Chicago’s Al Capone had accumulated fabulous untaxed wealth Gang violence turned many Americans against prohibition Prohibition changed 4 PROHIBITION: A CONCISE HISTORY where and how alcohol... more than any other continent, embraced heavy alcohol consumption Intoxicating beverages have always been less important in Africa, Asia, and among native inhabitants in North and South America In... local area could ban all liquor sales, and local officials would then refuse to grant any liquor licenses Going back to medieval England and continuing into colonial America, licenses had always