Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice The term “climate justice” began to gain traction in the late 1990s following a wide range of activities by social and environmental justice movements that emerged in response to the operations of the fossil fuel industry and, later, to what their members saw as the failed global climate governance model that became so transparent at COP15 in Copenhagen The term continues to gain momentum in discussions around sustainable development, climate change, mitigation and adaptation, and has been slowly making its way into the world of international and national policy However, the connections between these remain unestablished Addressing the need for a comprehensive and integrated reference compendium, the Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice provides students, academics and professionals with a valuable insight into this fast-growing field Drawing together a multidisciplinary range of authors from the Global North and South, this Handbook addresses some of the most salient topics in current climate justice research, including just transition, urban climate justice and public engagement, in addition to the field’s more traditional focus on gender, international governance and climate ethics With an emphasis on facilitating learning based on cutting-edge specialised climate justice research and application, each chapter draws from the most recent sources, real-world best practices and tutored reflections on the strategic dimensions of climate justice and its related disciplines The Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice will be essential reading for students and scholars, as well as being a vital reference tool for those practically engaged in the field Tahseen Jafry is a Professor at Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU), Scotland, UK and the Director of GCU’s Centre for Climate Justice “Climate justice names the central problem – and solution – for this century and beyond In this collection, you will learn why this is and, in these still-early stages of thinking and CJ movementbuilding, which debates are raging.” Patrick Bond, Distinguished Professor of Political Economy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg “This Handbook is a timely and significant contribution to the growing body of academic literature on climate justice It comes at a critical turning point in UNFCCC climate negotiations with the imminent review of the Paris Agreement It is an excellent knowledge resource bound to be of particular interest to academics, practitioners and students engaged in the field of climate change and climate justice.” Mary Robinson, President, Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice Edited by Tahseen Jafry ASSISTANT EDITORS MICHAEL MIKULEWICZ AND KARIN HELWIG First published 2019 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 selection and editorial matter, The University Court of Glasgow Caledonian University; individual chapters, the contributors The right of The University Court of Glasgow Caledonian University to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-68935-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-53768-9 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures List of tables List of contributors Acknowledgements Introduction: justice in the era of climate change Tahseen Jafry, Michael Mikulewicz and Karin Helwig x xi xii xxiii PART I Theories of climate justice On the evolution and continuing development of the climate justice movement Brian Tokar On inquiry into climate justice Idil Boran Fact-insensitive thought experiments in climate ethics: exemplified by Parfit’s non-identity problem Jörg Tremmel A narrative account of temporality in climate justice Nejma Tamoudi and Michael Reder 11 13 26 42 57 PART II Climate justice governance, policy and litigation Global political processes and the Paris Agreement: a case of advancement or retreat of climate justice? Susan P Murphy 69 71 v Contents Statehood in an era of sinking islands Tom Sparks 83 Reimagining development practice: mainstreaming justice into planning frameworks Ritwika Basu and Amir Bazaz 100 Climate justice in the UK: reconciling climate change and equity issues in policy and practice in a developed country context Katharine Knox 114 10 Equity and justice in climate change law and policy: a role for benefit-sharing Annalisa Savaresi and Kim Bouwer 128 11 Leading from the bench: the role of judges in advancing climate justice and lessons from South Asia Emeline Pluchon 139 PART III Climate justice, finance and business 151 12 Climate finance: moral theory and political practice Alexandre Gajevic Sayegh 153 13 The inter-relationship between climate finance and climate justice in the UNFCCC Tessa Sheridan and Tahseen Jafry 165 14 Carbon pricing and climate justice: design elements for effective, efficient and equitable greenhouse gas emissions reductions Edward Cameron 184 15 Sharing the burden of climate change via climate finance and business models Emilie Prattico 195 PART IV Just transition 209 16 From the dirty past to the clean future: addressing historic energy injustices with a just transition to a low-carbon future J Mijin Cha 211 vi Contents 17 Just energy? Structures of energy (in)justice and the Indonesian coal sector Anna Fünfgeld 222 18 Climate technology and climate justice: energy transitions in Germany, India and Australia James Goodman, Devleena Ghosh and Tom Morton 237 19 Big Oil’s duty of disgorging funds in the context of climate change Marco Grasso 20 Climate justice and REDD+: a multiscalar examination of the Norwegian-Ethiopian partnership David Brown 251 262 PART V Urban Climate Justice 277 21 The climate-just city Wendy Steele, Jean Hillier, Donna Houston, Jason Byrne and Diana MacCallum 279 22 Configuring climate responsibility in the city: carbon footprints and climate justice in Hong Kong Sara Fuller 290 23 The shifting geographies of climate justice: mobile vulnerabilities in and across Indian cities Eric Chu and Kavya Michael 299 24 Fair for whom? How residents and municipalities evaluate sea-level rise policies in Botany Bay, Australia Anne Maree Kreller and Sonia Graham 313 25 Thermal inequity: the relationship between urban structure and social disparities in an era of climate change Bruce C Mitchell and Jayajit Chakraborty 330 PART VI Climate Justice and Gender 347 26 Climate justice, gender and intersectionality Patricia E Perkins 349 vii Contents 27 “No climate justice without gender justice”: explorations of the intersections between gender and climate injustices in climate adaptation actions in the Philippines Roa Petra Crease, Meg Parsons and Karen Toni Fisher 359 28 A multiscale analysis of gender in climate change adaptation: evidence from Malawi Jane Maher 378 29 Participatory climate governance in Southeast Asia: lessons learned from gender-responsive climate mitigation So-Young Lee and Eric Zusman 393 PART VII Climate justice movements and struggles 405 30 “Climate change is about us”: fence-line communities, the NAACP and the grounding of climate justice Brandon Derman 407 31 Mother Earth and climate justice: indigenous peoples’ perspectives of an alternative development paradigm Alan Jarandilla Nuñez 420 32 Negotiating climate justice at the subnational scale: challenges and collaborations between indigenous peoples and subnational governments Colleen M Scanlan Lyons, Maria DiGiano, Jason Gray, Javier Kinney, Magaly Medeiros and Francisca Oliveira de Lima Costa 33 Understanding the crises, uncovering root causes, and envisioning the world(s) we want: conversations with the anti-pipeline movements in Canada Jen Gobby and Kristian Gareau 431 449 PART VIII Emerging areas in climate justice 465 34 Beyond the academy: reflecting on public scholarship about climate justice Sonja Klinsky 467 35 Climate migration: the emerging need for a human-centred approach Sennan Mattar and Enyinnaya Mbakwem viii 479 Contents 36 Climate justice education: from social