A Concise History of Chinese Economic Thought by Hu Jichuang I FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS First Edition 2009 ISBN 978-7-119-05755-2 ©Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, China, 2009 Published by Foreign Languages Press 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China http:/ /www.flp.com.cn Distributed by China International Book Trading Corporation 35 ChegongzhuangXilu, Beijing 100044, China P.O Box 399, Beijing, China Printed in the People's Republic ofChina CONTENTS PREFACE ONE ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE PRE-QIN PERIOD-BEFORE THE FOUNDING OF THE QIN DYNASTY IN 221 B.C PART ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE WESTERN ZHOU DYNASTY (1066-771 B.C.) Section I Wealth Section II Agricultural Production Section III Handicrafts and Trade Section IV Markets Section V Prices and Usury Section VI Fiscal Policy Supplementary Note- The Fiscal Viewpoint of "The Tribute System CHAPTER ONE ~ Yu" 13 17 CHAPTER TWO ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF SOME STATESMEN OF THE SPRING AND AUTUMN PERIOD 19 Section I Guan Zhong on the Social Division of Occupations Section II San Qi's Balance Theory of Money Section III Fan Li on Commerce and Trade Cycles 20 24 29 CHAPTER THREE ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF CONFUCIUS AND HIS SCHOOL 42 Section I Confucius and His Immediate Followers (1) Wealth (2) Production and Commerce (3) Distribution and Consumption (4) State Finances (5) General Survey of Confucius' Economic Thought (6) Economic Thought in Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean (7) The Ideal of Great Harmony Section II Economic Thought of Meng Ke (Mencius) (1) Fundamental Attitude Towards Wealth (2) Permanent Property (3) Labour (4) Price and Forestalling 42 43 45 48 51 54 55 58 59 60 64 65 68 (5) Finance (6) Ideal of ling Land System (7) Summary 69 71 74 ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF MO Dl AND HIS CHAPTER FOUR SCHOOL 76 Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section 76 I Mutual Benefits II Value and Price I II Labour IV State and Class V Population VI Finance VII Consumption VI II Short Summary CHAPTER FIVE ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN GUAN ZI Section Section Section Section Section Section I Economic Interpretation of Social Ethics II Wealth and Labour III SeJf-interesr IV Distribution V The Prodigality Theory of Consumption VI The "Light-Heavy" Theory (1) The Origin and Aim of the "Light-Heavy" Theory (2) Rules of the "Light-Heavy" Doctrine (3) General Application of the "Light-Heavy" Doctrine Section VII Theory of Money Section VIII Price and Commerce Section IX Public Finance Section X Other Economic Policies Section XI General Summary CHAPTER SIX XUN KUANG AND HIS CONCEPT OF WANTS Section Section Section Section I Human Wants II Production of Wealth Ill Distribution of Wealth IV Other Economic Thought CHAPTER SEVEN 79 83 86 89 93 95 97 100 101 103 107 111 115 119 120 124 127 131 139 146 153 159 162 162 166 173 175 ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE LEGALIST SCHOOL Section I Li Kui's Teaching "On the Best Use of the Productivity of Land" Section II Shang Yang's Policy of Farming and War (1) Shang Yang's Economic Ideas in General (2) Policy of Farming and War Section III Economic Thought of Han Fei Section IV Summary 179 179 184 185 191 196 205 CHAPTER EIGHT ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF TAOISTS, AGRI· CULTURALISTS AND OTHERS IN THE WARRING STATES