The dawn of innovation the first american industrial revolution

www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page i THE DAWN of INNOVATION 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page ii ALSO BY CHARLES R MORRIS The Sages: Warren Buffett, George Soros, Paul Volcker, and the Maelstrom of Markets The Trillion Dollar Meltdown: Easy Money, High Rollers, and the Great Credit Crash The Surgeons: Life and Death in a Top Heart Center The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J P Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy Money, Greed, and Risk: Why Financial Crises and Crashes Happen American Catholic: The Saints and Sinners Who Built America’s Most Powerful Church The AARP: America’s Most Powerful Lobby and the Clash of Generations Computer Wars: The Fall of IBM and the Future of Global Technology The Coming Global Boom: How to Benefit Now from Tomorrow’s Dynamic World Economy Iron Destinies, Lost Opportunities: The Arms Race Between the United States and the Soviet Union, 1945–1987 A Time of Passion: America, 1960–1980 The Cost of Good Intentions: New York City and the Liberal Experiment, 1960–1975 www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page iii THE FIRST AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE DAWN of INNOVATION CHARLES R MORRIS Illustrations by J E Morris PublicAffairs New York 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page iv Copyright © 2012 by Charles R Morris Copyright © 2012 Illustrations by J E Morris Published in the United States by PublicAffairs™, a Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews For information, address PublicAffairs, 250 West 57th Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10107 PublicAffairs books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S by corporations, institutions, and other organizations For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, call (800) 810-4145, ext 5000, or e-mail special.markets@perseusbooks.com Book Design by Pauline Brown Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Morris, Charles R The dawn of innovation : the first American industrial revolution / Charles R Morris.—1st ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-58648-828-4 (hbk.)—ISBN 978-1-61039-049-1 (electronic) Industrialization—United States—History—19th century Industrial revolution—United States United States— Economic conditions—19th century United States—Social conditions—19th century I Title HC105.M73 2012 338.097309'034—dc23 2012016614 First Edition 10 www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page v To Bob Gordon and Carolyn Cooper, scholars and gentlepersons 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page vi www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page vii CONTENTS Introduction ix CHAPTER ONE The Shipbuilders’ War CHAPTER TWO The Hyperpower 37 CHAPTER THREE The Giant as Adolescent 75 CHAPTER FOUR American Arms: Whitney, North, Blanchard, and Hall 113 CHAPTER FIVE The Rise of the West 159 CHAPTER SIX America Is Number Two 195 CHAPTER SEVEN On the Main Stage 237 CHAPTER EIGHT The Newest Hyperpower 273 CHAPTER NINE Catching Up to the Hyperpower: A Reprise? 299 Appendix: Did Eli Whitney Invent the Cotton Gin? Image Sources, Credits, and Permissions Acknowledgments Notes Index 319 327 329 331 355 vii 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page viii www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:52 AM Page ix INTRODUCTION T HREE STUPENDOUS AND STRONGLY REINFORCING INNOVATIONS IN POLITICS, in the economy, and in social relations took place in the United States in the 1820s and 1830s Universal white male suffrage came into effect throughout the country, with voter turnouts routinely in the 80 percent range and a wide range of offices subject to the ballot The American penchant for mechanized, large-scale production spread throughout industry, presaging the world’s first mass-consumption economy Finally, political and economic power shifted decisively away from society’s traditional elites, as the world’s first true middle class seized control of the political apparatus The archetypal American was almost a new species, literate and numerate, shrewd and confident, an unvarnished striver, swimming through a delightful chaos where money and opportunity were for the grasping on every side As the United States became the world’s dominant power in the twentieth century, that model of society, albeit much adapted and trammeled, became the norm in advanced countries The political and cultural threads of this story have been unraveled many times, most recently in Gordon Wood’s splendid Empire of Liberty I will concentrate on the nitty-gritty of the economic transformation—the details of the machinery, the technologies, and the new processes and work organizations that underlay America’s stunning record of growth But the evolution of the country’s politics and class relations was an essential backdrop for its economic success, so I try to keep those developments in sight at every point ix 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 356 356 Index Beaumont, Gustave de, 161, 172 Bell, Jacob, 