movement learning to schooling Callum McGregor, Eurig Scandrett, Beth Christie and Jim Crowther 37 Transformative approaches to address climate change and achieve climate justice Dunja Krause 494 509 38 Conclusion Tahseen Jafry 521 Index 528 ix Index ability to pay principle (APP) 30–31, 255–256 ACCCRN (Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network) programme 305–306 accountability and clarity 169 Acre, Brazil (case study) 437–440 Adam, Barbara 60 Adams, R M 43 adaptation: finance of 200–202; interventions 299; mechanisms, formal and informal 387–388; and mitigation, recommendations for 352; pathways approach to 315–316 “adaptation deficit” 204 Adaptation Fund 132 adaptation policy fairness 313, 314 adaptation process, procedural fairness and 315 Addis Ababa Agenda on Development Finance 102 Adger, W N 514 Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi 459 administrative lethargy 144 ADP (Durban Platform for Enhanced Action) 74, 75 affective justice, climate justice education 499 affordable housing, migration and 482 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons 484, 485 Agenda for Sustainable Development 102 agents of justice 251 “agnostic” curriculum 499 air conditioning, justice implications of 292, 294, 295–296, 333 Alberta (Canada) tar sands pipeline 449–458 Alfred, T 450 Ali v Federation of Pakistan 142 “alter-globalisation” movement 18, 513 “alternatiba” 21 Alua, Mary Jane 367 Amazon basin 421 Ambrey, C 284 Anchorage Declaration (2009) 422 Andean cosmovision 426, 427 Aniello, C 332 Annex I countries 165, 196 anthropic state 90–94 528 Anthropocene: coining of term 89; epoch 88–89, 90–94; scale 64 anthropocentric concept of climate justice 421 anthropogenic global climate change 26, 32, 83, 88, 222, 479–488 anthropogenic impacts 71 anti-pipeline movement (Canada): academic literature and presenting methodologies 452; the conversations 454–458; crises and responses 450–452; discussion and conclusion 458; introduction 449–450; Project 453; Project 453–454 Anyidoho, N A 371 apocalyptic scenarios 65 APP (ability to pay principle) 255–256 Arendt, Hanna 65 Arrhenius, Svante 89 Ashgar Leghari v Federation of Pakistan (2015) 140 Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) programme 305–306 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 396 Asian Judges Network on Environment 146 Asian–White dissimilarity index 336 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 146 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 109 Atapattu, Sumudu 15 atmospheric equal shares 31–32 Australia 238, 244–245, 279–287 Avaaz network 18 Bagepalli CDM Biogas Programme 395 Balibar, E 92 Bali Principles of Climate Justice (2002) 16, 224 Bambolin, Gwendolyn 367 Bangalore (case study) 303–304 Bangladesh 141, 142, 143, 145 Banks, N 115 Bardsley, D 325 Bareau, Kristian 453 Barker, A J 450 Barnett, J 280, 325 Barrett, S 263, 382 Index Bassey, Nnimmo 19 Bayles, M D 43 Becker, M A 481 “behaviour change” initiatives 117 Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) 379 Belgium 142 Bell, D 123 beneficiary pays principle (BPP) 255–256 benefit, notion of 129 benefit, principle of 156 “benefit-packages” practice 131 benefit-sharing: in the climate regime 130–133; concept of 129–130; and the future of the climate regime 133–134; introduction 128–129 Benegal, S 495 Bhugra, D 481 Biesta, G 500, 506 Big Oil: conclusions 259; direct contribution to climate change 252–254; duty of disgorgement, moral bases of 254–257; duty of disgorgement, practical issues and challenges of 257–259; historical wrongdoing 256–258; individuation of duty recipients 257; introduction 251–252; negative responsibility (do no harm) 254–255; ownership traditions 252–253; as primary duty-bearer 258; rectifacatory actions 256; terminology 252 biodiversity law 129 biofuel production 513 Biogas Mason Enterprises (Vietnam) 398–399 bivalent conception of justice 225 Blacks and Climate Change: An Unequal Burden (2004) 331 Blacktown Local Government Area (Sydney) 282–283 Black/White segregation rates 336 “blockadia” 21 BNP Paribas bank (France) 196 Bodin, Jean 84 Bolivia 19, 422 Boston procurement guidelines 203 Botany Bay, Australia: climate justice in 313–326; conclusion 326; discussion 324–326; introduction 313–314; physical and social vulnerability of 316–317; research methods 317–319; research results 319–324; sea-level rise policies 316–317 bottom-up approach 71, 73, 78 Bowen, A 185 Box, G E P 42 BPP (beneficiary pays principle) 255–256 Brazil 437–440 “Break Free from Fossil Fuels” 18 Breman, J 304 Breukers, S 240 Brooks, N 515 Broome, John 52 Buechley, R W 334 “Build Back Better” in recovery 384 built structure, thermal inequity and 331–333 Bulkeley, H 314 Burawoy, Michael 470 burden-sharing approach 59–60, 73, 159–160; to adaptation 200–201; carbon markets with the supply chain 205; conclusion 205–206; fairness principles 197–198; microfinance and insurance products 204–205; overview 195–197; procurement of climate-adapted products 202–203; role of private sector in 198–202; supply chain cooperation 203–204 Burgess, E W 331 Burkett, Maxine 474 Butler, J 506 Byrne, J 343 California, acknowledged leadership status of 433 California Air Resources Board (CARB) 433–434 California Cap-and-Trade Program 433–434, 436 California climate policies 22 Cambodia 398 Camp for Climate Action (CCA) 498, 500 Canada 156, 369; anti-pipeline movement in 449–460 Cancun Adaptation Framework 483 Caney, Simon 30, 32, 59, 73 Canning, D 454 canopy cover, unequal distribution of urban 281 “can’t-expect-better problems” 50 CapaCities project 105, 108–109 capacity principle 156, 158, 160 cap-and-trade, with tribal government 435–437 cap-and-trade program (California) 433–434 cap-and-trade systems 22, 158 capitalism: fossil fuel and 226, 239–240; social justice and 223–227 capitalist crisis—climate crisis 226 carbon calculators (Hong Kong) 293–295 carbon consumption, patterns of unequal 292 carbon dioxide emissions 22, 89 Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) 185 carbon emissions, inequities in responsibility for 116–118 carbon footprinting: adoption of the term 290; climate justice in practice 294; climate responsibility in Hong Kong 292–296; conclusion 296; income differentials 294–295; introduction 290–291; responsibility for 291–292 carbon majors 252 carbon markets, within the supply chain 205 carbon pricing, climate justice and: climate ambition 185–187; conclusions 192; emissions reductions design 187–191; introduction 184–185 Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition 185 529 Index carbon pricing mechanisms 157–158 carbon reduction: economic and social burden of 213–214; policies 121 carbon tax initiatives 22, 118 “car-loving father” example 45, 46 case law: Ali v Federation of Pakistan 142; Ashgar Leghari v Federation of Pakistan (2015) 140; Comer v Murphy Oil USA, Inc (2012) 141; Dr Mohiuddin Farooque v Bangladesh (1997) 141; Farooque v Government of Bangladesh (2001) 145; Gaurav Kumar Bansal v Union of India 144; Greenhouse Gangsters vs Climate Justice (Corporate Watch) 15–16; Juliana v United States (2015) 142; M.C Mehta v Union of India (1998) 141, 145; Miglani v State of Uttarakhand (2017) 143; Mohd Salim v State of Uttarakhand (2017) 143; Narmada Bachao Andolan v Union of India (2000) 141; Pandey v India (2017) 140, 142; Rantandeep Randari v State of Maharashtra (2015) 144; Roedad Khan v Federation of Pakistan (1990) 141–142; Urgenda Foundation v Kingdom of the Netherlands (2015) 140; Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v Union of India (1996), 144 Castries, Henry de 204 categorial imperative (Kant) 91 CBDR (“Common but differentiated responsibilities”) 74–75 CCA defined 378 CCAP (National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2020) 397 Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) 116 certainty, domain of 60 Chakraborty, Jayajit 281, 284, 330 Chant, S 370–371, 396 Chicago 338–339 Chicago heatwave of 1995 119, 331, 334 Childs, M 115 