THE DOMESTIC DY NAMICS OF CHINA’S ENERGY DIPLOMACY 9668hc_9789814696739_tp.indd 21/8/15 10:52 am Series on Contemporary China (ISSN: 1793-0847) Series Editors: Joseph Fewsmith (Boston University) Zheng Yongnian (East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore) Published* Vol 26 Looking North, Looking South: China, Taiwan, and the South Pacific edited by Anne-Marie Brady Vol 27 China’s Industrial Development in the 21st Century edited by Mu Yang & Hong Yu Vol 28 Cross-Taiwan Straits Relations Since 1979: Policy Adjustment and Institutional Change Across the Straits edited by Kevin G Cai Vol 29 The Transformation of Political Communication in China: From Propaganda to Hegemony by Xiaoling Zhang Vol 30 The Great Urbanization of China edited by Ding Lu Vol 31 Social Structure of Contemporary China edited by Xueyi Lu Vol 32 East Asia: Developments and Challenges edited by Yongnian Zheng & Liang Fook Lye Vol 33 China and East Asia: After the Wall Street Crisis edited by Peng Er Lam, Yaqing Qin & Mu Yang Vol 34 The World Turned Upside Down: The Complex Partnership between China and Latin America by Alfredo Toro Hardy Vol 35 Township Governance and Institutionalization in China by Shukai Zhao Vol 36 Health Policy Reform in China: A Comparative Perspective by Jiwei Qian & Åke Blomqvist Vol 37 Understanding Chinese Society: Changes and Transformations by Eileen Yuk-ha Tsang Vol 38 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy by Chi Zhang *To view the complete list of the published volumes in the series, please visit: http://www.worldscientific.com/series/scc Prathima - The Domestic Dynamics of China's Energy Diplomacy.indd 13/7/2015 5:19:59 PM Series on Contemporary China – Vol 38 THE DOMESTIC DY NA MICS OF CHINA’S ENERGY DIPLOMACY Chi Zhang National Defense University, China Un World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON 9668hc_9789814696739_tp.indd • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO 21/8/15 10:52 am Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zhang, Chi (College teacher) The domestic dynamics of China’s energy diplomacy / Chi Zhang (National Defense University, China) pages cm (Series on contemporary China ; 38) ISBN 978-9814696739 Energy policy China Petroleum industry and trade China I Title HD9502.C62Z43 2015 333.790951 dc23 2015021589 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher In-house Editors: Dong Lixi/Prathima Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Prathima - The Domestic Dynamics of China's Energy Diplomacy.indd 13/7/2015 5:19:59 PM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy For my parents Zhang Peixiang & Chi Geling b2177_FM.indd v 8/21/2015 12:36:51 PM May 2, 2013 14:6 BC: 8831 - Probability and Statistical Theory This page intentionally left blank PST˙ws 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy Contents List of Abbreviations Preface ix xiii Chapter Introduction: Why Domestic Dynamics Matter Chapter Conceptualising the Interaction of National Chapter and Corporate Interests 13 China’s Energy Shortage 43 Chapter Beijing’s Energy Diplomacy and Chinese NOCs’ Overseas Expansion 89 Chapter National Interests and Corporate Interests behind China’s Energy Diplomacy 163 Chapter Interaction Between the Government and the NOCs 227 vii b2177_FM.indd vii 24-Aug-15 9:51:25 AM b2177 viii The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” Contents Chapter Chinese Discourses of Energy Security 285 Chapter Conclusion: Whither China’s Energy Diplomacy? Bibliography Index About the Author b2177_FM.indd viii 313 327 351 367 24-Aug-15 9:51:25 AM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy List of Abbreviations ASEAN AU BE BP bpd CACF CCP CDB CEIB CELAC CICIR CIIS CNPC CNODC Association of Southeast Asian Nations