217 Bell, William, Bentham, Jeremy, 70, 74 Bentham, Samuel, 70, 71, 72 Beresford, attack by, 18 Berliner, Emile, 289 Bernhard of Saxe-Weimer-Eisenach, Duke, 194 Bernhardt, Sarah: on Chicago plants, 206 Bessemer, Henry, 277n Bessemer conversion, 277, 277n, 278–279, 291, 296, 301 Beverly Cotton Manufactory, 93 Biddle, Nicholas, 165, 165n, 166, 166n, 167 Bird, Isabella Lucy, 199–203, 201n, 210, 212 Birmingham, gun making at, 252, 253, 258 Blanchard, Thomas, 139, 148, 150, 213, 215, 259 gun-stocking machinery by, 142, 142 (fig.), 146, 152 Lee and, 141, 143, 144 machines and, 139–141, 143–147, 255 Bloomingdale’s, 273, 286 Bo Xilai, 314, 315 Boeing, 222, 302, 303–304 Boilers, 44, 217, 228 Bomford, George, 133, 134, 138, 149–150, 152, 154, 155, 156 interchangeability and, 136 musket repair operation by, 135 pattern and, 137 system of, 139 Bonds, 106, 163, 164 Bonsack, James, 288 Bookout, Steve, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121 Boott, Kirk, 99, 104 Boston Associates, 103, 104, 106, 107, 180 Boston Manufacturing Company, 92–93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 112, 140 Boulton, Matthew, 44 Boulton & Watt-style engines, 44, 110, 174, 177, 218n Boyden, Uriah, 102, 102n Brahe, Tycho, 52 Brahma, Joseph, 242 Breech cylinder borer, 257, 257 (fig.) Breechloaders, 147, 148, 149, 153, 153 (fig.) Breed, Ebenezer, 108 Bridges, 189, 193, 285 British Institution of Civil Engineers, 252, 261 British Iron Trade Association, 291 Bromley, Alan, 65 Brooklyn Bridge, 285 Brown, Adam, 8, 30, 34 Brown, Dick, 240 Brown, Jack, 294–295 Brown, Jacob, 29, 127 Brown, Joseph, 262 Brown, Moses, 90 Brown, Noah, 8, 30, 33 Brown, William H., 217, 240, 240n, 241, 242 Brown & Sharpe, 53, 60n, 262, 263, 268 Brunel, Isambard K., 218, 237 Brunel, Marc Isambard, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 218 Buckland, Cyrus, 146, 255 Burden, Henry, 102 Burton, James H., 154 Byron, Lord, 37 Cadillac Automotive Company, 259–260, 263 Calculating engines, 60–65, 155 Caledonia, 11, 20, 22 Calhoun, John, 150, 154 Camden and Amboy Line, 187 Camp meetings, 182, 183–184, 185 (fig.), 186 Canals, 99, 100, 102, 163, 190, 268 building, 178–179, 186, 189 Capital, 38, 91, 93, 110, 163, 164, 297, 313, 316 investing, 104, 271, 272, 274, 276 Carlyle, organic society and, 69 Carnegie, Andrew, 180, 224, 278, 279, 280, 282, 285, 296 Carnegie Steel, 81, 278 (fig.), 292–293, 296 Cass, George, 275 Catherine the Great, 71 Chambers gun, 8, 9, (fig.), 27 Charleville muskets, 137, 152, 157 Chauncey, Isaac, 5–6, 16–17, 21, 22n, 29, 30, 34, 35, 131 Niagara and, 13, 18, 19 Lake Ontario and, 10–13 www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 357 Index North and, 130–131 problems for, 9, 45 recovery for, 28 Sackets and, 14, 32 shipbuilding and, 8, 12 squadron of, 15–16 Yeo and, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27 Chemical industry, 206–207, 209–210, 294 Cheney, Benjamin, 84 Chesapeake, Shannon and, 3n Chicago Exposition (1892), 289 Chicopee, 104 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 316 Chint, 305 Chippewa, battle of, 127 Chovanec, Patrick, 312, 313, 313n Christmas Carol, A (Dickens), 69 Chronometers, 49, 60, 84n Churchill, Winston: on protection, 295 Cincinnati hog-processing in, 203–206 journalistic tour through, 199–203 Civil War, 156, 158, 167, 180, 193, 199, 213, 220, 222, 251, 260, 261 economic growth and, 268, 270 health issues from, 197 mass production and, 157 Clay, Henry, 189, 268 Clement, Joseph, 61, 62, 67, 68, 155 Clermont, 175, 177n Clermont Steamboat, 217 Clinton, DeWitt, 75, 187 Clockmakers, 51, 82, 83–84, 86, 86n, 87, 88–89, 265 Clocks, 82–89, 84n, 111 Coal, 38, 39, 44, 45, 292 Coffing, John: iron and, 79 Collins, E K., 128, 246 Collins, Sam, 245, 246, 277 Collins & Company, 244 Collins line, 218–219, 220 Collinsville, 244, 246n, 254, 255, 277 Colt, James, 260 Colt, John, 247 Colt, Roswell, 247 Colt, Samuel, 159–160, 244, 254 career of, 246–252 firearms and, 157, 236, 243, 248–249 357 interchangeable parts and, 261 London armory and, 253, 255, 258 machinery of, 252, 259, 260 patents for, 248, 248n, 250–251, 260 Root and, 246n, 260 Colt Armory, 252–255, 258–261 machines at, 256–257, 256–257 (fig.) Colt guns, 244, 248, 249, 250, 260 rifling, 255 sales of, 251 Commerce, 76, 82, 83–84, 168, 198, 199, 210 Commerce Department, GE and, 304 Committee on Machinery, 259 Committee on Standards, 56, 58 Committee to Draft the Declaration of Independence, 175 Confiance, 30, 31, 32 Connecticut River Valley, 136, 139, 174, 216, 250 Constitution, Guerrière and, Consumers, 107, 275, 287, 311, 312 economic growth and, 290 Consumption, 271, 272, 273, 312 investment and, 313, 315 Contracts, 46, 74, 122, 130–133, 136, 137n, 143, 150, 155 Cooke, Jay, 275 Cooper, Carolyn, 73, 74 Corliss, George H., 230, 235, 277 steam engines by, 227–229, 231–233, 230 (fig.), 287 valve regulator by, 231, 231 (fig.) Corliss Steam Engine Company, 228, 229, 229n, 232–233 Cotton, 40, 41, 107, 167, 168, 195, 319 Cotton gins, 122, 123, 124, 126, 136, 264, 324 (fig.) revisiting, 319–322 Coxe, Tench, 89–90, 301 Crowe, Tim, 116, 117–118 Crystal Palace, 238, 238 (fig.) Cummins Engine, 301–302 Cunard Lines, 