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 459 China 142, 156, 161 Choudry, A 454 Chow, W 334 cities, as crucibles for development practice 101 citizenship rights, migration and 304 civil rights, climate change and 413 Clark, J F 334 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 394–395 Climate Action Plan (India, 2008) 242 climate adaptation planning 313 climate-adapted products 202–203 climate ambition, carbon pricing and 185–187 climate change: adaptation and mitigation recommendations 352; adaptation policies 121–122; belief in 495; characterised by 60; as a civil rights issue 413; cumulative character of 238; differentiated vulnerability 378–379; human rights law and 129–130; indigenous peoples and 421–423; moral implications of 530 28–29; rectificatory actions in the context of 255–256; sea-level rise (SLR) 313; “slow violence” of 60; social–ecological process of 500; technology transfer 133; as urban, cultural, and environmental crisis 279 Climate Change Act 2008 (UK) 117 climate change adaptation (CCA): definition 360; gender and 360–361, 378–389; poverty reduction as 368–370; risk management approaches to 284 climate change advocacy, NAACP and 413–414 climate change governance: benefit-sharing 129–130, 130–133, 133–134; introduction 128–129 climate change negotiations 72 climate change risk 204 Climate Change Risk Assessment (UK) 118–119 climate crisis (Canada) 451 climate diplomacy 19–20 “climate disadvantage” 119–120 Climateers carbon calculator programme (Hong Kong) 293 climate ethics 28–29; role of science in 60; thought experiments in 42–53 climate fiction 64, 65 climate finance 132–133; allocation of 394–395; as an instrument of justice 155–157; building confidence and momentum 162; burdensharing approach 159–160; and business models 195–206; capacity principle 156, 158, 160; carbon pricing mechanisms 157–158; conclusion 162–163; historical responsibility principle 156, 158, 160, 161; introduction 153–154; moral theory and political practice 153–163; subnational climate finance architecture 157–158; UNFCCC definition of 154–155; what should count as justice 159–162 climate finance–justice relationship 169, 175–176; adaptation finance 170, 176; capacity building and 170–171, 176–177; conclusions and recommendations 181–182; current UNFCCC framework 166–173, 167; developing countries and 168, 175; discussion 178–181; indirect and complicated access to 169–170; integration of development objectives 177; introduction 165–166; lack of support for development 171–172; most vulnerable people 172, 177–178; refined framework 173–178; shared responsibility 173–174; top-down structure 166–168 climate gap, thermal inequity and 334–335 climate governance, in Southeast Asia 393–401 climate injustice: moral weight of 473–474; in rural Nigeria 485; shifting dynamics of 299–300, 307 climate-just cities 279–287; in Australia 281–284; conclusion 287; implications for practice 284–287; introduction 279; from principles to practice 280–281; urban climate justice 280–281 Index climate justice 423–425; as an educational construct 497; capabilities approach 432–433; carbon footprinting and 290–296; climate diplomacy and 19–20; conclusions 521–522; contributions of 20–21; cosmocentric concept of 423; definitions of 115, 128; diversity of visions of justice 26; emergence of 224–225; emerging areas in 526; finance and business 523; five key aspects to understanding 280; forest conservation and 431–432; future challenges 22–23; gender and 525; gender and intersectionality and 349–354; gender justice and 359–372, 456–457; governance, policy, and litigation 522–523; Hong Kong 290–296; human mobility in the context of 481–482; indigenous peoples and 423–425; just transition 523–524; leaders of the future 527; movements and struggles 525–526; multiscalar analysis of 263, 264f; negotiation at the subnational scale 431–444, 432–443; non-ideal circumstances of 72; non-ideal theory of 59–60, 73; normative inquiry on 35–36; origins of movement 15–17; origins of term 420; politics of 407–408; rationalistic tradition 58–59; shifting geographies of 307; as a social movement 17–19; and social movements 499–500; social movement vs normative inquiry 27–35; solutions 16–17; temporality in 57–66; theories of 300–303, 522; two major types of 59–60; two modes in pursuit of 27; in UK context 114–116; urban 524–525; women’s status and 394; working definition of 27 Climate Justice Action (CJA) network 18 Climate Justice Alliance 18 climate justice education: cognitive justice, affective justice, and translation 499; curriculum development opportunities 502–503; hegemony as a key concept for 494–496; introduction 494; “reservoir of sentiments” for mobilisation 496–498; in schools 505–506; in Scotland 504–505; social movement learning (SML) 500–502; social movements and 499–500 climate justice movement: as educational phenomenon 499–500; human rights and 13–14; IPCC findings and human rights 14–15; overview 13 Climate Justice Now (CJN) 17 Climate Justice Toolkit 412, 414 climate migration: conclusion 488; consequences of 480–482; introduction 479–480; Nigeria 485–486; policy frameworks and implications 482–484; rural Nigeria and 485–488; Zambia 486–487, 488 climate mitigation, gender-responsive 393–401 climate model trends 14 climate non-identity problems (C-NIP) 42 climate policy-makers, communication with 51–52 “climate pragmatism” 22 climate refugees 14–15 climate regime, benefit-sharing and 130–133, 133–134 climate-related disaster statistics 14 climate-related population displacement 87–88 climate resilience: advancing development and 177; in Asia 305–306; gender aspects of 350, 354; in India 104; migration and 110; private sector role in 198–200, 202–204 “Climate Resilient Green Economy” (CRGE) strategy 264 climate risks 14–15 climate technology: Australia 244–245; background 240–241; dynamics of energy and climate justice 245–247; Germany 243–244; India 241–243; introduction 237–240 climate vulnerabilities 308 Clinton, Hillary 154 “clock time” 60, 61 C-NIP (climate non-identity problems) 42, 43–48, 48–51 Coal Blooded: Putting Profits Before People 410, 412, 414 coal mining, 215–218 coal mining, in Indonesia 222–233 coal production 214 coastal disasters 313 Cochabamba Declaration 19, 500, 502 cognitive justice, affective justice, and translation 499 collaboration friction 442–443 collective action frames, in social movement studies 453–454 collective envisioning 65–66 collective moral responsibility 251, 254–255, 294–295 collective vs individual C-NIP 45–46 Columbia University, International Earth Science Information Network 14 Comer v Murphy Oil USA, Inc (2012) 141 commercial energy use 294 “Common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR) 74–75 “common good” concept 427 community protocols 131 complementarity of opposites principle 427 Compliance Offset Protocols 434 Conferences of the Parties 19 conflictual consensus 505–506 Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) 331 “consequential evaluation” method 73 “conservation” vs “depletion” policies 44, 45 consumption practices 292 contextual human engagement, separation of 57–58 “Contraction and Convergence” policy option 44 cooling technologies 292 cool islands 337 531 Index Cool Streets program 282–283 COP21 negotiation process 75, 76 Copenhagen summit (2009) 35, 57, 154–155, 211–212 coping mechanisms, formal and informal 387–388 Corntassel, J 450 Cornwall, A 371 Corporate Watch 15–16 corrective justice 349 costs of living, climate change and 120 Coventry, P 75 Cox, L 500 Crawford, J 84, 85, 86 creation narratives 64–65 Crenshaw, Kimberle 21, 460 crime, heatwaves and 119 Crutzen, P J 89 cultural bereavement 481 cultural displacement 485–486 cultural identity, migration and 481 cultural resilience 444 Cumbers, A 408 cumulative emissions (GHGs), Big Oil and 251–259 Curran, G 241 curriculum development opportunities 502–503 Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) 494, 497 Daly, Erin 140 Darebin (Australia) 283 Dasgupta, Rajarshi 301 d’Aspremont, J 83 decarbonization