PERIOD 207 Section I Economic Thought of the Taoist School Section II Economic Ideas of the Agriculturalist School Section III The Commercial Thought of Bai Gui 207 216 222 ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE EARLIER PERIOD OF THE FEUDAL LANDLORD ECONOMY- FROM THE SECOND CENTURY B.C TO THE NINTH CENTURY A.D 226 PART TWO CHAPTER NINE ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF SECOND CENTURY B.C THINKERS AND SIMA OIAN Section I Economic Thought of the Second Century B.C Section II Economic Thought of Sima Qian 227 227 240 CHAPTER TEN ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF SANG HONGYANG AND THE POLEMICS AT THE SALT AND IRON CONFERENCE IN 81 B.C 255 Section Section Section Section 256 260 264 274 I Stress on Commerce II General Economic Concepts I I I Important Economic Measures IV Economic Thought of the Adversaries of Sang Hongyang AGRICULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND MONETARY IDEAS FROM THE MID-SECOND CENTURY TO THE FIRST CENTURY B.C 281 CHAPTER ELEVEN Section I Agricultural Achievements in the First Century B.C 281 Section II Geng Shouchang's System of Granaries for Grain-Price Stabilization 284 Section III Two Views Regarding Money 285 ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF WANG MANG AND OTHER THINKERS IN THE EASTERN HAN DYNASTY CHAPTER TWELVE (A.D 25-220) 290 Section I Economic Policies of Wang Mang Section II Economic Ideas of Wang Fu Section I II Economic Thought of Revolutionary Peasants During the Latter Half of the Second Century Section IV Xu Gan's Essay on Population 290 303 CHAPTER THIRTEEN DYNASTY (265-420) ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE 305 310 JIN Section I Fu Xuan (217-278) on Public Finance Section II Idea of Land Occupancy in the Western Jin Dynasty Section III Lu Bao's Essay "On the Money God" 312 312 316 322 CHAPTER FOURTEEN ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE SOUTH· ERN AND NORTHERN DYNASTIES- FROM THE FIFTH TO THE SIXTH CENTURY Section I Concept of Free Coinage and the Monetary Thought of Kong Ji Section II Li Anshi's Idea of Land Equalization and the Land Equalization System of the Northern Wei Dynasty Section III Jia Sixie and His Important Arts for the People's Welfare 330 341 ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE TANG DYNASTY- FROM THE SEVENTH TO THE NINTH CENTURY Section I Some Special Economic Institutions in the Tang Dynasty Section II Monetary Concepts Section III Theories of Public Finance 346 346 350 354 326 326 CHAPTER FIFTEEN ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE LATER PERIOD OF FEUDAL LANDLORD ECONOMY AND THE PERIOD OF SEMIFEUDAL, SEMICOLONIAL ECONOMY - From the Eleventh Century to the May Fourth Movement, 1919 362 PART THREE CHAPTER SIXTEEN ECONOMIC REFORM OF WANG ANSHI IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 363 Section I Wang Anshi's Economic Reforms 365 Section II General Review of the Economic Thought of Wang Anshi 377 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN MONETARY THOUGHT OF SHEN KUO AND OTHER THINKERS IN THE NORTHERN SONG DYNASTY (960-1127) 386 Section I Su Xun's Criticism of the Ideal of the ling Land System 386 Section II Monetary Theory of Shen Kuo- the Velocity of Circulation 391 Section III Monetary Ideas of Zhou Xingji 396 Supplement to Section III On the Origin of the Paper Money Jiao Zi 399 Section IV Commercial Ideas of Su Shi 402 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN UTILITARIANS' ECONOMIC VIEWS AND THE MONETARY THEORY OF THE SOUTHERN SONG