218, 219 Cutters, 51, 53 (fig.), 54, 86, 141, 142, 152, 213, 240, 241, 266 Cutting, Uriah, 93 Cylinders, 44, 234, 235, 235 (fig.), 249 breech, 255, 257, 257 (fig.) wire/wooden-toothed, 323, 325 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 358 358 Index Dalliba, James, 138 Dalrymple, Oliver, 275 Dalzell, Robert, 103 Damon, Matt, 117 De Chaulnes, Duc, 51 Dearborn, Henry, 5, 134 Debt, 163, 164, 165, 275 Decatur, Stephen, 20, 28 Declaration of Independence, 172, 175 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 173 Demographics, 76, 198, 309–311 Dennison, Aaron, 265 Department of Defense, 303, 304 Department of Ordnance, 133, 136, 137, 138, 150 Department stores, first, 286–287 Dependency ratios, 309, 310, 310 (chart) Detroit, 11, 21, 22, 23 Development, 36, 194, 268, 307 industrial, 76, 101, 267, 272 mechanical, 40 DeWitt Clinton locomotive, 187 (fig.) Dickens, Charles, 69, 95, 106, 161, 162, 171, 171n, 190 reflections of, 96, 180, 258–259 Trollope and, 173 Victorian society and, 77 Diderot, Denis, 38 Difference Engine No (DE1), 61, 62, 64 redesigning, 63, 65, 67 Difference Engine No (DE2), 63, 65, 66, 66 (fig.), 67 Disassembly lines, 205–206, 207 Diseases, 197, 287, 307 Distribution, 107–108, 109, 273, 290 Dix, Dorothy, 289 Doerflinger, Thomas, 81 Domestic Manners of the Americans, The (Trollope), 160 Don Juan (Byron), 37 Douglas, Stephen, 192, 269 Dovetailing machine, 215, 215 (fig.) Downie, George, 30, 31 Drawings, 226, 227 machine, 90, 92 patent, 151 Dream Works Animation, 315 Drop hammers, 256, 256 (fig.) Drummond, George, 25, 26–27, 29 Duke, James, 288 Duke of Gloucester, 12 Dun, R G., 251 Dutton, Warren, 93 E P Allis Company, 233 E Remington & Sons, 264 Eagle, 30 Eastman, George, 289 Eckford, Henry, 8, 10, 14, 15, 20, 34 Economic growth, 82, 168, 194, 269–270, 271, 271n, 273, 307, 311–314, 313n Chinese, 299, 300, 311 Civil War and, 268, 270 consumers and, 290 ingenuity and, 38 Economist, on Chinese demographic crisis, 309 Economy, 175, 300, 315 industrial, 168, 180–181 Edgar Thomson Works (ET), 278, 279, 292 Edison, Thomas, 289 Education, 197, 198, 286, 294 Efficiency, 111, 227, 229, 281, 290, 293 Electricity, 284, 294 Elgin Watch Company, 266 Eli, Terry, Jr., 89 Elliott, Jesse, 11, 12, 20, 22, 23, 24 Employment, 89, 216 agricultural, 39, 168, 195, 198 Encyclopédie (Diderot), 38 Energy, 38, 98, 103n Enfield arms factory, 114, 259, 260 Engineering, 51, 85, 85n, 235, 262 Engines, 187, 193, 230 Boulton & Watt-style, 44, 110, 174, 177, 218n calculating, 60–65, 155 high-pressure, 110, 111, 177–178, 218n steam, 38, 42, 46, 82, 100, 107–112, 179, 190, 216, 220–221, 228, 229, 254, 258, 268, 287 Englishwoman in America, The (Bird), 199 Enterprise, 176 Entrepreneurs, 89, 164, 187, 276, 294 Environmental damage, 294, 307, 309, 313 Equation Clock, 84–85, 84n www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 359 Index Erie Canal, 75, 76, 77 (fig.), 78, 99, 109, 163, 168, 186, 186n Erie Railroad, 186n, 191, 192, 193, 194 Escapement, 83, 83 (fig.), 86–87, 87 (fig.), 261 Eugénie, Empress, 146 Euler, Leonard, 49 Evans, Oliver, 44, 109–110, 111, 177n Factories, 77, 180, 271, 274, 286 block-making, 70–74, 213, 259 machines and, 46 mass-production, 40 shipbuilding, 259 water-powered, 85 Fair trade, 295 Farming, 78, 80, 95, 274, 275–276 Feeling piece, 59, 59 (fig.), 60 Ferguson, Niall, 297 Ferris wheel, 289 Fillmore, Millard, 192 Finance, 37, 46, 74, 168, 198, 274, 294, 297, 312 prebellum, 163–167 Finney, Charles Grandison, 182 Fitch, Charles, 144–145, 149 Flintlocks, 115, 118, 118 (fig.), 119 (fig.), 120 Flying shuttle, 41, 41 (fig.) Fogel, Robert, 186fn Foods, 270, 288 Foot, Adonijah, 143 Forbes, James Bennett, 239 Ford, 158, 302 Ford, Henry: on meatpacking, 205 Forging engine, 256, 256 (fig.) Ft Erie, 13, 20, 127 Fourdrinier paper-making machinery, 234 Francis, James B., 102, 103 Franklin Institute, 221 Free trade, 220, 295 Freedman’s Bureau, epidemics and, 197 French, Daniel, 176, 177 Frick, Henry, 280 Fukuyama, Francis, 316 Fulton, Robert, 110, 174, 175–176, 177n, 217 Furnaces, 80n, 81, 109, 291, 301 Furniture, production of, 210–214, 216, 267 359 Galileo, 42 Gamble, James, 209 Garland, Hamlin, 284 Gary, Elbert, 280 Gauges, 84, 151–152, 158, 189, 193, 226, 251, 266 parts, 153 (fig.) GDP, 40, 168, 299, 300 (chart), 310, 312, 316 Gear cutter, 51, 53 (fig.), 86 Gears, 50, 84, 100 General Electric (GE), 294, 303, 304, 304n Gibb, George, 101 Goldman, Sachs, 289, 290 Goodrich, Elizur, 322 Gordon, Robert, 150n, 156 Gore, John, 93 Gorham, Benjamin, 93 Gouge, William, 166, 166n Graham, Mary, 180–181 Gramophones, 289 “Great American Inventors” (Howe), 146 Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P), 288 Great Crystal Palace Exhibition (1851), 69, 237, 239, 243, 252 Great Lakes, 1, 77 naval forces on, 11 (table) warfare on, 4–5, Great Western, 218 Greene, Catherine, 320, 326 Greene, Constance, 123 Greene, Nathaniel, 320, 325n Grocery chains, 288 Guerrière, Constitution and, Gun making, 112, 113, 124, 147, 244, 252 crafts of, 114–117, 120–121 Gun-stocking machines, 142 (fig.), 152 Gun stocks, turning, 141, 141n Gunboats, 3, 10, 13, 35 H J Heinz, 288 Hall, John, 149, 261 achievement