of energy 238–239 Decision 1/CP.21 75 decolonisation, visions of 457–458 deforestation rates 262, 437–440 delineation, necessity of 90–92 Democratic Republic of Congo 86 Denton, N A 331 depletion vs conservation policies 44, 45 Deranger, Eriel 459 De Silva, Lalanath 140–141 Deutsche Continental Gas- Gesellschaft arbitration, 84 developing countries 168 development practice, reimagining: actionable strategies 109; agenda setting phase 108–109; analysis approach 105; cities as crucibles for 101; conclusion 112; deliberative space 110; discussion 106–111; introduction 100–101; justice in global development frameworks 101–102; methodology 106; Siliguri context 102–104; Stage III: deliberative re-orientation 111; Stage I: initial imagination and status quo 110; Stage II: reframing the agenda 110–111; urban poverty and services 104–105 “differentiated responsibility” aspect 74–75 “dignitary process” effect 315 dimensions of exploitation 394 532 Dimitrov, Radoslav 77 disadvantaged communities 286, 513; procedural injustice and 114–124 Disaster Management Act (2005) 144 disaster risk reduction 514 “disbursed responsibility” 71–72 disengagement, modern ideal of 59–60 disgorgement, duty of 254–257, 256, 257–259 displaced persons: in 2017 87; projections 481; refugees vs 479 displacement vs migration 479 distributional dimension of justice 224, 225 distributional fairness 321 distributional inequities, climate change and 114–123 distributive fairness 314–315 distributive justice: vs corrective justice 30–31, 73; thermal inequity and 331 Djoudi, H 370 “dominionism” 456 Dong Hoi Women’s Union (Vietnam) 398–399 Doran, N 117 “Draft National Energy Policy” (India, 2017) 242 Draper, N R 42 Dresner, S 118 Dr Mohiuddin Farooque v Bangladesh (1997) 141’ drought: in Bangalore 303; gender aspects of 350, 368–369; Horn of Africa 14; impacts of climate change 118; IPCC findings and human rights 14–15; in Malawi 381; in the Philippines 365 Druckman, A 117, 118 Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) 74 Durkheimian “thing” 88 duty of disgorgement: moral bases of 254–257; practical issues and challenges of 257–259 Earth, in geological time 88–89 East Kalimantan province 223, 229 ECJP (Environmental and Climate Justice Program) 408–409, 414 ecocriticism 64 economic impacts, climate change and 118–119, 333 economic reductionism 226 economic vulnerability, of informal sector workers 302 economy, driving climate actions 299 Ecuador 140, 425 Edwards, T 286 egalitarianism vs basic rights 31–34 Eisenbruch, M 481 Ekwurzel, B 252 emission rights 32 emissions, effect of income on 116–118 emissions reduction gap 157 emissions trading system 185 Energiewende (Germany) 243–244 Index energy: as backbone of political-economic arrangements 226; decarbonisation of 238–239; unequal access to 222–223 energy bills, projected savings on 121 Energy Company Obligation 122 energy democracy 21 energy infrastructures, social acceptance for 240–241 energy injustices, just transition from: the case for just transition 213–214; conclusion 219; environmental and climate justice 212–213; formulating a just transition 214; introduction 211–212; the Ruhr region transformation (Germany) 215–218 energy justice, origins of 224–225 “Energy policy and the further future” (Parfit) 44 energy politics, coal-based 227–228 energy production, biophysical attributes of 239 energy transitions, climate technology and 237–247 entrepreneurship programs 370, 397 Environmental and Climate Justice Program (ECJP) 408–409, 412 environmental consumption practices 291 Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative 331 environmental justice movement 212–213, 223–224 environmental NGOs 265, 269 environmental problems, social injustice correlation 393 environmental racism 16, 455–456 Environmental Services Incentive System (Brazil) 438 environmental vulnerability, migration and 304, 305 equal atmospheric shares 31–32 equal shares approach 32–33 Eriksen, S 514 Ethiopia–Norway REDD+ partnership case study 264–266, 267–270, 270–273 Ethio Wetlands and Natural Resources Association (EWNRA) 265 “eudaimonia” (Aristotle) 426 European Climate Justice Action network (CJA) 18 European heatwave of 2003 119 European Union 156, 185 European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) 158 Evans, B 285 excluded middle 427 exploitation, dimensions of 394 extreme weather events 14 Eyerman, R 500–501 fact-sensitive vs fact-insensitive: thought experiments, in climate ethics 42–43 Fair Housing Act (1968) 333 fairness, six dimensions of 314, 315–316 fairness criteria of impartiality 72 fairness–justice distinction 314 fairness principles, burden sharing and 197–198 Fairtrade Insurance Initiative 204 Farooque v Government of Bangladesh (2001) 145 Feed in Tariff 121–122 female altruism 371 female labour, unpaid 302 fence-line communities, fossil fuels and 409–411 Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC) 14–15 First Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 252 First Nations (Canada) 449–458 Fleurbaey, Marc 52 flooding resilience 119–120 flood risk management policy 122–123, 123–124, 306 food insecurity 388 forced migration 87 forest management 437–440 forests, as a global commons 431–432 formal adaptation mechanisms 387–388 forward-looking logic 32 fossil capital 240 fossil fuel dependence, negative value of 239–240 fossil fuel extraction 213–214, 222, 226 fossil fuels, fence-line communities and 409–411 Foxconn 242 fraking for oil 449–458 Framework for Implementation of Climate Change Policy (the Framework) 140 Framework Law of Mother Earth 425 framing methodology 106 France 156 Fraser, N 360 Fraser, Nancy 223, 225 Friends of the Earth International 16 “fruits of historical wrongdoing” 256 Fulkerson, G M 394 Fünfgeld, H 284 future generations 34–35, 43–47, 59 G20 Financial Stability Board (FSB) 185 ganyu as a coping mechanism 387 Gardiner, Stephen 28, 29, 34, 35 Gardner, G T 64–65 Gaurav Kumar Bansal v Union of India 144 Gecko (Gold Coast and Hinterland Environment Council) 286 Gelsenkirchen project 217 gender, international climate change policy and 394–396 Gender Action Plan (GAP) 395 gender analysis 379–386 Gender and Children’s Working Group (Cambodia) 398 Gender and Development (GAD) programs 369 gender and intersectionality 349–354 gender in adaptation: gender analysis of policies 383–384; gender mainstreaming 389; 533 Index introduction 378–379; Malawi case study overview 381–382; method 379–381; national monitoring 383–384; policy formation and implementation 384–386; vulnerability to and coping with climate change in LSV 386–388 gender inequalities 393 gender justice, climate justice and 456–457; City of San Fernando (CSF) 363–367; climate change adaptation and vulnerability 360–361; conclusion 372; feminisation of poverty 370–372; gendered vulnerability 361–363, 367–368; introduction 359–360; poverty reduction as climate change adaptation 368–370; research methods and context 363–367; women as caretakers 367–368 gender mainstreaming 379 gender vulnerability 361–363, 367–368 General Mills 203–204 Geneva negotiating text 75 geographical boundedness 92 geopolitical disputes 178–179 “German Association for Renewable Energies” 244 Germany 156, 215–218, 238, 243–244, 438 Gheaus, A 49 Giddens, A 88, 92 glaciers, legal standing of 143 global climate change: complex nature of 31; migration and 479–488; resulting from human activity 26 global distributive justice 30–31 global emissions, pricing of 185 global energy systems 21, 213 Global Environmental Facility (GEF) 132 global GHG emissions statistics 198 Global Judicial Institute for the Environment (GJIE) 146 global justice vs future generation 34–35 global mitigation responsibilities 299 Global North 271, 273 Global Redd Early Movers (REM) program (Germany) 438 global social imaginary 61–62, 65 global value chains 196–197 global warming: extreme weather events and 14; moral implications of 28–29 Gobby, Jen 459 Gold Coast and Hinterland Environment Council (Gecko) 286 Goldtooth, Tom 16 Gosseries, A 45, 