African Union Bureau of Energy British Petroleum Barrels per day China–Arab Cooperation Forum Chinese Communist Party China Development Bank China Export–Import Bank Community of Latin American and Caribbean States China Institute of Contemporary International Relations China Institute of International Studies China National Petroleum Corporation China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Corporation ix b2177_FM.indd ix 8/21/2015 12:36:51 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 354 Index 153–154, 157–160, 218, 224, 231, 261, 266, 270–272, 278, 282, 317, 321 China Petroleum and Chemical Industry General Corporation, 241, 273 China Petroleum and Natural Gas General Corporation, 242–243, 245, 274 China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau (CPPB), 152 China, xi, 1–2, 4–8, 15–16, 18, 23–25, 27, 41, 44–45, 47, 52–61, 64–72, 74, 77– 81, 83, 85–87, 90–94, 96, 98–104, 106–107, 109, 114, 124–126, 129–131, 133, 149–151, 154– 155, 157, 168, 170, 173–174, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187–205, 210, 212–213, 215, 221, 229, 231, 238, 240–241, 248–249, 254, 266–267, 274, 281, 286– 287, 290–295, 297, 300–306, 308–310, 318–319, 324 China–Arab Cooperation Forum (CACF), 93–94 China–ASEAN (10+1) Summit, 107 China-CELAC Cooperation Plan (2015–2019), 109 China-CELAC Forum Ministerial Meeting, 108 China-Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) Forum, 108 China–Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 93 China–Kazakhstan Comprehensive Strategic Relationship, 100 b2177_Index.indd 354 China–Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline, 129 China–Kazakhstan Oil Pipeline, 66 China–Myanmar Oil and Gas Pipelines, 132, 183 China–Myanmar Oil Pipeline, 104, 106, 126 China–Russia Energy Cooperation Committee, 103 China–Russia Oil Pipeline, 103 China–U.S interdependence, 194 China–U.S relations, 23, 188–189, 193, 196 Chinese Academy of Social Science, 60 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) National Congress, 232, 234, 240, 241, 244, 246 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), xii, 8–10, 17, 19, 23, 28, 32, 34, 35, 39, 165, 167–168, 200–201, 204, 262–266, 273–275, 288, 314, 320 Chinese foreign policy, 3, 5, 28 Chinese leadership, xiii, 9, 11, 29, 62, 169, 250, 253, 316, 325–326 Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 27–28, 181, 237, 301 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), 255 Chinese state, 3, 6, 16–17, 25, 39, 224, 231 Chongqing, 77, 133 Christensen, Thomas J., 192 Christoffersen, Gaye, 194 class interests, 31 8/21/2015 12:40:04 PM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy Index CNOOC General Corporation, 110, 277 CNOOC Ltd., 110, 116, 277 CNPC (Hong Kong) Ltd., 139 CNPC Group, 110, 113, 209, 218, 223–224, 231, 242, 245, 251, 261–262, 266–267, 278, 280–282 Cold War, 189 collectivism, 30 Colombia, 116, 157 Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence, 254 comprehensive national power (zonghe guoli), 167 conflict resolution, 26 ConocoPhillips, 123, 127, 147, 160 consumer price index (CPI), 174 contemporary Chinese revolution, 34 corporate development strategies, 10, 26 corporate interests, xii, 3, 5–6, 8–10, 14, 16–20, 25–27, 32, 38–41, 163, 166, 209, 296, 314, 317–318, 325, Cote d’Ivoire, 95 Cox, Robert, 31, 228 CPPCC Economic Committee, 255 Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, 109 Cultural Revolution, 237 Daewoo Combo, 152 Daewoo International, 152 Dannreuther, Roland, 15 Daqing oil field, 72, 74 b2177_Index.indd 355 355 Daqing, 131, 238 Darfur issue, 187 decentralisation, xii, 9, 227–228, 231, 233, 283 Democratic Progressive Party’s (DPP), 201, 207 Deng Xiaoping, 237 Deng Xiaoping’s ‘southern tour’, 229, 243 Development Research Centre of the