of, 151, 155, 156 breechloading rifle of, 153, 153 (fig.) contract for, 148, 150, 155 cutting and, 151n, 152 gauging and, 151, 152 interchangeability and, 147, 156 machines of, 152, 154, 232 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 360 360 Index Hall rifle, 150, 155, 156 Hall Typewriters, 265 Hamilton, capsizing of, 17 Hamilton, Alexander, 71, 89, 247, 301 Hargreaves, James, 40 Harlem Railroad, 193 Harper’s, 286 Harpers Ferry, 113, 114, 133, 137, 140, 143, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156 Harrison, John, 49, 50, 51, 84n Harrison, William Henry, 23–24 Hartford Courant, 251 Hartford plant, 146, 246, 251, 255, 259, 260 Hartley, James, 237 Hawking, Stephen, 60 Health issues, 181, 197, 310, 312 Heddle loom, 41–42, 41 (fig.) Henry, B Tyler, 155–156 Hervieu, August: illustration by, 170 (fig.), 185 (fig.) Hitchcock, Alfred, 47 Hoadly, Silas, 85 Hobbs, Alfred C., 242, 243 Hoe, Richard March, 233, 234, 235 Hoe, Robert, 233–236 Hoe Type Revolving Machine, 234 Holley, Alexander Hamilton, 79, 99, 277 Holley, Alexander Lyman, 80, 277, 278, 279, 280, 290 Holley, John, 79 Holley, Luther, 78, 79 Holley, Myron, 99 Holley Manufacturing, 79 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 289 Homestead Act (1862), 269 Hot welding, 118, 118 (fig.) Houses/housing, 285–286, 311, 313 Howard, Edward, 265 Howe, Elias, 262 Howe, Henry, 146 Hu Haifeng, 315 Hu Jintao, 311, 311n, 315 Hudson River, 75, 108, 110, 174, 175, 176, 191, 192, 193 Hufty, George, 223 Hull, William, Hunter, 22 Hunter, Louis C., 110 Huntsman, Benjamin, 45 Hydraulic power, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104 Hydropower, 103, 308 Immigration, 81, 195, 197, 309, 311, 317 Income, 195, 300, 310, 316 diet and, 196 housing and, 285 Industrial Revolution, 39–40, 70, 101 British, 38–42, 44–47 Industrial war, 7–10, 47 Industrialization, 74, 113, 167, 301, 307–308 Industry, 80, 81, 158, 236, 267, 280, 306 American, 82, 169, 199 British, 82 Inferno (Dante), 159 Infrastructure, 273, 274–284, 312 Inglis, George, 23 Ingots, 278 (fig.) Innovation, 162, 172, 230, 301, 305 Intellectual property, 301, 302–303, 305 Interchangeability, 113, 122, 126, 133, 134, 136–138, 147, 150, 155–158, 213, 225, 261, 263 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 299–300 Investment, 272, 312 consumption and, 313, 315 Iron, 44, 45, 45n, 220n, 294 bog, 80, 80n high-carbon, 277 Low-Moor, 57 pig, 278 production of, 80, 109, 292 wrought, 45, 277 Iron industry, 35, 44, 79, 80 Iron ships, 220, 220n Irvine, Callender, 131, 132–133, 134, 138 Jackson, Andrew, 4, 99, 161, 166, 189 Jackson, Patrick Tracy, 93, 94, 97, 103, 104 Jamaica Inn (Hitchcock), 47 Japan, 270 Jeans, Stephen, 291, 292, 293 Jefferson, Thomas, 36, 125, 148, 321 canals/turnpikes and, 189 interchangeability and, 138 Whitney and, 126, 322–323 www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 361 Index Jennies, twelve-/twenty-four-spindle, 40 Jerome, Chauncey, 88, 89 Jervis, John, 187, 221 Jeska, Robert, 129, 133n Jevons, trade restriction and, 295 Jiang Mainheng, 315 Jiang Zemin, 315 Johnson, Robert, 128 Jones, “Captain” Bill, 280 Jones, William, 12, 28, 32, 33 Kansas-Nebraska War, 200 Keiretsu, 97, 103–104, 106–107 Kendall, Amos, 166 Kendrick, Thomas, Kenney, Asa, 143 Kentucky rifles, 117 Kerosene lamps, 281, 284, 287 Keyboards, 263, 264 (fig.) Kingston, 7, 10, 11, 19, 25n, 28, 28n, 32 Kodak, 289 Koenig, Friedrich, 233 Komatsu, 302 Kuhn, Loeb, 289 L C Smith & Brothers, 265 Labor, 81, 110, 144, 271, 299 cheap/expensive, 38, 162 Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, 192 Lady of the Lake, 14 Lake Champlain, 8, 29 battle of, 30–32 naval power on, 30 (table) Lake Erie, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 75, 126, 191 battle of, 20–24, 32 naval forces on, 21 (table) Lake Niagara, 13, 16, 18, 19, 28, 32 Lake Ontario, 4, 5, 7, 9, 27, 33, 45, 126 arms race on, Chauncey and, 10–13 control of, 2, encounters on, 16–20, 32 naval power on, 14, 14 (table), 26 (table), 29, 29 (table) Lakwete, Angela, 319, 320 Land grants, state/federal, 269, 274, 275 Landes, David, 82 Lane & Bodley, mill by, 211 Lard, 206, 207, 208, 209–210, 216, 267, 268 361 Lard rendering apparatus, 208, 208 (fig.) Lardy, Nicholas, 310 Lathes, 51, 54, 121, 139, 140, 141, 146 Lawrence, 21, 22, 23, 24 Lawton, Pliny, 248 Lee, Roswell, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 156, 277 Blanchard and, 141, 143, 144 gauges and, 151–152 Wadsworth and, 143, 145 Lehman Bros., 289 Leland, Henry, 262–263 Levi and Porter, 88 Levin Zhu, 316 Li Peng, 315 Lincoln, Abraham: slavery and, 268, 269 Lincoln, Levi, Jr., 143 Linear transversals, 52, 52 (fig.) Linnet, 32 Livingston, Robert, 175, 176, 177n, 239 Lloyd, James, 93 Lock-plates, 144–145, 147, 151, 152 Locks, 115, 115n, 121, 144, 242 Locomotives, 186, 188–189, 216, 227, 232, 236, 268, 293 American, 187 delivering, 223 parts for, 222, 224 Logging, 210, 212 Logistics, wars and, 9–10 London Journal of Arts and Sciences, 254 London Science Museum, 65, 66 London Times, 3, 24, 233, 234–235, 242 on America, 241 on protection, 295 Longitude Act, 48 Longitude problem, 47–50 Looms, 41–42, 41 (fig.), 94 Lord Melville, 14 Lowell, Francis