46 Governors’ Climate and Forests (GCF) Task Force 440–441, 442 Graham, S 325 Gramsci, A 495 Grant, H 84 Grasso, M 314 Grassroots Global Justice Alliance (GGJ) 17–18 534 “Great Big Tax on Everything” 245 GREAT Women Project 369 Green Climate Fund (GCF) 132, 155, 165, 395 Green Deal 122 “green economy” (Germany) 243 greenhouse effect, Hansen’s testimony about 89 Greenhouse Gangsters vs Climate Justice (Corporate Watch) 15–16 greenhouse gas emissions 15, 22, 197–198, 222, 251–259 green jobs–lost jobs disconnect 217 Griffiths, M 505 Grineski, S E 335 Grotius, Hugo 84 “guaranteed minimum” principle 257 Gurstein, P 286 Gururani, Shubhra 301 Handmer, J 511 Hansen, James 89 Harlan, S L 334 harm-avoiding approach 59–60 harm-based reasoning 44 harmony of life systems 427 Harnessing Climate Change Mitigation Initiatives to Benefit Women 396 Harvey, David 495 Hassan, Robert 60 Hayward, T 33 “heat riskscapes” 334 heat-stress management options 283 heat vulnerability index (HVI) 335 Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago (Klinenberg) 334 heatwaves: crime and 119; mortality 331, 334, 343, 350; riskscapes, and climate gap 334–335; urban 124 Heede, Richard 252 hegemony as a key educational concept 494–496 historical responsibility principle 30–31, 156, 158, 160, 161 historical wrongdoing 256–258 Hobbes, T 91 Holistic Development for Living Well 425 Holocene 88–89 Hong Kong: climate justice in 290––297; climate responsibility 292–296; climate responsibility in Hong Kong 292–296; conclusion 296; introduction 290–291; responsibility for 291–292 Horton, T 117 household carbon budgets 117 Howard, Luke 332 Hua, Y 240 Huber, M.T 85, 232 Hulme, Mike 237 human habitation patterns 332 Index human mobility See migration human rights: environmental justice as basic 212–213; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 14–15; as a moral ideal 59; UNFCC principles of 180–181 human rights approach 32–33 Human Rights Council 129–130 human rights law, benefit-sharing in 129 “human time” 60–61 Humboldt, A V 331 Hume’s circumstances of justice 72 Huyer, S 386 “hybrid imagination” 499 hypersegregation, thermal inequities and 339–340 identity-dependent reasoning 44 IG BCE (Industrial Guild Bergbau, Chemie, Energie/Mining, Chemical, Energy) union 218 imagination-based narrativity 64 imperial mode of living 226 income differentials, in Hong Kong 294–295 index of climate vulnerability 15 India 141, 143–144, 145, 161, 238, 241–243; Bagepalli CDM Biogas Programme 395; Bangalore case study 303–304; climate justice in 299–300, 299–309; comprehensive urban sanitation and public health 305; contemporary urbanisation in 303; informal sector workers 302–303; migration crisis 302–303; shifting geographies of urban climate justice 307–308; Surat case study 304–307; theories of climate justice in and across cities 300–303 Indigenous Agroforestry Agents 439–440 Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN) 16 indigenous peoples: alternative development paradigm 425–428; Amazon basin 421; Bolivia 422; climate change and 421–423; climate justice and 423–425; “cosmocentric” concept of climate justice 423; current development paradigm 424–425; declarations drafted 422; diverse and heterogeneous nature of 421; introduction 420–421 indigenous peoples, subnational governments and: Acre’s REDD+ jurisdictional program 439–440; Brazil and tropical forest conservation 437–440; capabilities, recognitional justice, and communities of practice 432–433; cap-and-trade with tribal government 435–437; collaboration friction 442–443; conclusion 443; Governor’s Climate and Forest Task Force 440–441; Indigenous Agroforestry Agents 439–440; introduction 431–432; looking ahead 437; from political commitments to concrete processes 441–442; REDD+ and 437–438; results of dialogue processes 438–439; territorial history meets contemporary climate policy 433–435 “Indigenous womanism” 354 Indigenous worldview 458 “individualisation” process 291–292 individual responsibility: carbon footprinting and 290–296; for GHG emissions 251 Indonesia 161; coal and local experiences of injustice 229; coal-based energy politics in 227–231; conclusion 231–233; energy (in)justice in 227–231; farm and fishing communities destruction in 230; fossil fuels and the capitalist mode of production 226; introduction 222–223; Jokowi administration 228–229; Local Government Law No 23/2014 228; New Order regime 228; oligarchic capitalism economy 228; social justice and capitalism 223–227; socio-economic problems in 230–231; Suharto regime 227–228; vulnerability to climate change impacts 227 industrial decline 215–218 Industrial Guild Bergbau, Chemie, Energie/ Mining, Chemical, Energy (IG BCE) union 218 inferential statistics 47–48 informal adaptation mechanisms 387–388 informal settlements (slums) 486–488 informational fairness 322–323 infrastructure, unjust distribution of 308 injustices, barriers to addressing 360 insignificance, statistical 47–48 “insignificant-causal-factors” argument 48 insurance claims statistics 120 insurance products 204–205 intergenerational existence 62 intergenerational justice 57, 349–354 “Intergenerational Justice” (Meyer) 49 intergenerational tragedy of the commons 35 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 14–15, 52, 330 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre 479 “internally displaced persons” 483–484, 485 international climate change policy, gender and 394–396 International Conference of American States (1933) 84 International Earth Science Information Network 14 international emissions trading system 185 International Energy Agency (IEA) 199 International Indigenous People’s Forum on Climate Change (2009) 422 international law: climate justice definitions 128; positivist tradition of 85; Statehood and 93 international life, principle of 91 international oil companies (IOCs) 253 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 116 “International Solar Alliance” (India) 242 interpersonal fairness 315, 322 intersectional injustices 300–303, 362–363 intersectionality, gender effects and 351–352 intersectionality concept 21 intersectional policies 383 535 Index interspecies justice 349, 353 inter-state benefit sharing 132 inter-state migration, in India 303–304 intra-state benefit sharing 130–131, 131–132 involuntary migration 301, 479 IOCs (international oil companies) 253 IPCC (First Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 252 IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) 116 IPCC assessments 330 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014) 198 Islamabad 141–142 Island of Palmas arbitration 85 island States 84–86 Jacobson, S 241 Jamison, A 496, 499, 500–501 Japan 156, 242 Jellinekian/Montevidean checklist 93 Jellinekian paradigm 83, 84–88, 85 Jellinek’s trinity 84 Jenerette, G D 334 Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) 114 judges, role of: challenges for courts 145; climate litigation in South Asia 139–141; expanded access to justice 141; increasing regional cooperation 145–146; innovative judicial remedies 143–145; introduction 139; key developments and trends in litigation 139–145; natural resources as legal entities 143; public interest litigation 141–142; representing future generations 142 judicial remedies, innovative 143–145 Juliana v United States (2015) 142 jurisdiction, concept of-92 91 just cities 279–287 Just Energy Policies: Reducing Pollution and Creating Jobs 411, 412 Just Energy Policy 414 justice: contextual nature of 101; key characteristics of 27–28; relational and human concept and practice of 72; three core dimensions of 224–225; in urban climate adaptation 314–316 justice–fairness distinction 314 justice-making process 101 justice theory, Fraser’s 223 just transition: case for 213–214; formulating a 215; REDD+ as part of 263 Kampala Convention 484 Kant, 91 Katz, Corey 36 Kavka, G S 43, 51 Kelsen, H 91 Kentucky coal production 214 Kenya 205 536 Keystone XL pipeline 21 Kinder Morgan trans mountain pipeline controversy 449–458 King, Hayden 454 kinship