State Council, 59 Devon Energy, Devon, 120, 153, 158 Distance Simultaneous Separated Sweep (DSSS) technology, 139 Djibouti, 95, 207 Doba, 142 domestic dynamics, xii, xiii, 1–3, 5–6, 8, 10, 13–14, 18–20, 24, 26, 30–31, 33, 38, 313, 315, 326, domestic politics, 36 Dornod Province, 155 Dos Santos, Jose Eduardo, 98 Doseo, 142 Downs, Erica, 4, 19, 197, 233 Dvorkovich, Arkady, 103 Eagle Ford Shale, 158 East Africa, 122, 180, 188–189 East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, xiv East Asian Summit, 107, 196, East China Sea, 75, 180 East Siberia Pacific Pipeline System, 124 East Siberia, 131 East Siberia–Pacific Oil Pipeline, 131 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 356 Index East Venezuela Basin, 156 Ebel, Robert E., 15 Ecuador, 108, 123, 125, 157 Egypt, 91 Encana, 157, 159 energy diplomacy, xi–xiii, 1–8, 9–11, 13–14, 17–26, 30–31, 33, 35, 38–41, 44, 89, 95, 163–165, 167, 168, 170, 187, 197, 199, 200, 202–203, 208, 250, 283, 286, 288, 296–297, 303, 308, 310–311, 313–315, 325–326 Energy Research Institute, 252 energy security, xii, 2–3, 9, 11, 14, 20, 23–25, 33, 39–41, 164, 166, 169, 170, 172, 177, 181–182, 187, 195, 197, 208, 250, 266, 283, 285–292, 296–299, 301–302, 306–308, 310–311, 314 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, 74, 138, 148 Eni, 76, 122–123, 127, 151 ENOC, 140 Equatorial Guinea, 95, 116, 144 Erdis, 142 Ethiopia, 206 Europe, 54, 179, 185, 189 European Union, 58 ExxonMobil, 122, 126, 151, 185 Fang Fenghui, 28 Far East Pipeline, 131 Far East, 179 FELSG Office, 28 Fergana Basin, 148 First Five-year plan, 237 First International Oil Corporation of Kazakhstan, 147 b2177_Index.indd 356 Five-year plan, Five-year plans, 77, 279–280 foreign direct investment (FDI), 56, 213–216 former Soviet Union region, 83 Fortune Global 500, 115, 266–267 Forum on China–African Cooperation (FOCAC), 95, 205, 207 France, 119 free trade area (FTA), 93 Friedberg, Aaron, 200 Fujian Province, 66, 126, 278 ‘going global’ (Zou chuqu), 25, 33, 266, 279–281, 283, 293, 296–297 Gabon, 144 Galkynysh gas field, 101, 130 Gambia, 202 Gao Gang, 236 Gao Qiang, 207 Gaspar Strait, 104–105 Gazprom, 150 Gbeibe oil field, 138 Geneva, 207 Germany, 85, 206 Ghana, 123 Gilpin, Robert, 22 Gobustan oil field, 149 Gold Forces of the Chinese People’s Armed Police, 25 Goldstein, Avery, 188 government–NOC relationship, xii, 6, 9, 18, 228, 283, 297, 314, 318, 320, 325 Grangemouth, 119 Great Leap Forward, 237 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy Index Greater Indian Ocean, 180 gross domestic product (GDP), 52–54, 57–59, 67, 69, 174, 253 Group of Four (G4), 206 Guangdong Province, 66, 85, 154 Guangzhou, 65 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 93 Gulf of Aden, 181, 301 Gulf of Mexico, 158, 160 Gulf, 179, 182 Gumda oil field, 148 Hainan Province, 126, 277 Halfaya oil field, 128, 137 Han, Shair Ling, 15 He Guoqiang, 275 He Wenping, 203 Hebei Province, 75 hegemony, 31, 35, 228, 286 Heilongjiang Province, 72, 124, 131 Herberg, Mikkal, 4, 209 Hi-tech Group, 140 Hong Kong, 168, 207, 216, 270 Houser, Trevor, 281 Hu Jintao, 95, 150, 182, 275 Huang Yicheng, 242, 323 human rights, 24 Husky, 76, 123, 127, 153 Hussein, Saddam, 136–137 Iceland, 116 India, 44, 99, 179, 182, 184, 206 Indian Ocean, 106, 179–182, 298 individualism, 30 Indonesia, 86, 104–106, 116, 120, 153, 181 INEOS, 119 b2177_Index.indd 357 357 interest groups, 25, 27–28, 30 international business, 37 international community, 2–3, 305, 308 International Energy Agency (IEA), 50, 78, 80, 84, 111, 198 international energy market, 172, 194 international oil companies (IOCs), 18, 76, 117–123, 126–127, 136, 165, 185 international oil market, 23, 199 international oil price, 23, 172, 174–176, 223, 290, 294, 317 international political economy (IPE) theories, IPE theoretical perspectives, 6, 10, 13, 20, 35, 40–41 international political economy (IPE), xii, 1, 36 international politics, 36 international relations, xii, 2, 9–10, 17, 26, 39 international society, 24, 310 international system, 22 investment approval process, xiii, 9, 11, 19, 40, 227, 315 Iran nuclear issue, 172 Iran, 50, 72, 83–84, 91–92, 99, 135–136, 187 Iran–Iraq War, 171 Iraq Drilling Company, 128 Iraq, 84, 111, 116, 121, 128, 133, 136–137, 146, 171 Iraqi South Oil, 128 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), 172 Israeli–Palestinian conflicts, 171 Italy, 85 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 358 Index Japan, 44, 47, 53, 58, 79, 85, 87, 179, 181–182, 184, 189, 199, 206–207, 212, 290, 300 Jia Qingli, 275 Jiang Jiemin, 262 Jiang Yong, 319 Jiang, 19 Jidong Nanpu oil field, 75 Jingjinji (Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei) region, 59 Jonathan, Goodluck, 97 Junggar and Tarim basins, 75 Junggar Basin, 75 K&K (Kursangi and Karabagli) oil field, 149 Kaddafi, Muammar, 91 Kashagan, 147 Kazakhstan, 65, 84, 98–101, 111, 114, 123, 128–130, 146, 183– 185, 198 Kazakhstan–China Gas Pipeline, 146–147 Kazakhstan–China Oil Pipeline, 98, 129, 146, 183, 198 KazMunaiGas, KazMunaiGaz, 129, 147 KazTransGas, 130 Kenkiyak–Atyrau Pipeline, 146 Kenya, 95, 116, 207 Khartoum Petrochemical Co., Ltd., 140 Khartoum Refinery, 140 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 131 Kitimat, 159 Kleine-Ahlbrandt, Stephanie, 16 KMG, 147 Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS), 159 b2177_Index.indd 358 Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC), 148 Kunming, 133 Kuomintang (KMT), 201, 204 Kuwait, 84 Kyaukpyu, 133 Kyrgyzstan, 99–100, 130 Lake Chad, 142 Lancang Jiang-Mekong River, 106 Lanteigne, Marc, Laos, 106 Latin America, 299 Latin America, 57, 81, 83, 90, 107–109, 127, 155, 164, 177, 180, 187, 197, 199–200, 202 Lavéra, 119 Leading Small Groups (lingdao xiaozu), 250 League of Arab States (LAS), 93 Lee Jong-wook, 206 Lesotho, 207 Li Fuchun, 236 Li Keqiang, 28, 97, 102, 104, 107, 256–257 Li Yizhong, 277 Li Zhanshu, 28 Liao, Xuanli, 15 liberal institutionalists, 26 liberalisation, 233 liberalism, liberal perspective, 10, 13, 20–21, 25–26, 30, 34, 40–41, 164 Liberia, 202, 207 Libra oil field, 158 Libya, 83, 91, 143, 207 Lieberthal, Kenneth, 4, 209, 236 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy Index liquefied natural gas (LNG), 23, 85–88, 104, 111, 118, 120, 122, 132, 134, 153–155, 159, 177, 179, 316 Liu He, 28 Liu Tienan, 255 Liu Yandong, 28 Liu Yunshan, 28 Lombok Strait, 105, 293 Lukoil, 146–147, 150 Luzon Strait, 180 ‘made in China’, 54 ‘mini NATO in Asia,’ 189 ‘mini-State Council’, 244, 247, 323 Ma Fucai, 251 Ma Kai, 28, 251 Macao, 168 MacKay River, 159 Madagascar, 207 Madiago, 142 Maduro, Nicolas, 109 Makassar Strait, 105 Malawi, 202 Malaysia, 86, 104–105 Mali, 207 Maluku Strait, 105 Mao Zedong, 237 Maoist period, Maracaibo Lake, 156 Marathon Oil, 145 market economy, 16, 25, 232 Marxism, Marxist perspective, 10, 13, 20–21, 30, 33–35, 40–41 Mauritania, 142 McGregor, 19 MDD basin, 155 Medvedev, Dmitry, 104, 150 b2177_Index.indd 359 359 memorandum of understanding (MOU), 126, 132, 135–136, 139, 148, 150, 152, 155 Men Honghua, 291 mercantilist approach, mergers and acquisitions (M&A), 14, 17, 26, 38, 111, 117–118, 134, 161, 184, 209, 212, 218, 222, 270 Middle East, 23, 57, 81, 83, 90, 93–94, 104, 106, 114–115, 118, 126, 128, 132, 134–135, 139, 160, 170–172, 177, 180, 187, 197, 199 Middle East, 289, 309 Ministry of Coal Industry, 237, 240, 242–244 Ministry of Commerce (MC), Ministry of Commerce (MOC), 28, 246, 318 Ministry of Electric Power Industry, 237, 240, 244 Ministry of Energy (ME), 242–244, 252–253, 262, 318, 322–325 Ministry of Finance (MF), 