Cabot, 92–93, 95n, 97, 112, 136, 247 contributions from, 94, 95 Lowell canals, map of, 101 (fig.) Lowell Female Labor Day, 106 Lowell Hydraulic Experiments, 102 Lowell Locks & Canal Company, 97–103, 228 Lowell Machine Shop, 101, 102 Lowell Manufacturing, 103–104 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 362 Index 362 Lowell mills, 97, 98, 100, 104, 108 Lowell Offering, The, 96 Lundys Lane, battle of, 127 Macdonough, Thomas, 30, 31–32 Machine shops, 102, 103, 226 Machinery, 46, 54–55, 69, 73, 82, 91, 95, 101, 136, 145–146, 157, 212–213, 226, 258, 265, 277 building/repairing, 70, 71, 90, 138, 153, 214, 237, 244–245, 259 cutting/trimming, 51, 279 farm, 271 gun making, 260–261 heavy, 216, 228, 232, 233 initial, 96–97 mass production by, 122 precision, 51, 114–115, 150, 236 problems with, 253 productivity-enhancing, 198 screw-cutting, 54, 266 special-purpose, 151, 244, 326 spinning, 40, 90 water-powered, 84, 99 Madison, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19 Madison, James, 2, 33, 126, 161, 323 Manufacturing, 36, 74, 77, 85, 112, 113, 129, 162, 168, 207, 216, 293 American system of, 114, 244, 253, 261, 267 armory practice-style of, 156–158, 267, 268 automated, 266 competition in, 265 employment in, 40, 216 high-volume, 95 increase in, 270, 272n interest in, 263 mass, 112, 226, 267 military, 122 power for, 46, 267 precision, 226, 235, 255, 261, 262 productivity in, 198 rights, 149 semiconductor, 308 western, 180 Marketing, 109, 112, 168, 273 Mars Works, 111 Marshall, trade restriction and, 295 Martha Furnace, 80–81 Martineau, Harriet, 161, 169, 171–172, 173–174 travels of, 187–188 Mary Taylor, 240n Mass production, 40, 111, 112, 122, 128, 150, 157, 158, 226, 244–246, 273 accurate, 151 furniture, 210–214, 216, 267 mechanized, 70 models for, 107–108 Massachusetts General Hospital, 104 Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, 104, 106 Maudslay, Henry, 46, 60, 61, 70, 72, 73, 91, 218, 242, 262 micrometer of, 58, 60n tool industry and, 56 work of, 54–55 Maudslay Sons and Field, 218 McCormick, Cyrus, 242 Measuring machine, 59, 59 (fig.) millionth-of-an-inch, 56–58, 60, 68 Meatpacking, 204, 205, 205n, 206, 207, 216, 268 railroads and, 274, 276 Mechanical Notation, 64, 65 Mechanization, 41, 42, 110, 112, 114, 115, 121, 168, 227, 263, 292, 293 worker recalcitrance/union resistance and, 294 Melville, 16 Merchants, 2, 3, 79, 80, 164 Merrimack Canal, 99, 100 Merwin, George, 79 Mesabi Range, 277n, 292 Metals, 45, 51, 145, 267, 277 Metalworking, 101, 136, 145, 325 Mexican War (1846), 107, 250, 251 Miami-Erie Canal, 204 Micrometers, 53, 53 (fig.), 54, 55, 58, 60, 60n Microscopes, 51, 57 Middle class, 196, 285, 286, 289 economic life and, 300, 313 government by, 173 Middle-class nation, first, 284–290 Middle-income transition, 284, 285, 300, 317 www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 363 Index Miller, Phineas, 123, 320, 325, 325n Whitney and, 319, 321, 322 Milling, 40, 153, 158 Milling machines, 122, 142 Mills, 95, 153, 158, 228, 268, 276 construction of, 90 cotton, 40, 41 organization at, 106–107 portable, 211 rail/rod, 292 spinning, 91, 93 water-powered, 139 Mills, James K., 104 Minié ball, 157, 157n Mining, 42, 308 Mitchell, Robert, 212 Mitchell and Rammelsberg, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 226 Mohawk, 28, 30 Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, 187 Monroe, James, 149 Montgomery, Ward, 290 Moody, Paul, 93, 95n, 140, 279 drive-shaft belting and, 100 loom work by, 94 machine shops of, 102, 103 manufacturing system by, 112 process improvements by, 97 water-mill machinery and, 99 Morfit, Campbell: soap-boiling apparatus of, 208, 208 (fig.) Morgan, J P., 220, 289, 290, 296–297 Morrill, Justin, 269 Morrill Act, 269 Morse, Samuel F B., 250 Mulcaster, William, 19 Muskets, 120, 123, 124, 124n, 125, 145, 150 interchangeable parts for, 122 loading/firing, 147 making, 113, 114, 116–117, 122, 126, 127n pattern, 137–138 problems with, 127 Napoleon, 2, 24, 36, 37, 70 Napoleonic wars, 70, 196n, 252 Nasmyth, James, 55, 56, 60, 253, 258 Natural resources, 307–309 Naval Chronicle, 26 363 Naval power, on Great Lakes, 11 (table) on Lake Champlain, 30 (table) on Lake Erie, 21 (table) on Lake Ontario, 14, 14 (table), 26 (table), 29, 29 (table) Navigation, 47, 50 Nelson, Horatio, 1, 15, 32, 33 New Orleans, 34, 35, 175–176, 177 New town movement, 96 New York Central, 194 New York City Yacht Club, 239, 240, 242n New York Harbor, 240, 240n, 249 New York Herald, 239 New York Navy Yard, New York Times, 34, 277 Newcomen, Thomas: steam engine by, 38, 42, 43, 43 (fig.), 110 Newton, Isaac, 48, 49, 60, 117 Niagara, 21, 22, 23, 24 Niagara campaign, 126, 127, 131, 131n, 135, 169 Niagara River Suspension Bridge, 189 Niles, Hezekiel, 75 Niles Weekly Register, 75, 212 Nobel brothers, 282 Nortel, 302, 303 North, Simeon, 129 (fig.), 144, 155, 156 contract for, 130, 130n, 133, 137n pistol making by, 128–133 North Star, 219 Northern Pacific Railroad, 275 Novelty Works, 218 Nugent, “Mountain Jim,” 200, 201, 201n Nutrition, work output and, 196, 196n O’Conor, Richard, 8, 33 Ohio River, 160, 175, 176, 202, 205, 216 hog processing and, 203, 204 