systems 382 Klamath-Trinity Basin 434 Klein, Naomi 21, 460, 495, 496 Klima-Alliance (Germany) 244 Klinenberg, Eric 334 Knox, John H 140–141 Kotzé, L 89 Kuhn, T S 90, 92 “Kyoto Lite” policy option 44 Kyoto Protocol 16, 19–20, 71 Labor Network for Sustainability 17–18 Laboucan-Massimo, Melina 457 labour: exploitation of 226; reorganisation of 299 Laclau, E 506 Landsat Thematic Mapping (TM) sensor 338 land surface temperature (LST) patterns 332, 336–337, 338–339 Lao Disabled Women’s Development Centre (LDWDC) 397 Lao PDR 396–397 Lao Women’s Union (LWU) 397 Lapniewska, Z 396 Lauber, V 241 La Vía Campesina 17 law and policy, climate change: benefit-sharing and the future of the climate regime 133–134; benefit-sharing concept 129–130; benefitsharing in the climate regime 130–133; introduction 128–129 Law of the Excluded Middle 427 LDella Porta, D 211 Learning for sustainability 497, 505 Learning for Sustainability (LfS) 494, 504 “learning loops” 501 Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) 165 LECZ (low-elevation coastal zone) areas 87–88 Lefebvre, Henri 280 liberal political tradition 57–58 Lindley, S 119–120 linguistic gap, interstate migration and 304 living better, capitalism and 427 living-well development paradigm 427–428 Llanque, Markus 65 Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP) 368 “Lock the Gate” (Australia) 245 Lohmann, L 498 Long-Term Investment Scenarios 122–123 Los Angeles, thermal inequity in 338–339 “loss and damage” clause 79, 80 Lövbrand, E 292 low-elevation coastal zone (LECZ) areas 87–88 Lowman, E 450 Index Malawi case study 379–386 male informal workers 302 Mansoor Ali Shah 146 Manuel, Arthur 450 Maori tribes 143 Marek, K 84–85 Margallah Hills National Park 141–142 marginalized communities, climate change and 211, 301, 371, 513 Mary Robinson Foundation for Climate Justice 73, 165 Massey, D S 331 materialist-centric approach, to migration 480 Matoza, Sally C 367, 368 Matthes, Felix Christian 243 May, James R 140 McEvoy, D 284 McGill University 15 McKinney, L A 394 McManus, P 325, 326 M.C Mehta v Union of India (1998) 141, 145 MDBs (multilateral development banks) 159–160, 162–163 Medrano, Rizalyn D 367–368 Mendes, Chico 437–440 Mendonca, M 240 Mereu & Nanyuki Kenya Project platform 205 methane 252 methodology, operational versus framing 106 Meyer, Lukas 49, 52, 59 microfinance and insurance products 204–205 micro-urban heat islands 332, 337 Miglani v State of Uttarakhand (2017) 143 migration See also climate migration: 2017 levels 87; vs displacement 479; gender and 350; patterns of 300–301, 487–488; trends 487 Millennium Development Goals (2000) 102, 115 Milwaukee (WI) 281 mining activities, impacts of 214 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (Cambodia) 398 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) 397 Mishra, V 332 Mitchell, Bruce C 281, 284, 330 Mitchell, T 239 mitigation: moral challenge of 474; shared burden of 199 Mohd Salim v State of Uttarakhand (2017) 143 mono-causal relationships, C-NIP and 48 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933) 84 Moore, J 239, 454 moral claims–practical embeddedness–temporality synergy 65 moral cosmopolitanism–statism divide 29 moral discounting in future ethics 61 moral duty, climate justice as 154 Morales, Evo 19 moral responsibility (do no harm) 254–255 moral theory and political practice 153–163 moral thresholds 32–33 moral universality concept 59–60 moral weight of climate injustice 473–474 Moser, Susi 474 Moss, J 271 Mother Earth See indigenous peoples Mother Earth concept 426 Motiram, Sripad 304 Mouffe, C 499 Mulgan, T 49 Muller-Mahn, D 75 multilateral development banks (MDBs) 159–160, 162–163 multi-level governance 396 Multitude, philosophy of the 496 Murphy, M 453 Murphy, R 453 Murray, R 505 Mustelin, J 511 Narmada Bachao Andolan v Union of India (2000) 141 narrativity 62–64 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): broad constituency, many local strategies 411–413; climate change advocacy 413–414; climate change as a civil rights issue 413; conclusion 413–414; ECJP and 408–409; fossil fuels and fence-line communities 409–411; introduction 407; politics of climate justice 407–408 National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2020 (CCAP) 397 National Climate Change Policy (Pakistan) 140 National Climate Change Technical Working Group 397 National Emergency Management Agency 485 National Green Tribunal (India) 144 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) 71, 395 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH), 109 national oil companies (NOCs) 253 National People of Colour Environmental Leadership Summit 16 Native American Tribal government 434–437 Native Village Kivalina v ExxonMobil Corp (2012) 142 natural resources: benefit sharing and 129; as legal entities 143 natural ventilation 294, 295–296 See also air conditioning, justice implications of nature: command-and-control approach to 511; exploitation of 226 NDCs (nationally determined contributions) 71, 395 537 Index negative coping mechanisms, gendered 388 negative responsibility (do no harm) 254–255 Negri, A 496 New Urban Agenda (NUA) 101–102 New York City, thermal inequity in 338–339 New Zealand 143 NICFI (Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative) 264, 267, 269–273 Nigeria, climate injustice in 485–486 Nilsen, A 500 Niven, R 325 NOCs (national oil companies) 253 NOGs, environmental 265 non-food crops, for biofuel production 513 non-ideal circumstances, of climate justice 72 non-ideal theory 59, 73 Non-identity Fallacy: Harm, Probability and Another Look at Parfit’s Depletion Example (Roberts) 50 non-identity problem (NIP): in the context of climate change 43–48; definitions of 48; distinct logical features of 48; five proposed solutions to 50; formulation of 43; Roberts on 43, 50 “non-identity theorists” 51 non-state actors (CapaCities project) 109 “no-regret” solutions 514 Norgaard, Kari 474 normativity, conception of 57–58 North America voices of advocacy 17–18 Norway–Ethiopia REDD+ partnership case study 264–266, 267–270, 270–273 Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) 264 nuclear energy, “decarbonised” 240 Nussbaum, Martha 280 Obama administration 19 objectivity, concept of 59–60 observer dependent features 88 OECD 161 Ohman, J 499 oil industry see Big Oil oil pipeline controversy (Canada): academic literature and presenting methodologies 452; the conversations 454–458; crises and responses 450–452; discussion and conclusion 458; introduction 449–450; Project 453; Project 453–454 Okereke, C 75 Olin Wright, E 241 onshore wind farms 124 operational methodology 106 opposites, complementarity of 427 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2015) 159 Ostrom, Elinor 354 Overseas Development Aid (ODA) 381 538 “Pacha Mama” concept 426 Page, Edward 44, 45, 51 Pakistan 140, 141–142 Pandey v India (2017) 140, 142 Parfit, Derek 44, 45, 49, 52 Parfit’s non-identity problem 42–53 Paris Agreement (2015) 35–36, 57; conclusion 80; introduction 71–74; outcomes evaluation 76–80; Paragraph 114, $100 billion target 154–155, 159; pathway to 74–76; Preamble 130 parity of participation 225 Park, R E 331 Parks, B 482 Parks L 211 participatory climate governance: climate justice for women 393–396; climate mitigation in Southeast Asia 396–399; lessons from genderresponsive climate mitigation 399–401 Participatory Forest Management (PFM) approach 265 Paterson, M 292 pathways approach to adaptation 315–316 Patterson, Jacqueline 413 Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) 262 People’s Climate March (2014) 18 personal carbon budgets 117 perverse incentives, paradox of 243–244 Philippines 142; climate change adaptation and vulnerability 360–361; conclusion 372; fiminisation of poverty 370–372; gender and vulnerability 361–363, 367–368; GREAT Women Project 369; introduction 359–360; misframing of women in 372; poverty reduction and climate change adaptation 368–370; research methods and context 363–367; women as caretakers 367–368 Phoenix, Arizona 