DYNASTY (ll27·1279) Section I The Utilitarians' Economic Views Section I I Paper Money and Monetary Theory of the Southern Song Dynasty Section III Lin Xun's Programme for the Restoration of the ling Land System Section IV Dong Wei's Policy of Famine Relief CHAPTER NINETEEN THE PAPER-CURRENCY ORDINANCE OF 1287 AND THE ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE YUAN DYNASTY (1271·1368) Section I Ye Li and the Paper-Currency Ordinance of 1287 Appendix to Section I Text of the Paper-Currency Ordinance of 1287 408 408 419 424 428 432 433 436 Section II Economic Policy of Lu Shirong Section III Other Fourteenth-Century Economic Thought CHAPTER TWENTY ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE MING DYNASTY- FROM THE FIFTEENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Section I Economic Thought of Qiu Jun Section II Antitraditional Economic Thought in the Sixteenth Century Section III Other Economic Ideas CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE ECONOMIC THOUGHT DURING THE LATE MING AND EARLY QING DYNASTIES-FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Section I Economic Slogans of the Revolutionary Peasants in the Early Forties of the Seventeenth Century Section II Xu Guangqi's Principles of Agricultural Administration Section III Economic Thought of Wang Fuzhi Section IV Economic Thought of the School of Yan Li and Wang Yuan CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO HONG LIANGII'S THEORY OF POPU· LATION, WEI YUAN'S CALL FOR "LEARNING FROM THE WEST" AND OTHER ECONOMIC THOUGHT -FROM THE EIGHTEENTH TO THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY Section I Lao Dingyuan on Overseas Trade Section II Hong Liangji, the So-called Chinese Malthus Section III The Monetary Controversy in the 1930s and 1940s and Wang Maoyin's Idea of Convertible Paper Money Section IV Wei Yuan, Initiator of the Great Transition in the History of Chinese Economic Thought CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE PE· RIOD OF SEMIFEUDAL, SEMICOLONIAL ECONOMY - From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the May Fourth Movement of 1919 Section I General Survey of the Trend of Economic Thought Since 1840 Section II Economic Thought of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Section III Disseminators of Western Economy After the Sixties Section IV Disseminators of Bourgeois Political Economy, Ma Jianzhong and Yan Fu Section V Economic Thought in the First Two Decades of the Twentieth Century EPILOGUE Chinese Dynasties Bibliography Chinese Names of Personages Mentioned 439 444 ~ 448 462 469 474 475 411 481 492 501 501 504 511 516 527 527 532 536 542 546 553 555 557 566 j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j A CONCISE HISTORY OF CHINESE ECONOMIC THOUGHT Discourses on Money ~~iS( by Wang Yi lJl iS Discourses on Peaceful Rule by Wang Yuan Discourses on the Relief of People in Famine ~mm ~iS by Dong Wei Discourses on Salt and Iron ~ ~~ by Huan Kuan Discourses on the States ~ii by Zuo Qiuming Discourses on the Study of "History as a Mirror, i~iil'ii£ by Wang Fuzhi r:p If Doctrine of the Mean by Kong Ji Dream Stream Essays ~m~* by Shen Kuo Fen Shu (meaning "The Book That Ought to Be Burned") ~~ by Li Zhi Fu Guo Ce (or HWays to Enrich a Country") amHft translated by Wang Fengzao Fu Guo Yang MinCe (or "Ways to Enrich a Country and Support Her People") -~~~- by an anonymous translator Fu Zi #-T by Fu Xuan General Outline of Qing Dynasty Scholarship nfft~* -~Liang Qichao by Geography of the Maritime Countries by Wei