On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturing (Babbage), 68 Oneida, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 35 Organization, 74, 108, 109, 294 Pacific, 218 Pacific Railway Act (1862), 269 Paper handling, 234, 235, 267 Papin, Denis, 42 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 364 364 Index Paris Exposition (1857), 146, 229 Parsons, Charles, 294 Parts, 26, 225 problems with, 224, 226 Party Politburo, 311n, 314 Patent Arms Manufacturing Company, 248 Patent law, 149 Patent Office, 323, 323n Patents, 46, 86n, 89, 139–140, 141n, 228, 321n claim-jumping, 326 intellectual property and, 305 litigation over, 123, 232 managing, 146 Pawtucket Canal, 98, 99 Pearson, John, 247–248 Peddlers, 88, 91, 180 Pendulums, 82, 83, 85, 86 Pennsylvania Railroad, 194, 220, 222, 270, 279 Percy, Henry, 36 Perkins, Jacob, 93, 94 Perry, 75 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 12, 16, 20, 21, 22, 22n, 23, 24 Peterson Institute, 310 Philadelphia-Germantown Railroad, 221 Phonographs, 289 Pigou, trade restriction and, 295 Pike, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19 Pike, Zebulon, 12 Pillsbury, 276, 287 Pistols, 250, 273 contract for, 130, 130n, 131, 132, 137n making, 114, 128–133 Politics, 182, 295 Pollution, 308, 309 Pomeroy, Lemuel, 128, 144 Popplewell, Frank, 291, 292 Population growth, 180, 195, 196 (table), 197, 270, 270n, 272, 290, 310 Porkopolis, 203–206 Portage Railroad, 190 Porter, Edward, 85 Porter, Levi, 85 Portsmouth block-making factory, 70–74, 213, 259 Postcards, 289 Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich, 70–71 Precision, 50, 56, 60, 87, 150, 235, 261 Prescott, Benjamin, 137 Prevost, George, 4, 22, 25, 25n, 27, 29, 31, 32 Chauncey and, 13 on St Lawrence, 33 on Yeo, 18 Prince Regent, 25 Princess Charlotte, 25 Printing, 233–236, 289 presses, 216, 233, 236 Procter, William: soap making by, 209 Proctor, Henry: retreat by, 23, 24 Procurement, 130, 134, 224n arms, 113, 114, 131, 132, 133, 252 military, 35, 36, 258 Production, 72, 146, 301 arms, 119, 134, 157, 236, 254 big-ticket, 221 high-precision, 236 industrial, 69, 78, 168, 290, 291 maximizing, 279 problems with, 267 systems, 94, 138, 224, 226, 252 Productivity, 198n, 224, 272n, 294 agricultural, 39 improving, 136, 226, 272 labor, 271 manufacturing, 198 Prometheus, performance of, 219 Provincial Marine, 11 Psyche, 25n Public school movement, 197 Pullman, George, 294 Pumps, 43, 44, 264 Punch, 239, 243–244 Purchasing power, 39, 286, 299, 300 Queen Charlotte, 22, 23 R Hoe & Co., 233, 235, 236 Railroad rebates, 282, 283 Railroads, 106, 168, 198, 205, 226, 273, 276, 279, 293 American, 188, 189 British, 187, 188, 189, 193 building, 186–194, 216 financing for, 163, 289 www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 365 Index freight on, 270 growth of, 46, 222 meatpacking and, 276 miles of, 189 (table) network of, 216, 274 outline of, 193–194 problems with, 312 rails for, 277, 279 standardization of, 292 western, 220, 274 Rails, 192, 216, 279, 293 Rammelsberg, Frederick, 212 Ramsden, Jesse, 51, 54 Recession, 88, 163, 212, 275, 285 Refineries, 208, 281, 282, 284 Remington Typewriter, 264 Revolutionary War, 78, 117, 137, 247, 271 Reynolds, Edwin, 233 Rifle Works, 150 Rifles, 150, 155, 156, 157 breech-loading, 147, 153, 153 (fig.) making, 114, 148 muzzle-loading, 117 Rifling machines, 118, 118 (fig.), 255, 257, 257 (fig.) Robbins and Lawrence, 243, 259, 260 Rockefeller, John D., 280, 281, 283 (fig.), 285 leadership of, 282, 284 railroad rebates and, 282, 283 Roebling, John, 189 Rogers, Henry, 282 Roosevelt, Theodore, 18, 19, 22, 24 Root, Elisha King, 246n, 249, 251, 254, 255 machinery of, 260 mass production and, 244–246 patent of, 245–246 Rosenwald, Julius, 290 Rothenberg, Winifred, 77, 78, 80, 81–82, 179 Rothschild, Nathan, 37, 296–297 Rothschild, “Natty,” 296–297 Rough sawing, machine for, 211, 211 (fig.) Royal Astronomical Society, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64 Royal George, 11, 18, 19 Royal Navy, 2, 3–4, 15, 26, 47 365 Royal Yacht Squadron, 240 Rubinstein, Helena, 288 Sackets Harbor, 7, 10, 13, 19, 27, 28, 28n, 35 Chauncey and, 14, 32 Savery, Thomas, 42 St Lawrence, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 25n St Lawrence, 32, 33 (fig.), 34, 35 Salisbury iron region, 78, 136 Sandys Creek, defeat at, 28 Saratoga, 31, 32 Saw mills, 98 portable, 211, 211 (fig.), 211n Saws, 84, 211 (fig.), 212, 325 circular, 210 crosscut/rip, 213 Schawb, Charlie, 280 Schiff, Jacob, 289, 290 Schneider Electric, 305 Scholes, Christopher, 264 Scholes typewriter, 264 (fig.) Scientific American, 246 Scott, Tom, 279, 281 Scott, Winfield, 13 Scourge, 17 Scranton, George, 192 Scranton, Selden, 192 Sears and Roebuck, 290 Second Band of the United States, 165 Seminole wars, 156, 248 Seward, William, 192 Sewing machines, 261, 262–263, 265 Sextants, development of, 49 Shannon, Chesapeake and, 3n Sharpe, Lucien, 262 Sharps, Christian, 155 Sharps rifle, 117, 155–156 Sheaffe, Roger, 13 Sheffield steel, 45, 291, 301 Shih, Victor, 316 Shipbuilders’ war, 7–10, 16, 35 Shipping, 168, 178, 198, 220 Shlakman, Vera, 103 Shoes, 107–112, 294 Sholes, Christopher, 263 Shreve, Henry M., 176, 