334–335 physical and social vulnerability, sea-level rise policies 316–317 Pinellas County study 335–338 “Pipeline Politics: Capitalism, Extractivism, and Resistance in Canada” (Kristian) 453 planned development practice See development practice, reimagining policy development, gendered aspects of 351, 352, 383–384, 384–386 policy fairness of adaptation 121 policy formation and implementation, gender in 384–386 Policy Innovations for Transformative Change (2016) 511 Policy Paper on Climate Change 422 political marginalization 211–213 polluter pays principle (PPP) 117, 255–256 pollution exposure, racial disparity of 212–213 pollution-free power 239 population density: C-NIP and procreation patterns 46–47; shifts in 15; urban heat and 339–342 Index population displacement levels, in 2017 87 Posner, E 33 Post Disaster Need Assessment 485 poverty, feminisation of 370–372 poverty–climate impacts correlation 58–59, 119–120, 333 poverty reduction: as climate change adaptation 368–370 poverty–vulnerability link 361 power imbalances 472 powering past coal alliance 222 power relations, uneven 226 PPP (polluter pays principle) 255–256 Prayas Energy (India) 242 principle of benefit 156 principle of capacity 156, 158, 160 principle of historical responsibility 156, 158, 160, 161 private sector participation 198–202 procedural dimension of justice 224, 225 procedural fairness 314–315, 321–322 procedural injustice 123–124 procreation patterns, C-NIP and 43–47 product procurement, climate-adapted 202–203 progressive transformation, examples of 513 public health: migration and 304, 305, 306; thermal inequity and 331–332 public interest litigation 141–142 public scholarship, about climate justice: challenges and opportunities 469–475; concluding thoughts 475–476; introduction 467–468; primary motivations for 468–469 public sector, importance of strong 217–218 Pufendorf, Samuel 84 Puma sportswear 196 “purposeful” climate agency debate 237–238 Putnam, R D 157 quality of life, climate change and 120 Ramesh, Jairam 242 Rantandeep Randari v State of Maharashtra (2015) 144 Rao, S 302 rape and procreation, non-identity problem and 43 rationality, individual versus collective 101 Rawls, J 101, 280 Reasons and Persons (Kavka) 43 reciprocity, in well-ordered society 101 recognition dimension of justice 224, 230–231, 433 Reconciliation Manifesto (Manuel) 450 rectificatory actions, climate change and 255–256 REDD+: background 262–264; conceptions of responsibility for climate change 270–273; concluding thoughts and reflections 273–274; Norway–Ethiopia case study 264–266; opposition by indigenous peoples 424; policies 130–131; potential negative impacts 263; tradeoffs in 267–270 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation See REDD+ refugees vs displaced persons 479 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) 158 Reid, J 285 Reinsborough, P 454 religions, social role of 64–65 renewable energy: generation policies 131; in Germany 243; intra-state benefit sharing 131–132; social legitimacy of 242 renewable energy projects, opposition to 240–241 Renewable Energy Sources Act (Germany, 2000) 243 reproductive health 350 residential energy use 294 residential segregation 333 resilience: adaptation and 300–303; as a conceptual lens 110; flood 119–120; focus on transformation and 509–511, 514; in growth and development processes 105, 299; investment required for building 197, 523; role of communities in building 122; socio-ecological 185; theories of adaptation and 300–303; See also climate resilience; cultural resilience; urban resilience resilience-building process 306 resilience thinking, concept of 509 resources: depletion vs conservation of 44; unjust distribution of 226 responsible citizenship 505–506 restorative justice 349 retributive justice 349 retrospective logic 32 Ribot, J 333 Ricoeur, Paul 62–63 Rights of Mother Earth 502 Rio Branco Declaration (Brazil) 441 Rio Conference (1992) 57 ripple analogy, C-NIP and 46 Rising Tide network 18 risk, differential patterns of 120 risk-centric approach, to migration 480 riskscapes, thermal inequity and 334–335 Risky Policy, Parfit’s 44 rivers, legal standing of 143 “Roadmap to US$100 billion” 155, 159, 161, 165 Roberts, J T 482 Roberts, Melinda A 43, 48, 50–51; The Nonidentity Fallacy: Harm, Probability and Another Look at Parfit’s Depletion Example 50 Robinson, Mary 481–482 Robinson, N A 89 Rockerfeller Foundation 305–306, 307 Roedad Khan v Federation of Pakistan and 41 Others (1990) 141–142 Rosa, Hartmut 60 539 Index Rose, A 512 Rosemberg, Annabella 215 Routledge, P 408 Rowe, F 123 Ruhr region transformation (Germany) 215–218 rural communities, abandonment of 482 Rural Improvement Clubs (RIC) 369 rural poverty 363–367, 371 rural–urban migration 301, 303–304, 482, 486–488 rural women, climate change vulnerability 378–379 Russia 156 “sacred ground” 64–65 Sarewitz, Dan 470 Sauer, C O 331 Saul, B 484 Sayers, P B 119–120, 123 Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa 485 Scandrett, E 498 Schlosberg, D 224, 314, 433 Schmidt, Elmar 426 Schwartz, T 43, 44 Scotland 498, 504–505 Scruggs, L 495 sea-level rise (SLR) policies: Botany Bay, Australia 316–317; conclusion 326; discussion 324–326; introduction 313–314; justice and fairness in urban climate adaptation 314–316; physical and social vulnerability 316–317; research methods 317–319; research results 319–324 Searle, J 88 “second-order adaptation” 515 secrecy, in diplomacy 77 segregationist practices, thermal inequity and 333 self-determination: collective 86–87; individual 91 Sen, Amartya 73, 101, 280, 472 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 383 settlement patterns, thermal inequity and 333, 336–337 settlements, informal (slums) 482, 486–488 “shared-learning dialogue” workshops 306 Shi, L 325 Shove, E 287 Shue, Henry 72, 254, 257 Siliguri, development practice in 102–104; actionable strategies 109; agenda setting phase 108–109; deliberative space 110; Stage III: deliberative re-orientation 111; Stage I: initial imagination and status quo 110; Stage II: reframing the agenda 110–111 Simon, Serge 452 sinking islands, state hood in an era of: the anthropic state and 90–94; in international law 84–86, 88; introduction 83; Jellinekian paradigm and 84–86; questioning territoriality 86–89 SISA law (Brazil) 438 540 “slow violence” 60 SLR adaptation policies, legitimacy of 315 “smart economic” discourse 371 snowball effect, ripple analogy and 46–47 social and solidarity economy (SSE) 513 social disparities, urban structure and 330–343 social inclusion, in climate adaptation planning 300–303 social justice, capitalism and 223–227 social movement learning (SML) 500–501, 500–502 social movements, climate justice and 499–500 social structure, thermal inequity and 331–333 social vulnerability 119–120, 333–334, 335 socio-environmental imaginaries 61–62 socio-political legitimacy of decarbonisation 238–239 Softbank (Japan) 242 “Solar $aver Program” 283 solar panels 283–284 solar parks, large-scale 237, 240 Somalia statehood 86 Soudelor (typhoon) 421 South Asia judicial actions: challenges for courts 145; climate litigation 139–141; expanded access to justice 141; innovative judicial remedies 143–145; introduction 139; key developments and trends in litigation 139–145; natural resources as legal entities 143; public interest litigation 141–142; representing future generations 142 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) 146 Southeast Asia, participatory climate governance 393–401 sovereignty, in international law 85–86 spatial fairness 316, 323–324 spatial impacts, climate change 118–119 spatial process of migration 302 spatial relationships, thermal inequities and 339–340 Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) 165 “speed society” 60 Spivak, G 505 Sri Lanka 142 SSE (social and solidarity economy) 513 standing, in litigation 142–143 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Meyer) 49–50 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Roberts) 43 state–corporate nexus 495 