318 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 28–29, 39, 250, 264–265, 282, 318 Ministry of Fuel and Chemical Industry, 238 Ministry of Fuel Industry (MFI), 235, 237, 239 Ministry of Geology, 245 Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR), 28, 244–246, 253, 274, 318 Ministry of Nuclear Industry, 242 Ministry of Petroleum and Chemical Industry, 238 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 360 Index Ministry of Petroleum Industry (MPI), 27, 32, 235, 237–239, 241–242, 272, 274 Missan oil field, 128, 136 Mitsubishi Corporation, 159 modern enterprise system (xiandai qiye zhidu), 230 Mohe, 131, 150 Mongolia, 155 Morton, Adam, xiii Moscow, 102, 103, 237 Mozambique, 122, 142 Mubarak, Hosni, 91 multilateral diplomacy, 10, 163–164, 168, 200, 205, 208 Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), 152 Myanmar, 86, 106–107, 116, 128, 132–133, 152, 181, 183, 187 Myanmar–China Crude Pipeline, 152 Myanmar–Thailand Gas Pipeline, 152 ‘Nine in One’ election, 201 Nakhon Sawan Gas Pipeline Project, 152 Namibia, 207 Nansha (Spratly) islands, 105 National Bureau of Statistics, 44, 210 National Defence Mobilisation Committee, 255 National Defence University of China, xiv national defence, 301 National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), 27–29, 33, 246, 247, 249–255, 257, 261–262, 264–265, 269, 275, 282 b2177_Index.indd 360 National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), 291, 297, 316, 318, 321–325 National Energy Administration (NEA), 28, 253–257, 261–262, 264, 322, 324 national interests, xii, 3, 5, 8–9, 10, 14, 16–20, 22–26, 30, 38–41, 163–167, 287, 297–298, 314, 317–318, 325 National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), 135 national oil companies (NOCs), xi-xii, 1–10, 14–21, 25–27, 29–30, 32–33, 35, 38–41, 65, 88–89, 110–111, 113–114, 116, 118–124, 126–128, 134–135, 142, 161, 164–165, 167, 172, 184–185, 191, 197–199, 209– 210, 212, 218, 221–223, 225, 227–229, 231, 233–235, 248, 252, 257, 261–267, 269–273, 278–283, 286–287, 294–297, 313–318, 320–321, 325–326 National Oil Corporation of Libya, 143 National People’s Congress, 34, 273 national security, 9–10, 17, 22–23, 186, 289 National Stereotypes Committee, 255 Naughton, Barry, 53, 248 Naypyitaw, 107 Nazarbayev University, 100 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 100, 147 neo-Gramscian perspective, 31 new diplomacy, 7, 10, 20–21, 36, 38, 40–41, 228 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy Index New Urbanisation Programme, 62 New York, 270 Nexen, 119, 160, 215 Niger Delta, 144 Niger, 95, 141 Nigeria, 97–98, 111, 116, 144, 160, 171 Nigerian Express, 140 Nimir, 146 No 981 Oil Rig, 180 nomenclatural system, xiii, 9, 11, 19, 40, 227, 283, 314 North Africa, 94, 171 North America, 54, 111, 114, 120, 158 North Azadegan oil field, 135 North Buzachi oil field, 146 North China, 76 North Irkutsk Province, 150 North Pars natural gas field, 136 North Sea oil fields, 305 North Sea, 160 North Twining oil field, 159 Northeast China, 76 Northwest China, 76 Nur Bekri, 255 Obama administration, 91 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), 138, 140, 157 Oksenberg, Michel, 236 Oman MB Group, 139 Oman Oil Company S.A.O.C (OOC), 139 Oman, 84, 139 Omi, Shigero, 207 Ordos Basin, 75–77, 122 b2177_Index.indd 361 361 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 59, 68, 111, 118, 160 Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 60–61, 68, 75, 92, 173, 200 Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt, 156 Orinoco oil field, 125 outward direct investment (ODI), xi-xii, 2–3, 5, 7–8, 10, 14, 17, 19, 26, 33, 38–89, 110, 116, 118, 127–128, 134, 161, 164– 166, 209–210, 212–213, 215– 216, 218, 222–223, 228, 232–233, 264–265, 270, 279– 283, 296, 314 ‘pivot to Asia’, 