176n, 177, 177n Siemens, 294, 301, 304 Siemens, Charles, 291 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 366 Index 366 Simonson’s, 217, 218 Singer, Isaac M., 261, 263 Sirius, 218 Slater, Samuel, 89–91, 92, 97, 108, 136 Slaughtering, 78, 204, 205, 205n, 206, 207 Slavery, 107, 108, 122, 161, 162, 167, 268, 269, 285, 285n Small arms, 114, 131, 254, 260, 264 Smith, Adam, 38 Smith, Sidney, 76 Soap, making, 207, 208, 209 Social security system, Chinese, 310 Social unrest, 95, 173, 182, 270 Society for Useful Manufactures, 247 Society in America (Trollope), 161 Software, 139n, 302, 303, 306 Solvay technology, 294 Spence, Michael, 284, 285, 300 Sperry Rand, 264 Spindles, 40, 95, 213 Spinning, 40, 42, 90, 94, 96, 279 Springfield Armory, 79, 113, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 144, 146, 150, 151, 152, 255, 261 production at, 114, 143, 145, 157, 158 Standard Oil Company, 280–284 Standard Typewriter Company, 264 Standardization, 61, 108, 131, 189, 224, 226, 292, 293 Starr, Nathan, 124n, 128 Starrucca Viaduct, 191 State Council, 311n, 314, 315 Steam Boat, 175, 177n Steam engines, 38, 82, 104, 107–112, 179, 190, 216, 220–221, 229, 254, 258, 268, 287, 294 early, 100 Evans-model, 111 high-pressure, 110 machinery and, 221 mining industry and, 42 power from, 46 stationary, 228 Steam shovels, 292 Steamboats, 146, 162, 186, 192–193, 216, 268 building, 178, 180, 217 explosions on, 110–111, 178 western, 173–180 Steamships, 8, 44, 217–220 Stebbins, Josiah, 320, 322, 325, 325n Steel, 45, 277–280, 301 production of, 273, 277, 278, 278 (fig.), 291–292, 293, 295 railroads and, 274 Steel industry, 44, 80, 289, 290, 291, 292 Steers, George, 240 Stephenson, George, 187 Stereoscopes, 289 Stevens, John, 239 Stevens, John Cox, 239, 241, 242n Stevens, Robert L., 111, 187, 239, 240–241 Stock duplicating machine, view of, 142 (fig.) Stock inletting machine, detail of, 142 (fig.) Stockton and Darlington Railroad, 187 Stockyards, 204, 205, 206 Stoves, 107–112 Strutt, Jedidiah, 90 Stubblefield, James, 137, 143 Summit Tunnel, 191 Sumner, Charles, 107 Superior, 28 Swade, Doron, 65–67, 68n Swift, Gustavus, 276 Sylph, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 35 Tailer, Edward, 195–196 Tarbell, Ida, 283 Tariffs, 296, 305–306 Taylorism, 227 Technology, 38, 45, 46, 89–91, 101, 122, 139, 148, 158, 162, 175, 180, 293, 305, 311 advanced, 273, 302, 304, 306 ball-bearing, 214 British, 92, 237, 238 clockmaking, 86 electrolytic, 294 ginning, 123 information, 291 machining, 66, 155 mechanical precision and, 50 military, 47, 157, 158 printing, 289 production, 266, 293 spinning, 90, 94 www.ebook3000.com 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 367 Index stealing, 301–303 steam-engine, 111 steel/iron, 301 suspension bridge, 189 textile, 89, 301 transferring, 303–304 Tecumseh, 5, 23, 24 Telegraphs, 273, 274 Telephones, 289 Telescopes, 51 Ten Cylinder machine, 234, 235, 235 (fig.) Terry, Eli, 82, 83, 86n, 89, 108, 111, 261, 265 adjustable escapement of, 86–87, 87 (fig.), 261 clocks and, 84–86, 84n, 88, 136 Texas Rangers, Colt pistols and, 250 Textile industry, 35, 46, 83, 90, 101 Textile mills, 70, 95, 102, 228, 231 Textiles, 35, 82, 89, 106, 111, 180, 267 manufacture of, 39–40, 97 Thomas, Seth, 85, 88 Thomson, Edgar, 279 Thorndike, Israel, Jr., 93 Thorndike, Israel, Sr., 93 Thornton, William, 148, 149 Three Gorges Dam, 309, 312 ThyssenKrupp, 304 Timber, producing, 211, 212 Tippecanoe, battle at, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 161, 168–169, 172, 178, 194 middle-class and, 173, 285 Tompkins, Daniel, 127, 127n, 131n Tools, 56, 69, 255 machine, 60, 122, 136, 254 measuring, 50, 84 Torricelli, Evangelino, 42 Tousard, Louis, 134 Trade, 3, 92, 165, 168, 291, 295, 302, 308 deficits, 163, 297 disruption of, 35, 266, 306 unfair, 305–307 Transportation, 5, 10, 99, 109, 111, 173, 189, 211, 216, 271, 272, 297 Cincinnati and, 204–205 extension of, 180, 272n steam, 146 water, 109, 111, 174, 177, 186, 186n 367 Treasury Department, 133, 221, 301 Trevithick, Richard, 44, 110 Trip-hammer barrel welder, 139, 139n Trollope, Anthony, 158, 179 Trollope, Frances, 160, 170 (fig.), 173, 180, 183n, 185 (fig.), 248, 285, 307 camp meetings and, 182, 183–184, 186 Cincinnati and, 170, 202, 203 on industriousness, 169 on internal improvements, 189 on malaria, 181 on sedition, 171 travels of, 159, 161, 194 Trollope, Henry, 159, 182 Tsing Hua University, 315 Turbines, 102, 103, 103n Turnpikes, building, 189 Twain, Mark, 288 Typewriters, 263–265, 264 (fig.), 266 Uniformity, 136, 137, 156 Urbanization, 39, 195, 197, 287 US Chamber of Commerce, 305 US Cyber Command, 303 US Steel, 280, 296 US Supreme Court, 283, 284 Ushant, 48 Valves, 110, 229, 230, 231, 231 (fig.) Vanderbilt, 219 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 174, 194, 217, 218, 285 steamships by, 8, 219, 220 Vernier Caliper, 51, 52, 52 (fig.), 137 Victoria, Queen, 241 Victory, Wadsworth, Decius, 125, 126, 132–133, 134, 135, 138 armory practice and, 261 interchangeability and, 136, 137, 156 Lee and, 145 Wadsworth and, 143 Whitney and, 128 Walker, Sam, 250 Wallis, George, 253, 254 Waltham mill, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 