statehood, sinking islands and: the anthropic state and 90–94; anthropocentric model of 83; conclusion 94; in international law 84–86 statehood concept, personification and identification 93 state sovereignty, defined and actualized 77–78 statistical insignificance 47–48 steel production 215–218 Index Sterio, M 84 Stern, N 480 Stern, Todd 19, 34 Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment 197 Stoermer, E F 89 strategic climate action, gender and 353 Strauss, B H 480 Stripple, J 292 structural density 338–339 Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn) 90 subnational climate finance architecture 157–158 sub-Saharan Africa 482, 485–486, 486–488 Sund, L 499 supply chains 202, 203–204, 205 Surat (case study) 304–307 Surat City Resilience Strategy (2011) 306 Surat Climate Change Trust (SCCT) 306 sustainability, as a “vehicular idea” 504 sustainability education 505–506 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 61, 101–102, 360–361, 393 sustainable forestry initiatives 262–263 sustainable minimum living standards 117–118 Suzuki, David 459 Sweeney, Sean 21 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in India 105, 108–109 Swyngedouw, Erik 451 “System Change not Climate Change” 18, 502 systemic colonialism 456 system transformation, social–ecological 510–511 “tainted benefits” 256 Taiwan 421 Tar Sands Blockade 21 Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) 185 technology transfer, climate change 133 temperature extremes 332 temperature increases, global average 79, 80 temporal fairness 315, 323 temporality, in climate justice 57–66; limitations of the discourse 58–60; narrative account of 62–65; outlook on a political perspective 65–66; reason–implementation tension 57–58; (global) social imaginary and 60–62 “10 Principles for Just Climate Change Policies in the U.S.” (Anonymous 2002) 16 Territorial and Environmental Management Plans (Brazil) 439 territoriality, questioning 86–89 territorial sovereignty 85–86, 88 territory, in the concept of State 90–91, 92–93 “Theory of Justice” (Rawls) 101 thermal inequity: built structure and social structure 331–333; case studies 335–343; conclusion 343; as a form of distributive injustice 331; heatwaves, riskscapes, and the climate gap 334–335; introduction 330; Pinellas County study 335–338; technological basis of 332 Third World Network 16 Thompson, E P 501 thought experiments, defined 42–43 thought experiments, in climate ethics 42–53; climate policy-makers, communication with 51–52; conclusion 52; fact-sensitive vs fact-insensitive 42–43; introduction 42; Parfit’s “non-identity problem” in 43–48; understanding the C-NIP as 48–51 “Threshold Conception of Harm” 50, 59 time: acceleration, and speed 60–61; Newtonian conception of 59–60 T.N Godavarman Thirumulpad v Union of India (1995) 145 Tokar, Brian 449 Torres Camprubí, A 89 Toxic Wastes and Race (1987 report) 16 trade unions 218 trans-boundary migration 303–304, 308 transformation 516–517; as buzzword 509; as a fundamental change 511; normative and analytical concepts of 510–511; system– theoretical approaches to 510–511 transformative adaptation to climate change 514–515 transformative approaches, to climate change mitigation 512–514 transformative approaches, to climate justice 509–510 transformative change, to achieve climate justice 515–516 translation, cognitive justice and 499 transnational resistance 408 Traxler, M 267 Treaty Alliance Against Tar Sands Expansion (2016) 452 Treaty of Waitangi 143 tropical deforestation interventions 262–263 Trudeau, Justin 449 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 450 “underconsumption” debates 292 UN Development Program 14 UNFCCC 161 UNFCCC climate finance framework 178, 180–181 UNFCCC climate finance–justice relationship 165–182 UN Human Rights Council 15 United Kingdom 156 United Kingdom, climate justice in: conclusions 124–125; in context 114–116; inequities in cost/benefit sharing 121–123; inequities in responsibility for carbon emissions 116–118; 541 Index inequities in social impacts 118–121; introduction 114; procedural injustice 123–124 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 29, 52, 130–131, 394; Article 2, objectives 195; Article 4, adaptation 195–196; climate finance–justice relationship 165–182 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 115 United States: cap-and-trade systems 158; carbon tax initiatives 22; climate justice finance and 156; coal production 214; legal standing 141; litigation 142; participation 19–20; public attention on 14; thermal inequity in 333, 335–338, 338–339; Tribal relations 434; voices of advocacy 17–18; worker transition programs 215 Universal Declaration on the Rights of Mother Earth 19 University of Maine 15 UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) 14 unpaid female labour, in India 302 UN-REDD framework 262–263 unskilled migrants 301 UN Sustainable Development Goals 35 urban, ill-defined boundaries of 300 urban adaptation planning 313 Urban and Regional Planning Act (Zambia, 2015) 488 urban climate adaptation: justice and fairness in 314–315; sea-level rise policies 314–316 urban climate justice See also climate-just cities: shifting geographies of 307–308 urban heat 124, 338–339, 339–340, 339–342 urban heat islands 331–332, 334 Urban Heat Risk Index (UHRI) 338–339 urbanisation, in Zambia 486–487 urbanisation, rate of 101 urbanisation patterns, in India 301 urban marginalisation, in India 302–303 “urban metabolism” 281 urban poverty: and inequality 301; migration trends and 488; and services 104–105 urban resilience 110, 282, 306 urban structure, social disparities and 330–343 urban thermal landscape characteristics 338–339 Urgenda Foundation v Kingdom of the Netherlands (2015) 140 Uruguay 140 utopian thinking 501 Vakulabharanam, V 302, 304 Vanderheiden, Steve 29, 32, 34, 168 vegetation abundance 338–339 Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v Union of India (1996), 144 Vidas, D 89 Vietnam 398–399 Vilches, S 286 542 Vogel, Steve 31 “voice effect” 315 voluntary action principle 75 Vordermayer, M 89 vulnerability: biophysical notion of 257; circular transfer of 302–303, 304; climate-induced migration and 482, 483; gender and 361–362, 378–389, 386–387; multiple definitions of 361; shifting nature of 303–304 vulnerability–poverty link 361 Walker, G 330 Wallace-Bruce, N L 85 Walmart 199–200, 203–204 Warm Homes Discount 121 Warner, K 483 war of position 500, 503 Watkiss, P 120 weather-related disasters 14 Weisbach, D 33 Weiss, Edith Brown 420 Weisser, F 75 We Mean Business coalition 199 Wen, Z 178 West, Cornel 458 Western Climate Initiative (WCI) 157 West Java 223, 229 “White flight” 333 Wilkinson, E 480 William, A 481 wind farms, large-scale 237, 240 Wolf, 2010 333 Wolf, Clark 44, 45, 49 Wolsink, M 240 women: as caretakers 367–368; climate change vulnerability 378–379; climate justice and 349–354, 367–368, 393; as entrepreneurs 371, 397; as a homogenous group 362, 387; participatory climate governance and 393–401 Women of Color for Climate Justice Road Tour 409–410, 412 Wong, D 86 worker transition programs 215–218 World Bank 159, 265 “World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth” 19 World Rainforest Movement 16 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 293 Wulai Tribe (Taiwan) 421 Xun, P 178 Young, Iris Marion 280 Yurok Tribe (California) 434, 435–437 Zald, M N 496–497 Zambia 488 Zetter, R 481 .. .Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice The term climate justice began to gain traction in the late 1990s following a wide range of activities by social and environmental justice movements... of climate justice On the evolution and continuing development of the climate justice movement Brian Tokar On inquiry into climate justice Idil Boran Fact-insensitive thought experiments in climate. .. highlighting the contentious nature of climate justice Rationale and contents of the handbook Since the 1990s, a number of authors have written about various aspects of climate justice However, the connections