179, 182 Pacific Ocean, 179 Pakistan, 99 Pan American Energy, 158 Panama Canal, 180 Paul, Joshy M., 16 PDVSA, 156 peaceful development, 191, 310 peaceful rise, 191 Pearl River delta, 60 Pearl River Mouth Basin, 75–76 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 24, 192, 203–204, 210, 235–236 Persian Gulf, 106, 132–133, 181 Peru, 114, 155 Petrobras Energia Peru S.A., 155 Petrobras, 158 PetroChina Company Limited, PetroChina, 110, 114–115, 159, 269–270 Petroecuador, 157 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 362 Index PetroKazakhstan, 146–147 Petroleum Development Oman (PDO), 139 Petronas, 121, 128, 137, 140, 147 Philippines archipelago, 180 Philippines, 105, 179–180, 184 Phillips Channel, 181–183 PLA General Logistics Department, 237–238 PLA Navy, 301 planned economy, 17, 25 political legitimacy, xii, 9–10, 19, 23, 35, 39, 165, 167–169, 200, 208, 225, 314 post-Cold War era, 187 PRC central government, 273 Precaspian Basin, 146 production sharing agreement (PSA), 101, 127, 143, 149 production sharing contract (PSC), 123, 127, 139–140, 144, 148–149, 152, 157 Putin, Vladimir, 102–103 Qaidam Basin, 75, 77 Qatar, 72, 86, 116 ‘rebalancing the Asia–Pacific’, 182, 188 Rahmon, Emomali, 100 realism, realist perspective, 10, 13, 20–26, 29, 31, 40–41 RedSea, 126 Repsol, 158 Republic of Congo, 116 rise of China, xii, 1, 192 Riyadh, 91–92 Rongchang block, 122 Rosneft, 124–125, 131, 150–151 b2177_Index.indd 362 Royal Dutch Shell, Shell, 185, 121, 123, 126–127, 158, 266 Rumaila Field Operating Organization (ROO), 137 Rumaila oil field, 137 Rumaila, 128 Russia, 44, 50, 72, 81, 84, 90, 99, 102–104, 114, 123, 125, 131, 149, 150–151, 183, 197, 290, 293 Russia–China Gas Pipeline, 103 Russia–China Oil Pipeline, 131, 150 Rwanda, 207 Sakhalin Energy, 149 Sakhalin oil field, 149 Salamat, 142 Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, 92 Sanz, Manuel Gonzalez, 108 São Tomé & Príncipe, 202 Saudi Arabia, 72, 83–84, 90–93, 98, 126, 138 scientific development, 253 Scotland, 119, 161 sea lanes of communications (SLOCs), 180–181, 132, 182, 187 Senegal, 202 September 11th, 91, 179 Sha Zukang, 207 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), 93, 99 Shanghai, 65, 200 Shell Canada Ltd., 159 Sheng Huaren, 273–274 Shengli oil field, 74 Sichuan Basin, 75 Sichuan, 77, 122 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy Index Silk Road Economic Belt, 24, 92, 100–101 Singapore Petroleum Company, 153 Singapore Strait, 181, 183 Singapore, 153 Sinopec Group, 241, 277 Sinopec International Oil Exploration and Development Company Ltd (SIOEDC), 111, 115, Sinopec Ltd., 269–270 Sinton, 19 Skovorodino, 124, 131, 150 SLK oil field, 143 Small, Andrew, 16 Sochi Winter Olympics, 102 social groups, 4, 25, 28, 30, 34–35 social strata, 34–35 socialism, 241 SOE reform, 230, 244 Somalia, 181 Somalia, Horn of Africa, 178 Song Ping, 236 Songliao Basin, 76 South Africa, 95 South Atlantic Petroleum Ltd., 144 South China Sea, 75–77, 104–105, 179–182, 196, 298 South Korea, 85, 87, 184 South Oil Company, 137 South Pars gas field, 135 South Sudan, 83, 140, 172 South Yoloten gas field, 101 Southeast Asia Crude Pipeline Limited, 153 Southeast Asia Natural Gas Pipeline Limited, 153 b2177_Index.indd 363 363 Southeast Asia, 57, 90, 104, 106, 128, 151, 164, 177–179, 197 Southwest China, 75, 126, 132 Spirit of the Silk Road, 100 Standing Committee of the CCP Central Committee’s Political Bureau, 33, 90, State Administration of Work Safety, 277 State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, 245 State Council Information Office, 306 State Council Office for Restructuring the Economic System, 247 State Council, xiii, 9, 11, 19, 27–28, 40, 227, 234–235, 243– 244, 249–250, 257, 264, 277, 283, 314, 318, 322–324 State Development Planning