108, 136 Waltham Watch Company, 265–266 Wang Linjun, 314 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 368 Index 368 War Department, 155 War of 1812: 1, 3, 77, 79, 88, 92–93, 113, 120, 123, 239 lake theater of, (map) Ward, Artemus, 160 Warships, 1, 7, 8, 10, 13, 35, 47 Washington, 35, 176 Washington, George, 109, 320 Washington, D.C.: burning of, 25 Watchmaking, 48, 86, 265, 266 Water flow, 98, 98n, 100 pollution of, 308, 309 rights, 99, 104 Waterpower, 98, 100, 102, 139, 228 Waters, Asa, 128, 139–140, 140–141 Waterwheels, 102, 103, 105 (fig.) Watt, James, 42, 44, 100, 110, 227 Wealth of Nations (Smith), 38 Weaving, 39, 94, 95, 279 Webb, William H., 217 Webster, Ambrose, 266 Webster, Daniel, 192, 193 Wellington, Duke of, 30, 32, 37, 62, 243 Wen Jiabao, 311, 311n, 314, 315 Wen Yunsong, 315 Westervelt & Mackay, 217 Westinghouse, 294 Whewell, William, 70 Whitney, Eli, 79, 121, 131n, 136, 137, 137n, 148, 321, 323n case against, 322–323, 325–326 cotton gin of, 122, 319, 322, 324 (fig.) interchangeability and, 126, 138, 147 Irvine and, 131 Jefferson and, 126, 322–323 Madison and, 126, 323 manufacturing by, 122, 127–128 mechanization and, 114 Miller and, 319, 321, 322, 325n muskets by, 123, 124, 125, 127 North and, 129 reputational thrill ride of, 122–128 Stebbins and, 320, 322, 325 Tompkins and, 127, 131n tutorship of, 319 Wadsworth and, 128 Whitney, Eli, Jr., 250, 251 Whitworth, Joseph, 46, 57, 61, 198, 212, 253, 254 measuring machine by, 56, 58, 59, 60, 68 Wilkinson, David, 91, 136 Wilkinson, Hannah, 91 Wilkinson, John, 45 Wilkinson, Oziel, 91 Willcox & Gibbs, 262, 263 William of Ockham, 46 Wilson, Ebenezer, 207 lard rendering apparatus of, 208, 208 (fig.) Winchester, 156, 260 Wolcott, Oliver, 124, 126 Wolfe, 14, 16, 18–19 Wood, Gordon, 77 Woolsey, Melancthon, 27 Woolworth, Frank, 288 Work output, 198 nutritional intake and, 196, 196n Works of Industry of All Nations, 237 World Bank, water and, 308 World Trade Organization, 306 Wukan, 314, 316 Yarn, making, 40, 91, 94, 96 Yeo, James Lucas, 21, 22, 25n Chauncey and, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27 Kingston and, 13, 28, 32 recall of, 34–35 warships of, 13, 17, 25 Zhu Rongji, 316 www.ebook3000.com Andrew Popper 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 369 CHARLES R MORRIS has written twelve books, including The Cost of Good Intentions, a New York Times Best Book of 1980; The Coming Global Boom, a New York Times Notable Book of 1990; The Tycoons, a Barrons’ Best Book of 2005; and The Trillion-Dollar Meltdown, winner of the Gerald Loeb Award and a New York Times Bestseller A lawyer and former banker, Mr Morris’s articles and reviews have appeared in many publications including the Atlantic Monthly, the New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal He is a fellow of the Century Foundation and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations 9781586488284-text_morris 8/6/12 10:54 AM Page 370 PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997 It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and book people of all kinds, including me I F Stone, proprietor of I F Stone’s Weekly, combined a commitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and reporting skill and became one of the great independent journalists in American history At the age of eighty, Izzy published The Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller He wrote the book after he taught himself ancient Greek Benjamin C Bradlee was for nearly thirty years the charismatic editorial leader of The Washington Post It was Ben who gave the Post the range and courage to pursue such historic issues as Watergate He supported his reporters with a tenacity that made them fearless and it is no accident that so many became authors of influential, best-selling books Robert L Bernstein, the chief executive of Random House for more than a quarter century, guided one of the nation’s premier publishing houses Bob was personally responsible for many books of political dissent and argument that challenged tyranny around the globe He is also the founder and longtime chair of Human Rights Watch, one of the most respected human rights organizations in the world • • • For fifty years, the banner of Public Affairs Press was carried by its owner Morris B Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toynbee, Truman, and about 1,500 other authors In 1983, Schnapper was described by The Washington Post as “a redoubtable gadfly.” His legacy will endure in the books to come Peter Osnos, Founder and Editor-at-Large www.ebook3000.com ... leadership The Dawn of Innovation therefore takes the story back to the beginning of the century, when the country started building the economic platform that launched the astonishing industrial. .. wasn’t far off the mark The second theme is to argue for a broader definition of what came to be called the American system of manufacturing That was the name the British applied to the American. .. two of them American, two of them British, each of them ranking among the largest and most heavily armed warships in the world Great Britain was the world’s greatest-ever naval power Of the 600