Yuan Great Learning by Zeng Shen Guan Zi * ~ ifr by anonymous writers Han Fei Zi 560 -'t~FT ilj ~Ill~ BIBliOGRAPHY by Han Fei History of the Former Song Dynasty *=IS by Shen Yue History of the Jin Dynasty fi'~ by Fang Qiao History of the Later Han Dynasty )J§' & ~ by Fan Ye History of the Ming Dynasty fij 5e by Zhang Tingyu History of the Northern Wei Dynasty R :f5 by Wei Shou History of the Song Dynasty *Jt! by Tuo Tuo History of the Southern Dynasties 31! by Li Y tznshou History of the Southern Qi Dynasty by Xiao Zixian History of the State of Yue ~ &@ :f5 by Yuan Kang History of the Three Kingdoms ::: mJ ;5 by Chen Shou History of the Western (or Earlier) Han Dynasty '00& :{5 by Ban Gu History of the Yuan Dynasty JI:Jt! by Song Lian How to Rule a Country Peacefully in Ancient and Modem Times m m-.:{5 i!IA,ffllJL~ by Qiu ]un Hua Yang Guo Zhi (or Records of the State of Hua Yang) $m~ ± II!,'\ by Chang Qu Important Arts for the People's Welfare -~J!;;ft by ]ia Sixie Lao Zi ~T traditionally believed to be written by Lao Ran 561 A CONCISE HISTORY OF CHINESE ECONOMIC THOUGHT Lie Zi ~Jj-=f by Lie Yukou Lii's Historical Records (or Lii Shi Chun Qiu) g ~#fk by Lu Buwei Luxuriant Dew from the Spring and Autumn Annals ~Ik-Ji: by Dong Zhongshu · Mencius ifu: T Recording the conversations of Meng Ke Miscellaneous Notes in the District of Shu 13~}ia by Cao Xuechuan Mo Zi (or The Work of Mo Di) ~r by MoDi and his followers Monthly Ordinances A~ Monthly Ordinances for the Four Classes of People [Q ~A ~ by Cui Shi New Guide to Government ~a.if~ by Hong Rengan New History of the Tang Dynasty IT/8~ by Ouyang Xiu New History of the Yuan Dynasty lf:lGJt! by Ke Shaomin Notes from Learnings :s:J~!G~ by Ye Shi Notes of Sayings and Travels of Shike Studio lnfiiT$!21ffGft by Ma ]ianzhong Notes on Thinking and Questioning ~m Jljj £1 by Wang Fuzhi Old History of the Tang Dynasty fE 1M.:{; by Liu Xu On Hygiene ~~~ by ]i Kang On Matters Concerning the Song Dynasty *~ by Wang Fuzhi On Paper Money iJ> ~ by Xu Mei m 562 BIBUOGRAPHY &~ Protests by Jiao Binlu p 1fiiS( by Feng Guijen Qing Chao Wen Xian Tong Kao (or A Comprehen,dve Historical Compendium of the Qing Dynasty) ?RfJJ:SC~~~ Quotations from "Tai Ping Jing" ;t(.lf~tl> by Anonymous Record of Criminals ~itt; by Cha ]izhuo Record of Imperial Military Exploits ~iitiC by Wei Yuan Record of the State of Hua Yang (or Hua Yang Guo Zhi)$J5a51~ by Chang Qu Records of the Historian 5I! i2 by Sima Qian Rites of the Zhou Dynasty »3 *L Selected Works of Sun Yat-sen 1ft LI.J~ by Sun Y at-sen Selected Works of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom :;{C.lJl~J;il)Clg by Luo Ergang Supplement to Fen Shu ~1;t =f5 Supplement toFu Guo Ce, (see Xu Fu Guo Ce) ~flfft Supplements in the "Full Discussion of Zuo Zhuan" ~#~ft:~fV "f:tiS( by Wang Fuzhi Supplements to the Omissions in Laws of the Tang Dynasty m~mil by N iida Noboru Tai Ping Jing :;t3Jl~ by Yu ]i The Conjectures -~ by Hong Liangji The Decorum Ritual &tL The Evil-Foreboding Dream ~~ by Wang Fuzhi The Right of Mankind A~~tL 563 A CONCISE HISTORY OF CHINESE ECONOMIC THOUGHT by Kang Youwei Talks of Changes ~ ~ by Zheng Guanying The Yellow Book lit~ by Wang Fuzhi Tong Dian il~ by Du You Unofficial Annotations to the "Four Books" 1m~-~ by Wang Fuzhi Vice-Minister Wang's Memorials to the Emperor :Effl~~~i$( by Wang Maoyin Waiting fo! Further Interpretation f*ff¥ by Wang Fuzhi Warnings for These Palmy Days ~i!tfe:~ by Zheng Guanying Wen Xian Tong Kao (meaning "A Comprehensive Historical Compendium Before the Thirteenth Century") Jt~ii~ by Ma Duanlin Wen Xin Diao Long (meaning "Criticism on the Literary Styles of Ancient and Modem Times") x~t,.rl.::t by Liu Xie Work of Bai Xiang-shan E :j= JlJ ~ by Bai Juyi Work of Han Fei, (see Han Fei Zi) ft~~Works of Shang Yang, or Shang Zi ;fljtf~ or Tif-T by Shang Yang Wu Zi ~T by Wu Qi Xu Fu Guo Ce (meaning "Supplements to 'Ways to Enrich a Country'") ~a-rEm by Chen Zhi Xu Tong Jiang Chang Pian (meaning "Full Version of the Supplement of 'History as a Mirror'") ~ii~*• by Li Tao 564 BIBliOGRAPHY Xu Wen Xian Tong Kao (or Supplement to Ma Duanlin's Wen Xian Tong Kao) Jtll~&t~ compiled by an official department of the Qing Dynasty Xun Zi tO-T by Xun Kuang Yi Zhou Shu (or Lost Records of Zhou) ~.Nil :f) Yuan Fu (meaning "The Origin of Wealth," the Chinese title of the translation of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith) Mta by Yan Fu Zhong Lun qt ~ by Xu Gan Zuo Zhuan (or "The Chun Qiu Annals of the State of Lu, Supplemented by Zuo Qiuming') tr.~ 565 CHINESE NAMES OF PERSONAGES MENTIONED a Bai Gui (about fouth century B.C.) :§E Bai Juyi (727-864) am~ Chao Cuo (205-154 B.C.) ~ftf Chen Xiang (about third century B.C.) ~ :f1j Chen Zhi (?-1899) '~m Cheng Hao (1032-1085) fill Cheng Yi (1033-1107) ~ii Confucius, or Kong Qiu (551-4 79 B.C.) ~L T or ~.IC Cui Shi (?-170) 111* Dong Tuanxiao (?-1358) ji1fJf Dong Wei (about twelfth century) fltl Dong Zhongshu (179-104 B.C.) l!ftflff Duanmu Ci (about fifth century B.C.) ~*~ Duke of Guo Wen (about eighth century B.C.) tt)(* Duke of Zhou, or Ji Dan (see) jiJ -0 or ~.§ Emperor Gaoxin (reigned about twenty-fourth century B.C.) iflj$~ Emperor Shen Nong (reigned about twenty-eighth century B.C.) :f$~~ Emperor Shun (reigned about twenty-second century B.C.) Emperor Wu (reigned 140-85 B.C.) &iit1i¥ Emperor Yao (about 2290 B.C.) % Fan Chi, or Fan Xu (515 B.C.-9) ~i8 or ~J.Vi Fan Li (about fifth century B.C.) fi?:A Fan Shengzhi (about first century B.C.) tllU':EZ Feng Guifen (1809-1874) ?Jbf:E~ Fu Xuan (217-278) {t'!' Geng Shouchang (about first century B.C.) lfk~ ~ 566 ~ CHINESE NAMES OF PERSONAGES MENTIONED Gong Yu (124-44 B.C.) 9tM Gou Jian (about fifth century B.C.) ~a Gu Yanwu (1612-1682) jji~Jit Guan Zhong (?-654) Wft:JI Han Fei (c 310-238 B.C.) (it~F He Xinyin (1517-1579) fpj'Jt,,ll Hong Rengan (1822-1864) jtt:ff Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864) ilt~~ Huang Zongxi (1610-1695) Ji Dan (?-1037 B.C.) jl!!, generally known as Duke of Zhou Ji Kang (about third century) ~Jia Shan (about second century B.C.) M LIJ Ji Sun {about fifth century B.C.) ~Jj\ Jia Sixie (about fifth to sixth century) Ji)~tD Jia Yi (200-168 B.C.) Mlil Jie {about eleventh century B.C.) ~ Kang youwei (1858-1927) J}t1f7:J King Jing (reigned 544-520 B.C.) :1-J: King Wen (?-1 077 B.C.) Jtx King Wu (?-1064 B.C.) JitJ: King Yi (reigned 878-862 B.C.) ~3: Kong Ji {about fourth century B.C.) f[,f& Kong Ji ( about fifth century) {LI! Kong Qiu, or Confucius (see) -1[,.li Lan Dingyuan (1680-1733) ltf~j(; Lao Ran (about sixth century B.C.) ~ JfJ'} Li Anshi (442492) *~-Ht Li Ao {c 776-c 843) Li Gong (1659-1733) *ii Li Gou (1009-1095) *8 Li Jue (785-853) Li Kui (c 450-c 390 B.C.) $1!1! Li Zhi (1527-1602) *tk Li Zicheng (1606-1654) ~ PX: Liang Qichao (1873-1929) ~am •*• *• *If * 567 A CONCISE HISTORY OF CHINESE ECONOMIC THOUGHT Lin Xun (about twelfth century) ;ftlf.J Lin Zexu (1785-1850) #J!U~ Liu Yan (718-780) XIJ~ Liu Zhi (about eighth century) XII~ Lu Bao (about fourth century) :ft.Il Lii Shang (about eleventh century) g Mj Lu Shirong (?