Commission (SDPC), 244, 247 State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC), 244, 246– 247, 273–274 State Economic Commission (EC), 239, 241–242 State Electricity Regulatory Commission, 255 State Energy Commission (SEC), 29, 239–241, 253, 256–257, 259, 274, 323 State Energy Leading Small Group (SELSG) Office, 251–252, 254, 322 State Energy Leading Small Group (SELSG), 29, 246, 249–253, 256–257, 278, 323 state enterprises, 229–230 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 364 Index State Land Administration, 245 State Oceanic Administration, 245 State Planning Commission (SPC), 27, 235–237, 239, 241–244, 257, 264, 274, 323 state-centric view, 3, 15, 25 State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC), 28, 246, 248, 253, 263, 272–273, 318 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 6, 8, 16, 27, 32, 120, 229–232, 242, 248, 249, 262–263, 265, 267–274, 279, 320, 324–325 state–SOEs relationship, statism, 31 Statoil, 151 Stopford, John, 36, 38 Strait of Malacca, Malacca Strait, 106, 132–133, 178–183, 190, 197, 290, 293 Strange, Susan, 7, 36–38, 173, 228 strategic petroleum reserves (SPR), 177, 288, 292–295 Su Shulin, 277–278 Sudan, 317 Sudan, 83, 114, 140, 172, 187 Sudapet, 140 Suez Canal, 180 Sunda Strait, 104, 293 Sutter, Robert G., Swaziland, 202 Sword of Damocles, 194 Syria Shell Petroleum Development (SSPD), 138 Syria, 91, 121, 138 Syrian civil war, 91, 172 Syrian Petroleum Corporation, 138 b2177_Index.indd 364 Taipei, 24, 201–202, 204 Taiwan issue, 14, 168, 191, 200–202, 207 Taiwan Strait crisis, 201 Taiwan Strait, 192, 201 Taiwan, 180, 189, 191–192, 201–202, 204 Tajikistan, 98–101, 130 Talara oil field, 155 Talisman, 153 Tamsag Basin, 155 Tanganyika, 138 Tanzania, 134 Tarim Basin, 65, 74–75, 77 Taylor, Ian, 15 Texaco, 146 Texas, 92 Thailand, 106, 151 Thein Sein, 107 Third World, 202 Tianjin Binhai New District, 151 Tibet Autonomous Region, 168 TNKBP, 151 Tokyo, 205 TOTAL, Total, 119, 121, 126–128, 137, 145, 158 transnational classes, 31 transnational corporations (TNCs), 5, 16–17, 22, 26, 36–39, 215–216, 223, 231–232, 296 transnational operation, transnational operation, xi-xii, 5, 7–8, 10, 14, 17, 26, 33, 110, 121, 161, 164–166, 221, 223, 286, 295, 297 transnational politics, 36 trans-nationalisation, 166 Transneft, 131, 150 triangular diplomacy, 20, 36 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM 6”x9” b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy Index Trinidad and Tobago, 116 Tunisia, 143 Turkish Petroleum (TPAO), 121, 128 Turkmengaz, 101, 149 Turkmenistan, 65, 85, 98, 100–102, 123, 125, 128, 130, 148–149, 183 Turkmenneft, 148 U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA), 80–81, 83, 117, 125 U.S hegemony, 191 Udmurtneft, 151 Uganda, 116, 145 United Arab Emirates, 84 United Kingdom, 56, 116, 119, 160, 300, 305 United Nations (UN), 24, 165, 181, 201–204, 208, 301 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 200 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 120, 212, 214, 216 United Nations Security Council, 24, 205–206 United States (U.S.), 22–44, 47, 50, 53, 57, 59, 61, 67, 72, 79–80, 90–92, 96, 116, 120, 158, 170–171, 179, 181–182, 184–196, 200, 215, 281, 290, 300, 305 Uniting for Consensus, 206 University of Nottingham, xiii Unocal, 186–187 unorthodox realism, 37 urbanisation, 43, 51–53, 59–61 b2177_Index.indd 365 365 Urikhtau Gas Field, 147 Uzbekistan, 98–99, 101, 128, 130, 147–148 Uzbekneftegaz, 147–148 Venezuela, 84, 107–108, 123, 125, 156 Vietnam, 105–106, 179, 184, 196 Visiting Research Fellowship, xiv Vostok Energy Ltd., 150 WAFA oil field, 143 Wal-Mart Stores, 266 Wang Huning, 28 Wang Yang, 28 Wang Yi, 108 Washington, 4, 91, 190–191, 201 Wei Liucheng, 277 Wen Jiabao, 246, 250, 253, 256–257, 275, 280, 323 West Africa, 23, 