-1285) p fft~ Ma Duanlin (1250-1322) I?,~JJ{b Ma Jianzhong (1845-1900) ~}!r:f:t Meng Ke, or Mencius (c 390-c 305 B.C.) ~$il Mo Di (c 468-c 367 B.C.) aftl Peng Geng ~ J! Prince Zi Kuai of the State of Yan ~.:E -T ~ Qiu Jun (1420-1496) Ji!S~ Ran You, or Ran Qiu (about fifth century B.C.) Rui Liangfu (about ninth century B.C.) P!i Sang Hongyang (152-80 B.C.) ~Sk~ Shan Qi (about sixth century B.C.) !;.hit Shang Yang (c 390-338) Shen Kuo (1031-1095) ttffl Shen Qingzhi (368-455) t.tJJcz Sima Qian (152-87 B.C.) ~ !bff Song Keng (about fourth century B.C.) ;f:lf! SuShi (1036-1101) $$it Su Xun (1009-1066) $jfij Sun Wu (about fifth century B.C.) ~1ft Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) ;yj\~{rlJ Wang Anshi (1 021-1 086) :ttii Wang Fu (c 106-168) :Er-1 Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692) :E~Z Wang Gen (1483-1540) :E ~ Wang Liang :E ~ Wang Liu (1786-1843) :E~ Wang Mang (46 B.C~ -A.D 23) 1:~ Blx iff x 568 J41f or J4Jjt CHINESE NAMES OF PERSONAGES MENTIONED Wang Maoyin (1798-1865) :£1tl/I Wang Tao (1828-1897) :Efil Wang Yi (?-1373) xit Wang Yuan (1647-1710) ;E~ Wang Zhen (about fourteenth century) ::EM Wei Yuan (1794-1857) ftl( Wu Luzi ~Pr Wu Qi (c 440-c 381 B.C.) ~~ Xu Fuyuan (?-1604) ilf$:1& Xu Gan (170-217) ~T Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) ~J't~ Xu Mei (c 1788-c 1870) ilfll Xu Xing (about fourth century B.C.) ¥ffi Xun Kuang (c 289-238 B.C.) til~ Yan Fu (153-1921) F1l Yan Yuan (1653-1704) 1m ft Yang Yan (727-781) f~ ~ Yang Yuling (753-830) ~~~ Yang Zhu (c 400-c 335 B.C.) Ye Li (1242-1292) P-f-* Ye Shi (1150-1223) lftm Ye Ziqi (?-1378) lftrif Yi Yin (about eighteenth century B.C.) {Jf7J' Yu the Great (c 2140-c 2096 B.C.) Zeng Shen (about fifth century B.C.) ~ ~ Zhang Jue (about second century) ~jQ Zhang Juzheng ( 1525-1582) 5!Em- iE Zhang Lin (about first century) 5LE# Zhang Lu (about second century) *ft Zhao Guo (about first century) ~ ii Zheng Baiqian (about twelfth century) ~11311 Zheng Guanying (1841-1920) ~~~ Zhou (?-1066 B.C.) t4' Zhou Xingji (about twelfth century) If fj ti* *M e 569 A CONCISE HISTORY OF CHINESE ECONOMIC THOUGHT Zhu Jian (about the first half of the seventeenth century) Zhu Xi (1130-1200) *ll Zuo Qiuming (about fifth century B.C.) ir:Jilij 570 *~ [I ~1£Jti~ f§l ( Cl P) ft ~~~~~~~W~:~X~~~~~~ -~~*= ;r~x::eJJRu 2oo9 (~*~~> ISBN 978-7-119-05755-2 I.~··· II.~··· III t~~Jf.=t~5e- ~~-~X IV F092 ~~llR*0045tf!CIP~im~~ (2009) ~087292% IJHHtlttJ : ~ lfi!& ilff:~-:~#~ t!li$H1=: WJIJ.IIi$1: *~~ ~~J}(!tif~~x1t1HLH~OJ ~yz:, ~ IE t211f ,~,1!5f.f8j ttii t}J*~ fjif © 2oo9 ''"' :1: tB JtB # ili Jl& A: n¥3r:~ ,ffi, fj : *~00 Wlt&~f7: )'~::>cteJJ&1± ( 9='00~t)j(sJJB:::km24%) JIJ~J§fcfjii!3: 100037 ~ :111:: http://www.flp.com.cn Et!.i!: 008610-68320579 (,ffi,fj~) 008610-68995852 (2t~T~) 008610-68327750 (~~~) itiJ sp 7f It&: ~t)j(~Jiffl-Jb#it2tl&:ff~0PJ itiJ = ~t)j()'~)Cj;p-flmr *= 787mmx1092mm 2009:¥8 J3 ~ 1Jl&~ 1?X j;p Aiitl (~) ISBN 978-7-119-05755-2 10800 (fll) 4-E-20348 1/16 sp ~: 36.5 ... kinds of grain have been reaped The financial plan has to be made on the basis of an average revenue of thirty years, which in turn should be calculated on the basis of the land area utilized and... be paid would be calculated on the basis of the tax payment the debtor generally owed.1B For example, a gardener with an officially assigned piece of land for gardening, who paid a tax of, say,... to those who held larger areas Also, the distance between a 26 27 Ibid Ibid 15 A CONCISE HISTORY OF CHINESE ECONOMIC THOUGHT vassal state and the capital was an important factor to be considered