83, 94, 170 West Europe, 158 West Qurna oil field, 137 West to East Gas Pipeline (xi qi dong shu), 65–66, 130 West to East Oil Pipeline (xi you dong song), 66 WilHunter, 160 WilPhoenix, 160 Wong, John, 213 workshop of the world, 54, 57 World Bank, 96 World Health Assembly, 202, 207 World Health Organisation (WHO), 24, 165, 202–203, 205–207 World Trade Organisation (WTO), 205, 215 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 366 Index Wu Bangguo, 275 Wu Xinxiong, 255 Wu Yi, 207, 274–275 Wu, Kang, 15 Xi Jinping, 28, 92, 94, 100–102, 106, 108–109, 147 Xia Yishan, 289, 292, 295, 297 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 66, 75, 129–130, 168, 255 Xinjiang, 65–66, 74–75, 208 Xisha (Paracel) islands, 105, 180 Xu Dingming, 251 Xu Xiaojie, 209 Yadavaran oil field, 135 Yakutsk, 103 Yan Xuetong, 298–300 Yang Jiechi, 28 Yang Jing, 28 Yangtze River delta, 59 Yao Yilin, 236 Yellow Sea, 75 Yemen, 86 Yu Qiuli, 236, 238, 240, 256, 274 Yu Yongding, 214 b2177_Index.indd 366 Yukos, 131 Yunnan Province, Yunnan, 126, 133 Zeng Qinghong, 33, 274 Zeng Shan, 274 Zha Daojiong, 302–304 Zhanazhol-KC13 Gas Pipeline, 146 Zhang Dejiang, 253, 256 Zhang Gaoli, 28, 102–103, 275 Zhang Guobao, 254–255, 261– 262 Zhang Guobao, 316 Zhang Wenmu, 298–301 Zhang Yongjin, 231 Zhao Hongtu, 290, 293, 296 Zhao Suisheng, 3, 15 Zheng Yongnian, xiii, 230 Zhou Dadi, 291, 293, 296–297 Zhou Yongkang, 33, 245, 273– 274 Zhu Rongji, 229, 231, 244, 246, 273, 279 Zhu Xingshan, 291, 293, 296–297 Zumano oil field, 156 Zweig, David, 39, 233 8/21/2015 12:40:05 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy About the Author Dr ZHANG Chi received his BA in International Politics from the University of International Relations in Beijing, MA in International Political Economy from the University of Warwick, UK and PhD in Politics from the University of Nottingham, UK He is currently Lieutenant Colonel and Assistant Professor at the Institute for Strategic Studies, National Defence University of China His research interests include international political economy, energy security, soft power, Chinese foreign policy, Chinese politics and the international relations of the Asia-Pacific His English publication include two book chapters and one policy paper: “China’s Oil Diplomacy in Africa: The Convergence of National and Corporate Interests”, in Christopher M Dent ed., China and Africa Development Relations, (London and New York: Routledge, 2011), “‘Soft Power’ and Chinese Soft Power” (with Zheng Yongnian), in Lai Hongyi and Lu Yiyi eds., China’s Soft Power and International Relations, (London and New York: Routledge, 2013) 367 b2177_About the Author.indd 367 24-Aug-15 11:53:01 AM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 368 About the Author and “Changes in the Global Energy System and Their Implications for China”, EAI Background Brief, No 1006, East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, 12 March 2015 His journal articles in Chinese appeared in China’s top journals in international relations such as World Economy and Politics (Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi) and Contemporary International Relations (Xiandai Guoji Guanxi) b2177_About the Author.indd 368 24-Aug-15 11:53:01 AM ... b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 1.3.2 The domestic dynamics This study’s exploration of the domestic dynamics of China’s... front of the Chinese leadership b2177_Ch-01.indd 8/21/2015 12:39:44 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” 10 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 1.5 The. .. 12:39:43 PM b2177 The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy 6”x9” The Domestic Dynamics of China’s Energy Diplomacy expanding their outward direct investment (ODI) in overseas energy assets